Thesis Deepak

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CHANGING PATTERNS OF CULTURE

AMONG YOUTH: AN EXPLORATION OF

GENERATION GAP

THESIS

Submitted for the Degree of

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY

in

SOCIOLOGY

C.C.S. University, Meerut

Supervisor :

Dr. (Smt.) !"# R#ni

Reader & Head

Deptt. of Sociology

J.V. College, Baraut (Baghpat)

Research Scholar :

Ru$%i R#&v#ns%i

H.o. ! "#$, orth Ci%il i'e,

al%iya arg, u*affar'agar

+i' -/ 00/

Venue of Research :Department of Sociology

Janta Vedic Degree College

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Baraut (Baghpat)

2012

Dr.(Smt.) Alka RaniReader & Head

Deptt. Of SociologyJ.V. (P.G.) ollege! "ara#t ("ag$pat)Re%. '*+! Gyandeep!

S#,$a%$ -agar!"ara#t ("ag$pat) '/0++

P$.+'123'010014o,.5*16/+'/+*

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that thesis entitled Changing Patterns of Culture Among

Youth: An !ploration of "eneration "ap#submitted byRuchi Ra$vanshifor the

award of Doctor of Philosophy embodies the result of her original study and

in!estigation under my super!ision and guidance" This study is the first of its #ind

and is no way a reproduction of any other research wor# or literature" $he has

completed all the re%uirements as per the statues and ordinances of the &ni!ersity"

Super%ior

Dr. (Smt.) !"# R#ni

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Declaration

' do hereby declare that the thesis entitled Changing Patterns of Culture

Among Youth: An !ploration of "eneration "ap# is my own research and

original wor#"

' further declare that it is to the best of my #nowledge and belief that nobody

has either submitted or awarded degree on this topic under any other &ni!ersity

'nstitution"

$ubmitted byRuchi Ra$vanshi"

Ru$%i R#&v#ns%i

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Dedicated

to

My Reverend Late Mother

Smt. Savita Rajvanshi

&

Respected Elders

&

Loving Youngers of the Society

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PRE!"E

ach society has got its social !alues customs traditions and con!entions" ach

indi!idual members of the society has different attitudes towards such !alues" *e may

differ or agree with the !alues" This perspecti!e can easily be seen in younger as well as

older"

The infant begins his life under the fostering affection and care of his parents and

other near and dear ones associated with his family" +s he grows he recei!es the first

lesson of life in his family and tries to imbibe the habit ideas and patterns of beha!ior of

his family members" But when he comes in contact with other beings he directly or

indirectly influenced by them also" ,ow he -udges and speculates the things himself" ,ow

he wants to ma#e his own culture"

ri#son (1./a) has rightly said that +s a phase of indi!idual de!elopment youth

is obser!ed to be both comple and contradictory3"

4e all are aware that young age has become a comple phenomenon" The young

wants to touch s#y in a !ery short span" ,ot only youth but it has seen that the elders are

also getting fleible rather than con!entional"

't is a problem of e!ery family in!ol!ing strains of caring and stress of inter5

generational interactions" 't has become an important biological economic socio5

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psychological issue in the community where increasing moderni6ation urbani6ation and

social changes has made young7s care more problematic"

Today the youth is leading a life of confusion in mostly e!ery wal# of life" 'mpact of

!alues and norms are decreasing day5by5day" 8outh today has become indi!idualistic

rather than socialistic"

9or this research we ha!e chosen u6affarnagar city and ;inna !illage as our

study area" ;re5coded structure %uestionnaire schedule is used for collecting data"

$econdary data is also used whate!er it was re%uired"

The present study is di!ided into se!en chapters" 'n first chapter we ha!e gi!en

introduction of our chapter in second chapter< we ha!e briefly re!iewed the literature and

pointed the critical e!aluation of the literature" 'n chapter three we ha!e described the

research design of the study including the study area i"e" 'ndia &ttar ;radesh

u6affarnagar city and Village ;inna" 'n fourth chapter we ha!e discussed the gender

difference in youth culture" 'n fifth chapter we ha!e discussed the generation difference in

youth culture" 'n sith chapter we ha!e discussed rural and urban difference in youth

culture and lastly in se!enth chapter we ha!e gone through the conclusions and some

suggesti!e recommendation are also mentioned"

'n this proposed research wor# it is epected that the study will bring some new

and !aluable conclusions which can help in bridging the gap of two generations and

thereby resol!e the problem of social ad-ustment"

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To proceed our wor# for bridging the gap between generations we ha!e ta#en

u6affarnagar3 city as urban area and a small !illage ;inna3 which is #m away from

district head %uarter as a rural area" The young generation will be called parents youth3

and older generation will be treated as parent3" The age range of parents youth3 will be

1 to 2=3 years whereas the age of parents3 will be >= to =3 years"

Total sample si6e is ?20 sub-ects" *alf of them 1/0 will be selected from young

generation (parents5youth) and other half of them from old generations (parents)" 'n our

sample 1/0 males and 1/0 females will be selected with their e%ually distributed area"

There are se!en chapters in our study in which chapter > chapter = and chapter /

based on gender difference in youth culture generation difference in youth culture and

rural and urban difference in youth culture will help us to throw light on the changing

patterns of culture among youth specially in se!en areas !i6" education parent child

relations politics status of women marriage religion and socio5culture"

+lso to study the youth culture nine dimensions named as *ero image ideals !alue

preferences fashion rituals life goal use of time leisure and cultural acti!ities ha!e also

been selected" These dimensions can eplain the youth culture !ery critically and

effecti!ely"

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The study of youth3 and generation gap3 is an important global issue in this era"

The present study though confined to a !ery small si6e sample and eploratory in nature

has thus helped us to gi!e some insight for further study"

't is my pleasant duty to recall the helping hands at this important -unction of my

academic career ' would li#e to a!ail this opportunity to epress my profound gratitude to

my guideDr% &Smt%' Al(a Rani Reader and *ead @epartment of $ociology A"V" ollege

Baraut (Baghpat) for her epert super!ision encouragement and suggestions at each and

e!ery moment during the entire period of my research wor#"

y heartful than#s to)rs% "ian Vati 4C Date @r" *ari $ingh *arendra $hastri

5;rincipal A"V" ollege Baraut (Baghpat) for pro!iding a blissful and encouraging

atmosphere during the days of my research"

y special than#s to Dr% )ridula )ittal Decturer5hemistry @epartment @"+"V"

ollege u6affarnagar Dr% *iti )ittal (;olitical $cience) and Dr% "eetan$ali Verma

($ociology) for their in!aluable help and guidance"

,o words no language is e!er ade%uate to epress my heartfelt !eneration to my

father Dr% P%S% Ra$vanshi Retd" *"C"@" Botany @epartment @"+"V" ollege

u6affarnagar and my sisters )rs% *eera "uptaand)rs% Ritu "oelfor showing their

unmatching lo!e upon me during the course of my tiring in!ol!ement in pursuing the tas#"

't was with their ambitions only that ' engage myself in higher pursuits and be able to

match with higher education"

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y heart goes to the memory of my late mother re!erend Smt% Savita Ra$vanshi

who had always desired and wished for my attaining a distinguished status which ' am

able to achie!e -ust because of her blessings"

' also epress my sincere than#s to my in laws who always boosted me up to achie!e

my goal in life"

' would also li#e to epress my than#s to my niece and nephew for their lo!e and

affection which they poured to me"

y special than#s to my spouse)r% Vishal Sharmaand my lo!ely #idsSuhaniand

Aa+haswho maintained a blissful atmosphere for me during the long course of this

in!estigation and always inspired me to ad!ance and ad!ance till the aim is achie!ed"

y special than#s goes to the librarians of @"+"V" ollege u6affarnagar ""$"

&ni!ersity eerut @elhi &ni!ersity A","&" ,ew @elhi from where ' ha!e consulted

boo#s -ournals and periodicals"

' am etremely than#ful to)r% Deepa( ,aliyanfor his efforts for typing the thesis"

' ta#e pleasure in ac#nowledging my debt to all my friends who helped me

#nowingly or un#nowingly in the proceeding and completion of my research wor#"

' would be failing in my duty if ' do not epress my sincere gratitude to the good old

and young respondents who had been #ind enough to pro!ide me the re%uired information

at the time of my field wor#"

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+bo!e all ' than# almighty "-Dfor showering *is blessing on me and all those

who ha!e helped me to reach my destination"

Dated : &Ruchi Ra$vanshi'

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CO'TE'TS

Page No.

Preface

Chapter I: Introduction.....................................................1-14

Chapter II: Review of Literature......................................15-25

Chapter III: Reearc! "eign of t!e #tud$ %&et!odo'og$(. .26-

72

Chapter IV: )ender "i*erence in +out! ,u'ture............73-121

Chapter V: )eneration "i*erence in +out! ,u'ture. . .122-171

Chapter VI: Rura' and ran "i*erence in +out! ,u'ture.172-

219

Chapter VII: ,onc'uion and #uggetion......................22/-24/

Annexure

0uetionnaire

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i'iogra!$................................................I - III

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#$%RD'"%#$

All over the world, different age groups are known for their

experiences, ideals, values and personality. Children are known for

their innocence, elders are known for their experience but our

youths are known for their liabilities, ambitions and hard work for

their better and prosperous future. Proper understanding and

channelization of youth can build a new society whereas its

negligence may have devastating effects. Youth today has become

individualistic! rather than socialistic!.

What is youth?

"he term #Youth$ denotes two aspects of the phenomenon

covered by it %&osenmayer '()*+**). -n one hand, it refers to a

phase in the development of individuals and on the other it

designates a group in society. "hese two aspects are inter/related,

though they often form separate foci and analysis depending upon

the ob0ectives of the researcher!.

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According to 9. 7pringhall %'((6 youth is as a social group

with a pattern history, with a great anxiety out of its engagement

with popular culture and adult fears of corruption. "he state of

#moral panics$ evolves out of the dis0uncture between reactions to

social or cultural phenomena appearing out of proportion to the

actual that posed!.

According to :ollings head %'(;(+ 5/), sociologically

adolescence %or, what is the same to him, youth, is the period in

the life of a person when the society in which he functions ceases

to regard him %male or female as child and does not accord him

full adult status, roles and functions!.


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a. Youth as a phase in the individual life cycle!, defined in

biological terms or which strict reference to age.

b. Youth as a social subset!, characterized by empirically

fre2uent forms of behavior in a roughly determined age range.c. Youth as an incomplete status!, evidenced by the existence of

individual, social and economic limitation to which grownups

are not sub0ect+d. Youth as a socially structured generation unit!, exposed to

common conditions and experiences and generating common

activities, ande. Youth as an ideal value concept!, expressed primarily in

mental alertness, a forward looking out look etc, or what is

subsumed under the expression #youth fullness$.

"he search for a new self/identification is a complex socio

psychological process, which the great commentator on youth

3rikson %'(56a+ Ch.; has subsumed under the concept of

identity crises! or identity confusion!. "he phrase identity crises

denote conditions in which a young person is uncertain about ones

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status and role in society, and experiences a discontinuity between

his past and his future.

What is Culture?

According to "ylor, %'6)' culture is that complex whole that

includes knowledge belief, art, morals, law, custom and any other

capabilities and habits ac2uired by a human being as a member of

society!.

7ociologists define society! as the people who interact in

such a way as to share a common culture. "he cultural bond!

may be ethnic or racial, based on gender or due to shared beliefs,

values and activities culture and society are intricately related. A

culture consists of the ob0ects! of a society where as a society

consists of the people who share a common culture.

What is Youth Culture?

Closely related to the emergence of youth groups is the

phenomenon of youth culture!. "he importance of youth culture

as a vantage point for understanding the sociology of adolescence

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was first emphasized by Parsonsas early as '(;*. :is influential

article %'(4;+ 6(/'=> has become a point of departure for many

a researcher study and discussion on youth.

According to Parsons, youth culture refers to a set of

patterns and behavior phenomena which involves a highly complex

combination of age/grading and sex role elements!, while some of

these elements may be found pre/adolescence and others in adult

culture, their peculiar combination with the particular age group is

uni2ue and highly distinctive.

Parsons characterized youth culture as being more or less

irresponsible!, and described its dominant theme as having a

good time!.


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"he concept of youth culture! was later taken further by

9ames 7. Coleman %'(5' who stated that the characteristic

aspects of youth culture were loyalty to one$s peers and the

gratuitousness of behavior, contrasting with the responsible

behavior of adults!.


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indicate groups with particular value systems! that are different

from the surrounding dominant culture. 1ut there are differences

between these two terms that it probably would be useful to note.

According to 1rake %'(6= youth culture is not same vague

structural monolith appealing to those roughly under thirty, but is

a complex kaleidoscope of several subcultures, of different groups,

yet distinctly related to the class position of more in them!. :e

argues that sub culture arises as attempts to resolve collectively

experienced problems arising from contradictions in the social

structure, and that they generate a form collective identity from

which an individual identity can be achieved outside that ascribed

by class, education and occupation. "his is neither a real

materialsolution nor a permanent one.

What is Generation?

"he word generation means a number of people of the same

age and having same vital contact with one another through their

common experiences, sameness of decisive influences and

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similarity in historical problems. "he youth of every era has seen

the old out of date, conservative and lacking in understanding the

youth.

According to Bangrade %'(5(, such a conflict between

younger and older generation has perhaps always existed!.

What is Generation Gap?

Beneration gap means difference in attitude or lack of

understanding between younger and older generation. "his

generation gap has always been there but these days it has

reached to an explosive stage!.

"he values and patterns of life have changed to a great

extent. "oday, everybody has to live and behave in his own way.

"his attitude has widened the generation gap, which can ever be

filled.

According to 1rannen et al, %*==; relations in childhood

from an individual identity as feelings and practices are shaped

from the inspirations or re0ections of role models in family!.

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According to "yyska, %*==' despite the fact that parents

want to control the behavior of their children, children always

strive towards independence that also cause ideological conflict

between the generations!.

According to aufman, %'((6 the parents and children are

connected throughout their lives. Parents/child relationship could

be deteriorated due to problems that can widen the generation

gap between mother/son as well as father/daughter!.

"he generation gap is a product of many social, psychological

and economic factors, such as less time spend together,

communication gap, separationdivorce or remarriage, imposition

of ideology, advice, educational choices and unawareness of

parents with new technologies and modern values and cohesion

with traditional values.

According to 7uzzanne, %*=== time is the ma0or cause of

generation gap, which may be due to lack of parental involvement

in lives of children which is changed now a days due to over load

of mothers, house hold chores and in many cases, working outside

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the home.


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about their own life and also have negative impact on their

personality.

7everal studies conducted in the recent years have clearly

indicated that age! is only one of the factors among others which

affects the ideology of parents and youth and brings generation

gap. Although factors like education, lack of communication,

traditional value system, media, rural vs urban environment,

economic status and culture also affect parents and youth.


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male and female respondents and parents and parent/youth

respondents.

"he study of youth! and generation gap! is an important

global issue in this era. "he present study though confined to a

very small size sample and exploratory in nature has thus helped

us to give some insight for further study.

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Revie( of Literature and "riticism

"oday the concept generation conflict! has become a global

issue. Guite often do we come across situations wherein a healthy

dispute can be seen between younger generations to their elders,

so what is all this aboutH "he young getting careless F or the

elders are getting more carefulH "echnically, it is defined as

occurring Ihen older and younger people do not understand each

other because of their different experiences, opinions, habits and

behavior!. 7o ultimately what comes out is a series of clashes

running haywire all across the world.

Iith the changing speed of society behavior patterns and

culture etc researchers J investigators tried to explore its basic

root cause so that the differences of both generations can

minimize and the gap may be bridge up.

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"his chapter presents a review of literature in which we come

to know about various studies done on generation conflict, culture

etc.

Chakravarty, ".. %'()4 found that traditional attitudes

among the younger generation people are changing very fastly but

their modern attitudes are not being reflected in actual process.

Chitnis, 7uma. %'(5( found that there are many differences

in attitudes and values of the parents and their off springs.

"he Eational youth policy %*==> reiterates the commitment

of the entire nation to the composite and all round development of

the young sons and daughters of


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regarding attitudinal modernity was found to be wider in :indus

then ?uslims. Beneration gap was wider in low caste people than

higher caste people.

According to 7inha . Durganand %'()'. 7uch a conflict

between younger and older generations has perhaps always

existed but it has become more conspicuous in recent times for

the simple reasons that the society in the developing countries is

moving today at a faster rate than in the past!.

Krank ?usgrove %'(5; says that it has existed since the time

adolescent was inverted probably around the time 9ames Iatt

invented the steam engine in ')54.

According to 3isentedt %'(45, '()( Age and differences of

age are among the basic aspects of human life. 3very human

being passes through various ages. At each age, he attains and

uses different biological and intellectual capacities!. At each age

he performs different tasks and roles in relation to the other

members of his society and every stage in this progression

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constitution an irreversible step in the unfolding of his life from its

beginning to its end!.

"iwari, 1.1. and &.C. ?ishra %'()( concluded that the two

generations tended to differ significantly on political and religious

values but there was a general agreement on the hierarchy of

values, differences of environment and educational backgrounds

did not have any significant effect on the value pattern of both

generations.

According to American sociologist &obert . ?erton the most

important values in American society are wealth, success, power

and prestige but that everyone does not have an e2ual opportunity

to attain these values.

According to Bangrade, .D. %'()4 points out that inter/

generational differences in attitudes and values have become wide

because this society is moving at much faster speed than it did in

the past.

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According to "alcott Parsons %'(;* the intense parent child

relation affective relations in a nuclear family are not broken off

immediately but re2uire a period of transition before being served.

According to 9ames 7. Coleman %'(5', the characteristic

aspect of youth culture were loyalty to one$s peers and the

gratuitousness of behavior, contrasting with the responsible

behavior of adults.

?C 1urney and -$ &eelly %'(64 emphasized the diversity

among school and concluded that no one model fits all areas.

Yang %'(6' reported that the decision of youth to enter

college was strongly influenced by the expectations of their

parents.

Lee %'(6; advised that parents, regardless of their racial

background, need to be fully aware of their influence on the

aspirations and expectations of young men and women.!

According to Iilliams and 9unussbaum %*==' the imbalance

between generations is evident from thinking patterns as mostly

younger generations prefers modern and technologically advance

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values and the things which are old fashioned, outdated and worn

out are decremented.

According to "yyska %*==' parents want to control the

behavior of their children, children always strive towards

independence that also causes ideological conflict between the

generations.

According to "urner %*==5 the parents of the young people

are in transition of experience especially with respect to their

problem of generation gap.

According to aiser %*==; the hierarchy is only destructive

when status is based in attitudes like gender, race, class rather

than experience and wisdom.

According to Peer et al. %*==' the intensity of generation

gap among parents and children diversified from one community

to another. "he ma0or impacts are the stress and depression.


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ii.


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values more than their parents values predictive that values of

socialization in the cultural sub groups more than their nuclear

families. "he primary and the secondary groups are transmitted

more effectively than the political values because they are more

important for the family identity and integration and when it does

not happen this produces the generation gap between parents and

children.

According to Parsons %'(4;, youth culture refers to a set of

patterns and behavior phenomenon which involves a highly

complex combination of age, grading and sex role elements!.

9ha, B.E. %'((( concludes that boys gave top priority to

political value and girls preferred religious value most. Aesthetic

value was preferred least by both the groups. 1oys and girls differ

significantly in respect of their performances for theoretical,

economic, aesthetic, political and religious values.

7urabhi and &eeta umar %*==; concluded that when grand

children and grand parents live together, the attitude of boys

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towards discipline is less favorable than that of girls particularly in

the early adolescent girls.

&ee %'()= founded that in


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Bangrade %'()4 selected a sample of '=== students in the

age group of '5 F **. A high percentage of parents was found to

be in between ;' to 4= years age.

"here are researches who have found that changes in the

setup of family systems i.e. from 0oint to nuclear family have

increased the gap between generations.

7ome scholars believe that there is an urgent need for setting

up welfare programs and social security system for the youth.


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perceptible in our society. "he youth of today is not ready to think

and act according to the elders. :e develops his own pattern of

culture as a result of interaction with the changing social setup.

Youth always feel somewhat exasperated with age and age

has always been suspicious of youth. Browth in literacy, power and

globalization demands a proper understanding. "his changed

attitude and patterns of culture can be clearly observed in the

form of modernization and in the dimensions of their culture

perspective.

Objeti!es o" the stu#y

"he main ob0ectives of this study were as follows+

'. "o ascertain the degree in which generation %Parent$s Youth

and Parents, gender %?ale and Kemale and locale %&ural and

Mrban influence the seven areas of modernization and

different dimensions of youth culture.

*. "o interpret the areas of modernization and dimensions of

youth culture. 1oth generations and both genders of rural and

urban backgrounds.

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>. "o analyse the selected dependent variable of both genders.;. "o compare the modernization pattern as well as dimensions of

youth culture of rural and urban sub0ects.4. "o ascertain the overall significance of difference among the

group in respect to generation, gender and locale.

$ypothesis

-n the basis of the review of literature and other observations,

our problem reflects the need of further researches. "hus, the

following null/hypothesis has been proposed for their testification.

'. "here will be no significant difference in the seven areas of

modernization and dimensions of youth culture of parents/

youth and their parents.

*. "here will be no significant difference in the modernization and

dimensions of youth culture of male and female.>. "here will be no significant difference in the areas of

modernization and dimensions of youth culture of rural and

urban residents.;. "here will be no significant effect of interaction of the

Beneration and Bender on the two selected dependent

variables.

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4. "here will be no significant effect of interaction of the

Beneration and locale on patterns of modernization and

dimensions of youth culture.5. "here will be no significant effect of interaction of the gender

and locale on dependent measures.). "here will be no significant effect of the interactions between

Beneration, Bender and locale on their modernization patter

and dimensions of youth culture.

%esign

"he function of research design is to provide for the

collections of relevant information with minimum expenditure of

effort, time and money. "hus, selection of an appropriate design, a

standardized tool for measuring the variables concerned is a very

prime step in any investigation.

7urvey of recent literature clearly shows that due to the

effect of modern mass media, globalization, effect of

westernization etc. are directly affecting the thorough behavior of


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residing in rural or urban locale.


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while sub0ects residing in the urban area at least from five years

have been selected as urban population.


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b. 7elected nine dimensions of youth culture O"o measure the

said dimensions an Guestionnaire 7chedule will be prepared

by the researcher as per re2uirement

'+S+A'C$ :OO*S

1, C;( Comprehensi!e ;o#erni %r, A,, alia

"his inventory contains ;( items. inventory items.

7ome selected items are positive and some are negative in

its nature having five alternatives for the response of the

sub0ects in the direction of strongly disagree to strongly agree.

Ie have taken * to ( alternatives according to the 2uestions

raised by researcher.

7, %imension@s o" Youth Culture

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"o study the youth culture nine dimensions named as :ero

image,


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them from old generation %Parent.


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:able B,78 )asi %emographi (n#iators o" (n#ia

POPD*A:(O Persons 171019B377

;ales 5*,>),*;,*;6emales 46,5;,5(,');

%+CA%A*

POPD*A:(O G'OW:$

70017011

Absolute Perentage

Persons 1F139F6 12,63

?ales (,'4,=','46 ').'(

Kemales 6,((,4;,6*6 '6.'*

%+S(:Y O POPD*A:(Oper sH, Im,4

>6*

S+E 'A:(O "emales per1000 males4

(;=

POPD*A:(O ( :$+ AG+

G'ODP 06Absolute

Perentage to

total population

Persons '4,6),6(,*6) '>.'*

;ales 6,*(,4*,'>4 '>.>=emales ),46,>),'4* '*.(>

*(:+'A:+S Absolute *iteray rate

Persons 22F33170 23,03

?ales ;;,;*,=>,)5* 6*.';

Kemales >>,;*,4=,>46 54.;5

7ource / Census of .* estimated population on ?arch *='' is

',*'=,'(>,;** out of which male population is 5*>,)*;,*;6 and

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female population is 465,;5(,');. "he decadal growth from *=='/

*='' is ').5;T in which the growth of male population is ').'(T

and the growth of female population is '6.'*T. "he total sex ratio

of male/female is ('; females per '=== males. "otal literacy rate

is )=.=;T in which 6*.;T are males and 5;.;5T are females.

"his chapter deals with geographical, demographic and socio/

economic features of


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D::A' P'A%+S$

Mttar Pradesh is the rainbow land where the multi/hued


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Kebruary, summers from ?arch to mid 9une ?onsoon from mid

9une to 7eptember.

Eearly (=T of the rainfall in the state is caused by monsoon

from the 1ay of 1engal from 9une to -ctober. As the monsoon

moves westward, its intensity decreases. Iinter rainfall is not very

fre2uent and is scanty. Eo part of the state receives less than

4==mm rainfall.

Area an# Population8

"otal land area of Mttar Pradesh is *,>6,455 s2. km., lies

between latitude *; deg to >'deg and longitude =.)) deg to 6;

deg east. Area wise it is the fourth largest state of


50/263

heritage of :indu and ?uslim influences. "wo great epics, the

&amayana and the ?ahabharata and great religion F 1uddhism

and 9ainism were born and flourished here. 4 the name was shortened to Mnited

Provinces!. After independence, the states of &ampur, 1anaras and

"ehri Barhwal were merged with Mnited Provinces. "he name of

the Mnited Provinces was changed to Mttar Pradesh in '(4=.

+onomy8Kor about )>T of the population of Mttar Pradesh, agriculture

is the main occupation. Iheat, rice, gram, barley, maize and ba0ra

are the principal food crops. Cotton, linseed, groundnut,

sugarcane, tea, seasum, rapeseed, mustard and tobacco are the

main cash crops. Mttar Pradesh is the main opium growing state of


51/263

"he important industries of the state are cotton and woolen

textiles, leather and footwear, distilleries and breweries, paper,

chemicals, agricultural implements and glass and glass products.

:andloom is the largest cottage industry of the state. "he

traditional handicrafts are silk fabric, metal ware, wood work,

ceramics, stone work, dolls, artistic bather articles, perfumery,

bamboo products and musical instruments.

?a0or irrigation pro0ects coming up in the state are+ 3astesh

Banga Canal, ?odernization of ?audaka Dam. 7ardas 7ahayak,

7aryu Canal and Mrmil Dam.

Airports are located in Lucknow, anpur, Qaranasi, Allahabad,

Agra, 9hansi, 1areilly, :indon %Bhaziabad, Borakhpur, 7arsawa

%7aharanpur and Kursatgan0 %&ae 1areilly.

)asi %emographi (n#iators8"he basic demographic indicators for the state compared to

the whole of .> Mttar Pradesh is the

most populous state in


52/263

in the state during *==' F *='' %*=.='T was slightly higher than

that for the country as a whole %*'.>;T. "he population density

%per s2. km for the year *='' is 6*6 for Mttar Pradesh compared

to >*; for


53/263

Densitykm* 6*6 5(=

Densitymi* *,';5 ',)6)

Area km* *;=,(*6 *;=,(*6

"otal Child Population %=/5 Age *(,)*6,*>4 >',5*;,5*6

?ale Population %=/5 Age '4,54>,')4 '5,4=(,=>>

Kemale Population %=/5 Age ';,=)4,=5= '4,''4,4(4

Literacy 5(.)* T 45.*) T

?ale Literacy )(.*; T 5).>= T

Kemale Literacy 4(.*5 T ;>.== T

"otal Literate ''6,;*>,6=4 )4,)'(,*6;

?ale Literate )=,;)(,'(5 ;6,(=',;'>

Kemale Literate ;),(;;,5=( *5,6'),6)'

%esription 'ural Drban

Population %T )).)* T **.*6 T

"otal Population '44,''',=** ;;,;)=,;44

?ale Population 6',=;;,544 *>,44',)5=

Kemale Population );,=55,>5) *=,('6,5(4

Population Browth ').6' T *6.)4 T

7ex &atio ('; 666

Child 7ex &atio %=/5 (=; 6)(

Child Population %=/5 *;,*;6,=55 4,;6=,'5(

Child Percentage %=/5 '4.5> T '*.>* T

Literates 66,>(5,44) >=,=*),*;6

Average Literacy 5).44 T )).=' T

?ale Literacy )6.;6 T 6'.)4 T

Kemale Literacy 44.5' T )'.56 T

Source Directorate of Census Operation in Uttar Pradesh (2011).

43


54/263

As per details from Census *='', Mttar Pradesh has

population of '(.(4 Crore, an increase from figure of '5.5* Crore

in *==' census. "otal population of Mttar Pradesh as per *=''

census is '((,46',;)) of which male and female are '=;,4(5,;'4

and (;,(64,=5* respectively. 5( while females were

)6,5>*,44*.

"he total population growth in this decade was *=.=( percent

while in previous decade it was *4.6= percent. "he population of

Mttar Pradesh forms '5.;( percent of = percent and ;>.==

percent literate respectively.

44


55/263

,6=4 of which males were )=,;)(,'(5 and females were

;),(;;,5=(.

"otal area of Mttar Pradesh is *;=,(*6 s2. km. Density of

Mttar Pradesh is 6*6 per s2 km which is higher than national

average >6* per s2 km. *; per s2 km.

7ex &atio in Mttar Pradesh is (=6 i.e. for each '=== male,

which is below national average of (;= as per census *=''.


56/263

;AP O D::A' P'A%+S$

46


57/263

;u,4;>,>5* of

which males were ',6(>,6>* and remaining ',5;(,4>= were

females. ?uzaffarnagar District population constituted *.=)

percent of total ?aharashtra population. percent of

?aharashtra population.

"he initial provisional data released by census


58/263

?uzaffarnagar District. "otal literate in ?uzaffarnagar District were

*,;4(,4;) of which male and female were ',;5),)); and ((',))>

respectively. 6,4*( in its

district.

Iith regards to 7ex &atio in ?uzaffarnagar, it stood at 665

per '=== male compared to *==' census figure of 6)'. "he

average national sex ratio in


59/263

:able B,38 )asi %emographi (n#iators o" ;u,6>*Kemale ',(;;,=54 ',5;(,4>=

Population Gro=th 16,F0J 73,6J

Area 72. m ;,==) ;,==)

%ensityKIm7 10BB FF3

Proportion to Mttar PradeshPopulation

*.=)T *.'>T

SeL 'atio Per 10004 FF6 F21

Child 7ex &atio %=/5 Age 64( 64(

A!erage *iteray 20,11 60,62

?ale Literacy )(.'' )'.('

Kemale Literacy 5=.== ;).6'

:otal Chil# Population 06Age4

6B0B79 622907

?ale Population %=/5 Age >>(,*=' >5;,5>)

Kemale Population %=/5 Age *(','*6 >'>,*54

*iterates 73932 12BF79

?ale Literates ',;5),)); ',=((,5>*Kemale Literates ((',))> 5>6,6()

Chil# Proportion 06 Age4 1,7BJ 19,1BJ

1oys Proportion %=/5 Age '4.;5T '(.*4T

Birls Proportion %=/5 Age ';.(6T '6.((T

%esription 'ural Drban

Population J4 21,73 J 7F,26 J

:otal Population 793F79 1190026

?ale Population ',454,)'' 5*6,6*(

Kemale Population ',>6*,6'6 45',*;)SeL 'atio FFB F9B

Child 7ex &atio %=/5 64) 65*

Chil# Population 064 360F73 1690

49


60/263

?ale Child%=/5 *;6,')) (',=*;

Kemale Child%=/5 *'*,5;) )6,;6'

Chil# Perentage 064 1,6B J 13,73 J

?ale Child Percentage '4.64 T ';.;6 TKemale Child Percentage '4.>6 T '>.(6 T

*iterates 1277121 2B2B26

?ale Literates ',=;>,>65 ;*;,>66

Kemale Literates 5)6,)64 >'*,(66

A!erage *iteray 69,7B J 27,7 J

?ale Literacy )(.'( T )6.(' T

Kemale Literacy 46.=' T 5;.6> TSource Directorate of Census Operation in Uttar Pradesh (2011).

Communiation

?uzaffarnagar District is situated in the Iestern &egion of

Mttar Pradesh, '*= km. from Delhi.


61/263

ancient times. "he earliest settlement discovered in this district is

in ?andi village and belongs to the :arappan civilization it

appears that this 9anapadawas a part of :arappacivilisation, for

the pots and pans and other ob0ects, which are of the type of that

era, are seen occasionally in use here and in neighbouring villages.

"he area witnessed the arrival of Aryansfrom the present Pun0ab

and, in the &amayana/?ahabharataepic period, it was considered

a part of the uru %3ast ?aha0anapada territory Msinara and

Panchala ?aha0anapadas were its eastern neighbours then.

According to a local tradition, the legendary ?ahabharatawar /

between the auravasand the Pandavas/ was fought in the fields

of the present village of RPachendaR and their army camps were

located respectively at the sites now famous as RaurawaliR and

RPandavliR. 1eing close to :asthinapur and urukshetra, it should

have been important during ?ahabharataperiod.


62/263

across the vast swathe of Bangetic plains of


63/263

7ayyid 1rothers, :asan and Abdullah, famous as king makers in

?ughal history. ?arathas rose as power that controls most of doab

region in '6th century.

Colonial Perio#

"he last of the invaders were the 1ritish, who marched into it

from the east and, in '6=>, the expanding 1ritish 3ast


64/263

Congress was opened in ?uzaffarnagar city, to continue the

freedom struggle through peaceful means. ?uzaffarnagarRs

prominent freedom fighters of this period are+ Pt. 7under Lal, Lala

:ardayal, 7hri 7hanti Earayan and Eawabzada Lia2uat Ali han,

who became the first prime minister of Pakistan, after the partition

of 1ritish


65/263

this forest, a saint, 7ant 1aba Bopal Biri, worshipped gods and

goddesses and he was rewarded with a formula to get alive after

death. 7ome old people say that, there are such medicines in this

forest that can make alive any dead body, as happened in the

times of 1aba Bopal Biri. =WE and *(U;4V'4WE and between ))U>V;4W3

and )6U)V3.


66/263

elevation of *>* metres. "he district is covered by two ma0or holy

rivers from two sides in the east there is the Banges and in the

west there is the Yamuna. "he Yamuna and Banges rivers

separate it from the neighbouring districts, %arnal, :aryana to

its west and %1i0nor, Mttar Pradesh to the east, respectively

7aharanpur and ?eerut districts are to its north and south.

"ill the 7eptember *='', the district was divided into ';

blocks, these were+

Sr, o, )loI ame Sr, o, )loI ame

' ookra 6 1udhana

* 1hagra ( 7hahpur

> Purkazi '= andla

; Chatrawal '' airana

4 ?orna '* Mn

5 9ansath '> 7hamli

) hatauli '; "hanabhavanSource Directorate of Census Operation in Uttar Pradesh (2011).

:A)*+ B,

56
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haryanahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bijnorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block_(administrative_division)#Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haryanahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bijnorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block_(administrative_division)#India


67/263

> inhabitants per s2uare kilometre %*,56= s2 mi. ,6>(,>== and females ',5;4,>==

/ and the number of literates is ')>,4>= / males '=(,5>= and

females 5>,(===.


68/263

population of :indu. 7ikhs, Christians and 9ains are other

communities present.

?inority population is about >)T of the total population of

the district. ?uzaffarnagar is a category S1'S district i.e. having

socio/economic parameters below the national average.

+onomy

?uzaffarnagar is an important industrialdistrict with sugar,

steeland paperbeing the ma0or products.


69/263

Cheetal. 7ome state of the art centers for health, like Dr. "ari2ue

7alimRs ?ax &elief near Almaspur Chauraha.

Cultural *i"e

Culturally, it is part of Iestern Mttar Pradesh, with


70/263

it. "he special thing about this temple is its 3kadash 7hivalinga

%eleven 7hivlingas. "he peculirity of this temple is that it is birth

place of a great saint 7hree '==6 Earayan 7wami 9i.

Qahelna, ; km from the city, is a holy site for 9ains. Qahelna

is an excellent example of :indu/?uslim brotherhood as the walls

of ?os2ue, 7hiv ?andir and 9ain ?andir touch each other.

Iorld famous ?uslim cleric and author of books on


71/263

eight degree colleges in the city. "he educational resources of

?uzaffarnagar are very good. "he city is rapidly developing its

educational system.

D.A.Q. %PB College, ?uzaffarnagar is a well known 7cience

college in this region.


72/263

school, 7.D. inter college, B.C. public school, ?.B. Public school,

Lala 9agdish Prasad saraswati vidya mandir inter college etc.

phulat is 4 km far from khatauli tehsil this place is well

known by lot waliRs and this village also participate in '64)

revolution for freedom of


73/263

;AP O ;DMAA'AGA' %(S:'(C:

63


74/263

P(A

Krom rural area we have selected a small village Pinna!

which is 6 km away from district head 2uarter.

?ale Literate >5=4 ?ale illiteratepopulation

'>54

Kemale Literate *='> Kemale illiteratepopulation

*'66

Source Tehsil, u!affarna"ar.

Pinna is one of the village in 1aghra ?andal in ?uzaffarnagar

district in Mttar Pradesh 7tate. Pinna is located 4.6 km distance

64


75/263

from its ?andal ?ain town 1aghra. 5 km. far from its 7tate

?ain City Lucknow.

Eearby villages of this village with distance are inauni %'.;

km, 7alempur %*.) km, 9agaheri %*.6 km, Earottampur %*.(

km, heri Dudhadhari %>.' km, Eearest towns are 1aghra %4.6

km, ?uzaffarnagar %6 km, Charthawal %).5 km, 7hahpur %';.4

km.

Pinna pincode is *4'=='. 7chools located nearby are Banga

&am ?emorial Academy and Arya Qaidik anya Qidyalaya. College

located nearby are 7hri rishna College of ?anagement and

"echnology, K.D.


76/263

Sampling

66


77/263

"he samples have been drawn out of population using the

purposive sampling techni2ue >*= units were selected for study.

%ata Colletion

Primary and secondary data have been used for the research

work. -bservations, interview and 2uestionnaire techni2ue have

been used for the collection of primary data. Additionally

secondary data have also been used to explain some facts where

necessary.

Classi"iation an# Analysis o" %ata

Classification, tabulation and analysis of primary and

secondary data collected by the various sources have been done

according to necessity of our study.

Statistial :ehniHues

After collecting the primary and secondary data for the

classification tabulation and analysis some statistical and

mathematical techni2ues have been used by specially percentage

techni2ue.

Statistial Analysis

67


78/263


79/263


80/263

and the personal opinion of the person is not taken into the

primary consideration of assignment of gender and in position of

gender roles as per the assigned gender!.

"he characteristics of males and females or the ways in which

males differ from girls, have implications for the approaches the

use when we thoroughly study them.


81/263

:able 3,18 What is your opinion about oalition

go!ernment?

Gen#er ully

satis"ie#

Partially

satis"ie#

Partially

#issatis"ie#

ully

#issatis"ie#

ot yet

#ei#e#

:otal

; ;=

*4T

>>

*=.5*T

*>

';.>)T

>)

*>.'*T

*)

'5.6)T

160

0,00J

;;

*).4T

>(

*;.>)T

'(

''.6)T

*'

'>.'*T

>)

*>.'*T

160

0,00J

:otal F3

76,7J

27

77,J

37

1B,17J

F

1F,17J

63

70J

B70

100,00

J

)T are partially dissatisfied.

Ihereas *).4T females are fully satisfied with coalition

government, *;.>)T are partially satisfied, *>.'*T had not

decided yet, '>.'*T are fully dissatisfied and only ''.6)T are

partially dissatisfied.

"herefore we can say by seeing the above table that females

are more satisfied than males in coalition govt.

:able 3,78 :o =hih party you belong?

Gen#er

SP )SP Congress

)NP '*% (n#epen#ent

Others

:otal

71


82/263

; ')'=.5*T

*6').4T

;>*5.6)T

;>*5.6)T

'>6.'*T

);.>)T

(4.5*T

1600,00J

*5'5.*4T

*='*.4

T

>5**.4T

;(>=.5*T

''5.6)

T

'=5.*4T

64T

1600,00J

:otal 3B1B,3B

J

3F1J

2973,6FJ

977F,2

J

732,J

12,B1J

12,B1J

B70100,00

J

"able ;.* shows that *5.6)T males belongs to Congress and

19P, ').4T belongs to 17P, '=.5*T belongs to 7P, 6.'*T belongs

to &LD, 4.5*T belongs to others and only ;.>)T belongs to

=.5*T females belongs to 19P, **.4T belongs to

congress, '5.*4T belongs to 7P, '*.4T belongs to 17P, 5.6)T

belongs to &LD, 5.*4T belong to independent and only 4T

belongs to others.

:ence we can say that the maximum percentage of males

and females are of congress and 19P party where as minimum

percentage is of


83/263

6*

4'.*4T

>)

*>.'*T

;'

*4.5*T

160

0,00J

:otal 12B3,06J

6979,6J

2F73,B2J

B70100,00J

"able ;.> clearly shows that 45.6)T males participate in

politics by their own wish, *>.'*T by family$s wish and *=T by

their parents wish.

-n the other hand 4'.*4T females participate in politics by

their own wish, *4.5*T by family$s wish and *>.'*T by their

parents wish.


84/263

Ie come to know from table ;.; that 5'.';T males are in

favor of women reservations in politics and >6.'*T are not in

favor.

Ihereas it is clearly evident that )(.>)T females are in

favor of women reservation in politics and only *=.5*T are not in

favor.

"hus we can say that maximum no. of females are agree and

in favor of women reservation in politics rather than males.

:able 3,8 %o you thinI that "or #oing your o=n =orI any

politial help is?

Gen#er ;ust Sometimes "eelit must

Can5t say %o itoursel!es

:otal

; >6*>.)4T

5(;>.'*T

*4'4.5T

*6').4T

1600,00J

*('6.'*T

6'4=.5*T

')'=.5*T

>>*=.5*T

1600,00J

:otal 6270,9BJ

1036,F2J

371B,17J

6119,06J

B70100,00J

"able ;.4 shows that ;>.'* males think that for doing own

work political help is sometimes must, *>.)4 feel that taking

political help is must, ').4T do their work themselves and only

'4.5T said that they can$t say.

74


85/263


86/263

:able 3,28 :o =hih types o" marriage you are agree?

Gen#er (n aste (nteraste an#(nter-religion

:otal

; (=45.*4T

)=;>.)4T

1600,00J

('45.6)T

5(;>.'*T

1600,00J

:otal 1F1

6,6J

1B9

3B,3BJ

B70

100,00J

"able ;.) clearly depicts that 45.*4T males think that

marriage should be done in caste only and ;>.)4T agree that

marriage can be done inter/caste and inter religion.

Ihereas 45.6)T females agree by this fact that marriages

should be done in caste only and ;>.'*T females are agree to do

marriages inter/caste and inter religion.

:ence we can conclude that both the genders have same

view point regarding marriage.

:able 3,F8 Your opinion about marriage?

Gen#er ;arriage

settle# byparents

*o!e

;arriage

eutral

Aor#ing toparentsKby o=n

=ish4

:otal

; 5>>(.>)T

>6*>.)4T

4(>5.6)T

1600,00J

76


87/263

)6

;6.)4T

*6

').4T

4;

>>.)4T

160

0,00J

:otal 131

33,06J

66

70,67J

11B

B,B1J

B70

100,00J

"able ;.6 reveals that >(.>)T males are in opinion of doing

marriages settled by their parents, >5.6)T feels that they like to

do marriage settled by their parents or by themselves, only

*>.)4T feel they like to do love marriages.

Ihile ;6.)4T females think that they will also do marriage

settled by their parents, >>.)4T feels that they like to do

marriage either settled by their parents or by themselves, only

').4T like to do love marriage.

:ence we can conclude that both the genders like to do

marriage settled by their parents and both have less opinion about

love marriage.

:able 3,98 Age o" marriage 8

Gen#er ;ore than 871 "or boy

1F "or girl

;ore than81F "or boy

16 "or girl

*ess than 81F "or boy

*ess than 16"or girl

:otal

; ';> '* 4 160

77


88/263

6(.>)T ).4T >.'*T 0,00J

';>6(.>)T

(4.5*T

64T

1600,00J

:otal 7F6

F9,B2J

71

6,6J

1B

3,06J

B70

100,00J

)T males agree

that the age of marriage should be more than *' years for boy

and more than '6 for girl. ).4T that the age of marriage should

be more than '6 for boy and more than '5 for girls and only

>.'*T feels that the age of marriage of boy should be less than

'6 for boy and less than '5 years for girls.

Ihereas 6(.>)T females also feel that the age of marriage

should be more than *' for boys and more than '6 for girls,

4.5*T feels that the age of marriage should be more than '6 for

boys and more than '5 for girls while only 4T feels that less than

'6 for boys and less than '5 for girls.

:ence it is clearly revealed that both the gender strongly feel

that the age of marriage should be more than *' years for boys

and more than '6 for girls and only >.'*T males and 4T females

are agree with less age limit.

78


89/263

79


90/263

:able 3,108 Choie o" stay a"ter marriage?

Gen#er Withparents

Separately ot yet #ei#e#Kan5t say

:otal

; (65'.;T

>**=.'T

>='6.)4T

1600,00J

6*

4'.*4T

>4

*'.6)T

;>

*5.6)T

160

0,00J

:otal 1F0

6,7J

62

70,9BJ

2B

77,F1J

B70

100,00J

"able ;.'= clearly shows that 5'.;T males want to stay with

parents after marriage, *=T feels that they want to stay

separately and only '6.)4T are not sure of their stay.

Ihereas 4'.*4T females want to stay with parents after

marriage, *5.6)T think that they are not yet sure of their stay

after marriage and only *'.6)T females want to stay separately.

"herefore we can say that most of the males and females

want to stay with their parents after marriage.

:able 3,118 Your o=n #eision perspeti!es?

Gen#er :aIe the

#eision our

sel"

*ea!e on

parents

:aIe the

#eision by

asIing parents

:otal

; 55;'.*4T

>='6.)4T

5;;=T

1600,00J

5'>6.'*T

;(>=.5*T

4=>'.*4T

1600,00J

8/


91/263

:otal 172

B9,6FJ

29

73,6FJ

113

B,67J

B70

100,00J

"able ;.'' reveals that ;'.*4T males take the decision

themselves, ;=T take the decision by asking to the parents and

'6.)4T leave on parents.

-n the other hand >6.'*T females take the decision

themselves, >'.*4T take the decision by asking to their parents

and >=.5*T leave the decision on their parents.

:ence we can conclude that the ratio of males of taking

decision themselves is higher than females.

:able 3,178 Parents #o partiality bet=een boys an# girls?

Gen#er Yes o Partially :otal

; ;;*).4T

(55=T

*='*.4T

1600,00J

>)

*>.'*T

(*

4).4T

>'

'(.>)T

160

0,00J

:otal F1

7,B1J

1FF

F,2J

1

1,9BJ

B70

100,00J

"able ;.'* clearly emphasizes on the fact that 5=T males

feel that parents are not partial for their kids, either he is boy orgirl. *).4T feel that yes they do, whereas only '*.4T feel that

partially they do.

81


92/263

Ihile 4).4T females feel that parents are not partial for any

gender, *>.'*T feels yes they do whereas only '(.>)T feel that

some parents do partiality between their sons and daughters."hus, we can conclude that maximum respondents of male/

female think that parents do not do partiality between boys and

girls.

:able 3,1B8 'elation o" parents =ith youth?

Gen#er&ery

or#ialCor#ial ormal $ar#

&erygoo#

:otal

;;=

*4T;(

>=.5*T4*

>*.4T(

4.5*T'=

5.*4T160

0,00J

>*

*=T4'

>'.6)T5*

>6.)4T)

;T6

4T160

0,00J

:otal27

77,J100

B1,7J113

B,16J16

,00J1F

,67JB70

100,00J

"able ;.'> throws light that >*.4T males feel that the

relations of youth with their parents are normal, >=.5*T feel that

relations are cordial, *4T feel that relations are very cordial,

whereas 5.*4T feel that relations are very hard and only 4.5*T

feel that relations are hard.

82


93/263

Ihereas >6.)4T females feel that the relations are normal,

>'.6)T feel that relations are cordial, *=T feel that relations are

very cordial and only 4T feel that relations are very hard and ;T

feel that relations are hard.

Krom the above description we can say that the relations of

parents with youth either they are male or female have normal

relations whereas very least percentage %4.5*;T of respondents

feel that relation of parents with youth are hard and very hard.

:able 3,138 Aor#ing to you ho= mo#ern hil#ren

un#erstan# things?

Gen#er )y beating )y teahing )y sol#ing :otal

; >''(.>)T

'=*5>.)4T

*)'5.6)T

1600,00J

;=*4T

((5'.6)T

*''>.'*T

1600,00J

:otal 21

77,1FJ

701

67,F1J

3F

1,00J

B70

100,00J

"able ;.'; throws light on the fact that 5>.)4T males feel

that modern children understand things by teaching, '(.>)T

83


94/263


95/263

46.'*

>6*>.)4T

*('6.'*T

1600,00J

'==

5*.4T

*5

'5.*4T

>;

*'.*4T

160

0,00J

:otal 19B

60,B1J

63

70,00J

6B

19,6FJ

B70

100,00J

"able ;.'5 clearly shows that 46.'*T males are agree with

women education, *>.)4T are not agree with women education

and '6.'*T have partial views on women education.

5*.4T females are agree with women education, *'.*4T

females are not agree with women education and only '5.*4T

have partial views about women education.

"hus the above description shows that maximum percentage

of females is more agree with women education than males.

85


96/263

:able 3,128 (n =hih type o" e#uation you are in "a!or o"?Gen#e

r

Pro"essional

(:( >Others4

:ra#itional

+#uation

$igher

:ehnial+#uation

;)A ;CAet,4

:otal

; ;>*5.6)T

>)*>.'*T

6=4=T

1600,00J

'*=)4T

'4(.>)T

*4'4.5*T

1600,00J

:otal 16B0,9BJ

716,7J

10B7,F1J

B70100,00J

"able ;.') clearly shows that 4=T males are in favor of

higher technical education, *5.6)T are in favor of professional

education and *>.'*T are in favor of traditional education.

)4T female are in favor of professional education, '4.5*T

are in favor of higher technical education and only (.>)T are in

favor of traditional education.

"hus it is clearly revealed from above table that 4=T of

males are in favor of higher technical education and )4T females

are in favor of professional education. "he minimum percentage of

males and females are in favor of traditional education.

:able 3,1F8 Your priority?Gen#e

r:o

earn

money

:o li!e=ith

materialist

:o #osoial

ser!ies

:o #opoliti

s

:oearn

"ame

:otal

86


97/263

i om"ort

; ;**5.*4T

;5*6.)4T

*('6.'*T

';6.)4T

*('6.'*T

1600,00J

>*

*=T

4>

>>.'*T

;>

*5.6)T

5

;T

*5

'5.*4T

160

0,00J:otal 23

7B,17J

99

B0,9BJ

27

77,J

70

6,7J

12,1FJ

B70

100,00J

"able ;.'6 clearly reveals that *6.)4T males give priority in

life to live with materialistic comfort, *5.*4T to earn money,

'6.'*T give priority to do social services and to earn fame and

6.)4T to do politics.

Ihile >>.'*T females also give priority to live with

materialistic comfort, *5.6)T to do social services, *=T to earn

money, '5.*4T to earn fame and only ;T to do politics.

Ie can conclude that maximum respondents give priority in

life to live with materialistic comfort and the minimum respondents

give priority to do politics.

87


98/263

Table 4.17

+,+-+.+/+

0++0,+

Table 4.17: In which type of education you are in favor of?

M

Table 4.18

88


99/263

+

0+

,+

1+

-+

2+

+

Table 4.18 : Your priority:

M

:able 3,198 Whom #o you onsi#er your i#eal?

Gen#er

*ea#erAtorKAtress

:eaher ;other ather Others :otal

;>>

*=.5*T

'>

6.'*T

*(

'6.'*T

*4

'4.5*T

;5

*6.)4T

';

6.)4T

160

0,00J

'=

5.*4T

4

>.'*T

>6

*>.)4T

5*

>6.)4T

>5

**.4T

(

4.5*T

160

0,00J

:otal3B

1B,3BJ

1F

,67J

62

70,9BJ

F2

72,1FJ

F7

7,67J

7B

2,1FJ

B70

100,00J


100/263


101/263

:ence we can conclude that the maximum percentage of

males give priority to the country and minimum to state, village

and caste whereas maximum percentage of females give priority

to family and minimum to state.

:able 3,718 What shoul# be the base o" reser!ation?

Gen#e

rCaste

'eligio

n

+onomia

l Con#itionGen#er

Orpha

n:otal

;>>

*=.5*T*;

'4T)*

;4T'5

'=T'4

(.>)T160

0,00J

;'

*4.5*T

*)

'5.6)T

55

;'.*4T

'5

'=T

'=

5.*4T

160

0,00J

:otal23

7B,17

J

11,9B

J

1BF3B,17J

B710,00

J

72,F1J

B70100,00

J

"able ;.*' clearly reveals that ;4T males think that the base

of reservation should be economical condition, *=.5*T to caste,

'4T to religion, '=T to gender and (.>)T to orphan.

Ihereas ;'.*4T female respondents think that the base of

reservation should be economical condition, *4.5*T to caste,

'5.6)T to religion, '=T to gender and only 5.*4T to orphan.

91


102/263

6

*=T

*;

'4T

66

44T

'=

5.*4T

160

0,00J

'='5>.'*T

*4'4.5*T

*5'5.*4T

64T

1600,00J

:otal 1B9

3B,3BJ

39

1,B1J

113

B,67J

1F

,67J

B70

100,00J

"able ;.** depicted that 4'.;T males do prayers only on

festivals, *=T regularly, '4T once in a week and 5.*4T never.

Ihile the 5>.'*T females do prayer regularly, '5.*4T on

festivals, '4.5*T once in a week and 4T never.


103/263

:able 3,7B8 $o= #o you spen# your "ree time?

Gen#er

(n rea#ingmaga shows that >(.>)T males spend their free time in

listening or watching radio"Q, *'.*4T in reading magazines, '4T

in prayers or in temples, '=T in gardening, ;.4T in social

functions %marriage, birthday etc and 5.6)T in other activities.

Ihereas >*.4T females want to spend their free time in

listening or watching "Q radio, *4.5*T in reading magazines,

'>.)4T in prayers or in temples and in social functions

%marriages, birthday etc, (.>)T in gardening and only 4T in

other activities.

-n the basis of above description we can conclude that

maximum respondents either male or female wants to spend their

93


104/263

free time in watching listening radio "Q and minimum

respondents want to spend their free time in other activities.

:able 3,738 Whih type o" programmes #o you liIe to =ath

on :&?

Gen#er

+#uational Come#y Cartooninanial

reporte=s Soial :otal

;

>(

*;.>)T

>)

*>.'*T

';

6.)4T

'5

'=T

>(

*;.>)T

'4

(.>)T

160

0,00J

;>

*5.6)T*6

').4T(

4.5*T(

4.5*T>=

'6.)4T;'

*4.5*T160

0,00J

:otalF7

7,67J6

70,B1J7B

2,1FJ7

2,F1J69

71,6J6

12,JB70

100,00J

Above "able ;.*; clearly shows that *;.>)T males want to

watch programmes on "Q that are based on education and news,

*>.'*T want to watch comedy based programmes, '=T wants to

watch financial report and only (.>)T males want to watch

cartoon and social based programmes.

Ihereas *5.6)T females want to watch educational

programs, *4.5*T females want to watch social programmes,

94


105/263

'6.)4T wants to watch news, ').4T want to watch comedy

based programmes, 4.5*T want to watch financial report and

cartoon programmes.

Krom the above data it is clearly revealed that maximum

male and female want to watch education based programmes.

Ihereas the least male respondents want to watch financial and

social programmes and the least female respondents like to watch

cartoon based programmes.

95


106/263


107/263


108/263

follow fashion because it brings a sense of novelty in them. "he

least no of malefemale respondents follow fashion because they

feel that traditional patterns are more suitable.

:able 3,728 $o= #o you "eel about boys an# girls #o =ear

#resses opposite to tra#ition?

Gen#er )oys shoul#=ear boy5s

lothes

Girls shoul#=ear Girl5s

lothes

)othmanner o"

#ressing

shoul# be#i""erent

:otal

; ;;

*).4T

;=

*4T

)5

;).4T

160

0,00J

*5'5.*4T

4*>*.4T

6*4'.*4T

1600,00J

:otal 20

71,F2J

97

7F,2J

1F

39,B2J

B70

100,00J

"able ;.*) clearly depicted that ;).4T male respondents feel

that the dressing manner of both male and female should be

different, *).4T feel that boys should wear boy$s clothes and *4T

feel that girls should wear girl$s clothes.

Ihile 4'.*4T female respondents feel that the dressing

manner of both male and female should be different, >*.4TT feel

98


109/263

that girls should wear girl$s clothes, '5.*4T feel that boys should

wear boys clothes.

"he above description clearly shows that both male and

female respondents feel that the dressing manner of both genders

should be different.

99


110/263

Table 4.26

+

0+

,+

1+

-+

2+

+

3+

Table 4.26 : In which for do you ta!e fa"hion?

M

Table 4.27

1//


111/263


112/263

condition, ').4T feel that we should spend money by looking to

others and '>.)4T feel that we should spend too much money for

following fashion.

Ihereas 6>.'*T female respondents feel that we should

spend money according to our economical condition, (.>)T feel

that we should spend money by looking at others and only ).4T

feels that we should spend too much money for fashion.

:ence, from the above data it is clear that maximum

respondents feel that we should spend money on fashion

according to our economical condition. Ihereas the least

respondents feel that we should not spend too much money on

fashion.

:able 3,798 ashion?

Gen#er

We shoul##o it

aor#ing to

our taste

)y looIingothers

reations

Aor#ing totime =hih

is in tren#

:otal

;

'=>

5;.5T

'*

).4T

;4

*6.'*T

160

0,00J

6=

4=T*=

'*.4T5=

>).4T160

0,00J

1/2


113/263

:otal1FB

2,1FJ

B7

10,00J

10

B7,F1J

B70

100,00J

"able ;.*( throws light on this fact that 5;.5T male

respondents feel that we should do fashion according to our taste,

*6.'*T feel that fashion should have according to time which is in

trend and only ).4T feel that fashion should be done by looking

others reaction.

Ihile 4=T females feel that fashion should be done

according to our taste, >).4T feel that it should be done according

to trend and only '*.4T feel that fashion should be done by

looking at others.

"hus above description tells that maximum males think that

we should do fashion according to our taste and maximum female

think fashion should be done according to our taste and least

respondents feel that it should be done by looking others reaction.

1/3


114/263

:able 3,B08 Women Shoul#?

Gen#e

r

*i!e liIe

house =i"e

Shoul#

partiipate asa house =i"e

an# =orIing

(" they are

=orIingthey

shoul# taIehelp o"male

(" they are

=orIing theyshoul# taIe

help o" "amilyan# malemembers

:otal

; ;6>=T

44>;.>)T

>;*'.*4T

*>';.>)T

1600,00J

*=

'*.4T

)5

;).4T

>*

*=T

>*

*=T

160

0,00J

:otal 6F

71,7J

1B1

30,9BJ

66

70,67J

12,1FJ

B70

100,00J

"able ;.>= emphasizes on the fact that >;.>)T male respondents

feel that women should participate as a house wife and working, >=T

feel that they should live like house wife, *'.*4T feel that if the women

are working they should take help of male members and only ';.>)T

feel that if women are working they should take help of family and male

members.

-n the other hand ;).4T female respondent feel that they should

participate as a house wife and working, *=T feel that if they are

working they should take help of male members and family members

and only '*.4T women feel that they should live like a house wife.

1/4


115/263

"hus the above data reveals that maximum no. of male and

female respondents are in favor that women should participate as a

housewife and working. "he least male respondents feel that if the

female are working they should take help of male members while on

the other hand least female respondents are in favor that they should

live like a house wife.

:able 3,B18 Partiipation o" =omen in politis?

Gen#erAppropriat

e in politis

Dn

appropriat

e in politis

Shoul#be

limite#

only till!oting

Shoul#!ote

aor#ingto men

:otal

;45

>4T4*

>*.4T*;

'4T*6

').4T160

0,00J

(4

4(.>)T

>5

**.4T

'(

''.6)T

'=

5.*4T

160

0,00J

:otal11

32,1FJ

FF

72,0J

3B

1B,3BJ

BF

11,F2J

B70100,00

J

"able ;.>' clearly reveals that >4T male feel that the

participation of women in politics is appropriate, >*.4T feel that it

is not appropriate, ').4T feel that women should do voting

according to men and '4T feel that participation should be limited

only till voting.

1/5


116/263

Ihile the 4(.>)T female respondents feel that participation

in politics of women is appropriate, **.4T feel that women

participation is un/appropriate, ''.6)T feel that the participation

should be limited only till voting and 5.*4T female respondents

feel that they should vote according to men.

"hus above description clearly throws light on this fact that

maximum percentage of males and females think that

participation of women in politics is appropriate.

1/6


117/263

:able 3,B78 Women shoul#?

Gen#er

%itto;en

Shoul#not

"ollo=man in

all

matters

:hey

shoul#ha!e their

o=n logi

%o =orI by

mutualun#erstan#in

g

:otal

;>)

*>.'*T

*(

'6.'*T

;'

*4.5*T

4>

>>.'*T

160

0,00J

*=

'*.4T>(

*;.>)T;'

*4.5*T5=

>).4T160

0,00J

:otal2

12,F1J6F

71,7JF7

7,67J11B

B,B1JB70

100,00J

"able ;.>* throws light on the fact that >>.'*T male

respondents feel that women should do work by mutual

understanding, *4.5*T feel that women should put their own

logic, *>.'*T feel that they should ditto men and only '6.'*T

male think that women should not follow men in all matters.

Ihile >).4T females feel that women should work by mutual

understanding, *4.5*T feel that women should have their own

logic, *;.>)T feel that they should not follow men in all matters,

only '*.4T female think that they should ditto men.

1/7


118/263

"hus we can conclude that maximum male and female

respondents are in favor of women doing working by mutual

understanding whereas the least male respondents feel that

women should not follow men in all matters and very low

percentage of female respondent think that they should ditto men.

:able 3,BB8 'ituals are?

Gen#er Appropriate Dn

appropriate

or soial

prestige

:otal

; ((5'.6)T

>)*>.'*T

*;'4T

1600,00J

'=555.*4T

*;'4T

>='6.)4T

1600,00J

:otal 70

63,06J

61

19,06J

3

16,F2J

B70

100,00J

"able ;.>> emphasizes on this fact that 5'.6)T males think

that rituals are appropriate, *>.'*T think these as un/appropriate

and only '4T feel that rituals are performed for social prestige.

-n the other hand 55.*4T, female consider ritual

appropriate, '6.)4 females performed rituals for social prestige

and only '4T feel that rituals are un/appropriate.

1/8


119/263

"hus the fact that comes before us from the above data is

that both genders consider rituals as appropriate but the least

answers about rituals are that males perform rituals for social

prestige and female consider rituals as un/appropriate.

:able 3,B38 'ituals shoul# be?

Gen#er :ra#itionally

aepte#

e=er

patternsshoul# be

aepte#

Aepte# by

Ieepinga#justment

bet=een tra#itionan#

mo#erni>

*=.5*T

4(

>5.6)T

160

0,00J

4*

>*.4T

>4

*'.6)T

)>

;4.5*T

160

0,00J

:otal 170

B2,0J

6F

71,7J

1B7

31,7J

B70

100,00J

"able ;.>; clearly shows that ;*.4T male feel that rituals

should be accepted traditionally, >5.6)T feel that rituals should be

accepted by keeping ad0ustment between tradition and

modernization and only *=.5*T feel that new pattern should be

accepted.

1/9


120/263

Ihile ;4.5*T females feel those rituals should be accepted

by keeping ad0ustments between traditions and modernization,

>*.4T females feel that rituals should be accepted traditionally

and only *'.6)T females feel those new patterns should be

accepted by keeping ad0ustment between tradition and

modernization. Ihereas the least male female respondents feel

that new patterns should be accepted.

"hus it is clearly revealed that maximum male respondent

feel that rituals should be accepted traditionally and maximum

female respondents feel that rituals should be accepted

11/


121/263

:able 3,B8 (n using 'ituals?

Gen#er :hereshoul#

beeHuality

in men

an#=omen

Dn eHualityo" men an#

=omen isappropriate

;enshoul#

get morepri!ilege

Womenshoul#

get morepri!ilege

:otal

; 6>4'.6)T

*)'5.6)T

>5**.4T

';6.)4T

1600,00J

'='5>.'*T

*='*.4T

;*.4T

>4*'.6)T

1600,00J

:otal 1F32,0J

3213,6FJ

3017,0J

391,B1J

B70100,00J

"able ;.>4 reveals that 4'.6)T male feel that in using rituals

there should be e2uality in men and women, **.4T male feel that

men should get more privilege, '5.6)T feel that un e2uality of

men and women is appropriate and only 6.)4T male feel women

should get more privilege in using rituals.

-n the other hand 5>.'*T female feel that there should be

e2uality in men and women in using rituals, *'.6)T feel that

women should get more privilege, '*.4T feel that un/e2uality of

men J women in appropriate and only *.4T female feel that men

should get more privilege.

111


122/263

:ence it is clearly revealed that both genders believe that

there should be e2uality in men and women. Ihereas while male

respondents feel that less privilege should be given to women in

using rituals, the least female respondents feel that man should

get more privilege.

:able 3,B68 %o you onsi#er that the biase# attitu#e on the

groun# o" aste religion gen#er an# eonomi on#ition

is?

Gen#er Appropriate Dn

appropriate

:o some

eLtentonsi#er it

partial

:otal

; 4;

>>.)4T

45

>4T

4=

>'.*4T

160

0,00J

;6>=T

5>>(.>)T

;(>=.5*T

1600,00J

:otal 107B1,F2J

119B2,1FJ

99B0,9BJ

B70100,00J

"able ;.>5 depicts that >4T male feel that the biased

attitude based on the ground of caste, religion, gender and

economical condition is un/appropriate, >>.)4T feel it appropriate

and >'.*4T think that to some extent it is partial.

112


123/263

Ihereas >(.>)T female also feel it un/appropriate, >=.5*T

feel it that to some extent it is partial and only >=T respondent

think that it is un/appropriate.

"he above description clearly shows that the maximum

percentage of male and female respondents think that the biased

attitude is un/appropriate.

:able 3,B28 (n =hih ultural ati!ity #o you partiipate?

Gen#er

*a#iesSangeet

(nsports

(neLhibitions

(nlub

(nirusK

iians

(nnautanIi

(nIa!i

Sammelan

(n)jajan

an#hya

(nsoial

"untions

:otal

;4

>.'*T;6

>=T*=

'*.4T*;

'4T4

>.'*T(

4.5*T(

4.5*T6

4T>*

*=T

1600,00J

>>

*=.5*T*6

').4T'5

'=T''

5.6)T>

'.6)T'

=.5*T5

;.'*T*=

'*.4T;*

*5.*4T

1600,00J

:otal

BF

11,F2J

26

7B,2J

B6

11,7J

B

10,9BJ

F

7,0J

10

B,17J

1

3,6FJ

7F

F,2J

23

7B,17J

B70

100,00J

"able ;.>) shows that >=T male respondents want to

participate in sports activities, *=T in social functions, '4T in

clubs, '*.4T in exhibitions, 4.5*T in nautanki and kavi

sammelan, 4T in 1ha0an sandhya and >.'*T in ladies sangeet

and in circus and magic shows.

113


124/263

Ihile above table clearly shows that *5.*4T female want to

participate in social functions, *5.*4T in ladies sangeet, ').4T in

sports, '*.4T in bha0an sandhya, '=T in exhibitions, 5.6)T in

clubs, ;.'*T in kavi sammelan, '.6)T in circus and magic shows

and =.5*T in nautanki.

:ence the above description clearly reveals that maximum

male respondents want to participate in sports activity and

minimum in ladies sangeet, circus and magic shows, whereas

maximum female respondents want to participate in social

functions and minimum in nautankies.

114


125/263

5eneration Di6erence in Youth "ulture

3ver since anti2uity, the concept of generation has been held

in a biological and conse2uently in a genealogical sense of regular

descent of a group of organisms from a progenitor. 1ut since the

early nineteenth century, there has developed a social and

historical concept of generations! as comprising the structure not

only of societies but also of history itself.

:istorically, August Comtethe founder of modern sociology,

considered the duration of human life a decisive element in

determining the velocity of human evolution and therefore the

passing of one generation to another!.

According to Durganand 7inha %'()* Coming to history,

:indu mythology also has many illustrations of the younger

generation rebelling against the older one. Prahalad against his

father, rishna against his uncle ansa are two instances!. ?ughal

115


126/263

history has so many sons rebelling against their fathers, is a

?ughal 7yndrome!.

According to "urner %*==5 Parents involvement is very

much necessary for reducing the generation gap. Young people

seek both formal and informal network to use each other more

effectively. 7elf awareness, communication and dialogue are very

necessary. "he parents of the young people are in transition of

experience especially with respect to their problem of generation

gap!.

According to aiser %*==; "he young should listen to the

old but must take their own decisions with discretion and a

balanced perspective.


127/263


128/263

Generationully

satis"ie#

Partially

satis"ie#

Partially

#issatis"ie#

ully

#issatis"ie#

Coul#

not#ei#e

:otal

Parents3F4

;4*6.'*T

>5**.4T

*;'4T

*5'5.*4T

*('6.'*T

1600,00J

Parents

youth

1F74

Documents

Thesis Deepak