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9

t&nfawGzdwfpifwJh tjzpftysufawG okH;MudrfjzpfyGm;ayr,fh 'DtcsdefrSm teD;tem;rSm b,folrS

r&Sdyg/

azazmf0g&Dv 15 &ufaeY n 7;40 tcsdefrSm *sdrf;[mref&J. uav;awGeJY vli,fwpfokduf[m

&kyfjrifoHMum; Munfhaewkef; pm;yGJrSm wifxm;wJh aMuG&kyf[m avxJukd okH;ayavmufwufoGm;jyD;

Murf;cif;aumfaZmay:ukd jyKwfusoGm;ygw,f/

'DtcsdefrSm owif;pmawGu a&;om;rIaMumifh *sdrf;[mreftdrfrSm xl;qef;wJh tjzpfysufawG

ay:aeaMumif;ukd jrdK.aevlxku od&SdaeMujyD jzpfygw,f/ 'gaMumifh tMuHjyKpmawG pkHprf;ar;jref;wJh

w,fvDzkef;oHawG[m rpJbJ a&mufvmygawmhw,f/ &JpkHaxmuf awmhZD[m tMuHay;csufeJY

ywfoufjyD; wpfckcsif;ukd avhvmcJhygw,f/

( u ) teD;tem;&Sd avwyfpcef;u av,mOf tqif;twufaMumifh toHvIdif;

wkefcgrIjzpfum 'Dvkd jzpf&jcif;vm;? avwyfpcef;u tmPmykdifawGxHrSm av,mOftqif;twuf

rSwfwrf;awGukd Munfhawmh r[kwfaMumif; ajymygw,f/

( c ) a&'D,kdtoHvTifh wkdifrsm;aMumifhvm;? a&'D,kdqufoG,fa&; aumfykda&;&Sifuvnf;

a&'D,kdvTifhonf toHEIef; jzmxGufrIukd ykHrSeftwkdif;om jzpfaMumif;ukd ajymMum;ygw,f/

( * ) ajratmufrS wkefcgrI&SdwmaMumifhvm;? wkefcgrI pkHprf;wJh ud&d,mukd ajratmufcef;rSm

xm;jyD; prf;oyfMunfhygw,f/ bmrQ rawG.&Sd&yg/

'DudpöawGukd tajz&Sm&if;rSmyif rsufpda&SUrSm aMuG&kyfwpfck[m ckHrS 12 aycefY a&T.vmjyD; pm;yGJeJY

wkdufvkdufrdum aMuGrGoGm;ygw,f/ 'Dtwkdif;yJ oMum;xnfhxm;wJh aMuGcGuf[m xrif;pm;wJh

pm;yGJay:u ajrmufwufoGm;jyD; wpfppD uGJukefygw,f/ oMum;cGuf tykdif;tpawGukd

ppfaq;aecsdefrSm teD;tem;rSm xkduJhokdY jyKvkyfzkdY vufvSrf;rSDol wpfOD;wpfa,mufrQ r&Sdyg/

'DtjzpftysufawGtm;vkH;[m *sdrf;[mrefwkdY rdom;pktwGuf vkHavmufjyDjzpfygw,f/

*sdrf;[mrefwkdY rdom;pk[m aqGrsKd;tdrfwpftdrfukd ajymif;a&T.oGm;Muygw,f/ olwkdYr&SdwJh

tcsdefrSmusawmh bmrQrjzpfyJ ykHrSeftwkdif;om &Sdaeygw,f/ 'gaMumifh *sdrf;[mrefwkdY rdom;pk[m

olwkdYtdrfukd jyefvmcJhygw,f/

olwkdYjyefa&mufjyD; naecif;rSmyif oMum;cGuf[m xrif;pm;yGJuae ajrmufwufoGm;jyD;

Murf;ay:ukd usjyD; uGJoGm;jyefygw,f/ aemufESpf&uftMumrSm *sdrf;[mref&JU tcef;xm;rSm&SdwJh

( 18 ) vufr&SdwJh tysKdpif ar&D&J. &kyfxk[m t0wfbD&kday:u vGifhpifoGm;jyD; 12 ay tuGmrSm&SdwJh

opfom;eH&HrSm oGm;a&mufpkdufaeygw,f/ 'DvkdtjzpftysufawGaMumifh *sdrf;[mrefwkdY rdom;pkxHukd

w,fvDzkef;qufar;oHawG rpJEkdifatmifukd jzpfvmygw,f/

trsm;pkuawmh 'DtjzpftysufawG[m ykPÖuwkdufjcif; jzpfw,fvkdY ajymMuygw,f/

ykPÖuwkdufjcif; ywfoufjyD; odyÜHynm&J. prf;oyfcsufawGukd tajzxkwfxm;wJh pmwrf;awG rsm;pGm

&Sdygw,f/ 'DtjzpftysufawG[m tm;vkH;[m ,kHrSm;oHo, r&Sdatmif wu,fyif

jzpfysufcJhaMumif;ukd vufcHMuygw,f/

'gayrJh xif&Sm;wJh odyÜHynm&SifwpfcsKd.&J. odyÜHenf;us azmfxkwfcsuft& xkduJhokdY ypönf;awGukd

vlr&SdbJ a&T.vsm;apwJh tcsufeJY ywfoufjyD; vltcsKd.wkdY[m olwkdYukd,fwkdif rod&SdyJ 'Dvkd

pdwfeJYapjyD; a&T.vsm;apEkdifwJh pGrf;tifwpfrsKd;&SdaMumif;? 'DpGrf;tifukd pdwfpGrf;tm;eJY



11

urmÇajray:rSm t&m0w¦KawG a&G.vsm;rI&Sdwm[m obm0w&m; jzpfygw,f/ 'gayr,fh

*sdrf;[mref&J. tdrfrSmvkdY t&m0w¬KawG a&T.olr&SdbJ a&T.vsm;wmeJY ywfoufvkdY ar;p&m

ar;cGef;awGu &Sdaeygw,f/

b,fvkdaMumifhvJ/

b,folaMumifhvJ/

'gayr,fh tajzu &SmrawG.yg/

REF : R.D JULY 1958 THE HOUSE OF THE FLYING OBJECTS BY ROBERT WALLACE



12

0dnmOfcspfol ( 1 )

w&kwfrif;quf ( 1368 - 1644 ) acwfumvu ]usKpH} a'orSm aexkdifcJhwJh

aus;awmom;av; ]ydefcGef;} [m OmPf&nfOmPfaoG; xufjrwfw,f/ rSwfOmPfvnf;

tvGefaumif;w,f/ w&kwf a&S;a[mif;pmayeJ. uAsmawGukdvnf; tvGwf&ygw,f/

'gaMumifh csKHuif;jrdK.awmfukd wufa&mufjyD; rif;rIxrf;pmar;yGJukd ajzqkd&if

atmifjrifEkdifygw,f/ csKHuif;jrdK.awmfukd wufEkdifayr,fh jrdK.awmfrSm aexkdifp&dwfu MuD;jrifhvkdY

rwufEkdifatmif jzpfaeygw,f/ 'gaMumifh ydef;cGef;zcif&J. rdwfaqGw&m;olMuD; tkdufZku

csKHuif;jrdK.awmfrSm&SdwJh rdwfaqG olaX;MuD;qDrSm ydef;cGef; wnf;ckdaexkdifEdkifzkd. rdwfqufpmwpfaqmif

a&;om;ay;jyD; ulnDcJhygw,f/

ydef;cGef;[m a&wpfwef? ukef;wpfwefeJY oGm;jyD; pmtkyfaowåmwpfvkH;ukd xrf;ykd;um

csKHuif;jrdK.awmfukd a&muf&SdvdkY vmcJhygw,f/ ae&yfvdyfpmukd Munfhvkdufawmh jrdK.awmf&J.tpGef;u

tvGefus,f0ef;wJh jcHMuD;wpfjcHtwGif;rSm ESpfxyfwkdufwpfvkH;ukd jrifawG.&ygw,f/ 'gayr,fh

jcH0if;eJ. aetdrfukd aomhcavmufcwfxm;vkd. ydef;cGef;[m tcufawG.aeygw,f/

'gaMumifh 'DjcHMuD;eHab;u uyfvsufjcHukd ydef;cGef;[moGm;a&mufjyD; 'DjcHMuD;eJY aetdrfu

olaX;MuD;ukdar;awmh

]]olwkdYtm;vkH; awmukdajymif;oGm;MujyD? 0,fr,fhol&Sd&if a&mif;r,fvkdY ajymxm;w,f/

jcHaomheJY tdrfaomhukdawmh usKyfqDrSm tyfxm;cJhw,f}}

vkdY tbkd;MuD;wpfa,mufu ajymygw,f/ ydef;cGef;[m pdwfysufvufysufeJY

]]uRefawmfu rif;rIxrf;pmar;yGJ ajzqkdrvkdY usKpHa'ou wufvmwm? a'ocHw&m;olMuD;u

'DolaX;MuD;qDrSm wnf;cdkaexkdifzkdY axmufcHpm a&;om;ay;vkdufygw,f/ ckawmh uRefawmf

aexkdifp&mr&Sd jzpfaejyD/ usKHpHa'oukd jyefzkdYuvJ ta0;MuD; jyef&rSm}}

vkdY ajymvkdufygw,f/



13

jcHykdif&Sif tbkd;MuD;u ydef;cGef;ukdMunfhum u&kPmoufoGm;jyD; w&m;olMuD; tkdufZk&J.

axmufcHpmukd aoaocsmcsm zwfMunfhygw,f/ 'DtcgrSm tbkd;MuD;u ydef;cGef;[m

vlawmfvlaumif;wpfa,muf jzpfaMumif;ukd od&Sdvkdufawmh . . . . .

]]armif&ifhrSm tcuftcJ jzpfaew,fqkd&ifvJ 'DjcHrSm armif&ifaezkdY cwfxm;wJh aomhawGudk

ay;vkdufygr,f/ zGifhjyD; aeaygh/ pm;aomufwmuawmh ukd,fh[mukd,f csufjyKwf pm;aomufaygh/

rD;zkdu tqifoifh&Sdw,f/ xif;yJ &Sm&rSm}}

]][kwfuJh aus;Zl;wifygw,f }}

tbkd;MuD;u ydef;cGef;ukd jcHeJYtdrfaomhwGJukd tyfvkdufygw,f/ ydef;cGef;u aomh&vkdY

aexkdifp&m&wJhtwGuf 0rf;omoGm;um tbkd;MuD;ukd EIwfqufrvkdYvkyfawmh tbkd;MuD;u

]]a[h a[h armif&if cPaeOD; }}

]]bmajymrvkdYvJ cifAsm }}

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olaX;MuD;rdom;pk awmukd ajymif;ajy;oGm;wmuvJ o&JajcmufwJh 'Pfukd rcHEkdifvkdYyJ/ tJ'gukd

owday;wmyg }} vkdY ajymvkdufw,f/

olaexkdif wnf;ckd&rnfh 'DtdrfMuD;rSm ol&Jajcmufw,fqkdvkdY ydef;cGef;[m xdwfceJ

jzpfoGm;ygw,f/ 'gayr,fh 'DtddrfMuD;rSmrS rwnf;ckd&ifvnf; wnf;ckdp&mu tdrfr&Sd? tdrfjyifrSm

tdyfzkdYuvnf; nbufqkd&if ESif;awGusvkdY aoG;cJjyD; aooGm;Ekdifygw,f/ 'Dawmh aemifcgvm

aemifcgaps;vkdY oabmxm;vkdufygw,f/

]]uRefawmf o&J raMumufwwfygbl;cifAsm}}

]]at;? o&J raMumufwwfwJholukd Munf.ao;wmayg.uGm}}

vkdY tbkd;MuD;u ajymqkdvkdufygw,f/

ydef;cGef;[m jcHwHcg;aomhukd zGifhygw,f/ jyD;awmh tdrfaomhukd zGifhum tdrfMuD;xJukd

0ifvkdufawmh vlraewmMumvkdY zkHawG trdIufawGukd jrifawG.&ygw,f/ tdrfMuD;twGif;rSm

tdrfcef;aygif; ( 20 ) ausmf wnfaqmufxm;vkdY 'DtdrfMuD;rSm aexkdifoGm;wJh olaX;MuD;rdom;pkrSm

vltawmfrsm;aMumif; od&Sd&ygw,f/

wHjrufpnf;wpfacsmif;ukd toifhawG.wmeJY atmufxyfu tdrfcef;wpfcef;ukd ydef;cGef;u

oefY&Sif;a&; vkyfvkdufygw,f/ ol usKpHu xrf;ykd;vmwJh pmtkyfaowåmukd pm;yGJay:rSm

wifxm;ygw,f/ wpfzufcef;u opfom;ukwifwpfvkH;ukd olaexkdifr,fh tcef;xJukd

a&TUajymif;vkdufygw,f/ ygvmwJh qefukd rD;zkdrSmoGm;jyD; xrif;csufum rkefvmcsOfeJY

xrif;pm;ygw,f/ xrif;pm;jyD;csdefrSm c&D;yef;vmvkdY ukwifay:rSm tdrfpufvkdufum nu

wpfa&;rS rEkd;yJ reufrkd;xdefxdefvif;rS Ekd;ygawm.w,f/ nu o&Jajcmufw,f?

rajcmufbl;qkdwmukd ydef;cGef; rod&Sdyg/



14

( 2 )

aemufwpfaeYrSm ydef;cGef;[m pm;yGJrSmxkdifjyD; pmzwfvkdY aeygw,f/ 'DtcsdefrSm tdrfay:xyfu

ajcoHawG Mum;&ygw,f/ ydef;cGef;[m xkdif&mrS xjyD; tay:xyfukd wufMunfhygw,f/ vlolqkdvkdY

wpfOD;wpfa,mufrS rawG.yg/

'geJY ydef;cGef;[m atmufxyfukd jyefqif;vmjyD; olaewJh tcef;xJukd jyefoGm;awmh pm;yGJay:rSm

olYaowåmxJu pmtkyfawG jyefYMuJvkdYaewmukd jrifawG.&ygw,f/ ydef;cGef;u olYpmtkkyfawGukd

aumufjyD; pmtkyfaowåmxJukd jyefxnfhaecsdefrSm ab;cef;u &,farmoHawGukd em;eJYqwfqwf

Mum;ae&ygw,f/

ydef;cGef;[m &,farmoHawGukd aoaocsmcsm em;axmifMunfhygw,f/ &,farmoHawGu

wpfa,mufxJ &,farmoH r[kwfyg/ trsKd;orD;ESpfa,muf&J. &,foHukd oJuGJpGm Mum;ae&ygw,f/

'gaMumifh ydef;cGef; &,foHMum;wJh tcef;ukd ul;jyD; oGm;Munfhjyefygw,f/ wpfOD;wpfa,mufrQ

rjrifawG.&yg/

]] tif; . . . Zmwfvrf;uawmh pjyD }}

aemufaeY awGrSmawmh o&Ju wpfrsKd;wpfzkH ajcmufvSefYjyefygw,f/ ydef;cGef;

pmzwfaecsdefrSmjzpfap? xrif;csufaecsdefrSm jzpfap? tcef;0u trsKd;orD;i,fESpfOD; vma&mufjyD;

acsmif;Munfh aewwfygw,f/ ydef;cGef; orifvSnfjyefvSnfhMunfhvkdufwJhtcgrSmawmh rsufpda&S.rSm

tckd;taiG.jzpfjyD; aysmufuG,fvkdY oGm;wmukd jrifawG.&ygw,f/

tMudrfMudrftcgcg o&JtajcmufcH&awmh ydef;cGef;[m odyfraMumufawmhyg/ 'DtcgrSm

ydef;cGef;u t&JpGef.jyD; . . .

]] nDrwkd. . . . rif;wkdY tpfukdYukd b,fvkdyJajcmufajcmuf tpfukd 'DtdrfMuD;uvGJvkdY aexkdifp&m

tdrfvnf; r&Sdbl;/ oGm;p&mvnf; r&Sdbl;/ tpfukd[m usKHpH a'ouae csKHuif;jrdK.awmfrSm

rif;rIxrf; pmar;yGJ ajzqkdzkdY a&mufvmwm/ 'DtdrfMuD;rSm tpfukdeJY nDrwkdYwawGyJ

aexkdifMuwmav/ 'Dawmh bmjzpfvkdY &efolvkd oabmxm;jyD; ajcmufvSefYae&wmvJ/ wkdYwpfawG

cspfcspfcifcif MuifMuifememeJY twl aexkdifMu&atmifaemf }}

vkd. ESpfodrfh pum; ajymqkd vkdufygw,f/

trSefawmh aus;awmom;av; ydef;cGef;[m ( 25 ) ESpf &SdjyDjzpfwJh vl&G,fav; wpfa,muf

jzpfygw,f/ ol[m t&yftarmif; vnf;jrifhw,f/ ukd,fum,uvnf; awmifhwif;oefrmw,f/

a,musfm;yDojyD; vlacsmvlvSwpfa,mufyg/ rdef;uav;awGjrif&if pGJvrf;avmufwJh Oy"d&kyf

&Sdaeol jzpfygw,f/

ydef;cGef;[m 'DtdrfMuD;rSm&SdwJh o&JrESpfa,mufukd ESpfodrfhpum; ajymjyD;csdefupjyD;

ajcmufvSefYjcif;ukd vkH;0 rjyKvkyfawmhyg/ wpfywfavmuf o&Jrajcmufawmh ydef;cGef;[m

wpfa,mufwnf; 'DtdrfMuD;rSm aexkdif&wm ysif;ovkdvkd jzpfvmygw,f/

'gaMumifh ydef;cGef;u

]]'DtdrfrSm aexkdifMuwJh nDrawG tpfukkd pum;wpfcGef;ajymr,f/ aoaocsmcsm em;axmifaemf/

'DtdrfMuD;rSm tpfukdeJYtwl nDrESpfa,muf aexkdifayr,fh tpfukdu vlom;? nDrawGu

0dnmOfavmuom;/ 'Dawmh tpfukdYukdawmh nDrawGu jrif&awGY&ayr,fh nDrawGukdawmh tpfukdu



15

rjrif& rawG.&bl;/ tuef;vkd jzpfaew,f/ 'gaMumifh tpfukd[m nDrawGukd odyfukd

jrifawG.csifw,f? tpfukdjrifawG.&atmif nDrwkdYu ukd,fxifjyygvm;/ 'grS wpfa,mufeJY

wpfa,muf ulnDEkdifwmqkdvJ ulnDEkdifrSmaygh }}


rMumvSyg/ ydef;cGef;a&S.u ukvm;xkdifESpfvkH;ay:rSm tckd;taiGYawGukd jrifawG.vkduf&jyD;

tckd;taiG.awGvnf; aysmufuG,foGm;a&m? rdef;ri,fESpfa,muf xkdifaewmukd jrifawG.vkduf&jyD;

ESpfa,mufpvkH;u ydef;cGef;ukd jyHK;jyD; MunfhaeMuygw,f/

o&Jr rdef;ri,fESpfa,muf[m rdef;racsm rdef;rvSav;awGyg/ t&G,fuvnf;

t&G,faumif;av;awGyg/ ydef;cGef;[m 'Do&JrqkdwJh rdef;racsmESpfa,mufukd jrifawG.vkdufwmeJY

pdwfxJu tcspfpdwfawG ay:aygufvkdYvmygw,f/

ydef;cGef;u jyHK;&TifjyD; . . .

]]aMomf ighnDrawGukd ckrSyJ jrifawG.zl;w,f/ wu,fhukd vSywJh rdef;racsmav;awGyJ/

tjyifavmurSm 'DvkdacsmwJh rdef;rrsKd; wpfcgrS rjrifawG.zl;bl;}} vkdY ajymvkdufawmh rdef;ri,f

ESpfa,muf teuf tMuD;rav;u

]]odyfjyD;vJ ajr§mufraeygeJY tpfukd&,f/ tpfukdua&m racsmbl;vm;}}

vkdY ajymMujyD; tm;vkH; &,farmvkdufMuygw,f/ jyD;awmhrS ti,frav;u

]]tpfukdemrnfu b,fvkdac: ovJ[if }}

]]tpfukdYemrnfu ] xefydef;cGef; } ? touf ( 25 ) ESpf }}

tMuD;rav;u

]]nDremrnfu usifrSD? tjynfhtpkHuawmh ]csK;usifrSD}? toufu ( 20 ) ESpf? olu usifwD

emrnftjynfhtpkHu ]vifusifwD } ? toufu ( 18 ) ESpf? nDtpfrvkd cspfcifMuwJh

oli,fcsif;awGav }}

ydef;cGef;u o&Jr usifrSDeJY usifwD ESpfa,mufpvkH;ukd rsufawmifrcwfbJ pkdufMunfhaeygw,f/

trSefawmh ydef;cGef;[m ESpfa,mufpvkH;ukd oabmus ESpfoufaeygw,f/

]]uJ . . usifrSDeJY usifwD? rif;wkdY ESpfa,mufpvkH;[m bmjzpfvkdY 0dnmOfavmuukd a&mufae&ovJ/

tpfukdawmh rif;wkdYukd MunfhjyD; pdwfraumif;vkdufwm }}

'DtcgrSm tMuD;r usifrSDu rsufESmav; ndK;i,foGm;jyD;

]]'Dvkdygtpfukd/ 'DtdrfMuD;ukd aqmufvkyfcJhwJh yxrtdrfykdif&Sif[m uRefr&Jh zcifyg/ uRefr[m

wpfOD;wnf;aom orD;yg/ uRefr&J. oli,fcsif; usifwDeJY tdrfaemufaz;cef;rSm xrif;[if;

csufjyKwfaewkef; rD;zkdu rD;awmufawGu rsufESmusufukd rD;pGJygw,f/ tJ'DrD;awmufaewJh

opfom;rsufESmusufu uRefreJY usifwDtay:ukd jyKwfusvkdY aoqkH;jyD; 'D0dnmOfavmuxJukd

a&mufvm&wmyg }}

]] aMomf jzpfrS jzpf&av[,f }}

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aemufqkH;awmh 'DtdrfMuD;eJY jcH0if;ukd a&mif;pm; vkduf&ygw,fqkdygawmh/ 'DtcgrSm olaX;MuD;

]wkefukdYyd } rdom;pku rw&m;ojzifh aps;ESdrfjyD; 0,f,lw,f/ uRefreJY usifwDwkdY[m 0dnmOfb0eJY

'DtdrfMuD;&J. tay: xyfrSm aexkdifMuygw,f/ wkefukdYyd rdom;pk[m pdwfoabmxm; raumif;bl;/



16

tvkdavmbvnf; MuD;ygw,f/ vlwpfzufom;ukd remvkd 0efwkdpdwfawGvnf;rsm;w,f/ 'geJY

wkefudkYydwkdY rdom;pkukd raeEkdifatmif uRefreJYusifwD trsKd;rsKd; ajcmufvSefYjyvkdufwm aemufqkH;

'DtdrfMuD;ukd aomhydwfjyD; awmukd jyefajy;a&m }}

]]usifrSDvkyfvkdufwm tuGufukd rdaewmyJ }}

vkdY usifwDu ajymawmh tm;vkH; 0kdif;arm&,farmMuygw,f/ jyD;awmhrS ydef;cGef;u

]]uJ . . tpfukdeJY nDrwkdYawG[m rdwfaqGawG jzpfoGm;MujyD? tm;vkH; aysmfaysmfae&atmif? tpfukdY

nDrawGuvJ 0dnmOfavmuom;qdkjyD; ukd,fa,mifjy raeMueJYawmh/ vlom;awGvkdyJ aeayghaemf/

usifrSDeJY usifwDqkdwJh nDrawGukd rjrifawG.&&if raewwfbl; }}

vkdY apmif;yg;&dyfajc ajymvkdufawmh usifrSDeJY usifwD ESpfa,mufpvkH; tawG;ukd,fpDeJY jyHK;pdpd

jzpfoGm;Muygw,f/

( 3 )

'DtdrfMuD;rSm ydef;cGef;? usifrSD? usifwDwkd. okH;OD;om; aysmfaysmf&Tif&TifaexkdifMuygw,f/ usifrSDu

ydef;cGef;eJY 0kdif;uljyD; xrif;csufay;w,f/ usifwDu ydef;cGef;&J. t0wftpm;awGukd

avQmufzGyfay;w,f/ MuHKwJhvlu wHjrufpnf;vSnf;jyD; oefY&Sif;a&;vkyfw,f/ xrif;pm;awmh

okH;OD;om; 0kdif;jyD; pm;aomufMuygw,f/

ae.vnfykdif;rSm ydef;cGef;u usifrSDeJY usifwD[m 0dnmOfavmura&mufcif vljzpfwkH;u

w&kwfynm ( 12 ) wef;tajccH wwfxm;vkdY 0dnmOfb0rSm w&kwfpmayukd qufvufoifMum;

vkdygw,fvkdY ajymwmaMumifh ydef;cGef;[m olwkdYESpfa,mufukd w&kwfpmayukd qufjyD;

oifMum;ay;&ygw,f/ usifrSDeJY usifwD ESpfa,mufpvkH;[m OmPfxufjrufMuvkdY ceav;

oifMum;ay;wmeJY w&kwfpmawGukd t"dyÜg,fESifhwuG tm;vkH;ukd rSwfrdMuygw,f/

usifrSDeJY usifwD ESpfa,mufpvkH;eJY ydef;cGef;[m &if;ESD;cifrifw,f qkdayr,fh usifrSDeJY awG.wm

ykdrsm;ygw,f/ ydef;cGef;eJY twl aemufaz;rD;zkdacsmifrSm usifrSDu xrif;csufvkdYykdjyD; cifrifrdygw,f/

wpfaeY usifwDtvpfrSm usifrSDeJY ydef;cGef; ESpfa,mufwnf;awG.wkef;

]]tpfukd usifrSDYukd pum;wpfcGef;ajymr,f/ pdwfqkd;rSmvm; }}

]] pdwfrqkd;ygbl;? ajymrSmom ajymyg }}

]] tpfukdav? usifrSDYukd cspfw,f }}

]] [,f wlvkdufwm }}

]] bmwlwmvJ usifrSD }}

]] usifrSDvJ tpfukdYukd cspfw,f/ cspfwmrS ckrS r[kwfbl;/ tpfukd 'DtdrfMuD;ukd pa&mufuwnf;u

tpfukdYukd pjrifuwnf;ucspfwm/ tpfukdtdyfaysmfae&if tpfukdrodatmif tdyfcef;wHcg;u usifrSD

vmacsmif;Munfh aewmMumjyD/ tpfukduom usifrSDYukd rjrifawG.&vkdY rodwm }}

]] 'geJYrsm;awmif tpfukdYukd ajcmufvSefY ae&ao;vm; }}

]] tpfukdtjypfajymvnf; usifrSDcH&rSmyJ/ wu,fu usifrSDu tpfukdYukd cspfaevkd. rajcmufvSefY

csifygbl;/ usifrDS&JY oli,fcsif; usifwDu twif;ajcmufckdif;vkdY ajcmuf&wmyg tpfukd&,f/

wpfckawmh&Sdw,f tpfukd }}



17

]] bmwpfckvJ usifrSD }}

]] usifrSDYukd cspfovkd oli,fcsif; usifwDukdvnf; tpfukdcspf&r,faemf/ EkdYr[kwf&if usifrSDeJY

tpfukdcspfwmukd usifwD auseyfrSmr[kwfbl;/ 'DtdrfMuD;rSm okH;a,mufaeawmh tpfukdu

ESpfa,mufpvkH;ukd rQrQwweJY cspfEkdifyghrvm; }}

]] cspfyghr,f? usifrSDauseyf&if jyD;wmygyJ }}

]] 'gjzifh usifrSDu tpfukdYr,m; ( wpf ) ? usifwDu tpfukdYr,m; ( ESpf ) aygh r[kwfbl;vm; }}

]] [kwfw,f? odyf[kwfw,f }}

vkdYajymjyD; ESpfOD;om; aysmf&TifvkdY aeMuygw,f/

'Daemufykdif;rSmawmh usifrSDeJY usifwD oli,fcsif;ESpfa,muf[m ydef;cGef;ukwifrSm wpfnrSm

wpfa,muf tvSnfYus oGm;tdyfMuygw,f/ cufaewmu usifrSDeJY usifwDwkdY[m 0dnmOfavmu

om;awG jzpfaevkdY vlom;awGvkd &kyfeJY emrf&SdwJh owå0grsm; r[kwf/ okckr&kyfom &SdaevkdY

ydef;cGef;u zufvkdufwkdif; &kyfukd xdawG.vkdY r&yJ avukd ayG.zuf&ovkd jzpfaeygawmhw,f/

( 4 )

wpfn usifwDeJ.twl ydef;cGef;[m tdyfaewkH;? usifwDu

]] tpfukd }}

]] bmwkH; usifwD }}

]] w&kwfynm&Sd okcrdefMuD;awG a&;om;jyKpkxm;wJh w&kwfa&S;a[mif; usrf;awGukd tpfukd

zwfEkdifovm; }}

]] b,fhES,fajymvkdufwmvJ/ zwfEkdifvkdY zwfwwfvkdY rif;rIxrf;pmar;yGJ 0ifajzqkdr,fh[m/

usifwD bmodcsifvkdYvJ/ odcsifwm&Sd&if ar;av? tpfukdajymjyr,f}}

]] tJ'D w&kwfa&S;a[mif; usrf;pmawGrSm 0dnmOfavmuom;ukd vljyefjyD; jzpfapwJh enf;awG

ryg&Sdbl;vm;/ tpfukdu vlom;? usifwDu 0dnmOfqkdawmh tawG.eJY cspfr&bl;/ taiG.eJY

cspfae&wm usifwDawmh tm;r&bl;/ 'Dawmh 0dnmOfu vljyefjyD; jzpfwJh enf;ukd &SmMuHjyD; usifwDhukd

0dnmOfb0uae vljyefjyD;jzpfatmif vkyfay;aemf }}

usifwDajymvkdufawmhrS ydef;cGef;[m olzwf&IavhvmcJhwJh w&kwfynm&Sd okcrdefMuD;awG

a&;om;jyKpkcJhwJh avmuDynm usrf;tpkHpkHukd jyefvnfawG;um qifjcifMunfhvkdufygw,f/ 'DtxJrSm

w&kwfavmuDynm tjzmjzmusrf;xJu pmwpfyk'fukd oGm;jyD; owd&vkdY }}

]] tpfukd owd&jyD? w&kwfavmuD ynmtjzmjzmusrf;rSm tJ'gygw,f usifwD }}

]]0rf;omvkdufwm tpfukd&,f/ usifwD.ukd jyKvkyfay;ygaemf }}

]] usifwDvlYb0 jyefvm&atmif tpfukd vkyfaqmifay;r,f pdwfcs }}




18

aemufwpfaeYrSm ydef;cGef;[m awmawmifawGxJrSm&SdwJh w&kwf bkef;awmfMuD;ausmif; awGukd

a&mufoGm;ygw,f/ awm&bkef;MuD;ausmif; wpfausmif;rSm w&kwfavmuDynm uRrf;wJh

w&kwfbkef;MuD;tkdMuD;wpfyg;ukd zl;awG.&ygw,f/

ydef;cGef;[m oleJY usifwDwkdY tjzpftysufukd ajymjyjyD; w&kwfavmuDynm tpDtrHenf;eJY

0dnmOfavmuom;ukd vljyefjzpfatmif jyKvkyfay;zkdY tultnD awmif;cHygw,f/ w&kwfbkef;MuD;

tkdMuD;uvnf; ulnDyghr,fvkdY uwday;jyD; vkdtyfwJh ypönf;awGukd ,liifum ydef;cGef;eJYtwl

tdrfMuD;ukd MuGa&mufvmygw,f/

tdrfMuD;ukda&mufawmh aetdrfu bk&m;pifrSm w&kwfavmuDynmeJY tpDtrH jyKvkyfxm;wJh

aq;za,mif;wkdif teDESpfwkdifukd rD;xGef;n§dygw,f/ jyD;awmh tif;csxm;wJh puúL0gawGukd rD;&Id.jyD;

bk&m;pifa&SUrSm pnf;0kdif;um pnf;0kdif;twGif;rSm ( 3 ) em&Djynfhawmh b,folYukdrS EIwfrqufbJ olY

awm&bkef;MuD;ausmif;ukd jyefvnfMuGoGm;ygw,f/

'Dtwkdif;yJ tcsdefrSefrSef 'DtdrfMuD;ukd MuGa&mufjyD; w&kwfavmuD tpDtrHawGukd

w&kwfbkef;MuD;tkdMuD;u jyKvkkyfay;ygw,f/ w&kwfbkef;MuD;tkdMuD; 'DtdrfukdMuGa&mufjyD; tpDtrHukd

jyKvkyfaecsdefrSmawmh tdrfMuD;rSm 0dnmOfavmuom; usifrSDeJY usifwD ESpfa,ufpvkH;[m

r&Sdawmhbl;/ aysmufuG,faevkdY tdrfMuD;rSm ydef;cGef; wpfa,mufwnf; aexkdifae&ygw,f/

wpfywfwdwd jynfhwJhaeYrSmawmh w&kwfbkef;MuD;tkdMuD;u

]]ighbufuawmh jyKvkyf&r,fh w&kwfavmuD tpDtrHawGukd trSm;t,Gif;r&Sd jyKvkyfaqmif&Guf

ay;jyD;jyD? rif;ajymwJh 0dnmOfavmuom; usifwDqkdwJh aumifrav; aemufwpfygwfavmuf Mum&if

a&mufvmvddrfhr,f }}

vkdY ydef;cGef;ukd rdefYMum;oGm;ygw,f/ w&kwfbkef;MuD;tkdMuD;xHrSm Mum;&wJh pum;aMumifh

ydef;cGef;[m 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om jzpfoGm;ygw,f/ ydef;cGef;[m usifwDukd arQmfwvifhvifheJY

apmifharQmfaeygw,f/

wpfywfjynfhwJhaeYrSm tdrfwHcg; acgufoHukdMum;vkdY ydef;cGef;[m ajy;jyD;wHcg;ukd

zGifhay;vkdufygw,f/ tdrfwHcg; tjyifbufrSm ( 17 ) ESpft&G,f rdef;uav;wpfa,muf

rwfwyf&yfaewmukd ydef;cGef;u jrifawG.vkduf&ygw,f/

'Drdef;uav;[m usifwDr[kwfyg/ &kyf&nfoefYjyefYayr,fh t0wftpm;rsm;u

opfopfvGifvGifMuD; r[kwf/ cyfa[mif;a[mif; cyfEGrf;EGrf; jzpfygw,f/ olwpfMudrfwpfcgrS

rjrifawG.zl;wJh rdef;uav;ukd ydef;cGef;u pl;pl;pkdufpkduf Munfhaewkef; . . . . ]]tpfuYkdqDukd vmcsifvGef;vkdY awmawG awmifawGukd okH;&ufwdwd jzwfavsmufjyd; zdeyfawmif

tawmfyg;oGm;w,f/ 'DrSmMunfhygOD; }}

ydef;cGef;u ikHMunfhvkdufygw,f/ [kwfygw,f/ rdef;uav;pD;vmwJh jrufzdeyfav;[m

yg;oa,mif jzpfaewm jrifawG.&ygw,f/ ydef;cGef;[m tawmfav; tHMoaeygw,f/ w&kwf

bkef;MuD;tkdMuD;ukd w&kwfavmuD tpDtrHeJY 0dnmOfavmuom; usifwDukd vlom;jyefjzpfatmif

vkyfckdif;cJhygw,f/ wu,fa&muf&Sdvmawmh tjcm;wpfa,muf jzpfvkdYaeygw,f/

tckoljrifawG.ae&wJh rdef;uav;[m usifwDavmufawmh racsmvSyg/ 'gayrJh oluav;u

,OfppeJY wpfrsKd;MunfhvkdY aumif;ygw,f/ touft&G,fu usifwDxufykdjyD; i,fygw,f/ vlu

usifwD r[kwfayr,fh toHu usifwD&J.toH jzpfaevkdY



19

]]rif;[m vifusifwDvm; }}

]][kwfw,fav? wpfygwfavmuf usifwDeJY uGJuGmom;wm rrSwfrdawmhbl;vm; tpfukd }}

]]0rf;omvkdufwm usifwD&,f }}

vkdY ydef;cGef; ajymajymqkdqkdeJY usifwDukd vufqGJum tdrfxJukd oGif;vkdufjyD; wHcg;ukd

ydwfvkdufygw,f/ tckrSyJ usifwDukd vlom;ppfppfb0eJY aygif;zuf&rSmrkdY ydef;cGef;[m

0rf;omvkH;qkdYvkdY aeygw,f/

'DtdrfMuD;rSm ydef;cGef;[m usifwDukd aygif;azmfvkdY aeygw,f/ 'DtcsdefrSm tdyfcef;axmifh

wpfae&mrSm ikd&IdufoHMum;vkdY ydef;cGef;eJY usifwDwkdY ESpfa,mufom; vSrf;Munfhvkdufawmh

rD;ckd;vkH;MuD;ukd jrifawG.&ygw,f/ rD;ckd;vkH;MuD;vnf; aysmufuG,foGm;a&m? usifrD&J. &kyfo@mef[m

ay:vGifvkdY vmygw,f/

usifrSDu rsuf&nfpufvufeJY jzpfaejyD;

]]tpfukd rw&m;bl; }}

]]bmjzpfvkd.vJ usifrSD }}

]]usifwDhusawmh 0dnmOfb0uae vljyefjzpfatmif vkyfay;jyD; aygif;oif;qufqHaewmukd

jrifawG.ae&wm b,favmuf pdwfqif;&JovJ odvm;/ uRefrukdusawmh vljyefjzpfatmif

vkyfray;bl; }}

]]tpfukdvJ ta&;wMuD; usifwDvkyfckdif;vkdY w&kwfbkef;MuD;ukd yifhjyD; w&kwfavmuD

tpDtrHenf;eJY vkyfay;vkdufwm/ pdwfomcsae usifrSD/ rif;ukdvJ tpfukd w&kwfbkef;MuD;

oGm;yifhaqmifjyD; vlYb0ukd jyefa&mufatmif vkyfay;r,f }}

vkdY ydef;cGef;u ajymvkdufawmhrS usifrSDu auseyfvkdY oGm;ygawmhw,f/

( 5 )

aemufwpfaeYrSm ydef;cGef;[m awm& bkef;awmfMuD;ausmif;u bkef;MuD;tkdMuD;qDukd

a&mufoGm;jyD; usifrSD&J. jzpf&yfukd ajymjyygw,f/ 'DtcgrSm bkef;MuD;tkdMuD;u

]]armif&ifajymwkH;u wpfa,mufyJrSwfvkdY wpfa,muftwGuf vkyfaqmifay;vkdufwm? ckawmh

ESpfa,mufqkdawmh ESpfcg yifyef;wmaygh }}

vkdYajymjyD; bkef;MuD;tkdMuD;[m ydef;cGef;eJYtwl vkdtyfwJh ypönf;awGukd ,laqmifvmjyD;

MuGa&mufvmygw,f/ 'DtdrfMuD;rSm ,cifenf;twkdif; usifrSDtwGuf w&kwfbkef;MuD;tkdMuD;u

vkyfaqmifay;jyD; ydef;cGef;ukd

]]wpfywfjynfhwJhaeYrSm 'Dtdrfukd usifrSD a&mufvmvdrfhr,f }}

vkdY rdefYMum;jyD; w&kwfbkef;MuD;tkdMuD;[m olY awm&ausmif;ukd jyefvnfMuGoGm;ygw,f/

ydef;cGef;[m taMumif;odjyD; jzpfaevkdY ,cifuvkd arQmfraeawmhyJ wpfywfjynfhwJhaeYrSm

tdrfwHcg;awGudk zGifhxm;jyD; jcHxJukdqif;um usifrSDtvmukd apmifhaeygw,f/

eHeufuwnf;u usifrSDukd arQmfawm ay:rvmao;yg/ aeYvnf ( 12 ) em&DavmufrSmawmh

jrdK.xJu tokbcsvmygw,f/ tokb[m a&S.rSm tvHwHcGefawGukd ukdifaqmifjyD; vkdufvH

ykdYaqmifwJh olawGuvnf; trsm;MuD; jzpfygw,f/ opfom;xGif; acgif;MuD;ukd wkwfeJY vQKdjyD;



21

]]csef }} rdom;pku olwkdYoruf ydef;cGef;ukd *kPfjyKwJhtaeeJY olYr,m;ESpfa,mufeJY aexkdifaewJh

'DtdrfMuD;eJYjcHukd ykdif&Sif ]]wkefukdYyd}} qDu0,f,ljyD; ay;vkdufygw,f/

ydef;cGef;u olYukd w&kwfavmuDynm tpDtrH jyKvkyfay;wJh awm& bkef;awmfMuD;ausmif;u

w&kwfbkef;MuD;tkdMuD;ukd ausmif;opfwpfausmif; aqmufvkyfvSL'gef;ygw,f/ jrdK.0ef&mxl;ukd

vufcH&&SdwJh ydef;cGef;[m olaX;? qif;&Jom; ausmom;&ifom; rcGJjcm;bJ w&m;ojzifh

pDrHtkyfcsKyfvkdY vlwkdif;vkdvkdu jrdK.0efydef;cGef;ukd cspfcifav;pm;Muygw,f/

jrdK.0efydef;cGef;eJY olYr,m;acsm usifrSD usifwDwkdYeSpfa,muf[m touft&G,fawG MuD;&ifvmwJh

tcsdefrSm vlMuD;a&m*geJY uG,fvGeftedpöa&muf&Sd oGm;Muayr,fh olwkdY&J. xl;qef;

tHMozG,faumif;wJh ydef;cGef;eJY usifrSD usifwDwkdY&J. ]] 0dnmOfcspfol }} Zmwfvrf;ukd ,aeYxufwkdif

vlwkdif;&J. yg;pyfzsm;rSm ajymMum;aeqJyJ &Sdygao;w,f/

( LIN U TAN \ ANCIENT CHINESE GHOST STORIES ukd qDavsmfatmif jyefqkdygonf/ )



22

OD;acgif;rygwJh wapär

t*Fvefjynf aemfrefacwfu wnfaqmufvkyfcJhwJh vef'efarQmfpif[m tvGefYukd xl;jcm;wJh

taqmufttkH jzpfygw,f/ 'grQomru jAwdoQorkdif;rSm 'Dae&m[m xdwfvefY

aMumuf&GHzG,faumif;wJh ae&mwpfckvJ jzpfcJhygw,f/

emrnfausmf vef'efarQmfpif[m jrdK.&J. ta&S.bufzsm; odrf;jrpfurf;yg;rSm wnf&Sdygw,f/

vef'efarQmfpif&J. a&S.rSm tumtuG,ftjzpf jyKvkyfxm;cJhwJh wl;ajrmif;eJY uwkwfawG[m

ESpfxyf&Sdygw,f/

vef'efarQmfpifMuD;ukd vjcrf;ozG,f 0kdif;ywfvsuf &Sdygw,f/ vef'efarQmfpifMuD;ukd 1078

ckESpfu bkef;awmfMuD; *ef'rfu wnfaqmufcJhjcif; jzpfygw,f/ cHwyftwGif;ukd 0ifzkdY

taemufbufrSm&SdwJh tv,farQmfpifukd jzwfoef;vkdY oGm;&ygw,f/ tv,farQmfpifukda&mufzkdY

usKH;ay:&Sd wHwm;ukd jzwfavQmuf&ygw,f/

cHwyfukd 0ifwJhvrf;wpfavQmufrSm emrnfqkd;eJY tausmfMum;qkH; ae&mu

awmifbuft&yfrSm&SdwJh opömazmufwkdY&J. wHcg; ( THE TRAITOR'S GATE ) jzpfygw,f/

opömazmufwkdY&J. wHcg;ukd jrpfaMumif;rSvm&if pdefYaomrwfarQmfpifeJY aoG;vGrf;arQmfpif ( THE

BLOODY TOWER ) wkdYukd jzwfoef;&ygw,f/ vef'efarQmfpifMuD;rSm vltrsm;&J. pum;t&qkd&if

aqmufwnf&mr&wJh wapäawG w0Jvnfvnf oGm;vmvIyf&Sm;vkdY aeygw,f/

'DwapäawGxJrSm trSwfw&t&SdqkH; ? vlodtrsm;qkH;uawmh tifEkdbkdvif;wapär jzpfygw,f/

tXrajrmuf [ife&Dbk&if[m tifEkdbkdvif;ukd awmfaumufawmhr,fvkdY vsmxm;vkdufcsdef upjyD;

tifEkd[m pef;yGif.vkdYvmygw,f/ rdzk&m;tjzpfukd a&mufwJhtcsdefrSm atmifjrifrI txGwftxdyfyJvkdY

qkdEkdifygw,f/ 'gayr,fh tifEkdbkdvif;&J. aumif;pm;wJhtcsdef[m wkdawmif;vSygw,f/ vQyfwpfjyuf

a&yGufyrmrQyJ jzpfygw,f/



23

b0ifjrifhwJh tifEkdbkdvif;[m [ife&Dbk&iftay: at;wdat;puf jzpfvmygw,f/

[ife&Dbk&if[m xkHxkdif;ol? o0efwkdpdwfMuD;ol? a'goMuD;ol jzpfygw,f/ tifEkdbkdvif;u 'gukd

rESpfouf&kHomru rkef;wD;pdwfawGyif 0ifvmygw,f/ tajctaeu ykdykd qkd;0g;vkdYvmygw,f/

jyD;awmh tifEkdbkdvif;[m om;awmf rarG;zGm;jcif;yJ jzpfygw,f/

tifEkdbkdvif;[m rdzk&m;jzpfjyD;wJhaemuf okH;ESpftMumrSm olr[m uGyfrsufjcif; cH&ygw,f/

tdrfaxmifa&; azmufjyefrIeJY tpGyfpGJ cH&wmaMumifhjzpfygw,f/ tifEkdbkdvif;[m owfjzwfcH&r,fh

ae&mukd &J&J0hH0HhyJ oGm;ygw,f/

Al;'l;

Al;'l; ( VOODOO ) qkdonfrSm ueOD;u taemuftif'D;uRef;pkwGif aexkdifMuonfh

vlrnf;rsm; ouf0if,kHMunfonfh a&S;a[mif; t,l0g'wpf&yf[k taemufwkdif;om;wkdYu

,lqMu\/

,if;t,l0g'wGif ewfbk&m;rsm;tm; ukd;uG,fjcif;? pkef;arSmftwwf nd§K.,lzrf;pm;jcif;?

tpGJtvef;ESifh usdefpmwkdufrIwkdY tay:wGif ouf0if,kHMunfjcif;wkdY a&maxG;,SufEG,fí yg&Sdae\/

Al;'l;t,l0g'ukd ouf0if,kHMunfolrsm;wGif a[wDtygt0if taemuftif'D;uRef;ol

uRef;om;rsm;u tmz&duwkduf&Sd EkdifiHtcsKd.wGif aexkdifolrsm;vnf; yg0if\/

taemuftmz&duwkduf&Sd wkd*kdEkdifiHawmifykdif;wGif aexkdifMuaom wkdif;&if;om;rsm;onf

Al;'l;0g' ( VOODOOISM ) ukdouf0if,kHMunfolrsm; jzpfMuonf/ wkd*kdEkdifiHjrdK.awmf vkdar

teD;wGif pkef;ya,m* cRwfaom aq;&kHwpf&kH wnf&Sd\/

tcspfewfbk&m;rxH Al;'l;bkef;awmfMuD;wpfyg;u aeYpOf pD;u&uf? *sift&ufESifh

a&arT;taumif;pm;wkdYukd qufuyfay;&onf/ *gb&mewfuGef;wnf&m aq;&kHokdY vma&mufí

ukorIcH ,lolrsm;rSm wkd*kdEkdifiHawmifykdif;wGif aexkdifaom tD;pDvlrsKd;pk wkdif;&if;om;rsm;ESifh

*gemEkdifiH ta&S.awmifykdif;wGif aexkdifaom wkdif;&if;om;rsm; jzpfMuonf/ xkda'oaq;&kHwGif

temMuD; a&m*gonf rsm;rSonf avoifwkef; a&m*gtxd a0'emrsm;ukd ukoay;cJh\/

Al;'l;t,l0g'onf a[wDuRef;rS pwifay:aygufvmonf[k vltrsm;u ,lqMuonf/

trSefrSm ,if;t,l0g'onf taemuftmz&du&Sd SLAVE COAST rS ay: xGef;vmjcif;jzpf\/

Al;'l;t,l0g'onf tmz&durSonf tar&duwkduf&Sd wkdif;&if;om;rsm;xH a&muf&SdcJhjyD;

EkdifiHtvkduf Al;'l;t,l0g'ukd a0g[m& trsKd;trsKd;jzifh ac:a0:Muonf/ Al;'l;\ a,bl,s

t"dyÜg,fzGifhqkdcsufrSm ] 0dnmOf } ( SPIRIT ) yifjzpf\/

Al;'l;0g'ukd ouf0if,kHMunfolrsm;onf rdrd\ rHopu©K yuwdrsufpdjzifh jrifEkdifpGrf;r&Sdaom

ewfbk&m;rsm;\ wefckd;awmfrsm;ukd ,kHMunfMuonf/ yuwdrsufpdjzifh rjrifEkdifpGrf;aom

ewfbk&m;rsm;onf urÇmajrjyifESifh touf0dnmOfukd pkd;ykdifonf[k rSwf,lMuonf/ taemuf

tmz&du\ ta&twGuftm;jzifh 2 'ór 5 oef;&Sdaom wkdif;&if;om;trsm;pkrSm Al;'l;0g'Drsm;

jzpfMu\/



24

Al;'l;t,l0g'ESifh oufqkdifaeaom tjcm;ewfbk&m;wpfyg;rSm zvDrmeDukul;

( FLIMANIKOKU ) jzpfonf/ zmvDrmeDukdul;onf a&m*gb,rsm;ukd aysmufuif;atmif

ukoay;Ekdifaom ewfbk&m;jzpfonfqkd\/ okH;ESpfvQifwpfMudrf arvokdY a&mufavwkdif; tqkdyg

ewfbk&m;yGJukd ckESpf&ufwkdifwkdif usifyjyKvkyfcJh\/

wkd*kdEkdifiHwGif zvDrmeD ul;ewfbk&m;ukd ukd;uG,frIrSm vGefcJhaom ESpfaygif; 100 cefYrS

pwifcJhonf/ EWE wkdif;&if;om;rsm;\ bkd;ab;bDbifrsm;onf tqkdyg ewfbk&m;aqmifaom

bmoma&;"m; 14 vuf xnfhxm;aom {&mr bl;oD;ajcmufMuD; wpfvkH;ukd bDeifrS *gemEkdifiH

tzavmifokdY aqmifMunf;cJh Muonfqkd\/ zvDrmeDukdul; ewfbk&m;ylaZmfyGJwGif ,pfylaZmfrI

tcrf;tem; wpf&yfvnf; yg0if\/ ,pfylaZmfrI jyKvkyfykHrSm uav;i,fwpfOD;\ OD;acgif;wGif Muufwpfaumifukd wifxm;onf/

vlMuD;av;OD;u tqkdyg bmoma&; "m;av;vufukd bl;jcif;xJrS qGJxkwfum tqkdygMuufukd

"m;OD;rsm;jzifh awhxm;jyD;aemuf tqkH;pD&ifjcif;jzpf\/

,pfylaZmfjcif;cH&aom Muufaoukd bl;oD;ajcmuftkd;wGif xnfhí rD;jyif;wkduf csufjyKwfonf/

rD;avmifvG,faom bl;oD;ajcmufrSm rD;avmifuRrf;jcif; vkH;0r&Sdonfukd xl;jcm;pGm jrifawG.&onf

qkd\/

zvDrmeDukdul; ewfylaZmfyGJwGif ewf0ifonfrsm;onf xkdjzpf&yfqef;udk vufawG.usus

&Sif;jyEkdifpGrf; r&SdMuyg/

ewf0ifonf trsKd;orD;wpfOD;onf olr\ zGifhxm;aom yuwd rsufvkH;rsm;twGif;okdY

oJwpfqkyfjzifh yufaomfvnf; emusifcHcufonfh a0'em vu©PmtoGifukd vkH;0jyojcif; r&Sdyg/

xkdenf;wlpGmyif ewf0ifonf trsKd;om;wpfOD;u rdrd\ 0rf;Akdufukd zefuGJprsm;jzifh

jywfawmufjyonf/ aoG;wpfpkHwpf&mrS rxGufyg/ tjcm;ewf0ifolwpfOD;u rD;ukd rsKdcsjyonf/

tjcm;wpfOD;rSmrl &ifbwfay:wGif armif;qkHukdwifum armif;axmif;cJhMu\/

ewfylaZmfyGJwGif rD;jyif;wkdufu tylay;xm;aom "m;jzifh ewf0ifolwpfOD;\ vQmukd

jzwfawmufjyonf/ vQmwGif 'Pf&m'Pfcsuf vkH;0rawG.&yg/ xkduJhokdY 'Pf&m'Pfcsuf

r&onfrSm wefckd;&Sdaom bk&m;ocifu apmifha&Smufxm;rIaMumifh[k ,kHMunfMu\/

ukd;ul;ewfbk&m;tm; ylaZmfyGJwGif ewf0ifvkdolrsm;rSm ewfbk&m;rsm;\ trdefYukd

emcHMu&onf/ ,if;rSm ylaZmfyGJrusif;yrD &ufowåywf tvkdrSpí arxkefoH0gorIukd

a&SmifMunfjcif;? qdwfom;pm;jcif;rS a&SmifMunfjcif;ESifh ewfbk&m;wkdYtay:wGif tjynfht0

ouf0if,kHMunfjcif;wkdY jzpf\/

Al;'l;t,l0g'wGif vufcHaom tjcm;ewfbk&m;wpfyg;rSm rkd;MudK;? rkef;wkdif;ESifh vQyfpD;vufrI

wkdYukd pkd;ykdifaom ewfbk&m;jzpfonf/ ,if;ewfbk&m;ukd [DAkdiftkdqkd ( HEVIOSO ) [kac:\/

Al;'l;0g'rsm; ukd;uG,faom tjcm; ewfbk&m;wpfyg;rSm MuG,f0csrf;omrIukd ay;pGrf;Ekdifaom

rmrkdif0gwm ( MAMY WATA ) ewfbk&m;rjzpfonf/ ewfbk&m;wumh ewfbk&m;rsm;teuf

wefckd;od'd¨ tMuD;rm;qkH; ewfbk&m;rSm rm0l ( MAWU ) ewfbk&m;jzpfonf/ rm0lewfbk&m;onf

zefqif;&Sif ewfbk&m;jzpfonf/ ewfbk&m;rsm;ukd ylaZmfyo&mwGif wef;ckd;od'd¨ tqifhtwef;t&

tqifhqifh ylaZmfyorI jyK&\/



25

Al;'l;0g'ESifh oufqkdifaeaom ewfbk&m;rsm;ukd ukd;uG,folrsm;onf aeYpOfaeYwkdif;

ylaZmfouúm& jyKMu&onf/ a'ocH wkdif;&if;om;rsm;\ yifwkdif pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rSm

&ufuef;cwfjcif;jzpfjyD; &ufuef;opf tokH;rjyKrD *sift&ufESifh a&ponfh vSLzG,fypönf;rsm;jzifh

ewfukd qufo&onf/ ewfukd ylaZmfyoolrsm;onf tMuHaumif; OmPfaumif;rsmukd

ewfbk&m;rsm;xHrS tm&kHcH &&SdEkdifonf[k ouf0if,kHMunfMu\/

( REF: NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC ( AUG : 95 ).



26

raouRef;

rpöwmqkdumw

*syefjynf em*gpuDjrdK.em;rSm tdrfMuD;tdrfaumif; wpfvkH;&Sdonf/ xkdtdrfMuD;ukd

rpöwmtkdumwm qkdolu ykdifonf/ olYwGif tajcGt&Hrsm;pGm&Sdonf/ vkdcsifwmukd &Ekdifonfh

vlcsrf;om wpfOD;jzpfonf/ xkdYjyif todtvdr®mESifh MuG,f0jyD; &nfrGefol wpfOD;vnf; jzpfonf/

aeYpOfaeYwkdif; ukd,fykdiftdrf&Sd pmMunfhcef;wGif pmzwfavh&Sdonf/ urÇmhorkdif; bmom&yfwGif

ykdrkdí pdwf0ifpm;onf/ pmay rzwfjzpfvQif em*gpuDjrdK.0ef;usif&Sd awmawmifa'orsm;wGif

vrf;avQmufavh&Sdonf/

awmvrf;wpfavQmuf&Sd iSufuav;rsm; wd&pämefrsm;onf rpöwmtkdumwmESifh cspfcif&if;ESD;

aeMuonf/ xkdokdYaom b0aysmf&Tif csrf;ajrUaeonfrSm ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm MumjrifhavjyD/

okdYaomf olonf touf ( 40 ) jynfharG;aeY ausmfvGefvmaomtcg olYb0ukd jiD;aiGUp

jyKvmawmhonf/ aeYpOfESifhtrQ pmayrsm;ukd zwfcJhaomfvnf; jynfhpkHonfr&Sd/ topftopfawGukd

avhvmrqkH; jzpfae&onf/

touft&G,f axmufvmonfESifhtrQ rsufpdu rdIif;? cg;u udkif;csifvmonf/ rdrdrSm

&SdavorQaom ykdufqHawGukd b,fvkdokH;&yghrvJ/ raocifav;rSm pmay[lorQ odcsifonfh

pdwfqEúvnf; MuD;rm;vmjyefonf/ ,ckae jAHK;ceJ aoqkH;oGm;vQif olYtwGuf

pdwfqif;&Jp&mwpfck jzpfrnfrSm aocsmonf/ wpfaeYwGif rpöwmqkdumwmonf rao&m rtdk&m

*syefokcuRef;taMumif;ukd zwf&Ivkduf&onf/

]] tif; . . . 'DuRef;av;qDukdom iga&muf&SdcJh&if ig[mb,fawmhrS raoawmhbl; }}[lí

pdwful;rdum pdwfvIyf&Sm;jyD; tawG;e,fcsJ.rdcJhonf/

uRef;ajrykH

rpöwmumwmonf rdrd\ pdwful;ukd wu,fvufawG. taumiftxnfazmf&ef qkH;jzwf

vkdufonf/ *syef wpfjynfvkH;tESHY ig;ESpfwkdifwkdif c&D;qefYum raoaom okcuRef;ukd &SmykHawmf

zGifhcJhonf/

wpfawmf0if wpfawmxGuf? wpf&Gm0if wpf&GmxGuf wpfjrdK.0if wpfjrdK.xGufjyD; raouRef;

taMumif;ukd vlwkdif;tm; awG.qkHí ar;jref;onf/ rnfol wpfOD;wpfa,mufrQ rodMuyg/

aemufqkH;wGif em*gpuDjrdK.rS tvGefa0;uGmjyD; acsmifusaom &Gmodrf&Gmi,fav;okdY

a&muf&SdcJhonf/ xkd&GmwGif rpöwm qkdumwmonf bkd;ouf&SnfwpfOD;ukd awG.&í



27

]] tbcifAsm? rtdk&m rao&m okcuRef;ukd b,fvkdoGm;&r,fqkdwm od&if aus;Zl;jyKjyD;

ajymjyygcifAsm }}

]] at; . . igodorQ ajymjyyghr,f }}

]] [kwfuJh trdefY&Sdyg bb }}

]] tJ'D raouRef;rSm ightpfukd wpfa,mufawmh &Sdav&J./ olYqDukd vkdufvmzkdY c&D;vrf;nTef

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xkdtcg rpöwmqkdumwmu

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ta&;MuD;vGef;vkdYyg }}

]] at;uG,f &rSmaygh/ vlav;ukd MudKwifjyD; odtyfwJh tcsufav;ESpfckawmh ajymxm;&OD;r,f }}

]] [kwfuJh ajymyg bb }}

]] yxrtcsufu raouRef;qDukd av[kefpD;jyD; c&D;ESifrS a&mufr,fqkdwm&,f/

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]] pdwfomcs tba&/ uRefawmfu 'DraouRef;rSm xm0& aerJholyg }}

av[kefpD;í c&D;ESif

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a&mufonfESifh bkdk;ouf&Snf\ tpfukdtm; t&&SmazGay;rnfh taMumif;ukd uwdjyKcJhonf/

xkdYaemuf raouRef; ajrykHtnTef;twkdif; c&D;qufvuf xGufcGmvmcJhonf/ aemufqkH;wGif

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]] tkd . . . b,fvkdrsm; av[kefpD;jyD; oGm;&ygh }}

rpöwmqkdumwmonf nnf;nL&if; aumif;uifukdarmhí Munfhvkdufonf/ teD;ywf0ef;usif&Sd

awmifukef;teD; aumif;uif,HwGif MudK;MumiSufESpfaumif 0JysHaeonfukd jrifawG.vdkuf&onf/

]] tkd . . MudK;Mum? MudK;Mum? a&TMudK;Mum/ rtkd&m? rao&muRef;ukdom ighukd a&mufatmif

ykdYvkdYay;Muyg/}}

MudK;MumiSufrsm;uvnf; rpöwmqkdumwm\ ,Ofaus;ysKiSmaom pum;oHaMumifh olYukd

tultnDay;&ef oabmwlvkdufMuonf/ okdYjzifh olonf MudK;MumiSufrsm;\ tultnDjzifh

avxJwGif wpfem&DMum av[kefpD;&onf/

us,fjyef.jyD; jrifhrm;aom awmifwef;rsm;? Munfjympdrf;vJhaom a&uefrsm;ESifh jruRef;omukd

eD;vmavav? pdwfvIyf&Sm; 0rf;ajrmufavavjzpfjyD; aemufqkH;wGif raouRef; okcbkHokdY

ajccsEkdifawmh\/



28

i&JbkHavm

jruRef;omay:okdY a&muf&SdonfESifh rpöwmqkdumwmonf olYukd ajrykHay;vkdkufaom

bkd;ouf&Snf\ tpfukdawmfolukd t&SmxGufcJhonf/ olYpdwfxJwGif rtDrom cHpm;vm&onf/

uRef;ay:&Sd vlrsm;ukdvnf; txl;tqef;tjzpf awG.vm&onf/ awmpyfcsKHykwfawG teD;wGif

xkdifolu xkdif/ b,f&DoD;awGukd jrefjrefqefqef cl;pm;olawGu pm;jzifh olar;orQukd

ta&;vkyfjyD; ajzrnfholvnf; rawG.&/

tcsKd.u ] 0kdif;MuD;ywfywf 'la0a0 } vkyfaeMuonf/

olar;onfukd jyefívnf; rajym/ olwkdYtm;vkH;teuf jymESrf;aom rsufESmjzifh taMumufMuD;

aMumufaeoltcsKdUukdvnf; awGU&onf/ xkdjymESrf;aom rsufESm&Sdolrsm;onf oJaomifjyifay:0,f

xkdif&if; vufESpfzufukd vdrf,Sufvsuf us,fajymvSaom yifv,fjyifukd ai;ikdkuf

pkdufMunfhaeMuonf/

rpöwmqkdumwmonf olwkdYxHu pum;jyefr&/ rsufESmjymESrf;aeol tm;vkH;onf

aMumuf&GHxdwfvefYaeom rsufvkH;tpkHwkdYjzifh olwkdYtm;vkH;onf vkH;0ukd ½l;oGyfaeMuaMumif;

od&Sdvkduf&onf/

aemufqkH;wGif tdrfjcHwpfckxJwGif xkdifaeolwpfa,mufukd awG.&onf/ olum; ½l;oGyfaom

vu©Pmr&Sd/ pum;rajymEkdif avmufatmifvnf; tvkyf½Iyfae[ef rawG.&yg/

]] wpfqdwfcifAsm;/ uRefawmfu tckrS 'DjruRef;omukd a&muf&SdvmwJh {nfhonfyg/

uRefawmf&J.rdwfaqGMuD; bkd;ouf&Snf&J. tpfukdawmfol wpfa,muf 'DuRef;rSm &Sdw,fqkdvkd.

&Smaewmyg }}

tdrf0kdif;xJrS xkdifaeolu rpöwmqkdumwmukd zdwfac:vkdufjyD; olajymorQukd em;axmifonf/

xkdYaemuf

]] rif;&SmaewJhol[m igyJ/ at; rif;awG.cJhwJh ighnDukd rif;taeeJY trsKd;rsKd;qJqkd

Mudrf;armif;oifhw,f }}

rpöwmqkdumwmu tHhtm;oifhoGm;jyD;

]]cifAsm; bmukd ajymcsifwmygvdrfh/ 'DjruRef;om[m rtkd&m rao&muRef; r[kwfbl;vm; }}

]] at; ightzkdYuawmh 'Dae&m[m usdefpmoifwJh ae&mwpfckyJ/ rif;vnf; ighvkd i&JwGif;xJukd

a&mufvmwJholyJ }} t&l;wkdYurÇm ]] ig'DuRef;ay:ukd a&mufaewm[m ESpfaygif; ajcmufq,f&SdjyD/ avmuMuD;rSm tawmfqkH;

yk*d¾Kvfjzpf&atmif 'Dukd avhvma&;c&D; a&mufvmcJhwmyJ }}

wu,fawmh ig[m t½l;MuD;vkH;vkH; jzpfcJh&w,f/ 'Dae&mrSmbmrS tajymif;tvJr&Sdbl;/

bm&moD bmyef;rSvnf; r&Sdbl;/ b,fvkdO,smOfrsKd;rS pkdufysKd;vkdYr&wJha'o/ ckxd b,favmuf

aMumufp&m aumif;ovJqkdwmawG rif; rodao;bl;/ tajymif;tvJr&SdwJh 'Dt&yfa'orSm

igESpfaygif; ajcmufq,f&SdjyD/ igajymwmukd ,kHyguGm/ 'DrSmae&wJh b0[m



29

tvGefjiD;aiG.vmwmeJYtrQ aemufqkH; rif;½l;&rSmyJ/ wkdYtm;vkH;twGuf aMumufp&m b0ed*kH;yguGm }}

]] yxr ½l;oGm;w,f/ aemufawmh b,f&DoD;awGukd pm;wJh t½l;awGxJukd a&mufoGm;w,f/

b,f&DoD;rsm;rsm; pm;wJhol[m wpfaeYrSm qHyifjzLwpfacsmif; aygufvmr,fvkdY 'DvlawGu

,kHMunfMuw,f/

'grSr[kwf&if rif;[m ] 0kdif;MuD;ywfywf 'la0a0 } tkyfpkxJyg&r,f/ 0kdif;MuD;ywfywf 'la0a0

upm;&if tJ'Dvl[m wpfaeYrSm tkdvmvdrfhr,f/ tJ'DaeYupjyD; tkd&mu ao&rSmukd

raMumufawmhbl;aygh/

tJ'Dvkd b,f&DoD;pm; t½l;awG/ 0kdif;MuD;ywfywf 'la0a0 t½l;awGxuf aMumufp&maumif;wm

wpfck&Sdao;w,f/ tJ'guawmh jynfruRef;MuD;qDukd jyefzdkY yifv,fjyifukd jzwful;zkdY MudK;pm;wmyJ }}

]]tJ'DvlawG bmjzpfoGm;MuwkH;/ olwkdYtm;vkH; aoqkH;oGm;Muovm;}}

rpöwmqkdumwmu pdwfoufromjzifh jyefar;vkdufonf/

]]olwdk.[m ausmufwkH; ausmufcJawGvkd yifv,fa&atmufukd wef;wef;rwfrwf

vdrfhusoGm;Muw,f/ wpf&ufESpf&ufusawmh olwkdYukd oJaomifjyif wpfae&mrSm awG.Mu&w,f/

jymESrf;aewJh rsufESmawGeJY t½l;MuD;b0ukd vkH;vkH; a&mufoGm;Muw,f/ nbufukda&muf&if

olwkdYwawG[m tdyfrufqkd;MuD;awGeJY 'ku©a&mufMu&w,f/ 'DwpfuRef;vkH;[m 0l;0l;0g;0g;

atmf[pfoHawGukd rif;Mum;&rSmyg/ olwkdY&J.b0[m t½l;MuD;vkH;vkH;jzpfjyD; 'DaMumufp&m i&JuRef;rSm

&moufyef aeoGm;Mu&w,f/}}

rpöwmqkdumwmrSm tzkd;MuD;ajympum;ukd em;axmif&if; aMumufvefYpdwfawG 0ifvmrdonf/

r[mtrSm;MuD;wpfckukd usK;vGefrdouJhokdY pdwfwGif cHpm;ae&onf/ xkdb0qkd;MuD;u b,fvkd

vGwfajrmuf Ekdifrnfenf;[k awG;awmaerdonf/

yifv,fjyifukd ausmfjzwfol

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tdyfa&;ysufcJh&onfh tMudrfaygif;vnf; renf;awmh/ aeYwkdif;0rf;enf;í ikdaMuG;rdonfrSmvnf;

tMudrfMudrfjzpfonf/ em*gpuDjrdK.teD;&Sd ukd,fhtdrfrSmyif tkdonf aoonftxd aecsifpdwfrsm;

jzpfay:rdonf/ vuf&Sd þi&JuRef;uom vGwfajrmufrnfqkdavvQif bmukdrqkd vkyf&ef

tqifoifhyif/

wpfae.wGif rpöwmqkdumwm vrf;avQmufoGm;&if; þi&JuRef;taMumif;ukd ajymjycJhonfh

bkd;ouf&Snf\ tpfukdawmfpyfol tbkd;MuD;ukd jrifawG.&onf/ tbkd;MuD;um; ]0kdif;MuD;ywfywf

'la0a0} b0okdY a&muf&SdaeavjyD/ olYukd pum;pjrnf ajymEkdifrnf r[kwfawmhrSef; odvkduf&onf/

rpöwmqkdumwmwpfa,muf pdwfnpfvmjyD; vrf;ray:wGif csHK;yGJcs ikdvkdufrdonf/ okdYaomf

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&yfum yifv,fjyifukd ai;armMunfhaerdonf/



31

ewfwefckd;yG Jawmf

odyÜHynmxGef;um;aom rsufarSmufurÇmMuD;wGif odyÜHynmjzifh prf;oyfavhvmjyD;

tajzxkwfí r&aom jyóemaygif;rsm;pGm &SdaeMuao;onf/ xkdtxJrS wpfckaom om"uukd

wifjyygtHh/

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t&yfa'orSm tD'ifawmifukef;wGif aexkdifMuonf/ wl&uD ta&S.awmifykdif;? tD'ifta&SY



32

ajrmufykdif;ESifh qD;&D;,m; ta&S.ajrmufykdif;wkdYwGif pkpnf;jyD; aexkdifavh&SdMuonf/ [kMowuf

vlrsKd;rsm;onf olwkdY\ Zmwda'oü oD;jcm;,Ofaus;rIESifh a&S;a[mif;"avh xkH;pHrsm;jzpfaom

]ewfwefcdk;yGJawmf} ukd rsufarSmufacwftxd vufcHxm;Muonf/

ewfwefckd;yGJawmfukd wpfywfvQif ( 2 ) MudrfnbufwGif jyKvkyfusif;yavh&Sdonf/ jyKvkyfykHrSm

pnf;0kdif;MuD;wpfckxJwGif vlrsm;ukd pka0;í olwkdY\ xkH;wrf;pOfvmt& ae&mxkdifcif;rsm; ,lMuum

acgif;aqmifvkyfolu usrf;pmukd zwfMum;jyonf/ usrf;pmwGif ,kHMunfpdwf tjynfht0jzifh

tm&kHjyK&if; pdwfvIyf&Sm;vmum ukd,fum,rsm; vIyf&Sm;vmjyD; eab;&Sd tazmfrsm;\ OD;acgif;ay:

okdY "m;ajr§mifjzifh vnf;aumif;? ukd,fcE¨may:okdY oHcRef&Snfrsm;jzifh vnf;aumif; xkd;pkdufMuonf/

xkdtcsdefwGif wD;0kdif;rS qkdif;uvnf; rjywfwrf; wD;rIwfaeMuonf/ jrL;wl;uckefMuonf/

"m;ajr§mifjzifh OD;acgif;wGif xkd;pkdufcH&olonf vnf;aumif;? oHcRef&Snfjzifh txkd;cH&olonf

vnf;aumif;? emusifrIa0'emukd rcHpm;&jcif;onf tHMozG,fwpf&yf jzpfaeonf/ þonfukdyif

ewfwefckd;[k ac:qkdMuonf/ ewfxGufoGm;aom "m;ajr§mifESifh oHcRef&Snfrsm;ukd tm;jzifh

xkwfEkwf,lMuonf/ 'Pf&m'Pfcsufukd ewfq&m acgif;aqmifvkyfolu ol\wHawG;jzifh

okwfvdrf;ay;onf/ yuwd vlaumif;twkdif; jyefvnfí jzpfoGm;Muawmhonf/

,ef;ewfwefckd;yGJawmfukd OD;pD;OD;aqmifjyKvkyfaom ewfq&mjzpfoltm; ar;Munfhaomtcg]]

ewf&J. wefckd;awmfaMumifh þokdY jyKvkyfjcif;jzpfw,f/ vlrSm emusifjcif;a0'em vkH;0r&Sd }} [lí

jyefajzMum;\/

[kwfonf/ ewf0ifyl;uyfjcif; cH&aom olwkd.rSm "m;ajr§miffrsm;jzifh xkd;pkdufcH&jcif;?

"m;&Snfrsm;jzifh vSD;jzwfcH&jcif;? oHcRef&SnfMuD;i,fwkdYwGif xkd;pkufcH&aomfvnf; vkH;0

emusifjcif;r&Sd/ jrL;wl;aysmf&Tifí aeonfukd tHhMozG,f jrifawG.&onf/

þuJhokdYaom ewfwefckd;yGJawmfwGif yg0ifqifEGJMuonfh ][kMowuf} vlrsKd;rsm;wGif trsm;pkrSm

v,form;rsm;? tvkyform;rsm;? tEkynm&Sifrsm;jzpfMujyD; q&m0ef? a&S.ae? tif*sifeD,mwkdYu

vlenf;pk jzpfMuonf/ rnfokdYyifjzpfap [kMowuf vlrsKd;rsm;onf a&S;a[mif;&kd;&m "avhxkH;pH

,Ofaus;rI wpfckjzpfonfh þewfwefckd;yGJawmfukd ,aeYxufwkdif xdef;odrf;xm;vsufyif

&SdaeMuonf/ usrf;nTef;

World Affairs Pirctorial ( April 1993 ) ( *rÇD&r*¾Zif;? 1995 ckESpf? atmufwkdbmv )



33

tHhzG,fqef;Mu,f jreef;EG,f

&efukefjrdK. Akdvfwaxmifbk&m; a*gyu&kH;cef; taqmufttkHESifh uyfvsufrSm ]jreef;EG,f

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apwDawmfu a*gyutzGJ.0ifvlMuD;rsm;eJY oGm;a&mufawG.qkHar;jref;jyD; tultnD

awmif;Muygw,f/

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acgif;pOfeJY Akdvfwaxmif apwDawmfMuD;&J. t"du 'g,dumrMuD; jreef;EG,f taMumif;ukd

tus,fw0ifh a&;om; azmfjy xm;ygw,f/

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]] . . . jreef;EG,f? emrnfav;u vSyjyD; usufoa& &SdvSygonf/ wcsKdUu tpfrawmf

jreef;EG,f[k ac:Muygonf/ ykdíem;axmif aumif;ygonf/ olonf vlvm;? okdkufeef;&Sifvm;?

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tylaZmfcHxm;rnf jzpfygonf/

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34

jrifcsifvnf; jrifMuvdrfhrnf/ awG.csifvnf; awG.Muvdrfhrnf/ ,ck jreef;EG,f bk&m;

ausmif;aqmifMuD; jzpfvm&eftwGuf bufpkHrGrf;rH jyifqifwnfaqmufa&; A[kdtzGJ.MuD;

ay:aygufvmygonf/

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jreef;EG,f qkawmif;jynfhoGm;ygjyD/ aemufaemifukdvnf; xl;uJaom tvSL&Sif yg&rD&Sifrsm;

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&Sdygw,f/

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( 1 ) ararjreef;EG,f trSL;xm;í rdcifMuD;a':OrS uG,fvGefol orD;av; rcifat; ( ac: )



35

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aewkef;ygyJ/ ( a&mifjyefr*¾Zif;? 2001 ckESpf? ZGefv )



36

vlusm;opf

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]]'Draumif;qkd;0g;awGaMumifh ig om;aumifr&wm jzpfrSmyJ}}



37

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ik*Du awG;vkdufrdonf/



38

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39

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pl;pkdufjyD; MunfhvkdufrdonfESifh wpfjydKifeuf olronf xdwfvefYwMum; atmf[pfvkdufonf/



41

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usrf;rmcsrf;omygap}}

[lí arSmfq&mMuD;u qkawmif;ay;tjyD;wGif ik*Dwpfa,muf&GmokdY jyefvmcJhonf/

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oGm;cJh&jyD/

aemufqkH;wGif ik*Donf rdrdaexkdif&m wJtdrfukdyif pGefYypfcJhonf/ awG.&mus&mae&mukd

oGm;a&mufjyD; &&mukd &SmazGpm;aomufum ajcovkH;tdrfwkdifb0okdY ul;ajymif;cJhonf/ aemif

wpfoufvnf; awmvkdufrkqkd;b0ukd pGefYypfzkdY &moufyef qkH;jzwfvkdufavawmhonf/

( THE FLYINGHEADS AND OTHERS STRANGE STORIES မွ THE LEOPARD MAN ukd

jyefqkdygonf/ ) __________________



42

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43

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44

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45

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aumif;ygw,f}}



46

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47

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48

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49

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tdyfarmusoGm;awmhonf/

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cyfvSrf;vSrf; awmwGif;wpfae&mrS tqufrjywf Mum;aeonf/

]]q&m . . q&m}}

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wpfaumifjzpfae&ifawmh tcufyJ/ jyD;awmh tdEd´,usm;qkdwm urmÇrSm emrnfMuD;q&m}}



51

vm&SJ;u ajrMuD;ay:0,f zifcsíxkdifvsufom; taetxm;rSm tm;,ljyD; ukef;xvkdufum

&Gm\ taemufpl;pl;t&yfukd vufndK;xkd; nTefjyjyD; . . .

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&ygw,f/ 'Dae&mu uRefawmfeJY tEl;wkdY MudrfckwfoGm;aeus ae&mawGyg}}

tuREkfyfwkdY okH;OD;om;onf pum;wajymajymESifh &GmbufokdY ajcOD;vSnfhum avQmufvm

cJhMuavonf/

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pkd;vkdYaygh}}

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usm;wpfaumif&J. pGrf;&nfowdå obm0twkdif;yJ &&Sdovm;}}



52

]]usm;yJ &wmaygh/ wu,fawmh usm;rSm vltrsm;rodao;wJh xl;jcm;qef;Mu,f

tHhMozG,faumif;wJh obm0 tpGrf;owdåawG&Sdw,f q&m&Jh}}

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tJ'guawmh bmvJqkd&if aywpf&mhig;q,f ESpf&mavmuf&SdwJh ae&mu t&m0w¦K? 'grSr[kwf&if

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xif&Sm;atmif MunfhEkdifwJh tpGrf;owdåawG&Sdw,f q&m}}

]]tqef;yJaemf}}

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usm;qkdwJh owå0g[m aocsmrS ckeftkyfjyD; om;aumifukd zrf;wm}}

]]wkdYvnf; vm&SJ;ajymjyawmhrSyJ usm;eJY ywfoufwJhtaMumif; rodao;wmawG od&?

rMum;zl;ao;wmawG Mum;&awmhw,f}}

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em*ESpfa,mufukd tuREkfyfwkdYESifhvkdufí oriftaoaumifukd oGm;,l&ef tdEd´,em*pum;ESifY

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awmtEå&,f toG,foG,f

*k&kMuD;\om; tEl;ESifhtwl tuREkfyfwkdYonf orifao&Sd&mae&mokdY oGm;a&mufMu&ef

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ukdifaqmifvmcJhMuonf/

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vlpkvla0;ESifh pum;wajymajym awmvrf;c&D; xGuf&onfrSmvnf; wpfrsKd;t&om &SdvSonf/

tuREkfyfwkdY avQmufvSrf;aeaom awmifwufvrf;rSm trSwfrxifMunfhvQif ajrjyefYvrf;ESifhrjcm;/

trSefrSm ododomomr[kwfbJ rodromESifh ajyajyav; wuf&aom vrf;rsKd;jzpfí aeonf/

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uyfí aygufaeaom 0g;&kHawmonf vrf;ay:okdY wdrf;yg;,drf;EGJ. usaeí OD;acgif;ukdyif ikHYum



53

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ygvmaom "m;&SnfMud;ESifhckwfykdif;jzwfum vrf;&Sif;jyD;rS oGm;vmMu&\/

jznf;jznf; avQmufaomajcaxmufonf a0;a0;a&muf\[lonfh w&kwfokcrdefMuD; ckHzkHpk\

Oya'twkdif; tuREkfyfwdkYvlpkonf ajcvSrf;rSefrSefESifh avQmufvSrf;cJhojzifh tarmvnf; oufom

c&D;vnf;a&mufcJhonf/

wpfem&DausmfausmfcefY awmifwufc&D;Murf;ukd avQmufvmjyD;csdef0,f Mudrfawmrsm;ukd

jrifawG.Mu&onf/ a&muf&Sdvkdaom ae&mESifh eD;uyfí aeavjyDxifonf/ vrf;odaom tEl;ESifh

tdEd´,em*ESpfa,mufu a&SUrSoGm;Muonf/ olwdkYaemufrS tuREkfyfwkdYu vkdufygí

vmcJhMuavonf/

]]q&m &yfvkdufOD;? a&S.rwkd;eJY}}

tuREkfyftm; apmbDvl;u owday;vkdufí ajcvSrf;ukd &yfwefYvdkuf&onf/ tuREfkyfu

oGm;av&mwGif owd&Sd&SdESifh oGm;vmav&m vG,ftdwfxJrS ajcmufvkH;jyL;ukd qGJxkwfvkdufjyD;

Munfhvkdufonf/

tuREfkyfa&SU okH;awmifcefYtuGmwGif Mudrfyifay:rSm &yfwefYaeaom ajrGpdrf;wpfaumifonf

uREkfyftm; ayguf&ef tqifoifhjyifaeonfukd awG.vkduf&onf/ tuREkfyfu ajrGukd ypfowf&ef

ajcmufvkH;jyL;jzifh csdefvkdufpOf ]&Id;} [laom toHwpfoHukd Mum;vdkuf&jyD; ajrG\OD;acgif;

wnfhwnfhukd xdrSefoGm;í ajrGacgif;rS aoG;pufrsm; usvmawmhonf/

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wynfhausmfMuD; apmbDvl;yif jzpfonf/ þtcsdef0,f . . .

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jyefvmcJhMuonf/

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&Gmol&Gmom;awGom pm;aomufMu&w,f}}

]]tqef;yJaemf tEl;}}



54

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em*qef t&ufokH;vkH;ukd 0,fí vm&SJ;xHokdY apmbDvl;tm; tykdYvTwfvkdufonf/ apmbDvl;

jyefa&mufaomtcg tm;vkH;0kdif;zGJUí orifom;[if;jzifh xrif;ukd aysmfaysmfyg;yg;

pm;aomufMuavonf/

wkdwrf0g' rSwfpkrSwfwrf;

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vltaMumif;ukd awG;ac: pOf;pm; Munfhrdonf/ usm;jzpfaom vltaMumif;ukd zwfzl; rSwfzl;onf/

jyefvnfí pOf;pm;Munfhaomtcg a&a&&m&m jyefvnfjyD; rodawmhyg/

okdYaMumifh tuREfkyfonf tuREkfyf\ rSwfpkya'om pmtkyfav;ukd jyefvSefí Munfhrdonf/

rSwfpkya'ompmtkyfwGif usm;jzpfaom vltaMumif;ukd jynfhjynfhpkHpkH a&;rSwfxm;jcif; r&Sdaomfvnf;

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awG.&Sd&onf/ ,if;rSwfpkrSm atmufygtwkdif; jzpfonf/

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jcaoFhrsm;&Sdonfh awmawmmifrsm;odkY &J0HpGm oGm;vmMu\/



55

tu,fí xkdolonf jcaoFhESifh &ifqkdifawGUaomfvnf; ypfcwfzrf;qD;jcif; rjyK&kHomru

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pdwf"dwfukd tm;opfavmif;ap&eftwGuf jzpfonf[kqkd\/

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xkd;ESHxm;avh&Sd\/

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rdrdoabmtavsmuf ,kHMunfonfh0g' )

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rdrdtkyfpktvkduf vufcH,kHMunfaom wkdwrf0g' )

[lí okH;rsKd;&Sd\/

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aqGrsKd;tkyfpkrsm;ESifhom oufqkdifaom aqGrsKd;wkdwrf0g'om jzpfvdrfhrnf[k ,lqrdavonf/

0#faMuG;Mur®mrajy;om

xkdYaemufykdif;wGif qef? qD? qm;? i&kwf? MuufoGef? tom;ajcmufrsm;ukd 0,f,lpkaqmif;jyD;

&du©mypönf; tpkHtvifwkdYjzifh tdE´d, em*pum;ESifh [dE´LpwefeDpum; wwfuRrf;aom tEl;tm;

pum;jyeftjzpf ac:aqmifum tdEd´, em*e,fajr&Sd aus;&Gmrsm;qDokdY tuREfkyfESifh

apmbDvl;wkdYonf c&D;xGufcJhMujyefonf/



56

wpfawmif0iefwpfawmifxGuf? wpfawmifqif;? wpfawmifwufjyD; tdEd´, em*awmifwef;

a'o&Sd aus;&Gmtawmfrsm;rsm;okdY c&D;qefYí a'oEå&? bmoEÅ&? woEÅ&? *rDÇ&

avmuDynm&yfrsm;ukd vufvSrf;rSDoa&G. avhvm pkaqmif;cJhMuonf/

wpfywftcsdef,lí *E¨m&DvSnfhvnfjyD;aemuf &Gmuav;okdY tuREkfyfwkdY jyefvnfqkduf

a&mufcJhMuonf/ tuREkfyfwkdY &Gmuav;okdY jyefvnfa&mufonfESifh *k&kMuD;u rsufESmnd§L;i,fpGmjzifh

]]q&mwkdYukd c&D;a&mufrqkduf pdwfraumif;p&m owif;ajym&OD;r,f}}

]]bmrsm;vJ *k&kMuD;}}

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tuREkfyfonf *k&kMuD;xHrS rarQmfvifhaom owif;pum;ukd Mum;odvkduf&í vGefpGmrS

tJhMooGm;jyD; . . .

]]bmajymw,f *k&kMuD;/ vm&SJ;wpfa,muf qkH;jyD [kwfvm;}}

]][kwfw,f q&mwkdY}}

]]b,fvkdjzpfwmvJ *k&kMuD;&,f/ uRefawmfwkdYukd aoaocsmcsm ajymjyprf;ygOD;}}

*k&kMuD; oufjyif;&SnfMuD;wpfcsuf csvkdufjyD; . . .

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rsufESmjzL taemufwkdif;om; wpfOD;? tJ'Daoewfukdif taysmfwrf; rkqkd;okH;OD; 'D&Gmuav;ukd

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'DtcsdefrSm vm&SJ;qDukd awmifay:u em*oli,fcsif;wpfpka&mufvmjyD; pm;MuaomufMueJY

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vwfvwfqwfqwf pm;csifw,fvkdY ajymygw,f/ &GmxJrSmvnf; b,frkqkd;rS om;aumifukd

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wkd;awmh aoewfeJYypfowfvkdufwm usm;vnf; aoewf'Pf&meJY aoa&m/ vm&SJ;vnf; tdyf&m

ay:rSmwif toufaysmufoGm;awmhwmyJ/ usKyfvnf; usm;tjzpf 0dnmOfvdyfjym yl;uyfaewkef;

taMumif; wpfckckaMumifh 'Dusm;aoqkH;cJh&if 0dnmOfvdyfjym&Sifyg aoqkH;wwfaMumif;ukd ukd,fawG.

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odcGifh&cJhygw,f/ wu,fhukd yGifhyGifhvif;vif; &kd;&kd;om;om; pdwf"gwf&SdwJh rdwfaqGaumif;



57

wpfa,mufyg/ vm&SJ;[m t&ufMudKufwwfvkdY olYtwGuf awmifay:u em*qef t&ufjyif;jyif;

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ajcmufaoGUaevkdY xkdifvkdY cif;tdyfvkdY &aeygjyD/ q&mwkdY jrefrmEkdifiHukdjyef&if ,loGm;ay;ygaemf/

usKyf trSwfw& vufaqmiftjzpf ay;vkdufyghr,f}}

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aecJhayr,fh wu,fhrkqkd;awGeJYawG.awmh usm;[m om;aumifjzpfoGm;&Smygw,f/ om;aumifvnf;

rkqkd;? rkqkd;vnf; om;aumifqkdwm 'grsKd;yJ q&mwkdY}}

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om;a&csyfvnf; yg&SdvmcJhonf/ tuREkfyf\ pdwfxJ0,f rum&avmrEG,f0if aus;Zl;&Sif refvnf

q&mawmfbk&m;MuD; pD&ifxm;tyfaom r[mokwum&D rCa'0vuFmopfMuD;ü azmfjyxm;aom

]usm;odkYusifhol? xkdrQvlukd? usm;wlrkcs? ysufpD;&onf}

[lonfh pmykd'fukd oGm;í trSwf&aerdawmhygonf/

( rIcif;a&mifpkH r*¾Zif;? 2001 ckeSpf? Zlvkdifv ) __________________

t&kd;awmifrS pdefac: oHH

tuREkfyfonf vG,ftdwfwpfvkH;ukd vG,fum tazmfrGef0g;awmifa0S; vufukdifwkwfav;jzifh

jrefrmEkdifiH awmawmiftESHokdY *E¨m&Dc&D; vSnfhvnf&if; ]jrdKifom,mt&kd;awmif} okdY c&D;wpfaxmuf

a&muf&SdcJh\/



58

wpfpkHwpfa,mufaom oluom ]jrdKifom,m t&kd;awmif} [lí ajymqkdvkdufygvQif

vltrsm;onf pdwf0ifpm;wwfMu\/ okdYESifhwqufwnf; rnfonfh t&yfa'owGif wnf&Sd

ygoenf;/

rnfonfhtwGufaMumifh ]t&kd;awmif} [lí trnfemr wGifygoenf;/ ponfwkdYukd

od&SdvkdMurnfjzpf\/

c&D;vrf;nTef

u&ifjynfe,f? bm;tHjrdK. ajrmufbuf,Gef;,Gef; ckESpfrkdiftxGufwGif vlodrrsm;vSaom

]t&kd;awmif} wpfck&Sdonf/ xkdt&kd;awmifukd ]jrdKifom,m t&kd;awmif} [lí vltrsm;u

ac:a0:Muonf/ jrdKifom,m bkef;awmfMuD;u wnfaqmufcJhjcif;jzpfonf/ ,if;ukd tpGJjyKí

ac:a0:Muonfqkd\/

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taemufbufurf;wGif &Snfvsm;pGm wnf&Sdaeaom ]rkuú'd&GmMuD;} ukd a&muf&Sd\/

xkdrkuú'd&GmMuD;onf Muuf? 0uf? bJ? qdwf? arG;jrLjcif; tvsOf;r&Sdaom wpfrsKd;xl;jcm;onfh

&Gmjzpfonf/

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urf;MuD;&GmwGif xif&Sm;aom ]jrdKifom,m} bkef;awmfMuD;ausmif;&Sdonf/ paumu&ifvlrsKd;rsm;

aexkdifonf/ wpf&GmvkH; Ak'¨bmom0ifrsm;jzpfMuonf/ jrdKifom,m bkef;awmfMuD;ausmif;

q&mawmfrSm OD;om0&jzpfonf/ Ak'¨bmom0if paumu&ifpmayukd wDxGifEkdifí xif&Sm;onf/

jrdKifom,monf tvGefwdwfqdwfonf/ jidrf;csrf;onf/ csrf;ajrUonf/ w&m;"r®tm;xkwfolrsm;

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wpfckvnf; jzpfonf/ opf&dyf? 0g;&dyf? tm0gowkd.\ wdwfqdwfjidrf;csrf;jcif;rSm

vGrf;qGwfMunfEl;zG,f&m aumif;aeawmh\/

awmifukef;ay:wGif *ljzLjzLazG;azG;

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þawmifwGif xif&Sm;vSaom ]a&Tay:ukef; q&mawmf*l} tygt0if &[ef;oHCmwkdY\

t&kd;tkwf*lrsm;? te,fe,ft&yf&yfrS ausmif;',um? ausmif;',umrwkdY\ *lrsm;u pDwef;í

&SdaeMu\/



59

*lwkdif;wGif ajymifajrmufaom pkvpfrGrf;cRef;rsm;jzifh txyfxyf yef;cuf? yef;wuf? yef;yGm;?

yef;MuGm;? yef;vS? yef;MuG? tEkwfyef;tvSwkdYukd yef;awmhq&mwkdY\ tEkynmwkdYjzifh

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&Sdae\/ omoemr@dKif apwDawmf

1318 ckESpfwGif wnfaqmufxm;aom omoemhr@dKifapwDawmfESifhtaqmufttkHopf

wpfck&Sdonf/ taqmufttkHrSm tjrifhay ( 50 ) bkH ( 3 ) qifhxm;&SdjyD; txufbkHwGif

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aemufbufwGif tawmif ( 30 ) jrifhaom apwDwpfql&Sdonf/ ] omoem*kPfaqmif apwDawmf }

[lí trnfwGif\/

apwDawmf\ atmufajczdeyfwGif tkwft*FawwkdYjzifh jyKvkyfxm;aom wk&kdPfwkdif

ywfvnf&Sdonf/ wk&kdPfwkdif ezl;pnf;ywfvnf av;aycefYwGif &kyfvkH;&kyfMuG? Zmwfvrf;

ZmwfuGufrsm; azmfxm;onf/ jrefrmEkdifiHwGif awG.&cJvSaom wk&kdPfwkdifywfvnf&Sd apwDawmfukd

jrdKifom,mwGif awG.&SdEkdif\/

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&SmazGawG.&SdjyD; w&m;"r®tm;xkwfcJhaom q&mawmf\ *kPfaus;Zl;ukd woo jzpfaerdawmh\/

*lawmfjrwf

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oGm;a&mufcJh\/ *E¨m&D vSnfhvSnfpOfuvnf; þokdYyif avhvmrI jyKvkyfcJh\/

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ajrmifxJwGif&Sdaom q&mawmf w&m;"r® usifhMuHtm;xkwf7m *lawmfjrwfokdY oGm;a&mufcJh\/

tuREkfyfonf *lxJokdY 0ifa&mufvkdufonf/ wpfukd,fvkH; at;pdrfhoGm;aom t&omukd

cHpm;vkduf&onf/ w&m;usifh&efESifh ykwD;xkdifpdyf&ef opfom;uGyfyspfav;udk jrifawG.&onf/

tuREfkyfu 0ifa&mufxkdifvkdufjyD; ab;wGif tazmfrGef 0g;awmifa0S;vufukdifwkwfav;ESihf

vG,ftdwfukd tomcsxm;vkduf\/



61

ae&mopfokdY

tuREkfyfonf aeajymufrxkd;onfh awmtkyfMuD;xJwGif wpfa,mufwnf;

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orifvnfjyefvSnfhí Munfhvkdufrd\/ ajy;í vkdufvmolrS ( 18 ) ESpft&G,f u&ifrav;wpfOD;/

tuREkfyfrsufESmukd jrifawG.vkdufonfESifh . . .

]]apm&efcGef; . .}}

[lí vSrf;ac:vkduf\/

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okdYtwGufaMumifh tuREkfyftm; vSrf;íac:vdkufaom u&ifrav;ukd ai;aMumifjyD; MunfhaepOf

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]][ifhtif; rodbl;}}

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u&ifoH0J0Jjzifh ZmwfaMumif;ukd ajymjyygawmh\/

ausmufawmifMuD;

a&S.ajcvSrf;ESpfq,fcefY tuGmwGif ausmufawmifMuD;u tuREkfyfwkdYtm; umqD;í aeavjyD/

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]]tpfukd apm&efcGef; . .. q&mMuD;eJY oGm;awG.Mu&atmif}}

[lí ajymjyD; tuREkfyftyg;rS avQmufoGm;um ausmufawmifMuD; eH&Hem;ta&mufwGif

eef;yyonf tuREkfyf\ rsufpda&S.arSmufrS aysmufuG,fí oGm;awmh\/



62

tuREkfyfonf a&S.okdY wkd;avQmuf&ef tcufjzpfoGm;onf/ okdYaMumifh aemufokdY jyefvSnfh&ef

rsufESmrlvkdufaomtcg ajcovkH;t&G,fcefY udk,fvkH;ukd,fxnf&Sdaom awmMuD;ajrGa[muf

wpfaumifu acgif;axmifí tuREkfyftm; jyL;jyD; Munfhaeawmhonf/ tuREkfyftzkdY

aemufaMumif;okdY jyefvSnfhívnf; rjzpfawmhyg/

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aysmufuG,foGm;aom ae&mokdY ta&mufoGm;um avhvmMunfh&Irdonf/ ausmufom;jyif\

atmufem;wGif uyfí aygufaeaom csKHykwfem;wGif ausmufawmifukd azmufxGif;xm;onfh

vl0ifaygufi,fukd jrifawG.vkduf&\/

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63

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64

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65

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66

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68

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69

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( 2 )

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vltkyfMuD;u . . .

]u,fawmfrlMuyg . . . u,fawmfrlMuyg}



71

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------------

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( rIcif;a&mifpkHr*¾Zif;? 2001 ckESpf? arv )

__________________



72

tHMobeef; jzpf&yfqef;

1974 ckESpfu jzpfavonf/

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73

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74

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'DawmxJrSmyJ tdyfMu&r,fvkdY ajymw,f/



75

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raMumufyJeJY q&mav;u aMumufvkdY ikd&ao;w,f/ tJhyg&J.AsmvkdY ajymjyD; &,faew,f/ 'Dvkd

&,farmaewmukd pnf;0kdif;tjyifbufu apmifhtdyfaewJh OD;yOÆif;u Mum;awmh ]a[h xGef;apm

bmjzpfaewmvJ} vkdY vSrf;ar;w,f/

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]raMumufeJY? raMumufeJY? OD;yOÆif;&Sdw,f? bmrS rjzpfbl;/ pdwfcsvufcsom tdyfMu} vkdY OD;yOÆif;u

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OD;yOÆif;u EId;awmhrSyJ Ekd;awmhw,f/

rkd;vif;awmh prf;acsmif;xJrSm rsufESmopfjyD; OD;yOÆif;u iSufaysmoD; wpfvkH;pD ay;vkd.

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qufavQmufvkdufwm yxr awmifay:wufjyD; jyefqif;vkdufawmh e*g;taMu;cGHvkd aiGjym;MuD;awG

cif;xm;wJhtay:u eif;oGm;cJh&w,f/ aemufawmh e*g;MuD;ESpfaumif ,SOfjyD; yg;ysOf;MuD;awG

axmifaewm jrifawG.&vkdY q&mav;vJ vef.jyD; aemufqkwfvkdufw,f/

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a':av;&J.? q&mav;u vefYatmf aemufqkwfvkdufawmh xGef;apmu ]t&Sif r[kwfygbl;?

t&kyfMuD;awGyg q&mav;&J.} qkdjyD; e*g;MuD;acgif;ukd aemufuae wGef;vkdufw,f? [m 'DawmhrS

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'geJY xGef;apmu e*g;&kyfMuD;&J. Zufay:u acGjyD; acgif;ukd wGef;vdkufeJY aqmhupm; wmaygh/

a':av;u ] tif; tif; awmfygao;&J.? 'geJ. qufajymygOD;} vkdY ajymw,f/

'DvkdeJY e*g;MuD; ESpfaumifMum;u vrf;twkdif; OD;yOÆif;u a&S.uMuG? q&mav;u tv,fu?

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]vrf;u awmfawmf&Snfwmayghaemf} vkdY ajymw,f/

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awG.&w,f/ tJ'DvkdPf*l[m tavmif;awmf uóy udef;atmif; pHaysmfawmfrlwJh a0bm&awmif&J.

awmifbufrsufESmygyJ/



76

tJ'Da&mufawmh OD;yOÆif;[m cknawmh tcsdefr&Sdawmhbl;? tjyifuae tm&kHjyKjyD; zl;Muayawmh/

tEå&,f bmrS r&Sdbl;/ pwkr[m&mZf ewfrif;MuD;awG apmifhaew,f/ olawmfaumif;ukd

umuG,fw,f? ol,kwfrmukd vufrcHbl;wJh/

q&mav;u ]'Dawmukd ukd bmawmifvkdYac:ygovJbk&m;} vkdYar;awmh tavmif;awmf

uóy awmifu a0bm&awmif [kd taemufbufawmifu a0ykv’awmifvkdYac:w,fvkdY

ajymw,f/ q&mav; vSrf;Munfhvdkufawmh awmifwpfckvkH;[m xdefxdefvif;jyD; Mu,fawGysHaeovkd

wufwmwuf? qif;wmuqif;eJY uGefYjrL;aeMuwm jrifawG.&w,f/

'geJ. q&mav;u OD;yOÆif;ukd rodvkdY ar;&OD;r,fqkdjyD; ]a0bm&awmifeJ. a0ykv’awmif[m

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tavmif;awmfom a0bm& awmifapmif;xJrSm &Sdw,fqkd&if tJ'Dawmifapmif; rSm&Sdoifhw,f? bmrS

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ra&mufEkdifawmh rodbl;? rodawmh r&Sdbl;xifjyD; vlwkdif;odwJh &mZj*dK[fjynfu a0bm&eJY

a0ykv’ukdyJ nTef;&wmaygh? OD;yOÆif;vJ zwfzlygw,f/ &mZj*dK[fjynfrSm a0ykv’awmif? [dr0EÅrSm

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[dr0EÅmrSm a0ykv’awmif &SdrSef;rodawmh &mZj*dK[fjynfu a0ykv’ukdyJ rSef;csvkdufw,f/

jyD;awmh [dr0EÅrSm auvmoawmifqkdwm r[kwfbl;/ a0ykv’awmifqkdrS rSefw,f/

auvmoawmifqkdwm taem'wÅtkdifukd &HaewJh awmifig;vkH;rSm wpfvkH; tygt0ifjzpfw,f/

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tjrwfqkH;qkdrS rSefw,f/ ok0PÖbkrd®oxkHjynfu auvmoawmif[mvJ 'Dig;vkH;xJu ,ljyD;

rSnfhxm;wmyJvkdY ajym&if; OD;yOÆif;u . . .

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wpfa,mufrS rawG.&bl;/



77

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OD;yOÆif; a&mufvmum

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oGm;Muw,f/ a&mufawmh OD;yOÆif;u ykwD;pdyfjyD; EIwfu wpfpkHwpfckukd &Gwfqkd&if;

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opfoD;teHY awGuvnf; b,fvkdarT;MudKifaerSef; rodbl;/ aemufawmh ,lvmwJh iSufaysmfoD;

wpfzD;ukd qGrf;awmfuyfjyD; wpfem&DavmufMumatmif zl;Muw,f/ zl;jyD;awmh OD;yOÆif;u

vkdPf*lawmf t0ifaygufu awmifbufrSm&SdjyD; ykHo@meftwkdif; ( 6 ) awmifywfvnf&Sdw,f/

vkdPf*lawmftwGif; tus,ftjrifhu tawmif ( 80 ) pD tnDtrQ &Sdw,fvkdY ajymjyw,f/

'D tavmif;awmf vkdPf*ltwGif; ta&S.bufu atmufcHausmufzsm ay:rSm&SdwJh ovGefay:rSm

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OD;acgif;jyKawmfrlw,f/ vuf,mbufu atmuf? vuf0Jvufu tay: ? taemufbuf

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jzpfygw,f/

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aysmhaysmhacGacGuav; ajrmufvmwmukd awG.&ygw,f/

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yxrawmh t&kyfMuD;vm; xifrSwfrdw,f? aemufawmhrS touf&SdwJh zkd;olawmf jzpfaewmukd

od&ygw,f/

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Munfhvkdufawmhvnf; zl;aewkef;yJ/ 'DawmrS zkd;olawmfMuD;u oGm;Mu? oGm;MuvkdY ESifwJhtwGuf

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tjyifvJa&mufa&m vkdPf*lwHcg;MuD;[m 0kef;ueJjrnfjyD; ydwfoGm;wmyJ/ q&mav;vJ aemufawmh



78

zl;&awmhrSm r[kwfbl;/ wynfhawmfr aemufqkH; uefawmhcJhygw,f bk&m;vkdY xkdifjyD; OD;okH;Mudrfcs

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awG.jrif&ygw,f/ uRefawmfwkdYvJ tvGefYukd pdwf0ifpm;aeMuvkdY bmrS rajymrdMuyg/ uRefawmfwkdY

tm;vkH;[m q&mav; rOwå&mukdom ai;jyD; MunfhaeMuygw,f/ awmfawmfav;MumrS q&mav;u

rsuf&nfawGokwfjyD; wpfcsuf&Iduf&if; qufajymjyygw,f/

tJ'Dvkd ikdaewkef; OD;yOÆif;uvJ uwdtwkdif; okH;cgawmif zl;jyD;rSyJ auseyfa&maygh

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oufoufomomeJYyJ awmifay:awGukd wufEkdif qif;Ekdifw,f/

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pufawmf&mukd zl;jyD;rSyJ jyefroGm;awmhygbl;/ jzwfvrf;u jyefwmu aumif;ygw,f bk&m;vkdY

avQmufvkdufw,f/

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awG.&ygw,f/

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ykdYay;Ekdifrvm; ar;awmh avSorm;u wynfhawmf tavmif;awmf uóyukd zl;wJhvlwkdif;ukd



79

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( jrifAm[k ) bk&m;ukd oGm;wmaygh/ [kda&mufa&mufcsif; xGef;apm xGef;apma&vkdY waMumfaMumf

atmfac:w,f/ b,folrS ay:rvmbl;/

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pDum ywfukH; ajymjyygw,f/

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ra&muf&ayr,fh ckvkd ajymjywmukd em;axmif&wm ukd,fwkdifukd,fus a&mufae&ovkdygyJ/

Mum;&wm b,fvkd MunfndKrSef; rodbl;/ om"kuG,f om"k/ avmuD 0dZÆmaygufovkd avmukwå&m

0dZÆmvnf; aygufMuygapvkdY qkdjyD; q&mav; rOwå&mukd EIwfqufMujyD; uRefawmfwkdYtm;vkH;

ukd,fhZ&yfukd jyefvmcJhMuygw,f/ Z&yfukd jyefa&mufwJhtcgrSm uRefawmf a':av;eJYwkdifyifjyD;

q&mav; rOwå&m &J. tavmif;awmfuóyoGm; jzpf&yfqef; rSwfwrf;ukd rSwfpkpmtkyfrSm

a&;rSwfvkdY xm;cJhygw,f/



81

b0a[mif;u ykH&dyfoGif

wHcGefwkdif

0oEÅ rkd;&moDumv . . .

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&efukef? yJcl;oGm;aom um;vrf;eHab;&Sd a&TanmifyiftvGef vrf;opfrSwfwdkifwGif

xl;jcm;onfh &Gmav;wpf&Gm &Sdonf/ xkd&Gmuav;\ emrnfrSm wHcGefwkdif aus;&Gmuav;jzpf\/

jrefrmEkdifiHwGif wHcGefwkdiftrnfjzihf aus;&Gmaygif;rsm;pGm &Sdonf/ xkdaus;&Gmrsm;xJwGif

þwHcGefwkdif aus;&Gmvnf; tygt0ifjzpf\/

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apwDawmfESifh cyfvSrf;vSrf;wGif bkef;awmfMuD;ausmif; wpfausmif;ukdvnf; jrifawG.&\/

apwDawmfrSm rkd;aumif;apwDjzpfonf/ apwDawmf\ yef;qGJae&mwGif bDvl;yef;qGJ t*Fawyef;awmh

&kyfvkH; &kyfMuGrsm;ukd ta0;t&yf&yfrSyif vSrf;í jrifawG.&\/

tuREkfyfonf wHcGefwkdifaus;&GmokdY taMumif;udpö&Sdí a&muf&SdoGm;avwkdif;

rkd;aumif;apwDawmfukd ta0;t&yfrS vSrf;í zl;ajrmfMunfndKrd\/ xkdokdY rkd;aumif;apwDawmfjrwfukd

zl;ajrmfMunfndKjyD; OD;okH;Mudrfcsum &Sdckd;uefawmhavwkdif; tb,f taMumif;aMumifhrod? &ifxJwGif

wvIdufvIduf cHpm;vm&jyD; tvkdvkdae&if; 0rf;enf;aom pdwfa0'emukd cHpm;vm&\/

xkdYtwGufaMumifh tuREkfyfonf wHcGefwkdifaus;&GmrS rkd;aumif;apwDawmfokdY

ra&mufa&mufatmif oGm;a&mufzl;ajrmfOD;rnf[k pdwfwGif oEDéXmef csxm;vkduf\/ tdrfokdY

jyefa&mufaom tuREfkyfonf vufay:ar;wifí tawG;e,f0ifum wHcGefwkdifaus;&Gmu rkd;aumif;

apwDawmftaMumif;udk jyefvnfí awG;aerdawmh\/

ta0;t&yfu rkd;aumif;apwDawmfukd zl;ajrmf MunfndKonfhtcg tb,faMumifh tuRekfyf\

&ifxJ0,f wvIdufvIdufcHpm;vm&jyD; tvkdvkd 0rf;enf;aompdwfrsm; jzpfay:vm&oenf;/

owÅ0gwkdY\ wpfb0wm c&D;ukefqkH;jyD;aemuf b0opfwpfzef tpOftqufrjywf

qufvufí jzpfay:aejcif;ukd oHo&m[k a,bl,soabmjzifh qkd&apumrl Ak'¨tbd"r®m



82

tvkdtm;jzihfrl &kyfcE¨m? emrfcE¨mwkdY tpOfrysuf qufvuf jzpfay:aejcif;onfyif oHo&m

rnfay\/

tuREkfyfonf usifvnfcJh&aom b0oHo&mwGif b0wpfckckü þapwDawmf? þae&m?

þXmeokdY a&muf&SdcJhjyD; taMumif;wpfckckawmh qufpyfrk &Sdaumif; &Sdrnf[k xif\/ rnfokdYaom

taMumif;qkdonfudkawmh awG;awmpOf;pm;í r&Ekdifyg/

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wHcGefwkdifaus;&Gm&Sd rkd;aumif;apwDawmfukd ra&mufa&mufatmif oGm;a&mufum zl;ajrmf

uefawmhrnf[k qkH;jzwfcsuf csvkdufawmh\/

rkd;aumif;apwDawmf

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jrifawG.&onf/ rkd;&moDjzpfaeí acsmif;a&rsm;u vQHí aeawmh\/ uJtm;avsmfpGm urf;pyfwGif

abmufwl avSi,fuav;jzifh ig;rQm;aeaom wHigonf wpfOD;ukd jrifawG.vkduf&\/

tuREkfyfu

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avSmfcwfvmonf/ urf;okdY avSqkdufuyfaomtcg . . .

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avS\ OD;ykdif;wGif ae&m,lvkduf\/

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jrifawG.&av\/

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ovkdvkd cHpm;ae&\/



83

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qGJ,lvkddufonf[k xifrSwfvkduf&\/

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a&xJwGif tuREkfyfESifh avSrSm wuJGwjym;pD jzpfoGm;awmh\/

tuREkfyfonf a&rul;wwfyg/ a&atmufokd. ausmufcJwpfvkH;usoGm;bdtvm; usí

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a&atmufokdYqGJí ac:aqmifoGm;onf[k xifrSwf&onf/ a&atmufokdY ikHYíMunfhvkdufaomtcg

bmukdrS rjrifawG.&yg/

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ajcaxmufwkdY ajrMuD;ESifh xdvdkufrdcsdef0,f a&rsm;rGef;aeí tuREkfyf owdarhavsmh oGm;ygawmh\/

a&atmufu okdufeef;

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jrifawG.ae&\/

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bmawGrsm; &Sdrnfenf;[k od&Sdvkdpdwfjzifh vkdPf*l0twGif;bufokdY ikHYí Munfh&Ivkduf\/

ausmufvkdPf*lum; awmfawmf&Snfvsm;onf/ twGif;ü awmfawmfeuf ykHvnf;&onf/

awmfawmfvSrf;vSrf; vkdPf*l\ wpfae&mwGif tvif;a&mifrsm; xdefxdefvif;aeonfukd

ta0;&yfrSyif vSrf;í jrifawG.ae&\/

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ausmufvkdPf*lrSm tus,fMuD;r[kwf/ tuREkfyf OD;acgif;xufrS wpfayomomcefYom vGwfjyD;

ausmufom; rsufESmusuf&Sd\/

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rkcfwHcg;ukd tuREkfyfu armfí Munfhvkdufaomtcg t*Fawjzifh jyKvkyfxm;&Sdaom

bDvl;yef;qGJ&kyfMuGukd jrifawG.&onf/ bDvl;yef;qGJ\ rsufvkH;tpkHonf teDa&mifjzpf\/



84

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aq;eDa&mifrsm; jc,fo xm;jcif;rsKd;r[kwf/ uGrff;oDvkH; omomcefY&Sd uwåjrm;ausmufeDtppfukd

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jrifawG.&\/

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a&Trefusnf;awmifh ykHMuD;ukd jrifawG.&onf/ xkdYtjyif a&Gom;ppfppf avmif;avSMuD; ESpfpD;ukdvnf;

jrifawG.&ao;\/

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ausmufrsuf &wemrsm;jzifh pDjc,fxm;&Sdaom a&Taomufawmfa& wpfcGufjzifh tkyfaqmif;

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þae&mwGif a&muf&Sdaeoavm[k tuREkfyf qufpyfaawG;awm aerdyg\/



85

a&TovGefay:u vlaotavmif;aumif

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tuREkfyftm; EIwfcrf;av; wGefY&kHrQ jyHK;jyum Munfhaeav\/

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aqmifaeonf/ eDwsmwsm EIwfcrf;vTmav;rsm;u 0if;pkdíaeav\/

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om;rQ 0wfqifxm;onfukdrl rjrifawG.&yg/ þtcsufuyifvQif xkdtrsKd;orD;av;ukd ykdí

pdwf0ifpm;ap\/

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tvGefthHMordí

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]]tcef;xJukd MunfhvkdufygOD; armifMuD;&ly}}



86

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aomtcg xkdtdyfpufaeonfholonf toufukd vkH;0r&I? vlaowpfa,mufom jzpfae\/

xkdvlom;\ &kyfqif;o@mefESifh ukd,fvkH;ukd,fxnfrSm tuREkfyfESifh cGJjcm;í r&Edkifatmif

wlnDaeonfukd tHhMozG,f jrifawG.ae&\/

tuREkfyf\ b0wpfoufwm0,f þuJhokdYaom jrifuGif;rsKd;ukd wpfMudrfwpfcgrQ

rMuHKawG.zl;yg/ &kyfqif;o@mef wlonfqkd&mü cyfqifqif wlnDaeonfukdom wlonf[k

ajymqkdaeMu\/

,ckrl tuREkfyf jrifawG.ae&aom a&TovGefxufü toufr&Sdawmhonf vlom;rSm

tuREkfyfESifhcGJjcm;í r&Ekdifatmifukd cRefpGyfwlnDaeol jzpfonf/ tuREkfyf\ &kyftoGifukd

aMu;rkHjyifwGif jyefvnfjyD; awG.jrifae&ouJhokdY jzpfaeawmh\/

tuREkfyf jrifawG.ae&aom tuREkfyfESifh cGJjcm;í r&atmifyuwd wlnDaeonfh vllom;onf

tuREkfyf\ ukd,fyGm; &kyfyGm;wpfckrsm; jzpfavrnfvm;[k awG;awmqifjcifrd\/

xkdYaMumifh tuREkfyf\ rsufvkH;rsm;ukdyif r,kHMunfEkdifavmuf jzpfoGm;um . . .

]]usKyfawmh ukd,fhrsufpdukdawmif r,kHMunfEkdifavmufatmif tHhMooGm;&w,f/ b,fvkdajym&

rSef;awmif rodatmif jzpfaejyD}}

tuREkfyfu ukd,fhukd,fukd jyefajymvkdufaom pum;aMumifh rm,mu

]]'gaMumifh armifMuD;&lyvkdY rm,mu ac:wmaygh r[kwfbl;vm;/ a&TovGef xufay:u

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jyefMunfhav}}

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]]rm,majymwm &Sif;w,faemf}}

]]&Sif;ygw,f rm,m}}

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rm,m}}

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]]usKyfrodao;wJh b0a[mif;u armifMuD;&lytaMumif;awGukd rm,majymjyygvm;}}

]]uJ . . vm armifMuD;&ly}}

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cef;rus,fMuD;twGif;okdY jyefvnfí a&muf&SdoGm;Muum rm,mu ol rlv xkdifcJhaom

a&Tukvm;xkdif MuD;ay:0,f jyefvnfum xkdifvkdufonf/ rm,mxkdifaeaom a&Tukvm;xkdifESifh



87

pm;yGJwpfckom jcm;aeonfh a&Tukvm;xkdifMuD;ay:okdY tuREkfyf xkdifvkdufcsdef0,f tuREkfyf

wpfukd,fvkH;onf MuufoD;rsm; wjzef;jzef;xí oGm;awmh\/

rm,mu wnfjidrfat;aq;aom [eftrlt&mjzifh twdwfb0 ZmwfaMumif;udk jyefvnfjyD;

ajymjyonf/

]]armifMuD;&lyqkdwm b,folvJ odvm;}}

]]b,fodyghrvJ? rm,majymjyrS odrSmaygh}}

rm,mu tuREkfyftm; aphaphMunfhum tjyHK;yef;av;rsm; yGifa0jyD;

]]wu,fawmh armifMuD;[m ESvkH;&nf vuf&kH;&nfeJY jynfhpkHwJh trwfMuD; Anm;'def&J.

om;awmfawGteuf ti,fqkH; om;awmfyg/ armifMuD;&J. trnfu ri;f&lyav}}

rm,majymvkdufaom pum;ukd em;&SdvdkYom Mum;vkduf&onf/ tuREkfyf\ OD;aESmufawG

csmcsmvnfoGm;awmh\/

]]trwfMuD; Anm;'defwJhvm;}}

]][kwfygw,fwJh&Sif}}

]]rm,muaum b,folvnf; . . odvm;}}

]]rodbl; rm,m}}

]]rm,mu a&Teef;&Sif &mZ"d&mZf bk&ifMuD;&J. wlrawmfav/ rdrm,mvkdY ac:ygw,f/

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pOf;pm;ae&mrS tuREkfyfzufokdY rsufESmrlvkdufjyD;

]]armifMuD;&lyu toufESpfq,f? rm,mu q,fhajcmufESpft&G,frSm wpfa,mufeJY wpfa,muf

tcspfe,fuRHjyD; orD;&nf;pm;ru vifr,m;rus b0ukd a&muf&SdcJhMuw,fav/ 'DtaMumif;ukd

ESpfzuf vlMuD;rdbawGu odukefMuawmh armifMuD;&lyeJY rm,mhukd vufxyfxdrf;jrm;jyD;

ay;pm;vkdufMuw,f}}

]]aMomf}}

]]tJ'Dwkef;u armifMuD;&lyeJY rm,mwkdYu wpfa,mufeJY wpfa,muf odyfukdcspfMuw,f/

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]]'Dwkef;u armifMuD;eJY rm,mwkdYu b,ft&yfa'orSm aeMuvJ}}

]][Hom0wD aejynfawmfrSm aeMuw,f/ 'Dwkef;u ukd,fykdiftdrfawmf 0if;awmfeJY

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rm,mhpum;awGukd Mum;ae&aomfvnf; tuREkfyf bmrQrodonfu trSefyg/ xkdtcsdef

tuREkfyf0rf;wGif;rS wpfckckukd pm;vkdonfh qmavmifrIwpfcku jzpfay:aeonf/

xkdokdY tuREkfyf\ pdwftm&kHxJü jzpfay:aerIukd odaeaom rm,mu

]]armifMuD; wpfckck okH;aqmiffcsifw,fxifw,f}}

tuREkfyfu bmrQ jyefrajymbJ qdwfqdwfom aevdkuf\/



88

]]armifMuD;&ly wpfckck okH;aqmifcsifw,fqkd&if rm,m zefwD;ay;r,fav/ armifMuD;&ly

cPav; rsufpdukd rSdwfxm;vkduf? zGifhqkdrS jyefzGifhaemf}}

tuREkfyf rsufvkH;tpkHukd rSwfí xm;vkdufonf/ rMumvSyg/ puúefYykdif;rQom Mumrnfxif\/

]]armifMuD;&ly rsufvkH;ukd jyefzGifhvkdufawmh}}

tuREkfyf rsufpda&S.arSmufwGif wpfvHcefY&Sdaom a&Tpm;yGJ &SnfMuD;wpfvkH; a&muf&Sdaeonf/

xkda&Tpm;yGJ&SnfMuD;ay:wGif MuufaMumf? ykpGefvkH;? ig;oavmufaygif;wkdYukd xnfhxm;jyD;

a&Tyef;uefxJ&Sd xrif;uvnf; taiG.waxmif;axmif;? vufaq;a& tifwkHuvnf; toifh/

puúefYykdif;twGif; tuREkfyf\ a&S.arSmufokdY ta&mufydkYay;onfukd awG;awmí r&Ekdifyg/

tuREkfyfu a&Tpm;yGJay:&Sd a&Tyef;uefrsm;wGif xnfhxm;aom [if;vsmESifh

taiG.waxmif;axmif; xaeonfh xrif;rsm;ukd tHhtm;oifhpGmjzifh MunfhaepOf

]]armifMuD;&ly okH;aqmifav? [Hom0wD aejynfawmfrSm armifMuD;&lyeJY rm,mwkdY

aecJhwkef;utwkdif; rm,m jyefjyD; jyKpk auR;arG;wmyg}}

tuREkfyfonf a&Tpm;yGJay:&Sd [if;aumif; [if;vsmrsm;ESifh xrif;ukdMunfhum £ajE´rqnfEkdif

avmufatmif qmavmifí vmawmh/

xkdYtwGufaMumifh

]]rm,mvnf; armifMuD;eJY twl pm;av . . vm}}

]]armifMuD;&ly pm;yg/ [Hom0wDaejynfawmfrSm aewkef;uvnf; armifMuD;&ly pm;okH;jyD;rS

rm,m pm;wmyJ[m/ 'grsm; tqef;vkyfvkdY}}

tuREfkyf xrif;okH;aqmifaepOf rm,mu a&T,yfawmifjzifh tuREkfyftm; cwfí ay;ae\/

tuREkfyfu xrif;pm;okH;ae&if; rm,mhukd wpfcsufvSrf;í Munfhvkdufonf/ rm,mu tuREkfyftm;

rsufawmifrcwfbJ MunfhaejyD; wu,fhukd pdwfapwem o'¨gw&m;xufoefpGmjzifh jyKpkaeonfh

trlt&mrsm;u ay:vGifíaeonf/

tuREkfyfu xrif;pm;okH;aepOf acgif;xJokdY tawG;wpfck 0ifa&mufvmonf/ xkdtawG;um;

tjcm;r[kwf/ tuREkfyfeHab;&Sd rm,mqkdaom trsKd;orD;av;onf wefckd;od'd¨&Sifuav;rsm;

jzpfaumif; jzpfaernfvm;[k awG;rdonfh tawG;yifjzpf\/tuREkfyf\ apwoduftm&kHukd rm,mu

taotcsm od&Sdaebdtvm; jyHK;jyvkduf\/

tuREfkyfonf xrif;pm;aomufjyD;í 0rf;jynfhoGm;aomtcg a&TtifwkHxJu a&jzifh

vufukdaq;aMumum vufokwfy0gESifh okwf\/ jyD;vQif a&T&waumif;xJrS a&ukd

ausmufpDa&TcGufjzifh aomufrnfh[ef jyifvkdufpOfrSmyif rm,mu tvkdufodpGm ausmufpDa&cGuf

xJokdY a&Ta&waumif;rS a&rsm;ukd oGefavmif;jyD; tuREkfyftm; a&Tyef;uefay:wifí qufo\/

tuREfkyfu rm,mqufoaom a&Munfawmfukd aomufokH;vkdufonf/ &ifxJwGif

at;jroGm;\/

]]armifMuD;&lytwGuf rm,m uGrf;,mvkdufr,faemf}}

]]armifMud; uGrf;rpm;wwfbl;}}

rm,mu tuREkfyftm; tHhMoonfhtrlt&mESifh Munfhum

]]armifMuD; uGrf;jywfoGm;jyDvm;/ [Hom0wD aejynfawmfrSm aewkef;uawmh xrif;pm;jyD;wkdif;

rm,mvufeJY ,may;wJh uGrf;ukd tjrJokH;aqmifaeMu}}



89

]]'Dvkdqkdvnf; rm,mhvufeJY ,may;av}}

xkdtcgrS rm,m jyHK;&Tifawmhonf/ rm,monf tuREfkyftwGuf a&TuGrf;tpfxJrS

uGrf;&Gufwpf&Gufukd xkwfí 'ef;eDa&mifqkd;xm;aom olYvufacsmif;av;rsm;jzifh a&TxkH;bl;xJrS

xkd;jzihfwkdYum a&Tzvm;i,frsm;wGif xnfhxm;aom uGrf;oD;? &Sm;ap;? prkHpyg;? EG,fcsKdwkdYjzifh

uGrf;ukd,mjyD; uREkfyftm; qufovkduf\/

tuREkfyfonf uGrf;MudKufol uGrf;pm;ol wpfa,mufr[kwf/ okdYaomf rm,murf;ay;aom

uGrf;,mukd ,lí okH;aqmifvkdufonf/ tuREkfyfpdwfuyif xifrSwfaeívm;rod/ rm,m

,míay;aom uGrf;rSm csKdjyD; arT;MudKifaeawmh\/

rm,mu tuREfkyftm; Munf.í

]]armifMuD;&ly? apmapmuvkd cPav; rsufpdtpkHukd rSdwfxm;ygOD;}}

wpfcPrQom Mum\/

]]rsufpdukd jyefzGifhEkdifjyD armifMuD;&ly}}

tuREkfyf rsufpdtpkHukd jyefvnfí zGifhMunfhvdkufcsdef0,f? apmapmu a&S.arSmufü &Sdaeaom

a&Tpm;yGJMuD;ESifh a&TZGef;? a&Tyef;uef? a&TcGufwkdYonf rnfonfhtoHrQ rMum;vkduf&bJ aysmufuG,fí

oGm;awmhonf/ xl;qef;vSaypG/

tuREkfyfpdwftxif ajrMuD;xJrS ay:aygufvmjyD; ajrMuD;xJokdY jyefvnf0ifoGm;onf[kk

xifrSwfrdí atmufokdYikHYjyD; Munfhrdonf/ atmufwGifvnf; tkwf? t*Fawukd tacsmukdifxm;ojzifh

bmrQ xl;jcm;rI rjrifawG.&/

tuREfkyf\ tjyKtlukd rm,mMunfhum toHav;rsm; xGufay:atmif &,fvkdufjyD; . . .

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awG;wwfw,f? tHha&m . . tHha&m}}

tuREkfyf tawmfhukd vefYoGm;rdonf/ tuREkfyfpdwfxJü jzpfay:aeaaom pdwful; tawG;tjrif

[lorQukd xkd;xGif;í odjrifaeonfh rm,myif jzpfaeawmh\/

&Ha&TawmfawG

]]rm,mhukd armifMuD;wpfckar;r,f}}

]]ar;av armifMuD;&ly}}

]]rm,m vdrfjyD; rajym&bl;aemf}}

]]b,fwkef;u rm,m armifMuD;&lyukd vdrfnmjyD; ajymzl;vkdYwkH;}}

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tdrfawmfrSmvm;}}

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]]r[kwfygbl; armifMuD;&ly}}

]]'gjzihf b,fukda&mufaeovJ}}



90

]]a&Teef;okdufxJukd jyefa&mufaewmav armifMuD;&ly}}

]]a&Teef;okduf[kwfvm; rm,m? okdufqkdwm bmvJ}}

]]armifMuD;&lyodatmif rm,majymjyr,f/ okdufqkdwm okH;rsKd;&Sdw,f}}

]]ajymjyprf;ygOD; rm,m}}

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*E¨m&DavmuDynm t&yf&yfygwJh ay&ykdufawGukd odkrSD;pkaqmif;xm;&SdwJh ynmokduf&,fokd. okH;rsKd;

okH;pm;&Sdw,f/ tck armifMuD; a&muf&Sdaewmu ukef;okdufxJrSmav}}

tuREkfyfu a&awG vQHwufaeaom acsmif;ukd abmufwlavSuav;jzifh jzwful;vmcJhonfukd

trSwf&rdovkdvkd jzpfrd\/

]]aeprf;ygOD; rm,m? armifMuD;'Dukd vmwkef;u acsmif;ukd ausmfjzwfvmovm;vkd.}}

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teD;tem;wpf0kdufrSm awmMuD;? awmifMuD; ajrGa[mufawGuvnf; aygygobdeJY/ rMumcP

ajrGaygufvkdY aoaMuMuw,f/ tckawmh a&aMum ajraMumawG ajymif;oGm;vkdY okduftay:u

ajray:rSm acsmif;jzpfvkdY aejyDav}}

]]'Da&Teef;okdufMuD;rSm b,folawG aexkdifovJ rm,m}}

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aexkdifMuwmaygh}}

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awG.w,fr[kwfvm;}}

]]awG.w,fav rm,m}}

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jyefvnf touf0ifjyD; vIyf&Sm;vm&rSm}}

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]]rm,majymovdkqkd&if a&TovGefxufu armifMuD;&kyfuvyf[m vl.b0rSm tcsdefaphvkdY

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]]wpfckawmh &Sdw,f armifMuD;&ly}}

]]bmwpfckvJ rm,m}}

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ukd,fhbufu tiftm;enf;yg;ae&if armifMuD;&lyvkd vlYb0ukd acwåcP oGm;a&mufulnDaewJh



91

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]]tqef;ygvm; rm,m}}

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jzpfaervm; rodbl; rm,m}}

]][kwfwmaygh armifMuD;&ly&J.}}

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]]'Da&Tokdufeef;MuD;xJrSm rm,mwpfa,mufxJ aexkdif&wm r[kwfbl; armifMuD;}}

]]b,folawGeJY aexkdifwmvJ rm,m}}

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92

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93

od'dÄvausmifacgif &aohMuD;

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94

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rm,m}}



95

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a&mufzl;vm;}}

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armifMuD;&lyukd jrefrac:cJhwmaygh/ tckwpfcgrSmawmh armifMuD;&lyukd rjrifawG.&wm

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jyefvnfí t&nfvJhaom rsufvkH;tpkHESifh jyefvnf Munfh&Ionf/ rm,m\ rsufvkH;tpkHawGif

tcspf&dyf tcspfcdk;av;rsm; ,Suforf;í aeonfukd jrifawG.vkduf&yg\/

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tm;vkH;[m jyefjyD; jyKjyifvkdY &wJhudpöawGrS r[kwfawmhwmyJ/ jyefjyD;awG;vdkuf&if aqG;p&mawGyg/

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xkdtckduftwefYrSmyif tuREkfyf\ nmbuf vufaumuf0wfae&mukd rm,mu olYnmbuf

vufacsmif;uav;rsm;jzifh qkyfukdifxm;vkdufonf/ rm,m\ vufrSmat;pufíaeonf/ okdYaomf

rm,mh&ifxJu arwåmurl aEG;axG;aevdrfhrnf[k xifrSwf&yg\/

ywåjrm;pD a&Tom;qif;wkawmf

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renf;vSbl;aemf rm,m}}

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a&Txnfypönf;awG tm;vkH;[m t&darwå,s jrwfpGmbk&m;ocif yGifhawmfrlwJhtcgrSm

a&Tausmif;awmfMuD; aqmufvkyfvSL'gef;zkdY ypönf;awGyg/ 'Da&Teef;okdufMuD;xJrSm armifMuD;&lyeJY

rm,mwkdY wu,fykdifqkdifwJh ypönf;qkdvkdY wpfckyJ &Sdygw,f}}

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96

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toG,foG,feJY MuHKawG.ae&ifvnf; qkawmif;vkdY&ygw,f/ 'De,fwpf0kdufrSm&SdwJh a&okduf?

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vmjyD; qkyefavh&SdMuw,f/ ckawmh . . okdufbk&m;vkdY jzpfaeygjyDav}}

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ywåjrm; tvkH;i,fav;rsm; wef;pDí tjynfhxnfhxm;\/

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Thilha leiset ျပည္တြင္းျပည္ပ၀ိဥာဥ္ေလာကအံ့ဖြယ္ျဖစ္ရပ္မ်ား(အရိႏၵမာ)