1. Rise of Rome 2. The Roman Republic 3. Decline of the Republic and Rise of the

Empire 4. The Pax Romana 5. The Rise of Christianity 6. The Fall of Rome

Geography

Etruscans

Latins

Carthaginians

Greeks

Indo-Europeans moved into Italy

One of those groups were the Latins (Romans)

Etruscans and Greeks moved in later and took territory

Carthaginians also took land (Phoenicians)

Etruscans

Ruled northern Italy

Eventually takes over Rome

Romans learned the basis of their society from the Etruscans

Drive out Etruscan king in 509 BCE

Sovereign Roman state founded

Establishes a republic Same time as

Marathon

Patricians and Plebeians

First all government officials are Patricians

Plebeians eventually demand power

Slow progress

12 Tablets

Set up in the Forum, or the marketplace

Plebeians now know laws because they’re written down

Why important?

The Government of Rome in the Republic Graphic Organizer

Family is the basic unit

Patriarchal

Women = dutiful, loving, dignified, and strong

Valued Education

Roman Republic Women

Own property, could own businesses

Most worked at home

Patrician women had many more rights

Religion

Polytheistic

Adapted from the Etruscans and Greeks

Slaves

Slavery a major part of Roman society and economy from beginning

Conquered peoples from war

Seen as property

By 270 BCE, Rome controls most of Italy

First Etruscans

Then Greek city-states and Greek colonies

Italy unites under Roman Rule as “Allies” to Rome

Why successful?

Well-trained army

▪ Citizen soldiers

▪ Small payment

▪ Riches made in conquering

▪ Valued arête

Why successful?

Diplomacy

▪ Defeated groups paid taxes, acknowledged Roman leadership, supplied soldiers

▪ Defeated groups kept own customs, money, local government

▪ Roman citizenship to some

▪ Trade in Rome

▪ Light touch

Why successful?

Firm control of rebellion

▪ no mercy was shown to rebels

▪ rebellions were crushed and usually all individuals and their families were executed

Carthage

North Africans and Phoenicians

Conflict between Rome and Carthage increase

Punic Wars decide who will control Western Mediterranean

First Punic War

23 year war

Rome wins

Rome now superior naval force in the Mediterranean Sea

Won the islands of Sicily, Corsica, and Sardinia

Second Punic War

Rome v. Hannibal

Hannibal invade from the Alps with elephants

Roman general attacks Carthage

Rome wins

Rome controls Spain and North Africa

Third Punic War

Rome still fears Carthage

Wipes the city out

Rome now dominant in the Western Mediterranean

Hellenistic Wars

First – Macedonia/Greece

Second – Pergamum

Third – Seleucia

Hellenistic Wars provided

1. Power

2. Wealth

3. Prestige

4. Slaves

Mediterranean = Mare Nostrum “Our Sea”

Republic is not set up to be an Empire 3 major problems

1. Trouble with Italian Allies

Backbone of Roman support

Treat “allies” liked conquered people

“Allies” become angry

2. Private armies

General control army, not Rome

Generals begin to abuse power

Battles between Roman generals

3. Latifundia system

Plantation system

Depends on slave labor

Creates massive urban unemployment

Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus

Plebian brothers

Reform Rome, especially land distribution

Seen as too radical

Both are murdered by Patricians

A general named Marius had the idea of recruiting the landless poor for his military and promised land in return for service

This created a soldier force loyal to Marius and not Rome

A general named Sulla copied Marius’ actions and acquired a military force

Marius v. Sulla

Civil war broke out between these 2 armies over who should have the command of a war in Asia Minor

Sulla’s army won the war and then seized the city of Rome to wipe out all opposition to him

Sulla was friends with many Senators so once he had all the power he turned it back over to the Senate hoping to restore the Republic

His actions set a precedent, though

If a general had a loyal army he could seize Rome

The generals to come wouldn’t give power back to the Senate

Rise of an Empire Twitter Project

Julius Caesar

Pompey

Crassus

Cleopatra

Mark Antony

Augustus Caesar (Octavian)

First Triumvirate

Second Triumvirate

Latin for Roman Peace 200 year span from the rule of Augustus to

Marcus Aurelius Prosperity for Rome

Age of Augustus

First emperor is Augustus Caesar, formerly Octavian

Incredibly popular and successful

Age of Augustus

Kept Senate in place, refused dictatorship

Merit system

Allowed self-government throughout empire

Age of Augustus

Stable government

New tax system

Census

Rebuilt infrastructure of Rome

Expands Rome

Age of Augustus

T-chart on pg. 159

Age of Augustus

Names adopted step-son, Tiberius, his successor

Panem et Circenses

Bread and Circuses

Circus Maximus

Roman Coliseum

Welfare state

Rome is tolerant of other religions as long as the people remained loyal to Rome

Polytheism prevalent Accepted Roman Gods

Judea allowed to worship as monotheists Most Jew live under Roman rule Zealots want an independent state

Judea goes into rebellion Jerusalem is destroyed by Romans Jew scattered around Mediterranean

AT THE SAME TIME….

Jesus begins preaching in Judea

Jesus of Nazareth

Jewish

Justice, morality, and service to others

Messiah

Jesus of Nazareth

Seen as threat by Roman authorities

Uniting Jews

Sentenced to death

Paul

Jew with citizenship from Rome

Spread the teachings of Jesus

Wrote letters to Christian communities

Traveled around Mediterranean

Romans are not tolerant of Christians Christians did not conform to Roman

practices Christians killed at the hands of persecution

became known as martyrs

The message of Christianity speaks to the masses

Poor, lowly, oppressed

Used Greco-Roman philosophy to explain Christian message

Roman infrastructure aids in the spreading of Christianity

Wrote in Greek and Latin

Death of Marcus Aurelius ends Pax Romana 26 emperors in the next 50 years Rome has become

Poor

Overtaxed

A unsustainable welfare state

Diocletian (284 CE)

Divided empire into two parts

Eastern and Western

Economic reforms

Blames problems on Christians

Constantine (312 CE)

Continued reforms

Toleration of Christians

Moves capital to Constantinople

Rome under constant attack by Germanic peoples

Huns for Germans towards Rome

Visigoths

Ostrogoths

Vandals

476 CE Roman emperor is ousted by Germanic leader

Discussion Question 1

Read the 4 reasons that caused Rome to fall on pages 176-177

Pick the one that you think is the most important

Write one paragraph (5 sentences) explaining the reason and why you think it’s the most important.

Discussion Question 2

Read the Comparing Viewpoints on page 176

Do you think Rome’s fall was inevitable or impossible to avoid? Why? (5 sentences)

Discussion Question 3

Do you see similarities between the United States today and Rome during its decline?