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Central Nervous System. Peripheral Nervous System. The Nervous System. Major division - Central vs. Peripheral 中枢/外 周 Central or CNS- brain and spinal cord 脑 和脊髓 Peripheral- nerves connecting CNS to muscles and organs. 中枢 / 外周神经功能分类 . - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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The Nervous System
• Major division - Central vs. Peripheral 中枢 / 外周
• Central or CNS- brain and spinal cord 脑和脊髓
• Peripheral- nerves connecting CNS to muscles and organs
Central Nervous System
Peripheral Nervous System
中枢 / 外周神经功能分类 .♠ Sensory division brings information regarding the int. or ext. environment into the CNS♠ Motor division issues directives out to muscle or glandular tissue♣Somatic nervous system services skeletal muscle♣ Autonomic nervous system services smooth &cardiac muscle:♦ Sympathetic nervous system is responsible for the "fight-or-flight"response; ♦ Parasympathetic nervous system is responsible for the "rest-anddigest"response
Divisions of the Nervous System
• Central Nervous System
• Peripheral Nervous System• nerves
• cranial nerves• spinal nerves
The Spinal CordThe Spinal Cord1. External features:1. External features: Location:Location: foramen magnum -- lower foramen magnum -- lower border of first lumbar vertebraborder of first lumbar vertebra Shape: Shape: A long cylindrical structure A long cylindrical structure Enlargements:Enlargements: cervical enlargement cervical enlargement lumbar lumbar [[lumbosacrallumbosacral]]
enlargementenlargement Conus medullarisConus medullaris 脊髓脊髓圆锥 Filum terminale : Filum terminale : a condensation ofa condensation of
pia mater, pia mater, S2 ,终丝
Conus edullaris :caudal to the lumbosacral enlargement the spinal cord tapers gradully& becomes the conical termination
Filum termination: a condensation of pia mater forms~
Cauda equina: 马尾lumbosacral roots descend ,sourrounding the filum terminale..
• main longitudinal fissure and sulci on surfacemain longitudinal fissure and sulci on surface: :
Cauda equina Cauda equina
posterior lateral posterior median sulcusposterior lateral posterior median sulcus
anterior lateral anterior mediananterior lateral anterior median
sulcussulcus fissurefissure
sulcussulcus
Filum terminaleFilum terminale
• Spinal segment:
It's a part of spinal cord, which is connected
with the rootlets of a pair of spinal nerve.
• 31 segments
8 cervical segments
12 thoracic segments
5 lumbar segments
5 sacral segments
1 coccygeal segments
• Corresponding relationship betweenCorresponding relationship between
spinal segments and vertebraespinal segments and vertebrae
spinal segments correspond to vertebrae spinal segments correspond to vertebrae
C1-C4 C1-C4 C1-C4 C1-C4
C5 ~ T8, T l~ T4C5 ~ T8, T l~ T4 C4 - C7, C7 ~ T3 C4 - C7, C7 ~ T3
T5 ~ T8T5 ~ T8 T3 ~ T6 T3 ~ T6
T9-T12T9-T12 T6-T9 T6-T9
L1-L5L1-L5 T10-T12 T10-T12
S l~S5,Co1 LI S l~S5,Co1 LI
2. Internal structure2. Internal structure
• The central canal The central canal
• Gray matter:Gray matter: parts:parts: Lateral hornLateral horn
(only extends from (only extends from
Tl to L3 segments.)Tl to L3 segments.) gray commissure gray commissure
(anterior and posterior )(anterior and posterior )
Lateral hornLateral horn
posterior hornposterior horn
gray commissuregray commissure
Intermediate Intermediate zonezone
anterior hornanterior horn
central canalcentral canal
Gray matterGray matter
• Gray matter – anterior hornanterior horn– posterior hornposterior horn– intermediate intermediate
zonezone
• White matter– anterior fanterior funiculus
– posterior posterior funiculus
– Lateral funiculus
• White matter:White matter: parts:parts:
posterior funiculus
lateral funiculus
anterior funiculusanterior white commissure
posterior lateral sulcusposterior lateral sulcus
posterior median sulcusposterior median sulcus
anterior lateral sulcusanterior lateral sulcus
anterior mediananterior medianfissurefissure
Main tracts (or fasciculi):Main tracts (or fasciculi):long ascending tractslong ascending tracts::
• fasciculus gracilisfasciculus gracilis 薄束薄束 : : come from come from sacral, lumbar and sacral, lumbar and lower eight lower eight thoracic nerves,thoracic nerves, terminate upon terminate upon nucleus gracilis nucleus gracilis
• fascicules cuneatusfascicules cuneatus 楔束束 : : come fromcome from
cervical and upper fouth thoracic cervical and upper fouth thoracic nerves, terminate upon nucleus nerves, terminate upon nucleus cuneatus. cuneatus.
• **conduct the fine [discriminating] tactile conduct the fine [discriminating] tactile (e.g.two-point discrimination ) & kinesthetic (e.g.two-point discrimination ) & kinesthetic sense (e.g.position , movement &vibration)of sense (e.g.position , movement &vibration)of the ipsilateral trunk & limbs.the ipsilateral trunk & limbs.
fascicules gracilis
fascicules cuneatus
• lateral & lateral & anterioranterior spinothalamic tracts spinothalamic tracts::
脊髓丘脑束• *in corresponding funiculus *in corresponding funiculus • *arises from opposite nucleus*arises from opposite nucleus
propriusproprius• *terminate on thalamus*terminate on thalamus• *conduct *conduct painpain, , thermal thermal and and
rough tactile senserough tactile sense of opposite of opposite
trunk and limbs trunk and limbs
thalamus
anterior spinothalamic tracts
anterior spinothalamictracts
nucleus proprius
main long descending tracts main long descending tracts lateral corticospinal tract:lateral corticospinal tract: 皮质脊髓侧束 **arises from opposite cerebral arises from opposite cerebral cortexcortex **descends through lateral descends through lateral funiculus of spinal cordfuniculus of spinal cord **terminate on ipsilateral terminate on ipsilateral anterior horn (lateral group)anterior horn (lateral group) **controls the contraction of controls the contraction of skeletal muscles of ipsilateral skeletal muscles of ipsilateral limbslimbs anterior corticospinal tract:anterior corticospinal tract: **controls the movement of controls the movement of bilateral muscles of trunkbilateral muscles of trunk
lateral corticospinal tract anterior
corticospinaltract
Functions:Functions:
• To convey afferent impulses, which come from somatic and visceral To convey afferent impulses, which come from somatic and visceral
receptors to the brain, and conduct efferent impulses from brain to receptors to the brain, and conduct efferent impulses from brain to
effectors.effectors.
• Related to reflexes,e.g., the stretch reflex, the reflex of bladder & Related to reflexes,e.g., the stretch reflex, the reflex of bladder &
rectal emptyingrectal emptying
Spinal Reflexes
•Programmed stereotypical reactions that occur in response to stimuli
•Simplest reflex: monosynaptic stretch reflex
•Reflexes are subject to higher level control
Peripheral Nervous System
Skeletal(Somatic) 躯体
SympathetiC 交感ParasympathetiC 副交感
AutonomiC 内脏
Peripheral Nervous System
Somatic System
• Nerves to/from spinal cord– control muscle
movements
– somatosensory inputs
• Both Voluntary and reflex movements
• Skeletal Reflexes– simplest is spinal
reflex arc Muscle
MotorNeuron
Interneuron
Skin receptors
SensoryNeuron
Brain
Autonomic System
• Two divisions: – Sympathetic nerve 交感神经– Parasympatheitic nerve 副交感神经
• Control involuntary functions– heartbeat– blood pressure– respiration– perspiration– digestion
• Can be influenced by thought and emotion
Sympathetic• “ Fight or flight”
response• Release adrenaline
and noradrenaline • Increases heart rate
and blood pressure• Increases blood
flow to skeletal muscles
• Inhibits digestive functions
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEMBrain
Spinalcord
SYMPATHETIC
Dilates pupil
Stimulates salivation
Relaxes bronchi
Accelerates heartbeat
Inhibits activity
Stimulates glucose
Secretion of adrenaline,nonadrenaline
Relaxes bladder
Stimulates ejaculationin male
Sympatheticganglia
Salivaryglands
Lungs
Heart
Stomach
Pancreas
Liver
Adrenalgland
Kidney
Parasympathetic
• “ Rest and digest ” system
• Calms body to conserve and maintain energy
• Lowers heartbeat, breathing rate, blood pressure
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEMBrain
PARASYMPATHETIC
Spinalcord
Stimulates salivation
Constricts bronchi
Slows heartbeat
Stimulates activity
Contracts bladder
Stimulates erectionof sex organs
Stimulates gallbladder
Gallbladder
Contracts pupil
Summary of autonomic differences
Autonomic nervous system controls physiological arousal
Sympatheticdivision (arousing)
Parasympatheticdivision (calming)
Pupils dilate EYES Pupils contract
Decreases SALVATION Increases
Perspires SKIN Dries
Increases RESPERATION Decreases
Accelerates HEART Slows
Inhibits DIGESTION Activates
Secrete stresshormones
ADRENALGLANDS
Decrease secretionof stress hormones
Sympathetic Division
• Myelinated preganglionic exit spinal cord in ventral roots at T1 to L2[L3] levels.
• Travel to ganglia at different levels to synapse with postganglionic neurons.
• Divergence:– Preganglionic fibers branch to synapse with
numerous postganglionic neurons.
Sympathetic Division
• Axons of postganglionic neurons are unmyelinated to the effector organ.
• Preganglionic neuron is short.
• Post-ganglionic neuron is long.
Parasympathetic Division
• Preganglionic fibers originate in midbrain, medulla, and pons; and in the 2-4 sacral levels of the spinal cord.
• Preganglionic fibers synapse in ganglia located next to or within organs innervated.
• Do not travel within spinal nerves.– Do not innervate blood vessels, sweat glands,and
arrector pili muscles.
Parasympathetic Division
• 4 of 12 pairs of cranial nerves contain preganglionic parasympathetic fibers.
• Preganglionic fibers are long, postganglionic fibers are short.
• Vagus:– Innervate heart, lungs esophagus, stomach,
pancreas, liver, small intestine and upper half of the large intestine.
Parasympathetic Division
• Preganglionic fibers from the sacral level innervate the lower half of large intestine, the rectum, urinary and reproductive systems.
Spinal Nerves and Vertebrae
Cross Section II
Ventral and Dorsal Roots
Ventral and Dorsal Roots
THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM ----
The Spinal Nerves 1. General Description
31 Pairs of Spinal Nerves
Cervical Nerves : 8 pairs
Thoracic Nerves : 12 pairs
Lumbar Nerves : 5 pairs
Sacral Nerves : 5 pairs
Coccygeal Nerves : 1 pair
THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM ----
The Spinal Nerves 1. General Description
31 Pairs of Spinal Nerves
Cervical Nerves : 8 pairs
Thoracic Nerves : 12 pairs
Lumbar Nerves : 5 pairs
Sacral Nerves : 5 pairs
Coccygeal Nerves : 1 pair
Four Types of Fibers in Spinal Nerves– The Somatic afferent (sensory) FibersThe Somatic afferent (sensory) Fibers- The Visceral afferent (sensory) Fibers- The Visceral afferent (sensory) Fibers– The Somatic efferent (motor) FibersThe Somatic efferent (motor) Fibers- The Visceral efferent (motor) Fibers- The Visceral efferent (motor) Fibers
Four Types of Fibers in Spinal Nerves– The Somatic afferent (sensory) FibersThe Somatic afferent (sensory) Fibers- The Visceral afferent (sensory) Fibers- The Visceral afferent (sensory) Fibers– The Somatic efferent (motor) FibersThe Somatic efferent (motor) Fibers- The Visceral efferent (motor) Fibers- The Visceral efferent (motor) Fibers
Four Branches of a Spinal Nerves– Anterior Branch Posterior Branch
– Meningeal Branch Communicating Branches
Four Branches of a Spinal Nerves
Four Plexuses– Cervical Plexus 颈丛– Brachial Plexus 臂丛– Lumbar Plexus 腰丛– Sacral Plexus 骶丛
• The thoracic nerves
are separated from
each other.
The cervical Plexus
• The Formation of the Cervical Plexus: • The anterior branches of the 1st to 4th cervical nerves [C1~4]
• The Superficial Branches( sternocleidomastoid m.)
The lesser occipital nerveThe lesser occipital nerve
The great auricular nerveThe great auricular nerve
The transverse nerve of neckThe transverse nerve of neck
The supraclavicular nervesThe supraclavicular nerves
• The Deep BranchesThe Deep Branches– The phrenic nerveThe phrenic nerve
The Brachial Plexus The Brachial Plexus (scalene fissure, axilla)(scalene fissure, axilla) formation:formation: root(C5 – T1) trunk division cordroot(C5 – T1) trunk division cord
branches and distributionbranches and distribution Brachial plexus : Brachial plexus : the long thoracic the long thoracic
the musculocutaneous nervethe musculocutaneous nerve
lateral cordlateral cord lateral pectoral nerve lateral pectoral nerve
the median nerve the median nerve
Medial cordMedial cord the ulnar nerve the ulnar nerve
medial pectoral nervemedial pectoral nerve
the radial nerve the radial nerve
Posterior cordPosterior cord the axillary nerve the axillary nerve
the thoracodorsal nervethe thoracodorsal nerve
the musculocutaneous n.the musculocutaneous n.
the axillary n.the axillary n. the long thoracic n.the long thoracic n.
medial pectoral n.medial pectoral n.
lateral pectoral n.lateral pectoral n.
median n.median n.
the ulnar n. the radialthe ulnar n. the radial n n. .
the thoracodorsal n.the thoracodorsal n.
• The musculocutaneous nerve♠ Major end branch of lateral cord♠ Runs down lateral aspect of upper limb♠ Innervates forearm flexors (biceps, brachialis)
and provides cutaneous sensation for lateral forearm
• The median nerve♠ Does not branch in arm (humeral region of
upper limb)♠ In forearm, innervates flexors and skin♠ In hand, innervates some muscles of lateral palm♠ The median nerve serves muscles which pronate
the forearm,flex the wrist and fingers and oppose the thumb
• The ulnar nerve♠ Branches off median cord.♠ Runs along medial aspect of arm, swings behind the
medial epicondyle, then parallels the ulna as it courses down the medial forearm
♠ Innervates flexor carpi ulnaris & flexor digitorum profundus; Supplies most of the muscles & skin of the medial hand
♠ Along with median nerve, the ulnar nerve produces wrist &finger flexion &adduction & abduction of medial fingers
♣ The "funny bone" is the ulnar nerve as it passes behind the medial epicondyle.
♠ Loss of function of the ulnar nerve results in clawhand as the little and ring fingers become hyperextended at the knuckles and flexed at the distal interphalangeal joints
• The radial nerve Largest branch of the brachial plexus; continuation of the
posterior cord,wraps around posterior humerus, swings up & over the lateral epicondyle &the divides into a superficial branch &a deep branch
♣ Superficial branch, runs along lateral edge of radius
♣ Deep branch,runs into posterior forearm
♠ Radial nerve innervates nearly all extensors in the upper limb,produces extension of elbow (triceps), supination of forearm (supinator, brachioradialis, but not biceps), extension of wrist & fingers (forearm and digital extensors), and abduction of thumb
♠ Loss of function of the radial nerve results in wrist drop, an inability to extend the hand at the wrist
Radial Nerve
The Anterior Branches of the Thoracic Nerves
——Intercostal and subcostal nerve
The segmental distribution of the anterior branches of The segmental distribution of the anterior branches of the thoracic nervesthe thoracic nerves
T2: the sternal angle T8: the costal arch
T4: the nipple T10: the umbilicus
T6: the xiphoid processT12: the anterior superior iliac spin
The Lumbar Plexus• The formation of the lumbar plexus: The formation of the lumbar plexus:
TT12 12 (part)+L(part)+L1~31~3+L+L4 4 (part)(part)
The branches of the lumbar plexusThe branches of the lumbar plexus
The The iliohypogastriciliohypogastric nerve nerveThe The ilioinguinalilioinguinal nerve nerveThe The lateral femoral lateral femoral cutaneouscutaneous nerve nerveTheThe femoral femoral nerve nerveThe The obturatorobturator nerve nerveTheThe genitofemoral genitofemoral nervenerve
The Sacral Plexus
• The formation of the sacral plexusThe formation of the sacral plexus
The lumbosacral trunk(LThe lumbosacral trunk(L4~54~5)+S)+S1~51~5+Co+Co
The branches of The branches of the sacral plexusthe sacral plexus
The branches of the sacral plexusThe branches of the sacral plexus
–The superior gluteal n.The superior gluteal n.
–The inferior gluteal n.The inferior gluteal n.
–The pudendal n.The pudendal n.
The anal nervesThe anal nerves
The perineal nerveThe perineal nerve
The dorsal nerve of The dorsal nerve of
penis or clitorispenis or clitoris
- The posterior femoral - The posterior femoral
cutaneous n.cutaneous n.
The sciatic nerveThe sciatic nerve(Poplited fossa)(Poplited fossa)
•The tibial nerveThe tibial nerve•(hook-like foot)(hook-like foot)
•The common peronealThe common peroneal nervenerve(talipes equinovarus)(talipes equinovarus)
The superficial peronealThe superficial peroneal nervenerveThe deep peroneal nerveThe deep peroneal nerve
体表节段分布
The Cranial Nerves
脑神经
Names of cranial nervesThe cranial nerveⅠ. Olfactory nerve Ⅱ. Optic nerve Ⅲ. Oculomotor nerve Ⅳ. Trochlear nerve Ⅴ. Trigeminal nerve Ⅵ. Abducent nerve Ⅶ. Facial nerve Ⅷ. Vestibulocochlear nerve Ⅸ. Glossopharyngeal nerve Ⅹ. Vagus nerve Ⅺ. Accessory nerve Ⅻ. Hypoglossal nerve
2. The cranial nerves consist of 4 kinds of fibers: somatic sensory fibers visceral sensory fibers somatic motor fibers visceral motor fibers
3 types: Sensory (afferent) nerves: I 、Ⅱ、Ⅷ Motor (efferent) nerves: III 、Ⅳ、Ⅵ、Ⅺ、Ⅻ Mixed nerves: Ⅴ 、Ⅶ 、Ⅸ、Ⅹ
Three types of cranial nerves• Sensory cranial nerves: contain only afferent (sensory) fibers– ⅠOlfactory nerve – ⅡOptic nerve
– Ⅷ Vestibulocochlear nerve • Motor cranial nerves: contain only efferent (motor) fibers
– Ⅲ Oculomotor nerve – Ⅳ Trochlear nerve – ⅥAbducent nerve – Ⅺ Accessory nerv – Ⅻ Hypoglossal nerve
• Mixed nerves: contain both sensory and motor fibers--- – ⅤTrigeminal nerve, – Ⅶ Facial nerve,– ⅨGlossopharyngeal nerve– ⅩVagus nerve
4 Classification - Cranial Nerves1. Sensory nerves:
– carry somatic sensory information: • touch, pressure, vibration, temperature, and pain
2. Special sensory nerves:– carry sensations:
• smell, sight, hearing, balance3. Motor nerves:
– axons of somatic motor neurons
4. Mixed nerves: – mixture of motor and sensory fibers
The sensory nerves:
1. Olfactory nerve:
• Visceral sensory fibers
• Cell bodies are in nasal
Mucosa olfactory region
(on the superior
nasal concha and opposed
part of nasal septum)
• Pierces through cribriform
foramina and ends in
olfactory bulb.
• Conducts sense of smell.
The sensory nerves:
1. Olfactory nerve:
• Visceral sensory fibers
• Cell bodies are in nasal
Mucosa olfactory region
(on the superior
nasal concha and opposed
part of nasal septum)
• Pierces through cribriform
foramina and ends in
olfactory bulb.
• Conducts sense of smell.
Optic nerve(II)• Primary function:
– special sensory (vision)• Origin: retina of eye• Pathway:
– optic canals of sphenoid• Destination:
– diencephalon via optic chiasm
• Structures
– Optic chiasm: where sensory fibers converge , and cross to opposite side of brain
– Optic tracts: reorganized axons, leading to lateral geniculate nuclei
The sensory nerves--:2. Optic nerve somatic sensory fibers.The central processes of ganglion cells of retina converge on optic disc, then pierce the sclera and form optic nerve. passes through optic canal into middle cranial fossa, then joints optic chiasma.
ciliary muscleciliary muscle
sphincter pupillae sphincter pupillae musclesmuscles
diplopiadiplopia
The The general visceral general visceral motor fibers motor fibers
The general somatic The general somatic motor fibersmotor fibers
Oculomotor nervesuperior obliquussuperior obliquus
Trochlear n.
Abducent n.
lateral rectuslateral rectus
Oculomotor nerve• Components
– General somatic efferent fibers (GSE)– General visceral efferent fibers (GVE)
• Main action - supplies – Superior, inferior and medial recti; inferior obliquus; levator
palpebrae superioris– Sphincter pupillea and ciliary muscle
• Ciliary ganglion: lies between optic nerve and lateral rectus
Oculomotor nerve
Figure 14–21
The Trochlear Nerves (IV)
• Primary function: – motor (eye movements)
• Origin: mesencephalon• Pathway: superior orbital fissure of sphenoid• Destination: superior oblique muscle
Trochlear nerve (IV) :• Emerges from anterior medullary velum
just behind the inferior colliculus—winds
forward around cerebral peduncle—
traverses lateral wall of cavernous sinus
—passes into orbit through the superior orbital fissure• Supplies the superior oblique muscle.(diplopia )
Trochlear nerve (IV) :• Emerges from anterior medullary velum
just behind the inferior colliculus—winds
forward around cerebral peduncle—
traverses lateral wall of cavernous sinus
—passes into orbit through the superior orbital fissure• Supplies the superior oblique muscle.(diplopia )
Abducens nerve (VI)Abducens nerve (VI)• enters the orbit through the superior orbital fissure.enters the orbit through the superior orbital fissure.
• Innervates the lateral rectusInnervates the lateral rectus
Oculamotor paralysis
Abducent nerve injury
V. Trigeminal nerve:
It has a motor and a sensory
roots.The motor root contains
the somatic motor fibers arising
V. Trigeminal nerve:
It has a motor and a sensory
roots.The motor root contains
the somatic motor fibers arising
from the motor nucleus of trigeminal
nerve; Sensory root contains the
somatic sensory fibers which are
central processes of the neurons
located in the trigeminal ganglion.
from the motor nucleus of trigeminal
nerve; Sensory root contains the
somatic sensory fibers which are
central processes of the neurons
located in the trigeminal ganglion.
It’s formed by the peripheral processes of neurons of trigeminal
ganglion and few somatic motor fibers.
3 divisions:
—ophthalmic nerve
—maxillary nerve
—mandibular nerve
Trigeminal nerve [V]
It’s formed by the peripheral processes of neurons of trigeminal
ganglion and few somatic motor fibers.
3 divisions:
—ophthalmic nerve
—maxillary nerve
—mandibular nerve
Trigeminal nerve [V]
Trigeminal nerve [V]Components of fibers• Somatic motor fibers: originate from motor
nucleus of trigeminal nerve, and supply masticatory muscles
• Somatic sensory fibers: transmit facial sensation to sensory nuclei of trigeminal nerve, the GSA fibers have their cell bodies in trigeminal ganglion, which lies on the apex of petrous part of temporal bone
Facial nerve: [VII]
• contains 3 [+1] types of fibers:
--- somatic motor fibers:
arise from the facial nucleus
--- visceral motor fibers:
arise from the superior salivatory
nucleus.
--- visceral sensory fibers:
arise from the geniculate ganglion
and terminate in the nucleus of solitary tract.
• Emerges from the pontomedullary groove just medially to the
vestibulocochlear n. [Somatic sensory fibers from skin of external ear ]
Facial nerve: [VII]
• contains 3 [+1] types of fibers:
--- somatic motor fibers:
arise from the facial nucleus
--- visceral motor fibers:
arise from the superior salivatory
nucleus.
--- visceral sensory fibers:
arise from the geniculate ganglion
and terminate in the nucleus of solitary tract.
• Emerges from the pontomedullary groove just medially to the
vestibulocochlear n. [Somatic sensory fibers from skin of external ear ]
• Branches outside the
facial canal:
--- temporal branch
--- zygomatic branches
--- buccal branches
--- mandibular branch
--- cervical branch
(contain the somatic motor fibers –
mimetic muscles and platysma)
• Branches outside the
facial canal:
--- temporal branch
--- zygomatic branches
--- buccal branches
--- mandibular branch
--- cervical branch
(contain the somatic motor fibers –
mimetic muscles and platysma)
Branches within the facial canal
• Chorda tympani : joins lingual branch of mandibular nerve:To
taste buds on anterior two-thirds of tongue;Relayed in
submandibular ganglion, the postganglionic fibers
supply submandibular & sublingual glands
Injury to the facial nerve
Vestibulocochlear nerve [VIII]
Vestibular ganglion(SSA) ↘ ↗ Vestibular nuclei Internal acoustic meatus Cochlear ganglion (SSA) ↗ ↘ Cochlear nuclei
somatic sensory fibers
VIII. Vestibulocochlear nerve: Somatic sensory fibers consists of cochlear &vestibular nerves. Cochlear nerve is formed by central processes of bipolar cells of cochlear ganglion in the central modiolus of cochlea. Vestibular nerve is formed by central processes of cells of vestibular ganglion.passes into brain stem through internal acoustic meatus. Conducts sense of hearing& balance
Glossopharyngeal nerve ( )ⅨComponents of fibers• Somatic motor fibers: originate from nucleus ambiguus, and
supply stylopharygeus• Visceral motor fibers: arise from inferior salivatory nucleus and
ralyed in otic ganglion, the postganglionic fibers supply parotid gland
• Visceral sensory fibers: arise from the cells of inferior ganglion, the central processes of these cells terminate in nucleus of solitary tract, the peripheral processes supply the taste buds on posterior third of tongue
• The visceral sensation from mucosa of posterior third of tongue, pharynx, auditory tube and tympanic cavity, carotid sinus and glomus, and end by synapsing with cells of nucleus of solitary tract. Sensation from skin of posterior surface of auricle …
Glossopharyngeal Nerves (IX) • Primary function:
– mixed (sensory and motor) to head and neck• Origins:
– sensory: • posterior 1/3 of tongue
• part of pharynx and palate
• carotid arteries
– motor: • motor nuclei of medulla oblongata
• Pathway: – jugular foramina between occipital and temporal bones
Vagus nerve (Ⅹ)components of fibers• originate from dorsal nucleus of vagus nerve,
synapse in parasympathetic ganglion, short postganglionic fibers innervate cardiac muscles, smooth muscles and glands of viscera
• originate from ambiguus, to muscles of pharynx and larynx
• carry impulse from viscera in neck, thoracic and abdominal cavity to nucleus of solitary tract
• sensation from auricle, external acoustic meatus and cerebral dura mater
• Main branches:
— superior laryngeal n.
* internal laryngeal n.(mucous
membrane of larynx above
the level of vocal folds)
* external laryngeal n.(supplies
the cricothyroid m.)
— cervical cardiac branches
— pharyngeal branch
• Main branches:
— superior laryngeal n.
* internal laryngeal n.(mucous
membrane of larynx above
the level of vocal folds)
* external laryngeal n.(supplies
the cricothyroid m.)
— cervical cardiac branches
— pharyngeal branch
• Main branches:
— recurrent laryngeal nerve,ascends in groove between the trachea and esophagus— enters larynx): mucous membrane of the larynx below the level of vocal folds and rest m. of larynx.
• Main branches:
— recurrent laryngeal nerve,ascends in groove between the trachea and esophagus— enters larynx): mucous membrane of the larynx below the level of vocal folds and rest m. of larynx.
• Main branches:
— bronchial branches
— esophageal branches
— anterior and posterior
gastric branches(stomach)
— hepatic branches
— celiac branches
XI. Accessory nerve
• Contains somatic motor fibers arising
from the accessory nucleus(spinal root)
and lower part of nucleus ambiguus
(cranial root).
• Emerges from the posterolateral sulcus
of medulla oblongata—through the
jugular foramen—descends between
the internal carotid artery and internal
jugular vein—passes back and
downwards to strnocleidomustoid
muscle & trapezius muscles
Accessory Nerves (XI) (1 of 2)• Primary function:
– motor to muscles of neck and upper back
• Origin: – motor nuclei of spinal cord and
medulla oblongata• Pathway:
– jugular foramina between occipital and temporal bones• Destinations:
– internal branch:
• voluntary muscles of palate, pharynx, and larynx
– external branch:
• sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles
XII. Hypoglossal nerve:
• Emerges from the anterolateral sulcus (between the olive and
pyramid) of medulla oblongat
—through the hypoglossal canal
—descends between the internal
carotid artery and internal
jugular vein—passes forwards
over the internal & external
arteries at the level of the angle
of mandible— enters the tongue.
• Supplies the intrinsic &
extrinsic muscles of tongue
XII. Hypoglossal nerve:
• Emerges from the anterolateral sulcus (between the olive and
pyramid) of medulla oblongat
—through the hypoglossal canal
—descends between the internal
carotid artery and internal
jugular vein—passes forwards
over the internal & external
arteries at the level of the angle
of mandible— enters the tongue.
• Supplies the intrinsic &
extrinsic muscles of tongue
Hypoglossal Nerves (XII)• Primary function:
– motor (tongue movements)
• Origin: – motor nuclei of medulla oblongata
• Pathway: – hypoglossal canals of occipital bone
• Destination: – muscles of tongue
Table 14-9 (1 of 2)
Summary: Cranial Nerves
Table 14-9 (2 of 2)
Summary: Cranial Nerves
The Cranial NervesThe Cranial Nerves
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