The Progressive EraThe Progressive Era1890-19201890-1920

“What were the causes and effects of the Progressive

Movement?”

• SSUSH13 The student will identify major efforts to reform American society and politics in the Progressive Era.a.  Explain Upton Sinclair's The Jungle and federal oversight of the meat packing industry.b.  Identify Jane Addams and Hull House, and the role of women in reform movements.c.  Describe the rise of Jim Crow, Plessy v. Ferguson, and the emergence of the NAACP.d.  Explain Ida Tarbell's role as a muckraker.e.  Describe the significance of progressive reforms such as the initiative, the recall, and referendum, direct election of senators, reform of labor laws and efforts to improve living conditions for the poor in cities.

Read Chapter 17!Read Chapter 17!

• Compare and contrast populism and Progressivism.

The Drive for ReformThe Drive for ReformSection 1

• “What areas did Progressives think were in need of the greatest reform?”

• Vocabulary:– Progressivism Jane Addams– muckraker direct primary– Lincoln Steffens initiative– Jacob Riis referendum– Social Gospel recall– settlement house

The Drive for Reform 

Origins of Progressivism  Main Idea: The Progressive Movement was started to fight for a variety of political, social, and religious problems. 

Muckrakers Reveal the Need for Reform 

Main Idea: Journalists called muckrakers and fiction writers brought social problems to the public’s attention. 

Progressives Reform Society 

Main Idea: As Progressives gained support, they achieved reforms for the poor and children and improved the education system and working conditions for industrial workers.

Reforming Government

Main Idea: Progressives made changes to local governments and reformed election rules to give citizens more power.   Progressive leaders were elected into offices in many states, making it easier for reforms to occur.  

Continued…

The Progressive EraThe Progressive Era

• The American Progressive Era occurred in the years before and after the turn of the 20th century– It lasted approximately 25 years – 1890 to 1916– Caused by industrialization, urbanization, and immigration

• The time period was typified by many reforms at the city, state, and federal levels

3 Progressive Presidents3 Progressive Presidents

• Theodore Roosevelt 1901-1908 Republican – The “Square Deal” and “New Nationalism”

• William Howard Taft 1909-1912 Republican– Dollar Diplomacy

• Woodrow Wilson 1913-1920 Democrat– The New Freedom

Roots of Progressive MovementRoots of Progressive MovementThe roots of the Progressivism are in the late 19th century and resulted from four arenas of 

concern:1. The fight against corruption and inefficiency in government 

– Big-city political machines and government corruption2. Concerns about the welfare of the urban poor from settlement-house workers 

and other reformers- Concerned with slum living conditions, child labor, and work hours and 

conditions3. The effort to regulate and control big business growing out of the Granger and 

Populist movements- Issues from farmers and the working class- These also included concerns about the gold standard

4. Equal Rights for women and minorities- The struggle for women’s suffrage- The “birth” of the Civil Rights Era

*What problems did Progressive reformers hope to solve? Problems in the areas of politics and government, business, social welfare, and labor conditions

MuckrakersMuckrakers

• TR called writers who wrote about wrongdoing in politics and business “muckrakers” – (Because they dug up the muck/dirt).

• They were the journalists alerted public to wrongdoing by investigating issues and publicizing the results.  – Readers pressured legislators to pass new laws attempting to fix these problems.

Muckrakers Reveal the Need to Muckrakers Reveal the Need to ReformReform

• Journalists uncover injustices

-Lincoln Steffens – editor of McClure’s Magazine

-“The Shame of the Cities”- articles on political corruption

• Jacob Riis – photographer for the New York Evening Sun

-published How the Other Half Lives – photos of tenements

Important Progressive Author and Important Progressive Author and PhotographerPhotographer

• Jacob Riis• In his 1890 landmark book, How the Other Half Lives, Jacob Riis discussed 

the dismal conditions in which thousands of New York immigrants lived. – Most of the residential tenements were "unventilated, fever-breeding

structures" that housed multiple families • His pictures helped document the living conditions and bring about 

changes*What role did journalists and other writers play in the Progressive

Movement? Wrote sensational reports on problems in the U.S.

Exposing How the Other Half Lives INFOGRAPHIC

Ida Tarbell – famous MuckrakerIda Tarbell – famous Muckraker

• Wrote The History of Standard Oil• Reported that John D. Rockefeller used

ruthless methods to ruin his competitors, charge higher prices and reap huge profits

• Worked for McClure’s• Her articles led to the breakup of Standard

Oil

NovelistsNovelists

• Upton Sinclair wrote The Jungle• Related the horrors of the Chicago

stockyards, revealing the unsanitary conditions

• Related the despair of immigrants who worked there

Other Important ProgressivesOther Important Progressives

• Theodore Dreisel: Novelist  and author of Sister Carrie

• Walter Rauschenbusch: Social reformer and author of Social Gospel who believed that the Bible’s teachings had instructions for how to teach the poor.

Progressives Reform SocietyProgressives Reform Society

• Social Gospel Guides Reform • Settlement Houses

-Jane Addams opened Hull House in Chicago

-By 1911, country had more than 400 settlement houses

Protecting Children and Improving Protecting Children and Improving EducationEducation

• Florence Kelley – helped ban child labor• Helped create the U.S. Children’s Bureau to

protect health and welfare of children• Child labor not ended for good until 1938• John Dewey wanted students to think

creatively and to teach new subjects like history and geography

Children Enrolled in Public Schools and Employed, 1870-1930 CHART

Progressives Help Industrial Progressives Help Industrial WorkersWorkers

• In the early 1900s, 30,000 workers died on the job• March 1911, Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire killed

146 workers• Led to laws to make workplaces safer• Workers’ compensation laws• Efforts to limit workday to 10 hours

*How did Progressives work to help the urban poor?

Helped the urban poor by establishing settlement houses, working to end child labor, improving education, and improving workplace conditions

• On May 25, 1911, a fire broke out in the upper floors of the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory.

• Many workers could not escape as the doors had been locked to prevent unauthorized breaks and union agitation.

The FireThe Fire

Results of the FireResults of the Fire

• The factory owners were found innocent of negligence in criminal trials.  

• In civil suits they were order to pay $75 per dead worker.

• New York’s Tammany Hall created a series of labor laws that protected the workers’ safety.

Reforming GovernmentReforming Government

• Reform of city government -Commission form of government• Progressives reform election rules -direct primary: citizens vote to select

nominees -initiative: people propose new law directly -referendum: citizens approve or reject laws

that have been passed -recall: voters remove public servants from

office before terms expire

City Commission TRANSPARENCY

Progressive Governors Take ChargeProgressive Governors Take Charge

• Robert La Follette of Wisconsin – railroad reform, improved education, make factories safer, adopted direct primary

• Hiram Johnson of California – ended Southern Pacific Railroad’s dominance of state government, instituted direct primary, initiative, referendum, and recall, protected natural resources

*How did Progressive reformers change local and state government?

Realized that it would be necessary to reform the political process in order to make social reforms (direct primary, initiative, referendum, recall)

Analyzing Political Cartoons: Business and Government Corruption TRANSPARENCY

Reading Skill: Identify Details NOTE TAKING

The First Area of ReformThe First Area of Reform

The Fight against Corruption and Inefficiency in Government and Politics

The First Area of ReformThe Fight against Corruption and Inefficiency in Government and Politics

T

• Cause: Political corruption• Results: 

Direct Primary Initiative Referendum Recall 17th amendment Commission form of city government (Galveston Plan)

The Second Area of ReformThe Second Area of Reform

Concerns about the Welfare of the Urban Poor

The Second Area of ReformConcerns about the Welfare of the Urban Poor

• Jane Addams – Hull House• Florence Kelley – ban child labor- U.S. Children’s Bureau

• Keating-Owens Act – banned child labor, but was ruled unconstitutional

• John Dewey – education – mandatory age• Margaret Sanger – birth control• Cities added parks, playgrounds fire regulations, utilities• Muller v. Oregon – limit women’s work hours to 10 per day• Temperance Movement – 18th Amendment• National Urban League

The Third Area of ReformThe Third Area of Reform

The Effort to Regulate and Control Big Business 

The Third Area of ReformThe Effort to Regulate and Control Big Business (Economy)

• Hepburn Act• Sherman Antitrust Act• Ida Tarbell and Standard Oil• Meat Inspection Act• Pure Food and Drug Act• 16th Amendment• Federal Reserve Act• Federal trade Commission (FTC)• Clayton Antitrust Act• Workingman’s Compensation Act• Conservation • Labor Strikes

The Fourth Area of ReformThe Fourth Area of Reform

The Struggle for Equal Rights for Women and Minorities

The Fourth Area of Reform The Struggle for Equal Rights for Women and Minorities

• Susan B. Anthony – women’s suffrage• Elizabeth Cady Stanton – women’s suffrage• Carrie Chapman Catt – National Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA)• Alice Paul – National Woman’s Party (NWP)• 19th Amendment• Ida B. Wells – National Association of Colored Women• Florence Kelley – National Consumers League• Booker T. Washington• W.E.B. Du Bois• Niagara Movement – NAACP• Urban League

Women Make ProgressWomen Make Progress Section 2

• “How did women of the Progressive Era make progress and win the right to vote?”

• Vocabulary:

-Florence Kelley suffrage

-Carrie Chapman Catt NCL

-temperance movement NAWSA

-Margaret Sanger Alice Paul

-Ida B. Wells Nineteenth

Amendment

Women Make Progress 

Progressive Women Expand Reforms 

Main Idea: During the Progressive Movement many women took steps to gain reform for working conditions and family life. 

Women Fight for the Right to Vote 

Main Idea: Carrie Chapman Catt and Alice Paul were two Progressive leaders who helped reenergize the national suffrage movement.    Eventually, they were successful when Congress approved the Nineteenth Amendment in 1920.  

Progressive Women Expand Progressive Women Expand ReformsReforms

• More women went to college

• Hardships of working women

• Reformers:

-Florence Kelley – National Consumers League (NCL)

-Margaret Sanger – birth-control clinics

-Ida B. Wells – National Association of Colored Women (NACW)

Margaret SangerMargaret Sanger• Margaret Sanger was educated as and worked as a 

nurse. • In her work with poor women on the Lower East 

Side of New York, she was aware of the effects of unplanned and unwelcome pregnancies. 

• She came to believe in the importance to women's lives and women's health of the availability of birth control, a term which she's credited with inventing.

• In 1912, Sanger gave up nursing work to give advice about birth control– This was against the law according to the Comstock Act!!!

*What steps did women take to win workers’ rights?

Successful in some states to reduce work hours for women

Analyzing Political Cartoons: Women’s Suffrage TRANSPARENCY

Women’s SuffrageWomen’s Suffrage• Goal of Movement

– To get Congress to pass a Constitutional Amendment and get ¾ of the states to ratify it

– To get individual states to permit women to vote• Western states had given women the right to vote before the amendment was passed

• Women attended the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848 and for the first time formally demanded the right to vote

Woman SuffrageWoman Suffrage

• Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton worked for women’s political issues

• Carrie Chapman Catt worked to promote the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA)

• Plan to get Congress to pass a constitutional amendment and to get state legislatures to let women vote

Susan B. AnthonySusan B. Anthony• Susan B. Anthony led the fight for suffrage.

• Anthony was involved in the temperance and abolitionist movements.– She was arrested in 1872 for trying to vote

• National American Woman Suffrage (NAWSA) formed in 1890 with Anthony as president

Carrie Chapman CattCarrie Chapman Catt

• From 1890 to 1900 an organizer for the National American Woman Suffrage Association, she became its president in 1900. 

• She led the campaign to win suffrage through an amendment to the U.S. Constitution 

Activists Carry on the StruggleActivists Carry on the Struggle

• Alice Paul formed National Woman’s Party (NWP)

• Picketed and protested, leading to arrests

• Nineteenth Amendment - right to vote “shall not be denied or abridged on account of sex”; August, 1920

Two Strategies for SuffrageTwo Strategies for Suffrage• National American Woman Suffrage Association

(NAWSA)– Campaigned for the right to vote– Used conventional means for achieving goal

• Congressional Union (CU)– Led by Alice Paul– Used a more militant approach– Picketing, hunger strikes

Passages of Women’s Suffrage GRAPH

The 19The 19thth Amendment Amendment• Ratified August 24, 1920 when Tennessee became the 36th state to ratify the amendment. 

*What tactics did Progressive women use to win the right to vote?

Lobbied Congress to pass a constitutional amendment, held marches and hunger strikes, got some states to pass suffrage laws

Section 1: The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex.  Section 2: Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation

Reading Skill: Identify Main Ideas NOTE TAKING

The Struggle Against The Struggle Against DiscriminationDiscrimination

Section 3 • “What steps did minorities take to combat

social problems and discrimination?”• Vocabulary:

-Americanization NAACP

-Booker T. Washington Urban League

-W.E.B. Du Bois mutualistas

-Niagara Movement

-Anti-Defamation League

The Struggle Against Discrimination 

Progressivism Presents Contradictions Main Idea: Although many reforms occurred during the Progressive Era, many non-whites and immigrants also suffered as Protestants tried to force Americanization on them.  Racism was prevalent even among Progressives, and segregation became the norm in many areas of the country.  

African Americans Demand Reforms 

Main Idea: African American leaders organized to gain reforms.  Their efforts led to the formation of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and the Urban League.  

Reducing Prejudice and Protecting Rights

Main Idea: Jews, Native Americans, Asian Americans, and Mexican Americans formed groups to help fight for their rights in the early 1900’s. 

What do we mean by “Civil Rights"? What do we mean by “Civil Rights"?

– The term civil rights refers to rights, freedoms and liberties and that should be given to people no matter their race, ethnicity, lifestyles, or beliefs 

– They also can refer to the  nonpolitical rights of a citizen or person

• Section 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the state wherein they reside. 

• No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. 

The 14The 14thth Amendment Amendment

The Birth of Jim Crow LawsThe Birth of Jim Crow Laws• After the Civil War most states in the South passed anti-African American legislation. 

• These became known as Jim Crow laws. • This included laws that discriminated against African Americans with concern to attendance in public schools and the use of facilities such as restaurants, theaters, hotels, cinemas and public baths. 

• Trains and buses were also segregated and in many states marriage between whites and African American people. 

*What attitudes did most Progressives hold about minorities and immigrant groups?

Prejudiced against those who were nonwhite, non-Protestant, and non-middle class; worked to Americanize immigrants

African Americans Demand ReformAfrican Americans Demand Reform

• Booker T. Washington – told African Americans to move slowly toward racial progress

• W.E.B. Du Bois – urged African Americans to demand immediate rights

• Niagara Movement – denounced gradual progress in achieving rights

• NAACP – help African Americans use the courts to challenge unfair laws

• Urban League – helped poor in cities

Booker T. WashingtonBooker T. Washington• Former slave and founder of Tuskegee

Institute– School for blacks that taught farming, carpentry, brick making, shoemaking, printing and cabinetmaking 

• Believed that blacks should first build economic power and then political power would follow

• September, 1895, Washington became a national figure when one of his speeches was widely reported by the country's newspapers. 

• Washington's conservative views made him popular with white politicians

• Other African-American leaders did not agree with his ideas and the movement split

Counter Movement to TuskegeeCounter Movement to Tuskegee

• WEB Du Bois– Led the Niagara Movement

• Called for the end of racism NOW! (Think Niagara Falls!) 

• Did not agree with B.T. Washington and charged that the best and the brightest must lead the others towards equality now through politics and a quest for justice.– The Souls of Black Folks- most famous publication

Excerpt from “Excerpt from “The Souls of Black FolksThe Souls of Black Folks””

• Herein lie buried many things which if read with patience may show the strange meaning of being black here in the dawning of the Twentieth Century. This meaning is not without interest to you, Gentle Reader; for the problem of the Twentieth Century is the problem of the color-line.– W.E.B.Du Bois

The National Association for the The National Association for the Advancement of Colored PeopleAdvancement of Colored People

• The NAACP was organized in 1909– Concern over race riots and Jim Crow– Many Niagara Movement leaders joined and combined forces with whites to overcome inequalities and violence

• WEB Du Bois charged that Booker T. Washington was not helping the cause by remaining quiet 

• The NAACP grew rapidly into a national group– Is still important today in civil rights causes

The Urban LeagueThe Urban League• Civil Rights group formed in 1911• Focused on poor, working class blacks in the cities• Helped with jobs and education Ida B. Wells• Worked for reform for black women• Formed the National Association of Colored Women (NACW)

• Helped bring about social change

*Why did African Americans and others decide it was time to organize against discrimination?

Because of widespread segregation and growing problem with African American men being denied the right to vote in the South

Plessey v FergusonPlessey v Ferguson

• 1896 Supreme Court case concerning the legality of having separate railroad cars for white

• Did this violate the “equal protection” clause of the 14th Amendment??

• The Supreme Court said, “NO”, citing the idea of “separate but equal”– Set back equality for blacks almost 70 years

Reducing PrejudiceReducing Prejudice

• Anti-Defamation League – aided Jews• Partido Liberal Mexicano (PLM) – aided

Mexicans in Arizona• Mutualistas – made loans and provided

legal assistance to Mexicans• Society of American Indians – protest

federal Indian policy• Asian Americans – keep land by putting

it in children’s names

The Anti- Defamation League

• Civil Rights group formed in 1913• Focused on defending Jews and others who were being verbally abused or attacked

• Focused on “securing justice and fair treatment to all citizens alike…”

Louis D. BrandeisLouis D. Brandeis

• In 1916, Brandeis was appointed to the Supreme Court

• First Jewish justice on the Supreme Court

• Known as “the people’s lawyer”

Unsuccessful ProgressiveUnsuccessful ProgressiveReforms for Other Ethnic GroupsReforms for Other Ethnic Groups

• Mexican Americans– Formed the Partido Liberal Mexicano (PLM) to fight against discrimination

• Native Americans– Their removal to reservations AND the Dawes Act had destroyed their way of life and culture

– Carlos Montezuma campaigned for equal rights but they were not granted citizenship until the 1920’s

• Asian Americans– Fought unfair laws concerning property laws unsuccessfully– Were not allowed to become citizens

*What strategies did other minority groups use to defend their rights?

Self-help agencies and social justice organizations plus some took legal action

Reading Skill: Main Idea and Details NOTE TAKING

How should we respond to discrimination? COMPARING VIEWPOINTS

Organizing for Civil Rights TRANSPARENCY

Roosevelt’s Square DealRoosevelt’s Square DealSection 4

• “What did Roosevelt think government should do for citizens?”

• Vocabulary: -Theodore Roosevelt Gifford Pinchot -Square Deal Hepburn Act -Meat Inspection Act New Nationalism -Pure Food and Drug Act John Muir -Progressive Party -National Reclamation Act

Theodore RooseveltTheodore Roosevelt

Roosevelt’s Square Deal 

Roosevelt Shapes the Modern Presidency 

Main Idea: When Theodore Roosevelt became President in 1901, he expanded the powers of the President and shaped the modern presidency.   He fought for reform proposals that would keep the wealthy and powerful from taking advantage of the poor.   

Trustbusting and Regulating Industry 

Main Idea: During Roosevelt’s presidency, the government enacted many reforms involving labor unions, control of shipping costs, antitrusts, and the food and drug industries.  

The Government Manages the Environment 

Main Idea: Following the advice of naturalists, Roosevelt closed off land and pushed for laws that would conserve water. 

Roosevelt and Taft Differ 

Main Idea: When Taft was elected President, he changed many of Roosevelt’s policies, including relaxing control of trusts.  His policies encouraged Roosevelt to seek another term in office. 

Continued…

Roosevelt Shapes the Modern Roosevelt Shapes the Modern PresidencyPresidency

• Assistant Secretary of the Navy

• Spanish-American War – formed the Rough Riders

• Governor of New York• McKinley’s Vice President in

1900• McKinley assassinated• Expanded the power of the

Presidency• Program called the Square

Deal – goal to keep wealthy from taking advantage of small business owners and poor

• What did Roosevelt want his Square Deal program to achieve?

• A fair, honest, and just society in which everyone had an equal chance to succeed

Reading Skill: Identify Main Ideas NOTE TAKING

TR’s Antitrust ActivismTR’s Antitrust Activism• TR used the Sherman Antitrust Act 1890

– Had never been vigorously enforced• Government sued Northern Securities Company (holding company that controlled railroads in the Northwest) – U.S. won the case in the Supreme Court

• 42 other antitrust actions under Roosevelt– Successful in controlling business yet still believed in supporting business

• President Wilson created the Federal Trade Commission in 1914– Monitored businesses for unfair practices– Continued TR’s “trust-busting”

Types of Monopolies/Trusts Types of Monopolies/Trusts

Horizontal Integration John D. Rockefeller

Horizontal Integration John D. Rockefeller

Vertical Integration:o Gustavus Swift Meat-packingo Andrew Carnegie U. S. Steel

Vertical Integration:o Gustavus Swift Meat-packingo Andrew Carnegie U. S. Steel

Trustbusting and Regulating IndustryTrustbusting and Regulating Industry• Mine Strike, 1902• Hepburn Act 1906 – gave

Interstate Commerce Commission enforcement powers

• Sherman Antitrust Act – Supreme Court ruled Northern Securities Company was illegal trust

• Meat Inspection Act – federal agents to inspect any meat sold across state lines

• Pure Food and Drug Act 1906 – controls on other foods and on medicines; controls labeling, and tests drugs

*What impact did Roosevelt’s actions have on the government’s role in the economy?

Increased the role of the government in regulating the economy and labor issues

The Labor MovementThe Labor Movement

• Main goal of labor movement was to reduce hours and gain better wages and working conditions

• Faced stiff opposition from employers who used injunctions to stop workers from going on strike

Government Manages the EnvironmentGovernment Manages the Environment

• John Muir – Yosemite National Park, 1890

• Set aside 100 million acres of forestland

• Gifford Pinchot – “rational use” of forests

TR’s Environmental ReformTR’s Environmental Reform

• National Reclamation Act– Set aside money from the sale of public lands to fund the construction of irrigation systems in arid states

– Set aside 200 million acres for national forests and parks

John Muir and Theodore Roosevelt in Yosemite taken

from Glacier Point during their 1903 camping trip.

"There can be nothing in the world more beautiful than the Yosemite, the groves of the giant sequoias and redwoods, the Canyon of the Colorado, the Canyon of the Yellowstone, the Three Tetons; and our people should see to it that they are preserved for their children and their children's children forever, with their majestic beauty all unmarred.“

-Theodore Roosevelt

John Muir and Gifford PinchotJohn Muir and Gifford Pinchot

• John Muir– California naturalist– Instrumental in creation of first national park, Yellowstone

• Gifford Pinchot– Appointed as first head of the Division of Forestry by TR– Recommended that publicly-owned forests be preserved for public use

Roosevelt’s Water PolicyRoosevelt’s Water Policy• Arguments over water in the arid

West• National Reclamation Act gave

government power to decide how water to be distributed

• Government built dams and reservoirs

*How did Roosevelt’s policies affect the environment?

National wild lands would now be managed for their natural resources, and water reclamation projects would irrigate much desert land in the Southwest. Preserved 100 million acres of wild lands

Roosevelt and Taft DifferRoosevelt and Taft Differ

• Taft’s Justice Department brought twice as many lawsuits against large companies

• Taft fired Gifford Pinchot for criticizing Secretary of Interior Richard Ballinger for selling federal land with coal deposits in Alaska

• New Nationalism – Roosevelt’s program to restore trustbusting power

• Progressive Party – Roosevelt ran in 1912• Taft ran for Republican Party in 1912

William Howard Taft’s PresidencyWilliam Howard Taft’s Presidency• Elected in 1908 with the support of 

Roosevelt– Had been Roosevelt’s Secretary 

of War• Pursued 90 antitrust cases• Progressives wanted tariffs reduced 

but Taft did not support a reduction, angering some members of his party (including TR!!)

*How did Taft’s policies compare with Roosevelt’s?

Taft took a stronger stance against trusts, supported government control over certain industries, encouraged a federal income tax, and did not lower tariffs as much as Roosevelt wished.

Ballinger-Pinchot AffairBallinger-Pinchot Affair• Secretary of Interior Ballinger allowed businessmen to obtain several million acres of Alaskan land, containing coal deposits.

• Pinchot of the Forest Service protested and was fired by Taft.

• Ballinger was investigated and resigned– He joined Republican party– Other Progressives also dropped out of the party

Reading Skill: Compare and Contrast NOTE TAKING

Analyzing Political Cartoons: Taft in the White HouseTRANSPARENCY

Wilson’s New FreedomWilson’s New FreedomSection 5

• “What steps did Wilson take to increase the government’s role in the economy?”

• Vocabulary:

-Woodrow Wilson FTC

-Federal Reserve Act New Freedom

-Sixteenth Amendment

-Clayton Antitrust Act

Wilson’s New Freedom 

Wilson and the Democrats Prevail 

Main Idea: In the 1912 presidential election, the Republican Party was divided between Taft and Roosevelt, leading the way for Woodrow Wilson to be elected.  Once in office, Wilson developed a Progressive plan that placed strong government control on corporations. 

Wilson Regulates the Economy 

Main Idea: Wilson worked to give the government more control of the economy.  Some of the laws passed during his term included lowering tariffs, reforming the banking system, strengthening antitrust regulation, and supporting labor unions and workers’ rights. 

Progressivism Leaves a Lasting Legacy 

Main Idea: Changes in the American economy and the government’s role in managing natural resources still have an impact on society today. 

Continued...

Wilson Wins Election of 1912Wilson Wins Election of 1912• Democrats – Woodrow Wilson• Progressives – Theodore Roosevelt• Republicans – William Howard Taft• Republicans split the vote, allowing Wilson to win• New Freedom – Wilson’s program to give more freedom to

small businesses

*How did Republican divisions help Wilson win the presidency?

Nomination of TR by the Progressive Party split the Republican vote, helping Wilson to win

The Election of 1912TRANSPARENCY

Presidential Election of 1912 CHART

President Wilson’s Reform PoliciesPresident Wilson’s Reform Policies

• Moral/Missionary Diplomacy – Wilson denounced the dollar diplomacy of Taft, emphasizing his idealistic views.

• The New Freedom Policy promised to enforce antitrust laws without threatening economic competition– Was against big business and big government

Wilson Regulates the EconomyWilson Regulates the Economy

• Lowered tariffs to reduce price of consumer goods

• Sixteenth Amendment - income tax to make up for lost revenue

Federal Reserve ActFederal Reserve Act

• Reform the banking system

• National banks under the control of the Federal Reserve Board

• Regional banks established to hold reserve funds from commercial banks

• Sets interest rate that banks pay to borrow money from other banks

Wilson Strengthens Antitrust RegulationWilson Strengthens Antitrust Regulation

• Federal Trade Commission (FTC) created to monitor businesses practices that might lead to monopoly, stop false advertising or dishonest labeling

• Clayton Antitrust Act strengthened antitrust laws; protected labor unions from being attacked as trusts

• Workingman’s Compensation Act – gave wages to temporarily disabled civil service employees

Clayton Antitrust Act 1914Clayton Antitrust Act 1914

1. Companies could not use contracts to keep buyers from purchasing from competitors

2. Could not say unions violated antitrust laws3. Made strikes, picketing, and boycotts legal4. No court injunctions unless injury to property

What policies did Wilson pursue in support of his New Freedom program?Pushed for laws that would give the federal government more power over

tariffs, banks, and trusts

Reading Skill: Identify Main Ideas NOTE TAKING

Progressivism’s LegacyProgressivism’s Legacy

• Political reforms• Nineteenth Amendment• Federal government offered more protection to

Americans• American economy based on Antitrust laws,

Federal Reserve Board and other federal agencies

• Environmental progress• Problems remain

Progressive Era Legislation and Constitutional Amendments CHART

Accomplishments of Accomplishments of Progressivism Progressivism

– Redefined the role of government in business and politics

– Labor reform, especially for women and children

– Amendments to the Constitution 

– Help for urban Americans

Limits of Limits of ProgressivismProgressivism

– Focused on cities, ignoring tenant and migrant farmers

– Supported imperialism– Ignored African Americans, worsening race relations

– World War I ended Progressive Era

Three Other Progressive AmendmentsThree Other Progressive Amendments

• 16th Income Tax – Was a progressive income tax– The more money earned, the more money paid

• 17th Popular election of senators– Formerly selected by state legislators

• 18th Prohibition

*What was the long-term impact of the Progressive Era on American life?

Established the idea that government can take action to help solve problems in society and the economy