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The Wars of the Successors ( Diodochi ). Ilan Davidowitz Tully, period 5 2-23-12. The Death of Alexander. 323 BCE: Alexander the Great dies in Babylon, a month from his 33 rd birthday Poisoning? Malaria? Alcohol Poisoning? Q: Who did he name as his heir??. A: NO ONE. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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The Wars of the Successors(Diodochi)
Ilan DavidowitzTully, period 5
2-23-12
The Death of Alexander
• 323 BCE: Alexander the Great dies in Babylon, a month from his 33rd birthday
• Poisoning?• Malaria?• Alcohol Poisoning?• Q: Who did he name as his heir??
A: NO ONE
• Who inherits his vast empire?
• Let’s review some of the candidates…
Seleukos “Nicator”Σέλευκος Νικάτωρ
• Macedonian Officer to Alexander• Takes control of Babylon, Eastern Conquests
all the way to Annatolia• Death: Murdered in 281
Seleucid Empire
Ptolemy “Soter”Πτολεμαῖος Σωτήρ
• Another Macedonian General• Takes control of Egypt; parts of Arabia, Libya,
Annatolia, Palestine• Death: Peacefully, in 283
Ptolemaic Empire
Antigonus “Monopthalmus”Ἀντίγονος ὁ Μονόφθαλμος
• Macedonian General, Nobleman, Satrap• Takes control of Annatolia, Palestine,
eventually just Macedonia• Death: Killed at Battle of Ipsus in 301
Antigonid Empire
Antipater & CassanderἈντίπατρος, Κάσσανδρος
• Regent of Macedon during conquests• Macedonia, with son Cassander• Deaths: Antipater- Peacefully, in 319,
Cassander- peacefully, in 297
Macedonia and Greece
PolyperchonΠολυπέρχων
• One of Alexander’s Lieutenants• Regent of Macedonia after Antipater’s death,
driven out by Cassander• Death: Shortly after being driven from
Macedonia
LysimachusΛυσίμαχος
• One of Alexander’s Generals• Annatolia and Thrace• Death: killed at Battle of Corupedium against
Seleukos
Lysimachus
PerdiccasΠερδίκκας
• One of Alexander’s Generals• Guardian of Alexander’s child and half-
brother• Death: Assassinated by Seleukos and others
CraterusΚρατερός
• One of Alexander’s Generals• Proclaimed successor to Antipater by
Alexander• Death: Killed in battle against Eumenes
Eumenes of CardiaΕὐμένης
• Personal secretary of Alexander• Installed by Perdiccas in Cappadocia, tried to
re-unify empire• Death: Betrayed to Antigonus, killed
40 years of conflicts
• Antigonus, Lysimachus, Craterus, Cassander, Polyperchon, Seleukos, Ptolemy, Eumenes, Perdiccas, et. al. fight endlessly
• Wars carried over several generations• Alliances, counter-alliances, betrayals,
assassinations, battles, the works
Timeline of Events (from Warfare in the Classical World)
• 323: Alexander dies in Babylon, leaving no successor• 323/2: – Perdiccas regent of Asiatic Empire, – Antipater and Craterus joint regents of west, – Greeks revolt, Antipater defeats them
• 321: – Perdiccas killed by mutinous troops– Seleukos becomes satrap (governor) of Babylonia– Craterus killed in battle against Eumenes of Cardia
Timeline of Events (from Warfare in the Classical World)
• 319:– Antipater dies, Polyperchon recommended
successor– Eumenes tries to maintain unity of Alexander’s
empire– Cassander drives Polyperchon from Macedonia
• 317– Eumenes defeated by Antigonus– Conquest of Macedonia and Greece by Cassander
Timeline of Events (from Warfare in the Classical World)
• 317 cont.– Eumenes betrayed to Antigonus and put to death– Cassander wins Greece from Polyperchon– Seleukos, driven from Babylon, seeks refuge in
Egypt• 315:– Alliance of Successors against Antigonus
• 314– Polyperchon’s son defies Antigonus’ and
Cassander’s troops in the Peloponnesus
Timeline of Events (from Warfare in the Classical World)
• 313:– Rhodians ally with Antigonus
• 312:– Demetrius defeated by Ptolemy at Gaza– Seleukos recover’s Babylon w/ Ptolemy’s help
• 306:– Demetrius defeats Ptolemy at Salamis in Cyprus
• 305:– Demetrius besieges Rhodes– Seleukos tries to recover Alexander’s Indian
conquests
Timeline of Events (from Warfare in the Classical World)
• 304:– Demetrius abandons siege of Rhodes, Rhodians use his
derelict siege engine (the Heliopolis) to make Colossus of Rhodes, one of the seven wonders of the Ancient World
• 303:– Seleukos, repelled in India, makes treaty
• 302:– Cassander, Lysimachus, and Ptolemy ally with Seleukos
against Antigonus• 301:– Antigonus killed at Battle of Ipsus
• It goes on…
The Last Ones Standing…
• In 197 BCE Romans take control of Greece after routing Macedonian army at Cynoscephylae
• Seleucids defeated by Rome at Thermopylae and Magnesia, empire overthrown by Parthians
• Macedon under complete Roman control after battle of Pydna in 168 BCE
The Last Ones Standing…
• Ptolemaic Egypt remains ally of Rome until Octavian declares war on Antony and Cleopatra
• Octavian annexes Egypt in 31-30 BCE after defeating Antony and Cleopatra at Actium
• Last Successor State gone, Mediterranean Sea now Roman Lake
Pictures!
PezhetairoiWar Elephant
Heavily armored Cataphract Cavalry
Heliopolis at Rhodes
Bibliography• Sheppard, Ruth. Alexander the Great at War: His Army, His Battles, His
Enemies. Oxford: Osprey, 2008. Print.• Warry, John Gibson. Warfare in the Classical World: An Illustrated
Encyclopedia of Weapons, Warriors, and Warfare in the Ancient Civilisations of Greece and Rome. Norman: University of Oklahoma, 1995.
Print.• Waterfield, Robin. Dividing the Spoils: The War for Alexander the Great's
Empire. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2011. Print.