动词 -ing 短语可以用作状语，修饰句子中由谓语表示的主要动作。这个状语可以表示动作发生的时间、原因、结果、条件、方式、让步、或表示主要动作发生的伴随情况等，通常相当于一个状语从句或并列分句。一般说来，这种结构的逻辑主语就是句子的主语。

1. 做时间状语A.动词 -ing 所表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作

同时发生时，动词 -ing 用一般式。有时前面可以加上 when 或 while 。

While I was walking along the street, I met an old friend.

=Walking along the street, I met an old friend.

B. 动词 -ing 所表示的动作先于谓语动词的动作时，动词 -ing 用完成式 , 即 having done 。

After he finished his work, the man left the office. =Having finished his work, the man left the office.

Hearing the news, they jumped with joy.

如果现在分词是 hear ， see 等表示感官的动词或是 leave ， arrive ， turn ， open 等表示位置转换或情况改变的动词，现在分词所表示的动作发生后，主句的动作往往紧接着发生，那就不必用完成式，仍用一般式。

Seeing a large cake flying through the air, the driver pulled up quickly.

Entering the room, I found nobody in.

Turning to the right, you will find the post office.

As I was tired last night, I went to bed early. = Being tired last night, I went to bed early.

现在分词短语作原因状语，尤其是 be ， feel ，know ，等状态动词的现在分词 ( 短语 ) ，以及现在分词的否定式用作状语时，通常表示原因。

2. 做原因状语

Not knowing her address, I can’t write to her.

Not having done his homework, he stayed at home.

3. 做结果状语多用于句尾。 I thought he was making fun of me, and ran faster than ever, reaching( ＝ so that I reached) the school yard quite out of breath.

现在分词表示必然结果， 前面可加 thus 。不定式表示意外的结果，前面可加 only 。

He was caught in the rain, thus making himself catch the cold.

I hurried to school only to find it was Sunday.

4. 做条件状语相当于 if 引导的条件状语从句。

If you take the path that leads out of the town, you will come to a large wood.

=Taking the path that leads out of the town, you will come to a large wood.

Take the path that leads out of the town and you will come to a large wood.

5. 做让步状语 (Although) working very hard, he failed to pass the

test.

6. 做伴随状语所表达的动作或状态是伴随着句子谓语动词的动作而发生或存在的。 He sat in the armchair, reading a newspaper.

Laughing and talking, they went into the classroom.

7. 做方式状语But later, people developed a way of printing, using rocks.

1)She stepped back appearing surprised and put up her hands, as if in defence.

2) They also express their feelings using unspoken language physical distance.

3)(When) hearing the news, they all jumped with joy.

4) Not knowing much English , I found it hard to understand him.

5)Thinking again, you will find a way.

6)Unfortunately, his father died, leaving his family even worse off.

7) (Although) working very hard, he failed to pass the test.

1. doing 1. doing 和和 having donehaving done

V-ing V-ing 做状语注意要点做状语注意要点

2. not 2. not 的位置的位置Ex:Ex:

1) ___such heavy pollution already, it may now be too 1) ___such heavy pollution already, it may now be too late to clean up the river.late to clean up the river.

A. Having suffered B. SufferingA. Having suffered B. Suffering

C. To suffer D. sufferedC. To suffer D. suffered

2) ____ a reply, he decided to write again. 2) ____ a reply, he decided to write again.

A. Not receiving B. Receiving notA. Not receiving B. Receiving not

C. Not having received D. Having not receivedC. Not having received D. Having not received

1)_______ from the top of the hill , he found the school more beautiful. (see)

2)_______from the top of the hill, the school looks like a garden. (see)

Seeing Seeing

SeenSeen

3.3. 非谓语动词的逻辑主语非谓语动词的逻辑主语

有一条原则必须遵守有一条原则必须遵守 : : 非谓语动词的逻辑主语非谓语动词的逻辑主语应当与句子的主语一致应当与句子的主语一致 . .

1)1) 这位妇女坐在椅子上这位妇女坐在椅子上 ,, 看着电视看着电视 ..

The woman sat in the chair _________ TV.The woman sat in the chair _________ TV.

2)2) 这位妇女坐在椅子上这位妇女坐在椅子上 ,, 一群小孩围着她一群小孩围着她 ..The woman sat in the chair ____________ The woman sat in the chair ____________ by a group of children. by a group of children.

watchingwatching

surroundedsurrounded

3) Finding her car stolen, 3) Finding her car stolen, .. A. policeman was asked to helpA. policeman was asked to help B. the area was searched thoroughlyB. the area was searched thoroughly C. it was looked for everywhereC. it was looked for everywhere D. she hurried to a policeman for helpD. she hurried to a policeman for help

1) Judging from his appearance, he must be an actor.1) Judging from his appearance, he must be an actor.

2) While waiting for a bus, a small stone hit me on the 2) While waiting for a bus, a small stone hit me on the headhead

3) Considering his accent, he must be from the South.3) Considering his accent, he must be from the South.

V-ingV-ing 形式作状语，与主句主语应保持一致形式作状语，与主句主语应保持一致 ..

√

例外情况：例外情况： judging by/from (judging by/from ( 根据…来判断）根据…来判断） considering(considering( 考虑到考虑到 ) ) generally speakinggenerally speaking

判断正误：判断正误：

√

×× I was hit by a small stone

1) 1) TimeTime permitting, permitting, wewe'll do another two exercises.'ll do another two exercises.= If time permits, we'll do another two exercises.= If time permits, we'll do another two exercises.

2) The2) The workwork donedone (=After(=After thethe workwork hadhad beenbeen done),done), wewe

wentwent home.home. 3) Mr. Smith being absent, the meeting had to be put 3) Mr. Smith being absent, the meeting had to be put off.off.= Because= Because Mr. SmithMr. Smith waswas absent,absent, thethe meetingmeeting had tohad to bebe

putput off.off.

4. 4. 动词 -ing 作状语，其逻辑主语有与主句主语不一致的情况，此时动词 -ing 有自己的逻辑主语，构成独立主格结构。

1.economy2. engineer3. entrance4. enormous5. electricity6. exhibition7. favourite8. figure9. fork10. generation

11. 指导；引导12. 感激的；表示感激

的13. 成人， 成熟的14. 收获；收成15. 高度；身高16. 不管怎样；然而17. 食品杂货店18. 金色的， 金的19. 渐渐地20. 普遍的；常规的

11. guidance12. grateful13. grown-up14. harvest15. height16. however17. grocery18. golden19. gradually20.general

11. 指导；引导12. 感激的；表示感激的13. 成人， 成熟的14. 收获；收成15. 高度；身高16. 不管怎样；然而17. 食品杂货店18. 金色的， 金的19. 渐渐地20. 普遍的；常规的

21. 教育 n.22. 欧洲的 adj.23. 政府 n.24. 第四25. 额外的 adj.26. 环境 n.27. 熟悉的 adj.28. 篱笆 n.29. 外国的 adj.30. 家具 n.

21. education22. European23. government24. fourth25. extra26. environment27. familiar28. fence29. foreign30. furniture

31. 地理 n.32. 极端地 adv.33. 永远地 adv.34. 头疼 n.35. 毕业 v.36. 饥饿 n.37. 正规的 adj.38. 语法 n.39. 谷物 n.40. 幸运的 adj.

31. geography32. extremely33. forever34. headache35. graduate36. hunger37. formal38. grain39. grammar40. fortunate

41. His new secretary is a quick, e________ worker, and the boss is quite satisfied with her.42. Parents worry about the e________ of violent film on their children’s behavior.43. I e________ achieved what I wanted after so many years’ hard work.44. According to expert opinions, they gave up the e________( 实验 ) immediately.45. This dress is in such a good style; it will be f________ ( 时髦的 ) for many years.

fficient

ffect

ventually

xperiment

ashionable

46. The way to make dough ( 生面团 ) is very simple as you need only to mix f______ with water.47. I'm almost falling asleep, and I can h_________ keep my eyes open.48. F__________ is the second month of the year. 49. In the lecture , the president will f______ on the relationship of world economy and international politics.50. In March, they received an invitation to the Cannes Film F_________( 戛纳电影节 ).

lour

ardlyebruary

ocus

estival

51. I have f_______ in you; I am sure you will do well. 52. As a parent, you have to set an e________ to your children and they will copy your good behaviour. 53. These movements will e______ your arms and shoulders and thus keep them strong and healthy. 54. Wenzhou is a city with which I have been f________ since childhood.

55. They were having a f_______ argument and I thought they might have a fight with each other.

aith

xample

xercise

amiliar

ierce

56. He is g_______ and kind in nature, though sometimes he may lose his temper. 57. The man is a newcomer here, so she has to g_______ him through the streets to the railway station.58. Her endless patience made her the best nurse in the h_________.59. No wonder he is not h________, because he has been eating sweets all day.60. Facts, at any rate, could not be kept h_______. People will know them sooner or later.

entle

uide

ospital

ungry

idden

为了使动词 -ing 形式作状语表达的时间、条件、让步等意思更加明确，我们可在动词 -ing 形式前加上适当的连词（ as ， because ， since 除外）

Don’t talk ______having dinner 。

_________crossing the street, do be careful.

_______losing this chance, you can’t easily find it.

___________repeating many times, the teacher could not make his students understand.

________coming by taxi, I will arrive in at least 45 minutes.

while

When

Once

Although

Even if

1. doing 1. doing 和和 having donehaving done

A. 动词 -ing 所表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生时，动词 -ing 用一般式。

1 ） The secretary worked late into the night, preparing a long speech for the president.

B. 动词 -ing 所表示的动作先于谓语动词的动作时，动词 -ing 用完成式。

2 ） Having finished his homework, the boy went out to play football.

（二）（二） V-ing V-ing 做状语注意要项：做状语注意要项：

2. not 2. not 的位置的位置

Ex:Ex:

1) ___such heavy pollution already, it may now be too 1) ___such heavy pollution already, it may now be too late to clean up the river.late to clean up the river.

A. Having suffered B. SufferingA. Having suffered B. Suffering

C. To suffer D. sufferedC. To suffer D. suffered

2) ____ a reply, he decided to write again. 2) ____ a reply, he decided to write again.

A. Not receiving B. Receiving notA. Not receiving B. Receiving not

C. Not having received D. Having not receivedC. Not having received D. Having not received

1)_______ from the top of the hill , he found the school more beautiful. (see)

2)_______from the top of the hill, the school looks like a garden. (see)

Seeing Seeing

SeenSeen

3.3. 非谓语动词的逻辑主语非谓语动词的逻辑主语

有一条原则必须遵守有一条原则必须遵守 : : 非谓语动词的逻辑主语非谓语动词的逻辑主语应当与句子的主语一致应当与句子的主语一致 . .

1)1) 这位妇女坐在椅子上这位妇女坐在椅子上 ,, 看着电视看着电视 ..

The woman sat in the chair _________ TV.The woman sat in the chair _________ TV.

2)2) 这位妇女坐在椅子上这位妇女坐在椅子上 ,, 一群小孩围着她一群小孩围着她 ..The woman sat in the chair ____________ The woman sat in the chair ____________ by a group of children. by a group of children.

watchingwatching

surroundedsurrounded

3) Finding her car stolen, 3) Finding her car stolen, .. A. policeman was asked to helpA. policeman was asked to help B. the area was searched thoroughlyB. the area was searched thoroughly C. it was looked for everywhereC. it was looked for everywhere D. she hurried to a policeman for helpD. she hurried to a policeman for help

1) Judging from his appearance, he must be an actor.1) Judging from his appearance, he must be an actor.

2) While waiting for a bus, a small stone hit me on the 2) While waiting for a bus, a small stone hit me on the headhead

3) Considering his accent, he must be from the South.3) Considering his accent, he must be from the South.

V-ingV-ing 形式作状语，与主句主语应保持一致形式作状语，与主句主语应保持一致 ..

√

例外情况：例外情况： judging by/from (judging by/from ( 根据…来判断）根据…来判断） considering(considering( 考虑到考虑到 ) )

判断正误：判断正误：

√

×× I was hit by a small stone

1) 1) TimeTime permitting, permitting, wewe'll do another two exercises.'ll do another two exercises.= If time permits, we'll do another two exercises.= If time permits, we'll do another two exercises.

2) The2) The workwork donedone (=After(=After thethe workwork hadhad beenbeen done),done), wewe

wentwent home.home. 3) Mr. Smith being absent, the meeting had to be put 3) Mr. Smith being absent, the meeting had to be put off.off.= Because= Because Mr. SmithMr. Smith waswas absent,absent, thethe meetingmeeting had tohad to bebe

putput off.off.

4. 4. 动词 -ing 作状语，其逻辑主语有与主句主语不一致的情况，此时动词 -ing 有自己的逻辑主语，构成独立主格结构。

1. The secretary worked late into the night, _____a long speech for the president.

A. To prepare B. preparing C. prepared D. was preparing

2.European foot ball is played in 80 countries, ______ it the most popular sport in the world.

A. making B. makes C. made D. to make

B

现在分词表结果状语

A

现在分词作伴随状语

高考链接

3. “Can’t you read?” Mary said _______ to the notice.

A. angrily pointing B. and point angrily

C. angrily point D. and angrily pointing

A

现在分词作伴随状语

4. ____ a reply, he decided to write again.

A. Not receiving B. Receiving not C. Not having received D. Having not received

5.______ his telephone number, she had difficulty getting in touch with Bill.

A. Not knowing B. knowing not

C. Not having known D. Having not known

C

A

现在分词作原因状语，分词结构中否定词通常放在现在分词前面。

作原因状语

1. Having not seen the film, I can’t tell you what I think of it.1. Having not seen the film, I can’t tell you what I think of it.

2. The men worked for extra hours got an extra pay.2. The men worked for extra hours got an extra pay.

3. Seen from the top of the hill, we find the city more beautiful.3. Seen from the top of the hill, we find the city more beautiful.

4. Generally speak, facial expressions are helpful .4. Generally speak, facial expressions are helpful .

5. “ Can’t you read?” the man said, angrily pointed to the notice 5. “ Can’t you read?” the man said, angrily pointed to the notice

on the wall.on the wall.

6. Knocking at the door before entering, please.6. Knocking at the door before entering, please.

7. European football is played in 80 countries, made it the most 7. European football is played in 80 countries, made it the most

popular sport in the world.popular sport in the world.

单句改错单句改错 ::

Not havingNot having

workingworking

SeeingSeeing

speakingspeaking

pointingpointing

KnockKnock

makingmaking

3. Mother caught the boy ______ in the corner.

A. smoke B. to smoke

C. being smoked D. smoking

4. ______ the programme, they have to stay there for 4. ______ the programme, they have to stay there for

another 2 weeks..another 2 weeks..

A. Not completing B. Not completedA. Not completing B. Not completed

C. Not having completed D. Having not completedC. Not having completed D. Having not completed

5. “We can’t go out in this weather”, said Bob, ____ 5. “We can’t go out in this weather”, said Bob, ____

out of the window.out of the window.

A. looking B. to look A. looking B. to look

C. looked D. having lookedC. looked D. having looked

6. Suddenly, a tall man driving a golden carriage ___ 6. Suddenly, a tall man driving a golden carriage ___

the girl and took her away, ____ into the woods.the girl and took her away, ____ into the woods.

A. seizing; disappeared A. seizing; disappeared

B. seized; disappearedB. seized; disappeared

C. seizing; disappearing C. seizing; disappearing

D. seized; disappearingD. seized; disappearing

8. ______in the queue for half an hour, Tom suddenly

realized that he had left his wallet at home.

A. To wait B. Have waited

C. Having waited D. To have waited

9. The picture _____ on the wall is painted by my nephew.

A. Having hung B. hanging

C. hangs D. being hung

10. Generally speaking, ______ according to the directions, the drug has no side effect. A. when taking B. when taken C. when to take D. when to be taken

1) Judging from his appearance, he must be an actor.1) Judging from his appearance, he must be an actor.

2)While waiting for a bus, a small stone hit me on the 2)While waiting for a bus, a small stone hit me on the headhead

3)Judging from his accent, he must be from the South.3)Judging from his accent, he must be from the South.

5. V-ing5. V-ing 形式作状语，与主句主语应保持一致形式作状语，与主句主语应保持一致 ..

√

例外情况：例外情况： judging by/from (judging by/from ( 根据…来判断）根据…来判断） generally speaking (generally speaking ( 一般来说一般来说 )) considering(considering( 考虑到考虑到 ) )

判断正误：判断正误：

√

×× I was hit by a small stone

1. The stranger said something in a ______ voice 1. The stranger said something in a ______ voice

and the little girl was very much ________and the little girl was very much ________

A. frightening, frightened A. frightening, frightened

B. frightened, frighteningB. frightened, frightening

C. frightening, frightening C. frightening, frightening

D. frightened, frightenedD. frightened, frightened

Choose the best Choose the best answer:answer:

2. ________the piano, someone suddenly knocked 2. ________the piano, someone suddenly knocked at the door.at the door. A. Playing B. When I was playingA. Playing B. When I was playing C. Repairing D. ExaminingC. Repairing D. Examining

3. Mother caught the boy ______ in the corner.

A. smoke B. to smoke

C. being smoked D. smoking

4. ______ the programme, they have to stay there for 4. ______ the programme, they have to stay there for

another 2 weeks..another 2 weeks..

A. Not completing B. Not completedA. Not completing B. Not completed

C. Not having completed D. Having not completedC. Not having completed D. Having not completed

5. “We can’t go out in this weather”, said Bob, ____ 5. “We can’t go out in this weather”, said Bob, ____

out of the window.out of the window.

A. looking B. to look A. looking B. to look

C. looked D. having lookedC. looked D. having looked

6. Suddenly, a tall man driving a golden carriage ___ 6. Suddenly, a tall man driving a golden carriage ___

the girl and took her away, ____ into the woods.the girl and took her away, ____ into the woods.

A. seizing; disappeared A. seizing; disappeared

B. seized; disappearedB. seized; disappeared

C. seizing; disappearing C. seizing; disappearing

D. seized; disappearingD. seized; disappearing

7. He looked around and caught a man ______ his 7. He looked around and caught a man ______ his hand into the pocket of a passenger. hand into the pocket of a passenger. A. put B. to be putting A. put B. to be putting C. to put D. puttingC. to put D. putting

8. ______in the queue for half an hour. Tom suddenly

realized that he had left his wallet at home.

A. To wait B. Have waited

C. Having waited D. To have waited

9. The picture _____ on the wall is painted by my nephew.

A. Having hung B. hanging

C. hangs D. being hung

10. Generally speaking, ______ according to the directions, the drug has no side effect. A. when taking B. when taken C. when to take D. when to be taken

11.The secretary worked late into the night, a long speech for the president.

A. to prepare B. preparing

C. prepared D. was preparing

12.“Can’t you read?” Mary said__ __ to the notice.

A. angrily pointing B. and point angrily

C. angrily pointed D. and angrily pointing

13. European foot ball is played in 80 countries, ____it the most popular sport in the world.

A. making B. makes C. made D. to make