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08

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vOj;jhsu; FOvOj;jhsu; FOvOj;jhsu; FOvOj;jhsu; FOvOj;jhsu; FO :

cs;thupcs;thupcs;thupcs;thupcs;thup

jpU.V.vy;.v];.mNgtpf;uk nraw;wpl;l mjpfhup - Nj.f.ep

jpU.vk;.Nf.Nf.gpupae;j nraw;wpl;l mjpfhup - Nj.f.ep

jpUkjp.vk;.gp.Mu;. jdtu;jd gpujk nraw;wpl;l mjpfhup - Nj.f.ep

jpUkjp. b.vr;.rp.vd;. ju;kghy nraw;wpl;l mjpfhup - Nj.f.ep

jpUkjp.lg;spA.V.Nf Rju;rdp nraw;wpl;l mjpfhup - Nj.f.ep

jpUkjp A.V.gP.Fzjpyf;f nraw;wpl;l mjpfhup - Nj.f.ep

jpU.v];.fUzhfud; cjtp nraw;wpl;l mjpfhup - Nj.f.ep

jpUkjp.vr;.V. gpupaju;\dp cjtp nraw;wpl;l mjpfhup - Nj.f.ep

ntspthu pntspthu pntspthu pntspthu pntspthu p

fyhepjp.vr;.B.V.gl;Ltpl;lNf Xa;Tngw;w gzpg;ghsu; - Nj.f.ep

jpU.rp.v];.[arpq;f Kfhikahsu; Mrpupau; kj;jpa epiyak; - n`huiz

nry;tp. I.uz#upa cg gPlhjpgjp> Cth Njrpa fy;tpapay; fy;Y}up

jpUkjp.vk;.vk;.[P.rp.uj;dhaf;f Mrpupau; NritI - ngz;fs; cau;ju ghlrhiy> fz;b

nry;tp. V.V.fy;ahztjp Mrpupa MNyhrfu; - gpypae;jy tyak;

jpU.N[.vk;.vk;.iaRe;ju Mrpupa MNyhrfu; - epf;fntul;ba tyak;

jpU.V.gP.ky;ythuhr;rp Mrpupa MNyhrfu; - epf;fntul;ba tyak;

jpUkjp. gP.gP.khypf;fh Mrpupa MNyhrfu; - mk;ghe;Njhl;il tyak;

jpUkjp. vd;.td;dpahuhr;rp Mrpupa MNyhrfu; - jpf;nty;y tyak;

jpU.vd;.Nf Muhr;rp Mrpupau;; - nghy;nfhl tpj;jpahyak;> k`fk

jpUkjp.v];.gP.gpNuktjp Mrpupaia - nrd;Njhk]; tpj;jpahyak;> khj;jiw

jpU.vd;.ju;kjhr Mrpupa MNyhrfu; - rpyhgk; tyak;.

jpU.vk; vr;.vk;. ah$j; Xa;Tngw;w gpujk nraw;wpl;l mjpfhup - Nj.f.ep

jpUkjp.v];.ghyRe;juk; Xa;Tngw;w gpujpg; guPl;ir Mizahsu;

vd;.vk;.vk;.K`;apj;jPd; Xa;Tngw;w Mrpupa MNyhrfu;

jpUkjp.v];.Uifah `];kp Mrpupia - ghGy; `rd; K.k.tp - tuf;fhg;nghis

ml;ilg;glKk; rpj;jpuKk;ml;ilg;glKk; rpj;jpuKk;ml;ilg;glKk; rpj;jpuKk;ml;ilg;glKk; rpj;jpuKk;ml;ilg;glKk; rpj;jpuKk;

jpU.utPe;jpu NjEtu cjtpr; nraw;wpl;l mjpfhup - mofpaw;Wiw - Nj.f.ep

fdpzp gjpg;ghf;fkfdpzp gjpg;ghf;fkfdpzp gjpg;ghf;fkfdpzp gjpg;ghf;fkfdpzp gjpg;ghf;fk; nry;tp. Rgh\pdp =jud;

Vida cjtpfs;Vida cjtpfs;Vida cjtpfs;Vida cjtpfs;Vida cjtpfs; nry;tp.vk;.vd;.vg; up`hdh - Nj.f.ep

nry;tp.V.vy;.v];.gp.mj;jgj;J - Nj.f.ep

jpUkjp.v];.rkuf;nfhb - Nj.f.ep

jpU.Mu;.vk;.&grpq;f - Nj.f.ep

viii

ix

cs;slf;fk;cs;slf;fk;cs;slf;fk;cs;slf;fk;cs;slf;fk;

tpupthd ghlj;jpl;lk;tpupthd ghlj;jpl;lk;tpupthd ghlj;jpl;lk;tpupthd ghlj;jpl;lk;tpupthd ghlj;jpl;lk; 1 - 14 1 - 14 1 - 14 1 - 14 1 - 14

ghlrhiyf; nfhs;ifAk; Ntiyj;jpl;lKk;ghlrhiyf; nfhs;ifAk; Ntiyj;jpl;lKk;ghlrhiyf; nfhs;ifAk; Ntiyj;jpl;lKk;ghlrhiyf; nfhs;ifAk; Ntiyj;jpl;lKk;ghlrhiyf; nfhs;ifAk; Ntiyj;jpl;lKk; 14 14 14 14 14

fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;

----- mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk; 16 - 20 16 - 20 16 - 20 16 - 20 16 - 20

----- khjpupr; nraw;ghLfs;khjpupr; nraw;ghLfs;khjpupr; nraw;ghLfs;khjpupr; nraw;ghLfs;khjpupr; nraw;ghLfs; 22 - 180 22 - 180 22 - 180 22 - 180 22 - 180

fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk;fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk;fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk;fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk;fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk; 181 - 183181 - 183181 - 183181 - 183181 - 183

fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; ePbg;Gf; fUtpfs;fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; ePbg;Gf; fUtpfs;fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; ePbg;Gf; fUtpfs;fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; ePbg;Gf; fUtpfs;fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; ePbg;Gf; fUtpfs; 184 - 190184 - 190184 - 190184 - 190184 - 190

1

2.02.02.02.02.0 ghl Nehf;fk; (gFjp xd;W) tho;f;ifj;ghl Nehf;fk; (gFjp xd;W) tho;f;ifj;ghl Nehf;fk; (gFjp xd;W) tho;f;ifj;ghl Nehf;fk; (gFjp xd;W) tho;f;ifj;ghl Nehf;fk; (gFjp xd;W) tho;f;ifj;

Nju;r;rpfs;Nju;r;rpfs;Nju;r;rpfs;Nju;r;rpfs;Nju;r;rpfs;

• jkJ ,aYikfs;> jpwd;fs;> cs;shu;e;j Mw;wy;fis mwpe;J vjpu;fhy tho;tpd;

,yf;Ffis tbtikj;Jf; nfhs;sy;.

• ehshe;jr; nraw;ghLfis ed;F jpl;lkpl;L epiwNtw;w Kw;gLjy;.

• kdntOr;rpfis ntw;wpfukhf vjpu;nfhs;s neUf;fpilia ,opthf;Fjy;.

• MSik tsu;r;rpf;ffhd nraw;ghLfs;> nghOJNghf;F kw;Wk; mofpay;

nraw;ghLfspy; <Lgl;L Xa;itg; gaDs;sthW fopj;jy;.

• rpwe;j Mspilj; njhlu;Gfisg; NgzpathW gupTzu;Tld; nraw;gly;

• gaDWjp tha;e;j njhlu;ghly; jpwd;fis tpUj;jp nra;jy;.

• ehshe;j fUkq;fspd; NghJ cld;ghlhd kdg;ghq;FfSld; nraw;gLjy;.

• Ma;e;Njha;e;Jk; Mf;f G+u;tkhd rpe;jidAlDk; nraw;gLjy;.

• jiyikj;Jtg; gz;Gfis tpUj;jp nra;jthW jiyikj;Jtj;jpw;F kjpg;gspj;jy;

• gaDWjp tha;e;j jPu;khdq;fis vLg;gjD}lhf gpur;rpidfSf;Fj; jPu;T fhzy;.

• ,lu;Kfhikj;Jtj;Jf;fhf nray;uPjpapy; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;tJld; mdu;j;jq;fisj;

jtpu;j;jYk; ,opthf;fYk;

• jdpahl;fs; rhu;e;j kw;Wk; r%fQ; rhu;e;j Kuz;ghLfis ,ad;w msTf;Ff;

Fiwj;jthW nraw;;gLjy;.

• vjpu;fhy NtiyAyfpw;F ntw;wpfukhf Kfq;nfhLj;jy;.

ghl Nehf;fk; (gFjp ,uz;L) FbAupikf;fy;tpghl Nehf;fk; (gFjp ,uz;L) FbAupikf;fy;tpghl Nehf;fk; (gFjp ,uz;L) FbAupikf;fy;tpghl Nehf;fk; (gFjp ,uz;L) FbAupikf;fy;tpghl Nehf;fk; (gFjp ,uz;L) FbAupikf;fy;tp

• gd;ikr; r%fnkhd;wpy; If;fpaj;Jld; tho;tjw;Fj; Njitahd Nju;r;rpfis

tpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;sy;.

• khdplg; gz;Gfs; kw;Wk; r%f tpOkpaq;fisg; ghJfhg;gjw;F cfe;j gpui[fis

cUthf;Fjy;.

• xOf;fj;jpw;Fk;> rl;lj;jpw;Fk; kjpg;gspf;Fk; gpui[fisr; r%fj;jpw;F toq;Ftjw;Fj;

Njitahd Nju;r;rpfis tpUj;jp nra;jy;.

• jdpahl;fs; rhu;e;j> r%fk; rhu;e;j nraw;ghLfspd; NghJ gu];guk; xj;Jioj;Jf;

fUkkhw;Wjy;.

• ,yq;if kw;Wk; cyf Ml;rpf; Nfhyq;fs; njhlu;ghf tpsq;fpf; nfhs;sy;.

• [dehaf %yjj;Jtq;fSf;Fk; kdpj cupikfs;> rhrdq;fSf;Fk; mikthfr;

nraw;gLk; r%fnkhd;iw cUthf;Fjy;.

• rjh khw;wKWk; cyfpd; vjpu;ghuhj> jPikahd re;ju;g;gq;fis ntw;wp nfhs;sj;

Njitahd rf;jpia tpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;sy;.

• gu];guk; flikfs;> nghWg;Gf;fSf;F kjpg;gspf;Fk; r%fnkhd;iwf; fl;bnaOg;Gjy;.

• r%fj;jpd; ed;ikf;fhf> r%f jhgdq;fs; mikg;Gf;fisg; gad;gLj;j

topg;gLj;Jjy;.

2

9 Mk; juk; - tho;f;ifj; Nju;r;rpfSk; FbAupikf;fy;tpAk; (gFjp 1)9 Mk; juk; - tho;f;ifj; Nju;r;rpfSk; FbAupikf;fy;tpAk; (gFjp 1)9 Mk; juk; - tho;f;ifj; Nju;r;rpfSk; FbAupikf;fy;tpAk; (gFjp 1)9 Mk; juk; - tho;f;ifj; Nju;r;rpfSk; FbAupikf;fy;tpAk; (gFjp 1)9 Mk; juk; - tho;f;ifj; Nju;r;rpfSk; FbAupikf;fy;tpAk; (gFjp 1)

ghl tpla cs;slf;fk;ghl tpla cs;slf;fk;ghl tpla cs;slf;fk;ghl tpla cs;slf;fk;ghl tpla cs;slf;fk;

• jdpahl;fspy; gy;NtW jpwd;fs;> Mw;wy;fs;:• jdpahl;fspy; gy;NtW jpwd;fs;> Mw;wy;fis ,dq;fhzy;.

• xt;nthU jdpahuplj;jpYk; gy;NtW jpwd;fs;>

Mw;wy;fs; fhzg;gLk;

• jkJ Mw;wy;fs;> jpwd;fis tpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;tjw;

fhfg; gad;gLj;jj;jf;f Nkyjpf fw;wy; Kiwfs;

c-k;:

• tho;f;if mDgtq;fs;

• gapw;rp

• E}y;fs;

• ,yj;jpudpay; Clfq;fs;

• tsthsu;fisr; re;jpj;jy;

• jkJ rpwg;ghd jpwd;fs;> Mw;wy;fis mbg;gil

ahff; nfhz;L vjpu;fhy tho;f;iff; Fwpf;Nfhs;

fis cUthf;fpf;nfhs;sy;

• RatpUj;jp

• MSik

• thz;ik/ njhopy;

• tho;f;if elj;Jk;NghJ gy;NtW miw$ty;fis

vjpu;nfhs;s Ntz;b Vw;gLfpd;wik> mJ tho;f;ifapd;

,ay;G

• xt;Nthu; miw$tiyAk; tho;f;ifapd; ntw;wpf;fhd

ce;Jjy;fshf khw;wpaikj;Jf; nfhs;sy;.

Nju;r ;rpNju;r ;rpNju;r ;rpNju;r ;rpNju;r ;rp

9.1 Ra tpsf;fj;Jld;

nraw;gLthu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;

9.1.1 jkJ mwpthw;wy;fis

ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.

9.1.2 tho;f;ifapy; vjpu;Nehf;

Fk; gy;NtW miw$ty;

fspd; NghJ ntw;wpfu

khfr; nraw;gLthu;.

ghlNtisghlNtisghlNtisghlNtisghlNtis

03

3


• cyfk; njhlu;ghd gue;j Nehf;F• ,yq;ifapd; RNjr fyhrhuk;> cw;gj;jp> RNjrj;Jtk;

Mfpatw;Wf;F kjpg;gspj;jy;.

• RNjr rl;lj;Jf;F mg;ghw; nrd;W Vida Nkk;gl;l

gz;ghLfis ,dq;fhzYk; mtw;wpd; %yk;

ahg;gpidAk; mwpe;J nfhs;sy;

• xOq ;F tho ;jyhdJ cyfshtpa u Pj pa py ;

eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLk; tpjj;ij ,dq;fhzy;.

• gu];guk; xUtu; kPJ xUtu; rhu;e;jpUj;jy;

- cyfpy; ve;jnthU jdpahSf;Nfh kf;fl;

gpuptpdUf;Nfh ehl;Lf;Nfh jdpj;jpUf;f KbahJ.

• cWjpg;ghlhd jd;ik (Assertiveness) ,dq;fhzy;.

• jd;Dld; cWjpg;ghL

• VidNahUld; cWjpg;ghL

• jdJ czu;Tfis Njitahd re;ju;g;gq;fspy;

Njitahd tifapy;> nghUSs;s tifapy;> xOf;fk;

NgzpathW Kd;itj;jy;

• cld;ghlhd kdg;ghq;FfSld; Ma;e;Njha;e;J ghu;j;J

cWjpahd nfhs;iffis Ngzpr; nraw;gLjy;.

Nju;r ;rpNju;r ;rpNju;r ;rpNju;r ;rpNju;r ;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;

9.1.3 RNjrj;Jtj;ijf; fhj;J

G+Nfhsf; fpuhkj;jpd; Xu;

mq;fj;jtu; vd;w tif

apy; xUq;F tho;e;jthW

nraw;gLthu;.

9.1.4 Njitg;gLk; Nghnjy;

yhk ; cWjpg ;ghlhd

tifapy; nraw;gLthu;.


01

02

4


• ey;tho;tpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;- jdpahdJ tpUg;Gf;fspd; gy;tifik- rpf;fyhd tho;f;iff;Nfhyk;

• ey;tho;tpd; gz;Gfs;- kfpo;r;rpAld; ,Uj;jy;- fpilg;gijf; nfhz;L jpUg;jpailjy;- vspikahd tho;f;if tho;jy;- el;Gzu;T- rkepiyahf tho;jy;

• ey;tho;tpd; gz;Gfis filgpbf;fhikahy; Vw;gLk;

tpisTfs;

• Vw;gLk; #o;epiyfSf;F Vw;g ey;tho;tpd; gz;Gfis

md;whl tho;Tld; nghUe;jpaikj;Jf;nfhs;Sjy;.


9.2 N g h l ; b j ; j d ; i k

tha;e;j cyfpy; ey;

tho ;it t pUj ;j p

nra;J nfhs;thu;.


9.2.1 Nghl;bj;jd;ik tha;e;j

cyfpy; ey;tho;tpd;

K f ; f p a j ; J t j ; i j

tprhuiz nra;thu;.

9.2.2 ey;tho;Tf;F ,l;Lr;

nry;Yk; gz;Gfisf;

filgpbg;ghu;.


02

02

5


• rthy; vd;gij ,dq;fhzy;- Fwpj;jnjhU Nehf;if ntw;wpfukhf mile;Jnfhs;tjpy; vjpu;g;;gLk; jilfs; my;yJ tiuaiwfSf;F Kfq;nfhLj;J mtw;iw ntw;wpnfhs;tjw;fhd jplrq;fw;gNk rthyhFk;.

• rthy;fs;- jdf;F> jdJ FLk;gj;jpy;> ghlrhiyapy;> r%fj;jpy;> Vida re;ju;g;gq;fspy;

• jilfis ntw;wpnfhs;tjw;F Mf;fG+u ;tkhd

Kiwikfis ifahz;Lghu;j;jy;.

• khw;W topfspy; ftdQ;nrYj;jy;.


9.3 tho;tpy; re;ju;g;gq;f

Sf;Fk; rthy;fSf;

Fk; Kfq;nfhLj;J>

tpisjpwd;kpf;f jPu;kh

dq;fis vLg;ghu;.


9.3.1 tho ;t pd ; gy ; NtW

re ; j u ; g ; gq ; fisAk ;

rthy;fisAk; EZfp

aha;thu;.

9.3.2 gy;NtW rthy;fspd;

NghJ jiyikj;Jtg;

gz ;Gfis tpUj ;j p

nra;J nfhs;thu;.

9.3.3 tho ;t pd ; gy ; NtW

gpur;rpidfs;> rthy;

fis ntw;w pfukhf

vjpu; nfhs;thu;.


02

01

02

6


• ehk; vjpu;nfhs;Sk; gy;NtW tpgj;Jf;fis ,dq;fhzy;• tpgj;Jf;fSk; mdu;j;jq;fSk; epfoj;jf;f ,lq;fistifg;gLj;jy;.- tPL- ghlrhiy- maw; #oy;- Ntiyj;jsk;

• Nkw;gb ,lq;fs; jtpu tpgj;Jf;fs; epfoj;jf;f NtWre;ju;g;gq;fs;• ,aw;ifahfTk; kdpj nraw;ghLfspd; tpisthfTk;

tpgj;Jf;fSk; mdu;j;jq;fSk; Vw;gLjy;.

• czT kw ;Wk ; xsljq ;fs ; njhlu ; g hd

tpgj;Jf;fSk; mdu;j;jq;fSk;

• ghjfkhd gof;fq;fshy; Vw;gLk; mdu;j;jq;fs;

• tpgj;Jf;fis jtpu;j;Jf; nfhs;tjw;fhf Nkw;nfhs;sj;

jf;f topKiwfs;

• rk;ge;jg;gl;l epWtdq;fs; njhlu;ghf mwpT+l;lk;

ngWjy;.

- itj;jparhiy

- nghyp];

- jPaizf;Fk; gpupT

- ,lu; Kfhikj;Jt epiyak;

- Vida epWtdq;fs;

• mt;tr;re;ju;g;gq;fspd; NghJ rkNahrpjkhfTk;

epjhdkhfTk;; nraw;gly;.


9.4 ,lu;Kfhikj;Jtj;

ij Nkw;nfhs;thu;.


9.4.1 tpgj;Jf;fs;> mdu;j;jq;

fs; njhlu;ghf tpopg;G

zu;Tld; nraw;gLthu;.

9.4.2 tpgj;Jf;fs;> mdu;j;jq;

fs;pd; NghJ Gj;jprhypj;

jdkhfr; nraw;gLthu;.


02

01

7


• Kuz;ghl;il tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;jy;

• Kuz;ghLfspd; jd;ikfis mwpe;J nfhs;sy;.

• Kuz;ghl;ilg; gFj;jha;jy;

- fhuzq;fs;

- gz;Gfs;

• Kuz;ghl;Lj; jPu;Tf;fhd jilfs;

- ,Wf;fkhd epiyg;ghL

- xNu jPu;tpy; jq;fpapUj;jy;

- kw;iwa jug;gpdiuj; Njhw;fbj;J jhd; ntw;wp

nfhs;sy;.

• Kuz;ghl;Lj; jPu ;nthd;wpd; rpwe;j gz;Gfis

,dq;fhzy;

- njhlu;ghly;

- khw;Wj;jPu;Tfisf; fz;lwpjy;

- xj;Jiog;G

- ,U jug;Gk; ,zq;fj;jf;f jPu;nthd;iw Nehf;fpr;

nry;yy;. (ntw;wp - ntw;wp jPu;T)

• Kuz;ghL jPu;j;jy; jpwd;fs;

- fye;jhNyhrpj;jy;

- gupTzu;Tld; nrtpkLj;jy;

- Kuz;ghl;ilg; gFj;jha;jy;

- khw;Wj;jPu;Tfis ,dq;fhzy;

- cWjpg;ghlhd Jyq;fy;


9.5 K u z ; g h L f i s

rkhjhdkhd tif

apy; jPu;j;Jf;nfhs;

thu;.


9.5.1 Kuz;ghLfspd; jd;ik

ia tpsf;Fthu;.

9.5.2 jilfis ntw ; w p

nfhz;L Kuz;ghLfisj;

jPu;f;f Kidthu;.


02

02

8


• ,zf;fg;ghL - mwpKfk;- Kuz;ghl;ilj; jPu;j;Jf; nfhs;tjw;F %d;whe; jug;nghd;wpd; cjtpia ehly;.

• ,zf;fg;ghl;bd; gbKiwfs;- gf;fr;rhu;gw;w Kiwapy; Kuz;ghl;ilj; jPu;j;Jf;nfhs;s cjTgtuhf Kd;tUjy;

- Kuz;ghl;il Muha;jy;- jug;GfSld; jdpj;jdpahff; fye;Jiuahly;.- khw;Wj; jPu;Tfis Kd;itg;gjw;F ,U jug;gpdiuAk; J}z;Ljy;

- ,U jug;gpduhYk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sj;jf;f jPu;Tfs;njhlu;ghf ,Ujug;gpdiuAk; J}z;Ljy;.

- mjidr; nraw;gLj;Jk; tpjj;ijg; gpNuupj;jy;

Nju;r ;rpNju;r ;rpNju;r ;rpNju;r ;rpNju;r ;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;

9.5.3 Kuz;ghl;il ,zf;fg;

g hl ;Lf ;F nfhz ;L

tUthu;.


02

9


• tho;f;ifj; njhopy; xd;iwj; Nju;e;njLj;jy;.- jkJ mwpthw;wy;fisAk; jpwikfisAk;cs;shu;e;j Mw;wy;fisAk; mwpe;J nfhz;L mjw;Nfw;g njhopnyhd;iw ,yf;fhff; nfhs;Sjy;.

- njupT nra;J nfhz;l njhopYf;fhd gpd;dzpj;jfty;fis Njbahuha;jy;.

- mj;njhopYf;Fupa mbg;gilj;jpwd;fis tpUj;jpnra;J nfhs;s Kidjy;.

- mbg;gilg; gapw;rpiag; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s Kidjy;- Ranjhopy; tha;g;Gfspy; ftdQ; nrYj;Jjy;- tpidj;jpwDlDk; tpisjpwDila tifapYk;Ranjhopy; cw;gj;jpfspd; juj;ij Nkk;gLj;jKidjy;

- jkJ njhopy; Kidg;Gf;F mikthf vjpu;fhyj;jpy;njhopnyhd;wpidj; njupT nra;Jnfhs;s Kidg;GWj;jy;

- nraw;wpwd;

- tpisjpwd;

- njhopy; kfpik

- nghUl;fs; Nritfspd; gz;Gj; juk;

- jkJ Nritfis caupa juj;jpy; toq;f Kd;tuy;.


9.6 NtiyAyf p w ;Fj ;

jahuhFthu;.


9.6.1 gy ; NtW njho pw ;

Jiwfis ,dq;fz;L

jkJ Mw;wy;fSf;F Vw;g

tpUg;gkhd njhopnyhd;

iwj; Nju;e;njLg;gjw;F

Kidthu;.

9.6.2 njhopy; mgptpUj;jpf;Fj;

Njitahd kdg;ghq;if

tsu;j;Jf; nfhs;thu;.


02

02

10

gFjp gFjp gFjp gFjp gFjp II

9.1 ehk; thOk; r%fk;9.1 ehk; thOk; r%fk;9.1 ehk; thOk; r%fk;9.1 ehk; thOk; r%fk;9.1 ehk; thOk; r%fk;


9.1.1 r%f ghJfhg;Gf;fhdjdpahspd; nghWg;Gf;fisAk; flikfisAk; epiwNtw;Wthu;.

9.1.2 r%f ghJfhg;gpd;kPJgq;fspg ;Gr ; nra;Ak;gy;NtW epWtdq;fismw pe ;J ngUk pjq ;fhz;l gpuir vd;wtifapy; xj;Jiog;Gld;fUkkhw;Wthu;.

9.1.3 $l;LwT ,af;fj;Jld;,ize;J rf tho;TthOk; g puirahfr ;nraw;gLthu;.


9.1.1 r%fg; ghJfhg;G• r%fj;jpw;Fk; jdpahSf;Fkpilapyhd njhlu;G• r%f ghJfhg;G - mwpKfk;• r%fg; ghJfhg;gpw;Fg; gq;fspj;jy;• FLk;gk;> ghlrhiy> rka epWtdq;fs;> r%fepWtdq;fs;

9.1.2 r%fg; ghJfhg;ig Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;

gl;Ls;s nghwpKiwfs;> rl;ljpl;lq;fs; kw;Wk;

mtw;nwhbize;j jdp Ml;fspd;; nghWg;GfSk;

- nghyp];

- ghJfhg;Gg; gilapdu;

9.1.3 $l;LwT ,af;fk; - mwpKfk;• $l;LwT ,af ;fj ;j pd ; jw ;fhy flikfSk;nghWg;GfSk;

− gyNehf;F $l;LwT rq;fq;fs;> gpuNjr mikg;Gf;fs;

Clhf

Nju;r;rpNju;r ;rpNju;r ;rpNju;r ;rpNju;r ;rp

9.1 $l;lhd nraw;ghL

fspd; Clhf r%fg;

ghJfhg;ig cWjpg;

gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjw;F

nray;uPjpapy; gq;f

spg;Gr; nra;thu;.


08

11


9.2.1 rkfhy khw;wq;fSf;$lhf jdpahs;> r%fm g p t p U j ; j p a p y ;nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk;khw;wq;fis tprhuizEZfpaha;thu;.

9.2.2 nghUshjhuj;jpy; Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fSf;F,irthfr; nraw;gLthu;.

9.2.3 Gjpa njhopw;re;ijf;Fg;nghUj;jkhd tifapy;jkJ jpwikfisAk;Mw;wy;fisAk; mwpe;Jmtw;iw tpUj;jp nra;Jnfhs;thu;.


9.2.1 njhopDl ;g khw ;wq ;fSk; mtw;w pd ; k PjhdJyq;fy;fspd; Kf;fpaj;JtKk;

• njhopDl;g khw;wq;fs; - mwpKfk;• gy;NtW Muha;r;rpfs;> Njbaha;Tfs; Clhff;fpilf;Fk;Gjpa fz;Lgpbg;Gf;fs;

• njhopDl;g khw;wj;Jld; $lNt Vw;gLk; r%fkhw;wq;fs;;

• Mf;fj;jpwd; kpf;f gpui[ vd;w tifapy; njhopDl;g

khw;wq;fisg; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;.

9.2.2 nghUshjhuj;jpy; Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fs;• tptrhaj;Jiw• ifj;njhopy; Jiw• Nritfs; Jiw

9.2.3 njhopw;re;ijAk; mjd; GjpaNghf;FfSk;

• tptrhak;• ifj;njhopy;

• Nritfs;


9.2 r%f ed;ik kPJ> gq;

fspf;Fk; njhopDl;g>

r%f nghUshjhu

khw;wq;fSf;F ,ir

thfr; nraw;gLthu;.


08

9.29.29.29.29.2 rkfhy r%f khw;wk;rkfhy r%f khw;wk;rkfhy r%f khw;wk;rkfhy r%f khw;wk;rkfhy r%f khw;wk;

12

9.3 Ml;rpapy; kf;fspd; gq;Fgw;wWif9.3 Ml;rpapy; kf;fspd; gq;Fgw;wWif9.3 Ml;rpapy; kf;fspd; gq;Fgw;wWif9.3 Ml;rpapy; kf;fspd; gq;Fgw;wWif9.3 Ml;rpapy; kf;fspd; gq;Fgw;wWif


9.3.1 rdehaf Ml;rp Kiwnahd;wpd; mbg;gilg; gz;Gfs;• rdehafk; - mwpKfk;• rdehaf Ml;rp Kiwnahd;wpd; mbg;gilg; gz;GfSk;rdeha Ml;rp eilngWk; ehLfSk;

• rdehaf Ml;r p Kiwnahd;w pd ; ntw ;w pf ;Fmbg;gilahd mk;rq;fs;.

9.3.2 murpay; fl;rpfs;;• murpay; fl;rpfs; - mwpKfk;

• kf;fs; r%fnkhd;wpy; If;fpaj;ij Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhf

murpay; fl;rpfs; nra;af;$ba flikfs;> nghWg;Gf;

fs;

9.3.3 thf;FupikAk; Nju;jy;fSk;• Ml;rpapy; kf;fs; gq;Nfw;Fk; re;ju;g;gq;fs;

• ru;trd thf;FupikAk; mjd; Kf;fpaj;JtKk;

• Nju;jy;fSk; Nju;jy;fs; njhlu;ghf kf;fspd; cupik

fSk; flikfSk;


9.3 rdehaf Ml;rp Kiw

apid ntw;wpfukhf

Kd ; ndLg ; g j w ; F

nray;uPjpapy; gq;fspg;

ghu;.


08


9.3.1 rdehaf Ml;rpKiwnahd;wpd; mbg;gilg;gz;Gfis gFg;gha;Tnra;thu;.

9.3.2 kf;fs; r%fj;jpy; If;fpaj;ij Vw;gLj;Jtjw;Fmurpay; fl;rpfs;; Mw;wf;$ba flikfisAk;nghWg;Gf;fisAk; kjpg;gpLthu;.

9.3.3 rdehaf r%nkhd;wpy;xU ew;gpuir vd;wtifapy; jkJ nghWg;Gf;fisAk; flikfisAk; epiwNtw;Wthu;.

13

9.4 cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fSk; kf;fspd; gq;Fgw;wYk;9.4 cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fSk; kf;fspd; gq;Fgw;wYk;9.4 cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fSk; kf;fspd; gq;Fgw;wYk;9.4 cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fSk; kf;fspd; gq;Fgw;wYk;9.4 cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fSk; kf;fspd; gq;Fgw;wYk;


9.4.1 cs;Suhl;rp - mwpKfk;epWtdq;fs;> cWg;gpdu;fis njupT nra;Ak; tpjk;

9.4.2 cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fspd; fl;likg;Gk; mjpfhuq;fSk;flikfSk;

9.4.3 cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fspd; Nritfs; njhlu;gpy;

nghJkf;fspd; flikfSk; nghWg;Gf;fSk;


9.4 nghJ ed;ikapd ;

nghUl;lhd cs;S

uhl;rp kd;wq;fspd;

nraw;ghLfSf;F xj;

Jiog;G toq;Fthu;.


06


9.4.1 jkJ gpuNjrj ;j pw ;Fcs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fspd; Clhf Mw;wg;gLk; Nritfs; njhlu;gpy; EZfpaha;thu;.

9.4.2 cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fspd; Nritfs; njhlu;gpyhd nghJ kf;fspd;flikfisAk; nghWg;Gf;fisAk; epiwNtw;Wthu;.

9.4.3 cs;suhl ;r p kd;wq ;fs pd ; Nritfistpidj; jpwDs;s tifapy; Nkw;nfhs;tjw;Fkf;fsJ gq;Fgw;wypd;cs;s Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijkjpg;gpLthu;.

14

3.03.03.03.03.0 ghlrhiyf; nfhs;ifAk; Ntiyj;jpl;lKk;ghlrhiyf; nfhs;ifAk; Ntiyj;jpl;lKk;ghlrhiyf; nfhs;ifAk; Ntiyj;jpl;lKk;ghlrhiyf; nfhs;ifAk; Ntiyj;jpl;lKk;ghlrhiyf; nfhs;ifAk; Ntiyj;jpl;lKk;

“tho;f;ifj; Nju;r;rpfSk; FbAupikf;fy;tpAk;” ghlj;ijg; ghlrhiyapy; fw;gpf;Fk;

NghJ tFg;giwf;F kl;Lg;gLj;jg;glhJ Njitahd vy;yhr; re;ju;g;gq;fspYk; ntspthup

nraw;ghLfspYk; khztiu <LgLj;jy; Kf;fpakhFk;. ghl ,izr; nraw;ghLfspYk;

tFg;giwf;F ntspNaahd nrw;ghLfspYk; khztiu <LgLj;jyhdJ gy;NtW

Jiwfisr; Nru;e;j jpwd;fis mtu;fsplj;Nj tpUj;jp nra;tjw;Fg; ngupJk; Jizahf

mikAk;. KbntLj;jy;> jiyikj;Jtk;> gq;fspg;G> xOq;fikg;G> jpl;lkply; Nghd;w

gy;NtW nraw;ghLfspd; NghJ ,aYkhd vy;yhr; re;ju;g;gq;fspYk; khztupd;

gq;fspg;igg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjpy; tpNrl ftdk; nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;. tpNrlkhf

ghlrhiyapy; nraw;gLfpd;w kiw fiyj;jpl;lj;jpidr; nraw;gLj;Jk;NghJ mjpgu;

cl;gl vy;yh epu;thfj; jiytu;fSk; gps;isfsplj;Nj tho;f;ifj;Nju;r;rpfis tpUj;jp

nra;tjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fisr; nraw;gLj;Jtjpy; ftdk; nrYj;Jjy;

Kf;fpakhdJ.

,it jtpu gy;NtW r%f eyd;Gupr; nraw;ghLfspy; khztiu <LgLj;jjf; $bathW

ghlrhiyf; nfhs;iffisAk; Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fisAk; etPdkag;gLj;jy; mtrpakhFk;.

tpNrlkhf Mrpupau;> ngw;Nwhu; rhu;e;j kw;Wk; r%f Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fspy; khztupd;

gq;fspg;igAk; topfhl;liyAk; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sj; Njitahd eltbf;iffs; ghlrhiy

nfhs;ifapy; cs;slf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. NkYk; ghlrhiyapy; “vdJ ey;y Ntiyg;

gjpNtL” vDk; ehl;Fwpg;NgL xd;iw xt;nthU khztDk; Ngz topg;gLj;jg;gly;

Ntz;Lk;. ,jid ,ilf;fpilNa guPl;rpg;gjd; %yk; khztuplj;Nj ,jid kPs

typAWj;JtJ Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.

Fwpg;ghf “tho;f;ifj; Nju;r;rpfSk; FbAupikf;fy;tpAk;” vz;zf;fUf;fis> tho;f;if

Nju;r;rp ghl Mrpupau; kl;Lkd;wp Vida ghlq;fisf; fw;gpf;Fk; Mrpupau;fs; mgptpUj;jp

nra;jyhdJ ghlrhiyf; nfhs;ifapy; cs;slf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. mtu;fsJ

xj;Jiog;igAk; ,jw;fhfg; ngwy; nghUj;jkhdJ. NkYk; ,g;ghlj;Jld; njhlu;Gila

Nritfisg; ngwf;$ba ntsp tsthsu;fsJk; epWtdq;fsJk; gq;fspg;ig

,ad;wsTf;Fk; ngw Kida Ntz;Lk;. tFg;giwapYk; tFg;giwf;F ntspNaAk;

gy;NtW re;ju;g;gq;fspYk; tpisahl;Lj; jply;> rpw;Wz;Lr;rhiy> nghJ ,lq;fs;>

fhiyf;$l;lk;> ghlrhiyapd; gy;NtW gzpfs;> epfo;Tfspd; NghJ khztuJ

elj;ijfspD}lhf tho;f;ifj; Nju;r;rpfs; ntspf;fhl;Lg;gLk; vd vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

,g;ghlj;ijf; fw;gjd; tpisthf ghlrhiyap;y; xOf;fk; njhlu;ghd gpur;rpidfs;

FiwtiltNjhL> khztu; kfpo;Tld; fw;fj;jf;f mtu;fsJ tpUg;Gf;Fupa xU

#oy; cUthFnkd vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

15

fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwapay;

16

fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; Kiwapay;fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; Kiwapay;fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; Kiwapay;fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; Kiwapay;fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; Kiwapay;

,g;ghlj;jpl;;lj;jpw;F Vw;g fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwikfisj; jPu;khdpf;Fk;NghJ

Ma;Tfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L khztu;fsplj;jpy; Nju;r;rpfis cUthf;Ftjw;F

Vw;w tifapy; fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jw; nraw;ghLfisj; jpl;lkpLtJ njhlu;ghff; ftdk;

nrYj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. Nju;r;rp ikaf; fy;tpf;F Maj;jk; MFk;NghJ Mrpupau; gq;fpy;

njspthd khw;wk; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpwJ.

vkJ tFg;giwfspy; fle;j fhyq;fspy; gutyhfr; nraw;gLj;jg;gl;L te;j flj;Jk;

tfpgq;F (Transmission Role), gpd;du; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l gupkhw;wy; tfpgq;F (Transac-

tion Role) vd;gd tFg;giwapy; ,g;NghJk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ghlrhiyia tpl;L

tpyfpr; nry;Yk; gps;isfsplj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; rpe;jidj; jpwd;fs;> jdpahs; jpwd;fs;>

r%fj; jpwd;fs; Nghd;wtw;wpYs;s FiwghLfis fUj;jpw; nfhs;tjd; %yk; fw;wy;

- fw;gpj;jy; Kiwikfspy; nra;a Ntz;ba mgptpUj;jprhu; khw;wq;fisAk;> mitvt;thW nra;ag;gly; Ntz;Lnkd;gijAk; ,dq; fhz;gJ fbdkd;W.

flj;Jk; tfpgq;fpy;> fw;gpf;fg;gl Ntz;ba tplaq;fs; ahtw;iwAk; Mrpupau; jhd;njupe;Js;sjhf vLj;Jf; nfhz;L> khztu;fs; ,t;tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghf xd;WNkmwpe;jpuhjtu; vdf; fUjpf; nfhz;L tpla mwpit khztu;fSf;Fr; nrYj;Jk;xUtuhfNt fhzg;gLthu;. ,k;Kiwapy; Mrpupau; tpupTiuahsu; Nghyj;njhopw;gLtNjhL> khztu;fspd; rpe;jidiaj; J}z;Ltjw;Nfh> khztu;fspd; jdpahs;jpwd;fis> r%fj; jpwd;fis tpUj;jp nra;tjw;Nfh nra;Ak; gq;fspg;G NghJkhdjy;y.

Mrpupau; tFg;giwapy; khztu;fSld; fye;JiuahLtJ> gupkhw;wy; tfpgq;fpd;Muk;gf; fl;lkhf mikfpwJ. ,jd;NghJ MrpupauplkpUe;J khztu;fSf;Fk;>khztu;fsplkpUe;J MrpupaUf;Fk; fUj;Jf;fs; gupkhwg;gLtNjhL> mijj; njhlu;e;Jkhztu;- khztu; ,ilj;njhlu;Gk; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;L mtu;fSf;fpilapYk; fUj;Jg;gupkhwy; eilngWtNjhL> mJ ju;f;fuPjpahd fye;Jiuahlyhf khWk;.njupe;jjpypUe;J njupahjjw;Fk;> vspajpypUe;J rpf;fyhdjw;Fk;> J}y tplaj;jpypUe;JfUj;Jepiy tplaj;jpw;Fk; khztu;fisf; nfhz;L nry;Yk; tifapy; Mrpupau;njhlu;e;J tpdhf;fisj; njhLg;gjpy; <Lgly; Ntz;Lk;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lf; fy;tpapy; khztu; nraw;ghLfs; tYthd ,lj;ijg; ngWtNjhL>tFg;gpYs;s xt;nthU gps;isAk; me;je;jj; Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs; njhlu;ghff; Fiwe;jJmz;kpa Nju;r;rpkl;lq;fisahtJ mile;J nfhs;tjw;F Vw;w tifapy; Mrpupau;xU tsthsuhf (Resource Person) khw Ntz;Lnkd vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

fw;wYf;Fj; Njitahd cgfuzq;fSk; kw;Wk; trjpfSk; nfhz;l fw;ww;#onyhd;iwj; jpl;lkpLjy;> khztu;fs; fw;Fk; tpjj;ij mUfpypUe;J mtjhdpj;jy;>khztu;fspd; ,aYik> ,ayhik vd;gtw;iw ,dq;fhZjy;> Njitahd Kd;D}l;;ly;>

gpd;D}l;ly; vd;gtw;iw toq;fy; %yk; fw;wiy tpUj;jp nra;tNjhL tFg;giwf;F

ntspapYk; khztu;fs; fw;gjw;Fk;> fw;gijj; J}z;Ltjw;Fk; cupathW fw;wy;

cgfuzq;fisj; jpl;lkpLtJk; Mrpupaupd; mbg;gilf; flikfshFk;. ,t;thwhd

Mrpupau; gq;fspg;G epiykhw;wy; tfpgq;F (Transformation Role) vdg;gLk;.

17

Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;bapd; Kjw;gFjpahf ,q;F mwpKfQ; nra;ag;gl;Ls;s

tpupthd ghlj; jpl;lKk;> mjid mKy;gLj;Jk;NghJ gad;gLj;jf;$ba nraw;ghLfs;

,uz;lhk; gFjpahfTk; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,r; nraw;ghLfs; xt;nthd;Wk;

Fiwe;jJ %d;W gbfisf; nfhz;ljhf tpUj;jp nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd. nraw;ghl;bd;

Kjw;gbapy; khztu;fisf; fw;wYf;Fj; jahu; nra;tjpy; <LgLj;jpf; nfhs;tJ

vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpwJ. ,t;thW khztu;fisj; jahu; nra;J nfhs;Sk;gb

(njhlu;GWj;Jk; gb) ‘<LgLj;Jk; gb| (Engagement Step) vdg;gLk;. ,g;gbapd; Muk;gj;jpy;

Mrpupau; gupkhw;wy; tfpgq;fpd; %yk; khztu;fSld; fye;Jiuahliy Muk;gpg;ghu;.

gpd;du; khztu;fs; tplaq;fis ed;F Muha;e;J nraw;gLtjw;Fj; Njitahd

Kd;dwpit kPl;Fk; tifapYk;> nraw;ghl;Lf;Fj; Njitahd iriffisf; nfhLf;Fk;

tifapYk; fye;Jiuahliy tpupTgLj;jpf; nfhs;sy; Ntz;Lk;. ,f;fye;Jiuahlypy;

fUj;Jg; gupkhwYf;Fg; gad;gLj;jf;$ba El;gq;fs; Mrpupauplk; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

tpdhf;fis Kd;itj;jy;/ glq;fs;> gj;jpupif tpsk;guq;fs;> mwptpj;jy;fs;> kpd;

ml;ilfs; (Flash Cards) Nghd;w Mu;tk; Cl;Ltdtw;iwg; gad;gLj;jy;/ gpurpdq;fs;>

Gjpu;fs;> tpla Ma;Tfs;/ fye;Jiuahly;> ebj;jy;> ftpijfs;> ghly;fs;>

nra;Jfhl;ly;fs; (Demonstrations) fl;Gy> nrtpg;Gy rhjdq;fs; Nghd;wd

gad;gLj;JtJk; tuNtw;fj;jf;fjhFk;. Kjyhk; gb gpd;tUk; %d;W Nehf;fq;fisAk;

epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;tij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;ljhFk;.

• tFg;G khztu;fspd; ftdj;ij <u;j;Jf; nfhs;sy;.

• Njitahd Kd;dwpit kPl;bf; nfhs;tjw;F khztu;fSf;Fr; re;ju;g;gk;

toq;Fjy;.

• nraw;ghl;bd; ,uz;lhk; gbapy; khztu;fsplk; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; fz;lwpAk;

tplaq;fSf;Fj; Njitahd Muk;g tplaq;fis toq;Fjy;.

nraw;ghl;bd; ,uz;lhk; gbapy; khztu;fSf;Fg; ghl tplaq;fisf; fz;lwpe;J

nfhs;tjw;F re;ju;g;gk; toq;fg;gLfpwJ. khztu;fs; NgWfisf; fz;L gpbg;gJ>

mjw;nfd tpNrlkhfj; jahupf;fg;gl;;l mwpTWj;jy; gbtj;jpid mbg;gilahff;

nfhz;lhFk;. ghl myFld; njhlu;ghd gy;NtW tplaq;fisAk; $l;lhfr; nraw;gl;L

Muha;e;J FOthff; fw;gjw;F Vw;w tifapy; Mrpupau; nraw;ghl;ilj; jpl;lkply;

Ntz;Lk;. toq;fg;gl;Ls;s cgfuzq;fisAk;> kw;Wk; tsq;fisAk; gad;gLj;jpj;

njspthd tpsf;fj;Jld;> ju;f;f uPjpahd fye;JiuahlYld; Muha;e;J NgWfisf;

fz;Lgpbg;gJ Nghd;wd ,g;gbKiwapy; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; Kf;fpa gz;Gfs; rpythFk;.

,t;thwhd nraw;ghLfspy; khztu;fs; njhlu;e;J <LgLtjhy; Rafl;Lg;ghL> xOf;fk;>

VidNahupd; fUj;Jf;fSf;Fr; nrtpkLj;jy;> VidNahUld; $l;lhfr; nraw;gly;>

VidNahUf;F cjTjy;> Neu Kfhikj;Jtk;> cau; juj;Jldhd ,Wjpg; ngWNgw;iwg;

ngwy;> Neu;ik Nghd;w md;whl tho;f;iff;Fj; Njitahd Kf;fpa gz;Gfis

tpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;sy; Nghd;wd khztu;fsplj;jpy; tpUj;jpahFk;.

khztu;fs; fz;Lgpbg;Gf;fspy; <LgLk;NghJ FOj;jiytu;fisj; njupT nra;tij

Mrpupau; jtpu;j;Jf; nfhs;tNjhL jiytu; FOtpypUe;J cUthtjw;Fr; re;ju;g;gk;

mspf;ff;$ba gpd;dzpia kl;Lk; Mrpupau; Vw;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. ,jdhy; kiwe;jpUf;Fk;

Mw;wy;fis ntspg;gLj;Jtjw;F khztu;fSf;Fr; re;ju;g;gk; fpilf;fpd;wJ.

18

nraw;ghl;bd; %d;whk; gbapy; FOf;fs; fz;lwpe;j tplaq;fisAk;; NgWfisAk;

Vida khztu;fSk; mwpe;J nfhs;Sk; tifapy; tFg;gpy; rku;g;gpg;gjw;F xt;nthU

FOtpw;Fk; re;ju;g;gk; mspf;fg;gLfpwJ. xt;nthU FOTk; NgWfisr; rku;g;gpf;Fk;

NghJ mf;FOtpd; xt;nthU mq;fj;jtUk; mjpy; gq;nfLj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; tifapy;

mtu;fSf;F Ntiyg;gfpu;T ,Ug;gJ gaDilajhFk;. fz;lwpe;jtw;iw

tpsf;fkspj;jy; (Explanation) ,g;gbapd; Kf;fpa vjpu;ghu;g;G MFk;. tFg;giwapy;

tof;fkhf xypf;Fk; Mrpupau; FuYf;F Nkyjpfkhf khztu;fspd; Fuy;fSk;

fUj;Js;sthW xypf;fj; njhlq;FfpwJ. ,J ,g;gbapy; cs;s Kf;fpa mk;rkhFk;.

nraw;ghl;bd; %d;whk; gbapy; FOf;fspd; fz;lwpe;jtw;iwAAk; NgWfisAk; NkYk;

tpUj;jp nra;J Mokhf tpupthf;fpf; nfhs;tjw;F (Eleboration) khztu;fSf;Fr; re;ju;g;gk;

toq;f Ntz;Lk;. xt;nthU FOTk; NgWfisr; rku;g;gpj;j gpd; mtw;iw NkYk;

mgptpUj;jp nra;Ak; tifapyhd fUj;Jf;fis toq;Ftjw;F Kjypy; mf;Fwpg;gpl;l

FOtpd; mq;fj;jtu;fSf;Fk;> gpd;du; Vida FOf;fspd; mq;fj;jtu;fSf;Fk; re;ju;g;gk;

toq;Fjy; ,jd; %yk; epiwNtw;wg;gLfpwJ. vt;thwhapDk;> ,Wjpapy; NgWfisj;

njhFg;gJ Mrpupaupd; nghWg;ghFk;. ,jd;NghJ khztu;fs; Muha;e;j tplaq;fis

mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l Kf;fpa tplaq;fs;> vz;zf;fUf;fs;> Nfhl;ghLfs;> tpjpfs;

Nghd;wtw;iw khztu;fspilNa cWjpg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tJ vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpwJ.

tFg;giwf; fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jw; nra;if vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gl;l tpjj;jpy; ntw;wpfukhfeilngWfpwjhntdj; njhlu;e;J Njbg; ghu;g;gJ ,k;Kiwapd; fPo; MrpupauJ gpujhdflikahFk;. ,jw;fhff; fzpg;gPl;L Kiwiag; gad;gLj;j Ntz;baNjhL> ,Jfw;wy; - fw;gpj;jw; nra;ifapDs; ,lk;ngWtjw;F> jpl;lkpl;l nraw;ghLfisj;jahupg;gjw;Fupa re;ju;g;gj;ij MrpupaUf;F toq;FfpwJ. nraw;ghl;bd; ,uz;lhk;gbapy; khztu;fs; tplaq;fis MuhAk;NghJ fzpg;gPl;ilAk; (Assessment)>nraw;ghl;bd; %d;whk; gbapy; khztu;fs; mtu;fsJ NgWfis tpsf;Fk;NghJfzpg;gPl;NlhL rhu;e;j kjpg;gPl;ilAk; (Evaluation) epfo;j;Jtjw;F MrpupaUf;F tha;g;GVw;gLfpwJ. fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk; njhlu;ghd tpsf;fk; Ntwhfj; jug;gl;Ls;sJ.

,Jtiu tptupf;fg;gl;l fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwik epiykhw;wy; tfpghf gq;fspg;igr;nra;tjw;F Mrpupaiu cl;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. ,q;F FO Ma;Tf;F Kjyplk;mspf;fg;gLtNjhL nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;> ju;f;f uPjpahd fye;Jiuahly; vd;gtw;NwhLrpwpjsthf Mrpupaupd; tpupTiuf;Fk; ,lKz;L. ghlg; gpuNtrj;jpd;NghJ gupkhw;wy;;>fye;Jiuahly; Kiw vd;gd eilngWtNjhL> ,Wjpg; gbapy;> njhFg;gpd; fPo;rpwpa tpupTiuf;Fk;> mj;NjhL vz;zf;fU cUthtjw;Fk; ,lk; Vw;gLfpwJ.Gj;jhapukhk; Mz;bd; KjyhtJ ghlj;jpl;l kWrPuikg;gpd; fPo; jahupf;fg;gl;l,g;ghlj;jpl;lj;NjhL njhlu;ghd fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwikfis mgptpUj;jp nra;Ak;NghJ epiykhw;w tfpgq;Ff;F Nkyjpfkhf flj;Jk; tfpgq;fpYk;> gupkhw;wy;tfpgq;fpYk; fhzg;glf;$ba Kf;fpa ,ay;GfSk; ftdj;jpw; nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sik

,k;Kiwapd; tpNrl jd;ikahFk;.

19

cj;Njr fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; Kiwapay; (tho;f;ifj; Nju;r;rpfs;)cj;Njr fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; Kiwapay; (tho;f;ifj; Nju;r;rpfs;)cj;Njr fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; Kiwapay; (tho;f;ifj; Nju;r;rpfs;)cj;Njr fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; Kiwapay; (tho;f;ifj; Nju;r;rpfs;)cj;Njr fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; Kiwapay; (tho;f;ifj; Nju;r;rpfs;)

tho;f;if Nju;r;rpfs; fw;gpf;Fk; ghlj;jpl;lj;ij nraw;gLj;Jk;NghJ Mrpupaupd;

fw;gpj;jiy tpl khztupd; fw;wYf;Nf Kf;fpakhf ,lkspf;f Ntz;Lk; vdf;

fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. ,g;ghlj;jpl;lj;jpd; %yk; vjpu;ghu;f;Fk; egupd; mgptpUj;jp %yk;

r%f mgptpUj;jpia Vw;gLj;Jtjhapd; gps;isfspDs; Nju;r;rpfis tpUj;jp nra;jy;

Ntz;Lk;. mt;thwhd Mw;wiy tsu;f;f fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; #oy; xd;iw epu;khzpj;jy;

kpf Kf;fpakhFk;.

Gjpa ghlg; Gyj;jpDs; fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; cj;jpfs;> kpf nefpo;r;rpAld; $badthf

,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. tpupTiufs;> fye;JiuahlypYk; ghu;f;f eilKiw r%fj;jpw;F

kpfTk; crpjkhd capu;g;Gs;s tho;f;if mDgtq;fisg; ngw;Wj; juy; nghUj;jkhdJ.

tpNrlkhf xj;jhirAld; $ba FO Kiw %yk; fw;wy; mDgtq;fisg; ngw;Wf;

nfhLg;gjd; %yk;> gps;isfspDs; r%fj; jpwd;fis tsu;f;f vjpu;g;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghl;bd;NghJ tFg;giw> ghlrhiy r%fk;> ghlrhiy #oy;>

maw; #oy;> may; r%f epWtdq;fs; %yk; capu;g;Gs;s fw;wy; mDgtq;fisg;

ngwg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.

,t;thwhd fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; #oypDs; mtjhdpg;G epfo;Tf; fw;if> tpisahl;L>

gq;Nfw;W ebj;jy;> Neu;fhzy;> Ma;T> fz;lwpif> Rafw;if nra;J ghu;j;jy;> rpe;jidf;

fpsu;T fye;Jiuahly;> fz;fhl;rp> nraw;wpl;lk;> fsf;fw;if Nghd;w fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy;

Kiwfis tpUg;gpw;Nfw;wthW gad;gLj;jyhk;.

Nkw;gb fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; Kiwapaiy epiykhw;Wk; Mrpupa tfpghfj;jpd;NghJ

,yFtpy; gad;gLj;jyhk;> ,jd;gb ,t;nty;yh fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; KiwapaiyAk;

gad;gLj;Jk; gbfis> fz;lha;Tfis tpsf;Fjy;> tpupthf;fk;> kjpg;gPl;Lf;F cl;gLj;jy;

Nghd;w re;ju;g ;gq;fspy; gad;gLj;jpagb fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghl;il

fUj;Js;sjhf;fyhk;.

20

cj;Njr fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; Kiwapay; (FbAupikf;fy;tp)cj;Njr fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; Kiwapay; (FbAupikf;fy;tp)cj;Njr fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; Kiwapay; (FbAupikf;fy;tp)cj;Njr fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; Kiwapay; (FbAupikf;fy;tp)cj;Njr fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; Kiwapay; (FbAupikf;fy;tp)

neLq;fhykhf tFg;giw fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiwapd; Kf;fpa ,lj;ijg; gpbj;Js;s

tpupTiu Kiwia NkYk; Kf;fpa xU fw;gpj;jy; cj;jpahfg; gad;gLj;j ,q;F

typAWj;jg;glkhl;lhJ. ,q;F khztu; Nghl;br; #oYf;F ,l;Lr; nry;yg;gLtjw;Fg;

gjpyhf $l;Lzu;T> NtiyAyFf;Fj; Njitahd Nju;r;rpfs; Mfpatw;iw tpUj;jp

nra;aj;jf;f kfpo;r;rpfukhd xU fw;wy; #oiy Vw;gLj;jj;jf;f Ra fw;wiyj; J}z;Lk;

fw;wy; Kiwfspd;ghy; vkJ ftdk; <u;f;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. FbAupikf;fy;tpg;

ghlj;jpd; ,Wjpahd Nehf;fk; khDlg; gz;Gfisf; nfhz;l mikjpahf $bthoj;jf;f

vjpu;fhyr; re;jjpia cUthf;FtjhFk;. ,jw;F nrad;Kiwr; nraw;ghLfs;

,d;wpaikahjit. vdNt ghl tplaq;fisf; fw;gpg;gjw;F Nkyhf nrad;Kiw

mDgtq;fisf; fw;wy;-fw;gpj;jy;> kjpg;gPL Mfpa Ra Mf;f tFg;giw nrad;Kiwia

xOq;F Kiwia xOq;Fnra;jy;> njhlu;Gfisg; NgZtjhy; khztupd;

r%fj;jpwd;fs; tpUj;jpiaAk; rdehafg; ngWkhdq;fSld; njhlu;Gila elj;ijf;

Nfhyq;fs; tpUj;jpailaj;jf;fthW fw;wy; epfo;TfspD}lhf mDgtq;fis tpUj;jp

nra;tjw;fhf tFg;giwf;F mg;ghw;gl;l nraw;ghLfspy; khztiu <LgLj;Jtjw;F

mr;nraw;ghLfis khztuJ taJ kl;lj;jpw;Fg; nghUj;jkhdthW xOq;fikj;Jf;

nfhs;tjw;Fkhf Mrpupau;fs; ed;F jpl;lkpl;Lr; nraw;gLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

tplaq;fisf; fw;gpg;gij tpLj;J Rakhff; fw;wy;> jfty; Nrfupj;J mtw;iwg;

gFg;gha;jy;> FOr; nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLj;jy;> jpwik tpUj;jpf;F VJthFk; tifapy;

jiyikj;Jtj;Jf;F kjpg;gspj;jy; VidNahupd; fUj;Jf;fisr; rfpj;jy;> xOf;fkhfTk;

fl;Lg;ghl;LlDk; ele;Jnfhs;sy; Nghd;w gz;Gfis khztuplj;jpy; tpUj;jp nra;tjw;F>

nrad;Kiwr; nraw;ghLfs; ,d;wpaikahjit. ,jw;fhf tFg;giwapDs;Sk; mjw;F

ntspNaAk; MrpupauJ topfhl;ly; mtrpakhdJ. gpd;tUk; fw;wy;-fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;

FbAupikf; fy;tpg;ghlj;ijf; fw;gpg;gjw;F tpje;Jiuf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,J njhlu;ghd

Nkyjpf tpguq;fis mku;TfSlhfg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sq;fs;.

mtjhdpj;jy;

Muha;T

Neu;fhzy; %yk; jfty; Nrfupj;jy;

jfty;fisg; gFj;jha;jy;

fsNtiy

rpWtu; ghuhSkd;wk;> eyd;Gupr;rq;fk;> rpukjhd ghriw> ciog;gpd; kfj;Jtg;

ghriw> khztu; gilazp> rhuzu; ghriw

NehahsUf;Fg; gzptpil nra;jy;> mdu;j;j Kfhik

gy;NtW rq;fq;fs;> fofq;fs;> r%f eyNdhk;gy;> #oiyf; fw;wy;> gz;ilg; ngUik

kpf;f tsq;fisf; fhj;jy;

nraw;wpl;lq;fs;> Njbaha;e;J fw;wy; Kiw> fz;fhl;rpfs;

gpur;rpidj; jPu;j;jy; Kiw> tpdhtpil Kiw> Rtu;g;Gjpdj;jhs;

tFg;giwapy; eilKiwg;gLj;Jk; fw;wy;-fw;gpj;jy; nrad;KiwfNshL Nkw;gb fw;wy;

fw;gpj;jy; cj;jpfisj; jUzj;jpw;Nfw;wthW gad;gLj;Jk; Rje;jpuk; MrpupaUf;F

cz;L.

21

tho;f;ifj; Nju;r;rpfSk; FbAupikf; fy;tpAk;tho;f;ifj; Nju;r;rpfSk; FbAupikf; fy;tpAk;tho;f;ifj; Nju;r;rpfSk; FbAupikf; fy;tpAk;tho;f;ifj; Nju;r;rpfSk; FbAupikf; fy;tpAk;tho;f;ifj; Nju;r;rpfSk; FbAupikf; fy;tpAk;

Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;bMrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;bMrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;bMrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;bMrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b

Kjyhk; ghfk; - tho;f;ifj; Nju;r;rpfs;Kjyhk; ghfk; - tho;f;ifj; Nju;r;rpfs;Kjyhk; ghfk; - tho;f;ifj; Nju;r;rpfs;Kjyhk; ghfk; - tho;f;ifj; Nju;r;rpfs;Kjyhk; ghfk; - tho;f;ifj; Nju;r;rpfs;

22

9.1 Ratpsf;fj;Jld; nraw;gLthu;9.1 Ratpsf;fj;Jld; nraw;gLthu;9.1 Ratpsf;fj;Jld; nraw;gLthu;9.1 Ratpsf;fj;Jld; nraw;gLthu;9.1 Ratpsf;fj;Jld; nraw;gLthu;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;

Foe;ij gpwg;gpNy gyjug;gl;l mwpthw;wy;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L ,t;Tyfpy;

gpwf;fpd;wJ. gbg;gbahf mt;twpthw;wy;fs; gps;isaplj;jpy; jpwd;fshf kpspuj;

njhlq;Ffpd;wd. jdpahspd; MSik tpUj;jpapy; mtdpd; cly;> mwpT> r%f> Md;kPf

uPjpahd jpwd;fs; rpWtajpypUe;Nj tpsf;fk; ngw;W tpUj;jp nra;a Ntz;bAs;sJ. “mwpT”

khj;jpuk; tpUj;jp ngwr; nra;tij Nehf;fhff; nfhz;l Kiwf;Fg; gjpyhf xt;nthU

JiwapYk; tpUj;jpia Vw;gLj;JtJ mj;jpahtrpakhFk;.

etPd cstpay; mwpQu;fspd; fUj;Jg;gb xU jdpahsplj;jpy; mwpthw;wy; gy;NtWgl;ljhf

fhzg;gLfpwJ. cs;shu;e;j mbg;gilapy; xt;nthUtUk; VNjh xU Jiwapy; tpNrl

jpwidf; fhl;Ltu;. my;yJ gy Jiwfspy; tpNrl jpwd;fis ntspg;gLj;Jtu;. kpfTk;

FiwthNdhu; vy;yhj; JiwfspYk; jkJ jpwd;fisf; fhl;Lthu;fs;. mj;Jld; midj;J

jpwd;fSk; cs;shu;e;j uPjpahd mwpthw;wy; jpwd;fis re;ju;g;g #oy; vd;gtwWld;

nghUj;jg;ghlhf kpspur; nra;tjpdhNyNa ntspg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. vdNt Mrpupau;fshfpa

ehk; gps;isfspd; mwpthw;wiy ,dq;fz;L tpUj;jp nra;a Ntz;bAs;sJ.

Nju;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r p : -: -: -: -: - Ratpsf;fj;Jld; nraw;gLthu;

Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : -: -: -: -: - jkJ mwpthw;wy;fis ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.

ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk; : -: -: -: -: -

• gy;NtW jdpahs; jpwd;fisAk; ,aYikfisAk; mwpe;J nfhs;sy;.

• rfy kdpju;fspl.Kk; mtu;fSf;NfAupa jpwd;fSk; ,aYikfSKs;sd.

• jdpahspd; jpwd;fisAk; ,aYikfisAk; mwpe;jpUg;gjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

• jdpahs; ,aYik njhlu;gpy; vk;kplk; epyTk; rk;gpujha G+u;tkhd fUj;Jf;fSs;sd.

• jw;fhy rpf;fyhd r%f fyhrhuj;jpy; vOe;Js;s gy;NtW JiwfSf;Fupa gy;NtW

mwpthw;wy;fis mwpe;J nfhs;tjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

F kdpjuplk; cs;s jpwikfis tpUj;jp nra;tjw;fhf gy;NtW fw;wy; Kiwfis

cUthf;fyhk;.

F tho;f;if mDgtq;fSld; $ba fw;wy; xUNghJk; kwf;fg;gLtjpy;iy. ,jd;%yk;

tho;f;ifia ntw;wpfukhf khw;wpf;nfhs;s KbAk;.

F Foe;ij kw;Wk; gps;isg; gUtq;fspy; ngw;Nwhu;> rNfhjuu;fs;> Mrpupau;fs;> KjpNahu;fspd;

ghJfhg;igAk; mtu;fspd; mwpT vd;gtw;wpd; kPJ mDgtq;fisAk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s

Ntz;Lk;.

F ,jidj; njhlu;e;J Rakhf fUkkhw;Wtjw;Fupa mwpT Kjpu;r;rpaile;jjd; gpd; jhd;

Rje;jpukhf nray;gl;L fUkq;fs; njhlu;ghf mDgtq;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s KbAk;.

F VidNahu ;fspd ; tho ;f ;if mDgtq;fshapDk; vkf ;F gbg ;g pidahfTk;

Kd;khjpupahfTk; ,Uj;jy;.

F tho;f;if mDgtq;fs; Fiwthf ,Ue;jhy; r%fj;jpy; Nru;e;J Ntiynra;Ak;NghJ

gy;NtW gpur;rpidfSf;F Kfk; nfhLf;f Neuplyhk;. mr;re;ju;g;gq;fspy; RahjPdkhf

eltbf;iffspy; <LgLk;NghJ ngUk; mnrsfupaq;fSf;F cs;shfyhk;.

F jdJ jpwikfisAk;> Mw;wy;fisAk; r%fj;jpd;> FLk;gj;jpD}lhfg; ngwhtpbDk;

jhd; gpujpepjpj;Jtk; nra;Ak; r%f FOT+lhfTk; ,jidg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;syhk;.

cjhuzk; :- mofpay;> njhopDl;g jpwd;fs;>

23

F ,j;Jiwfs; mNefkhf tho;f;if mDgtq;fspNyNa ngwg;gLfpd;wd.

F jpwikfis tpUj;jpnra;J nfhs;tjw;fhf rKjhaj;jpNy gy;NtW gapw;rp epfo;r;rpj;

jpl;lq;fs; nraw;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. mtw;iw ,dq;fz;L jdJ jpwd;fis NkYk;

tsg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;s KbfpwJ. mjD}lhf vjpu;fhy Ntiynahd;wpw;Fupa jpwd;fisAk;ngw;Wf;nfhs;s KbAk;.

F VNjh xU gapw;rpia ngw;Wf;nfhs;s Kaw;rpf;Fk;NghJ gz tUtha; my;yJ NtW

gpujpgyd;fisg; gw;wp rpe;jpf;f Ntz;lhk;. mg;gapw;rpapD}lhf jk; jpwikfis Nkk;gLj;jpf;

nfhs;tijg; gw;wpr; rpe;jpAq;fs;. gapYeu; vd;w tifapy; ePq;fs; ngWk; gapw;rpia

vjpu;fhy KjyPlhff; fUJq;fs;.

• cq;fs; jpwikfis NkYk; tpUj;jp nra;Jnfhs;tjw;F ,yFthf gad;gLj;jpf;-

nfhs;sf;$ba Clfk; vd;w tifapy; Gj;jfq;fs; Kf;fpak; tha;e;jit.

F jd;dplKs;s jpwikfs;/ Jiwrhu; Gj;jfq;fis thrpj;J mjD}lhf jdJ mwpit

tpupTgLj;jpf; nfhs;s KbAk;.F NkYk; gy;NtW ghlnewpfs; kw;Wk; Jiwfs; rhu;e;j Gj;jfq;fisg; guprPypj;J

mjD}lhfTk; jdJ jpwikfis tpUj;jp nra;Jnfhs;s KbAk;.

F ,yj;jpudpay; Clfr; rhjdq;fspd;; gad;ghl;lhYk; jk; jpwikfis tpUj;jpnra;J

nfhs;syhk;. tPbNah fhl;rpfs;> ,izak;> njhiyf;fhl;rp epfo;r;rpfs;> thndhyp>

nra;jpg; gj;jpupif Nghd;w Clfq;fspd; %yKk;; cq;fs; jpwikfis tsu;f;fyhk;.

F mjd;%yk; VidNahupd; mDgtq;fis fz;L jkJ Mf;fj;jpwDld; jpwikfis

tpUj;jpnra;J nfhs;sKbAk;.

F gy;NtW jpwd;rhu; Jiwfspy; gpugy;ak; ngw;wtu;fis re;jpj;J> mtu;fspd;mDgtq;fisAk; mwpitAk; ngw;W jdJ jpwik tpUj;jpf ;F gq;fspg ;G

nra;Jnfhs;sKbAk;.

• jd;dplKs;s tpNrl jpwikia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L jdJ tho;f;ifapd;

,yf;fpidf; fl;bnaOg;g KbAk;.

F cz;ikapy; jd;dplk; ,y;yhjit vit?

F jdf;F ,ayhJtpbDk; tpUg;gkw;wit vit?

F ,tw;iw njupe;njLg;gjD}lhf cz;ikapy; vdJ jpwdhw;wiyf; nfhz;L

tho;f;ifapd; ,yf;fpidf; fl;bnaOg;g KbAk;. mj;Jld; jdpahs; tpUj;jp>

MSik tpUj;jp rPtNdhghaj; njhopy; vd;gtw;iw cUthf;fpf; nfhs;s KbAk;.

9.1.29.1.29.1.29.1.29.1.2 gy;NtW tho;f;ifr; rthy;fspd;NghJ ntw;wpfukhf nraw;gLthu;.gy;NtW tho;f;ifr; rthy;fspd;NghJ ntw;wpfukhf nraw;gLthu;.gy;NtW tho;f;ifr; rthy;fspd;NghJ ntw;wpfukhf nraw;gLthu;.gy;NtW tho;f;ifr; rthy;fspd;NghJ ntw;wpfukhf nraw;gLthu;.gy;NtW tho;f;ifr; rthy;fspd;NghJ ntw;wpfukhf nraw;gLthu;.

F tho;f;if vd;gJ gyjug;gl;l gpur;rpidfSf;F Kfq;nfhLj;J mtw;Wf;F jPu;T fz;lthW

my;yJ Fiwj;Jf; nfhs;sY}lhf ajhu;j;jj;jpw;F Kfq;nfhLj;jyhFk;.

F ,it njhlu;ghf vkf;F gy;NtW jPu;khdq;fis njupTnra;tjpy; ftdQ;nrYj;jNtz;bapUf;Fk;.

24

F tho;f;ifapd; gy;NtW epfo;Tfspd;NghJ Jauk;> kfpo;r;rp> Nrhu;T> epe;jid> Gfo;r;rp>

,yhgk;> el;lk; Nghd;wtw;Wf;F vy;NyhUk; Kfq;nfhLf;fpd;Nwhk;. mr;re;ju;g;gq;fspy;

czu;r;rptrg;gLtij tpLj;J epjhdkhf nraw;gLtJ Kf;fpakhFk;.

F xt;nthU rthy;fspd; NghJk; vjpu;kiwahff; ftdpahJ ed;ikapd; gf;fk; rpe;jpj;J

nraw;gLtjD}lhf tho;f;ifia ntw;wpfukhdjhf Mf;fpf; nfhs;sKbAk;.

F tho;f;ifapy; rthy;fSf;F Kfq;nfhLf;Fk; re;ju;g;gq;fspy; mjd; gpujpgydhf

Gj;jhf;ff; fUj;Jf;fs;> Gj;jhf;fq;fs; cUthFk;.

F tho;f;ifapd; rthy;fSf;F ntw;wpfukhf Kfq;nfhLf;f Kbahky; mjpypUe;J tpyfpr;

nry;yy;> gae;J xJq;Fjy;> epuhfupj;jy; Nghd;w nray;fs; %yk; ntw;wpfukhd

Njhy;tpiaf; $lj; jOtyhk;.

F ekJ rpWguhaj;jpypUe;Nj gy;NtW gpur;rpidfSf;F Kfk;nfhLj;jthW mtw;wpw;F

gy;NtW Jyq;fy;fisf; fhl;LtjD}lhf gy;NtWgl;l tho;f;if mDgtq;fisg;

ngw;wpUf;fpNwhk;.

F rpWgUtj;jpy; gy;NtW fbdkhd gpur;rpidfSf;F Kfq;nfhLj;J mtw;iw ntw;wpfukhf

re;jpj;J mjp cd;djkhd ntw;wp epiyia mile;jtu;fSf;fhd cjhuzq;fis

vk;ikr; rhu;e;j r%fj;jpNy fhzKbAk;.

9.1.39.1.39.1.39.1.39.1.3 RNjrj;Jtj;ijf; fhj;J G+Nfhsf; fpuhkj;jpd; Xu; mq;fj;jtu; vd;wRNjrj;Jtj;ijf; fhj;J G+Nfhsf; fpuhkj;jpd; Xu; mq;fj;jtu; vd;wRNjrj;Jtj;ijf; fhj;J G+Nfhsf; fpuhkj;jpd; Xu; mq;fj;jtu; vd;wRNjrj;Jtj;ijf; fhj;J G+Nfhsf; fpuhkj;jpd; Xu; mq;fj;jtu; vd;wRNjrj;Jtj;ijf; fhj;J G+Nfhsf; fpuhkj;jpd; Xu; mq;fj;jtu; vd;w

tifapy; xUq;F tho;j;jthW nraw;gLthu;.tifapy; xUq;F tho;j;jthW nraw;gLthu;.tifapy; xUq;F tho;j;jthW nraw;gLthu;.tifapy; xUq;F tho;j;jthW nraw;gLthu;.tifapy; xUq;F tho;j;jthW nraw;gLthu;.

F njhopDl;g tpUj;jpAld; cyfpd; jfty; njhopDl;gk; ,d;iwa nghOjpy; Vidatw;iwg;

Gwk; js;sp ghupa Kd;Ndw;wj;ijf; fz;Ls;sJ. ,jdhy; KO cyfKk; G+Nfhs

fpuhkkhf khw;wk; ngw;Ws;sJ. ve;j xU jdp kdpjDf;Fk; jdpj;J tho KbahJ

vd;gJ NghyNt Gjpa G+Nfhs fyhrhuj;jpd; tsu;r;rpiaAk; jLf;f KbahJ. mj;Jld;

jd; jdpj;Jtj;ijg; NgzpathW Njrpaj;;;ij kjpj;J gu];guk; Gupe;Jzu;Tld; tho

Ntz;Lnkd;gij tpsq;fpf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. G+Nfhs fyhrhuj;jpd; gpd;Nd njhlu;e;J

nry;tjw;Fg; gjpyhf midj;ijAk; fUj;jho kpf;fjhf tprhupj;jthW tpsq;fpf;

nfhz;L thoNtz;Lnkd khztUs; cWjpnra;a Ntz;bAs;sJ.

ghly; tupfs;

ehd;F gf;fj;jpypUe;J tUk; fhw;wpd;

ePq;fs; thOkplj;jpNy jho;jpwe;J toptpLq;fs;

ehw;Gwj;jhYk; EioAq;fs;

vdg;gLtJ kfhj;kh fhe;jpapd; fUj;jpdhy; gpwe;j ftpijabfshFk;. ,q;Nf

Kf;fpak; ngWfpwJ. ,jd; %yk; G+Nfhsf; fphkj;jpd; cWg;gpduhfr; nraw;gl

Ntz;batpjk; ed;F cWjpahfpwJ.

9.1.49.1.49.1.49.1.49.1.4 Njitahdtplj;J cWjpg;ghl;Lld; nraw;gLthu;.Njitahdtplj;J cWjpg;ghl;Lld; nraw;gLthu;.Njitahdtplj;J cWjpg;ghl;Lld; nraw;gLthu;.Njitahdtplj;J cWjpg;ghl;Lld; nraw;gLthu;.Njitahdtplj;J cWjpg;ghl;Lld; nraw;gLthu;.

epiyNgW vd;gJ xU jdpahsplj;jpy; ,Uf;f Ntz;ba tpNrl jpwdhFk;. VidNahupd;

upikfis kPwhj tifapy; jdJ cupikfis mDgtpg;gjw;F jdf;fhf Kd;tuTk;.

jdJ ey;y vz;zq;fspd;gb nrayhw;Wtjw;F jdpahl;fisj; J}z;Lk; elj;ijahfTk;

$wyhk;.

25

VJk; xU rthypd; Kd;Nd xUtu; ,uz;L Kiwfspy; mjid jPu;f;f Kaw;rpg;ghu;.

mitahtd gzpe;JNghjy; kw;Wk; Mf;Nuh\k;. ,itapuz;Lf;Fk; ,lkspahJ

rthy;fspd ;NghJ ,J gzpe ;J NghjYf;Fk; Mf;Nuh\j;Jf ;Fk ; ,ilapyhd

eLepiyg;Nghf;fhFk;. jkf;fhf Neubahf Kd;dpw;Fk;> ciuahLk; gz;G epiyNgwhFk;

vdyhk;.

gzpe;JNghFk; KiwahdJ jd;idj; jhNd ,y;yhky; nra;Jnfhs;s Kaw;rpf;Fk; xU

epiyia Vw;gLj;Jk;. gpwu; fUj;jpd;gb nraw;gLtjhy; jhk; ntWkNd gpd;gw;WgtuhfNt

khWthu;. ,J mtuJ MSikapYk; ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;Jk;. Mf;Nuh\k; nray; %yk;

jd;id epk;kjpaw;W jLkhw;wj;jpw;Fs;shfp NtW egu;fSf;fpilapyhd njhlu;GfSk; mWj;J

nry;y fhuzkhfyhk;. ,e;epiyikAk; xU egupd; MSikiag; ghjpf;Fk;. xUtupy;

rpwe;j jdpj;Jtj;ij Vw;gLj;jpf;nfhsSk; tpjkhf KO MSik tsu;r;rpf;F epiyNgwhd

nraw;ghl;il jd;Ds; fl;bnaOg;gpf; nfhs;tJ kpfTk; mtrpakhdnjhd;whFk;. jdf;Fs;

epiyNgwhd jd;ikiaf; fl;bnaOg;GtjpYk; kw;iwatu;fSldhd epiyNgwhd

jd;ikiaf; fl;bnaOg;GtjpYk; xU jdpegu; ntw;wpfhz Ntz;Lk;.

F epiyNgw;Wj; jd;ikia tpsq;fpf;nfhs;sy;.

F jd;Ds; epiyNgw;Wj; jd;ikia Vw;gLj;jy;.

F VidNahUld; epiyNgw;Wj;jd;ikia Vw;gLj;jpf;nfhs;sy;.

F jdJ vz;zq;fis Njitahd ,lj ;j py ; Njitf ;F Vw ;gTk ; re ;ju ;g ;g

#o;epiyf;Nfw;gTk; ey;nyhOf;fj;ijAk; NgZk; tpjj;jpYk; ntspg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.

F cld;ghlhd kdg;ghq;FfSld; tpku;rd uPjpahf cWjpahd nfhs;iffspd; mbg;gilapy;

nrayhw;wy;.

26

9.1.19.1.19.1.19.1.19.1.1 nraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghL

Nju;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r p : -: -: -: -: - Ratpsf;fj;Jld; nraw;gLthu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : -: -: -: -: - jkJ mwpthw;wiy ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.

nraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghL : -: -: -: -: - jpwikfis ntspg;gLj;JNthk;.

Neuk;Neuk;Neuk;Neuk;Neuk; : -: -: -: -: - 40 epkplq;fs;

ju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPL :- :- :- :- :- � fljhrp

� ngy;l; Ngdh

� jdJ Gifg;glk; / cUtg;glk;

� fk;Nlg; (xl;Lk; Nlg;)

� ,izg;G 1.1.1.1. ,izg;G 1.1.1.2

fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghL

gb 1.1.1.1gb 1.1.1.1gb 1.1.1.1gb 1.1.1.1gb 1.1.1.1

� gy;NtW jpwd;fisAila tFg;G khztu;fspilNa ghly; / eldk; / mgpeak; /

Nfyp / ebg;G Nghd;w VNjh xd;iw Kd;itf;fr; nra;Aq;fs;.

� ,izg;G 1.1.1.1 ,y;> Fwpg;gpl;l gy;NtW mwpTrhu; jpwd;fs; vd;d vd;gijAk; Nfl;lwpe;J

nfhs;Sq;fs;.

� gpd;tUk; mk;rq;fis ntspg;gLj;jpathW fye;Jiuahliy Kd;itf;fTk;.

F kdpjdpd; jpwikfs; gy;NtWgl;lit.

F kdpjDf;F jdJ jpwikfs; ,ay;ghfNth my;yJ gapw;rpapdhNyh

fpilf;fg; ngWfpd;wd.

F rpWtajpy; ntspg;gl;l my;yJ ,dq;fz;l Mw;wy;fis jdJ

gazj;jpw;F gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;sKbAk;.

F jdJ jpwikfisr; rupahf tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tJ Kf;fpakhf ,Ug;gJld;

mtw;iw tpUj;jpnra;Jnfhs;sTk; Ntz;Lk;.

(10 epkplq;fs;)

gb 1.1.1.2gb 1.1.1.2gb 1.1.1.2gb 1.1.1.2gb 1.1.1.2

� ,izg;G 1.1.1.2 ,w;fhd nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuj;ij midj;J khztu;fSf;Fk;

toq;Fq;fs;.

� nra;a Ntz;ba Ntiyfis njspTgLj;Jq;fs;.

� Njitahd re;ju;g;gq;fspy; topfhl;Lq;fs;.

� khztu;fspd; xg;gilfis rupghu;f;fTk;.

(10 epkplk;)

27

gb 1.1.1.3gb 1.1.1.3gb 1.1.1.3gb 1.1.1.3gb 1.1.1.3

� ,izg;G 1.1.1.2 ,w;fhd nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuj;ij midj;J khztu;fSf;Fk;

toq;Fq;fs;.

� ,jpy; nra;a Ntz;ba Ntiyfspy; <LgLj;Jq;fs;.

� khztu;fspd; Mf;fq;fs; kw;Wk; fUj;Jf;fis VidNahuplkpUe;J njupe;Jnfhs;s

itAq;;fs;.

� khztu;fspd; jpwikfis NkYk; tpUj;jpnra;a gpd;D}l;ly; toq;FtJld; gpd;tUk;

tplaq;fis ntspg;gLj;jpathW fye;Jiuahliy Nkw;nfhs;sTk;.

� xt;nthUtupdJk; jpwikfs; gy;NtWgl;ldthf ,Ue;jikia tFg;giw

khztiu mtjhdpf;fyhk;.

� jpwikfs; gpwg;gpdhy; khj;jpukd;wp gapw;rpahYk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s KbAk;.

� xUtuplj;jpy; xU jpwikNah my;yJ gy jpwikfisNah fhzyhk;.

� jpwikfs; rupahd Kiwapy; jPu;khdk; nra;jy; Kf;fpak;.

� jpwikfis jPu;khdpf;Fk;NghJ jdJ fUj;ijg; NghyNt VidNahupd;

fUj;Jf;fSk; Kf;fpak;.

� jdJ jpwikiag; gw;wp jd;dk;gpf;ifia Vw;gLj;jpf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

� VidNahupd; jpwikfSf;F kjpg;gspf;f Ntz;Lk;.

(20 epkplk;)

fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;

� jdpahsplj;jpy; cs;s jpwikfis ngaupLthu;.

� jdJ jpwikfs; njhlu;ghd jd;dk;gpf;ifAld; fUj;Jfisj; njuptpg;ghu;.

� jdJ jpwikfis kPsha;T nra;J vOjpf;fhl;Lthu;.

� jdJ jpwikfis rupahf ,dq;fz;L tpUj;jp nra;Jnfhs;thu;.

� VidNahupd; jpwikfis kjpg;ghu;.

gpd;njhlu; Ntiygpd;njhlu; Ntiygpd;njhlu; Ntiygpd;njhlu; Ntiygpd;njhlu; Ntiy

khztu;fsplj;jpy; ,dq;fz;l mtu;fspd; jpwikfisf; fhl;Lk; tu;z Gifg;glq;fis

tFg;giwapy; fhl;rpg;gLj;jp “vq;fs; tFg;gpy; cs;s jpwikrhyp” vd;w Mf;fj;ijf;

fhl;rpg;gLj;Jq;fs;.

28

,izg;G 1.1.1.1,izg;G 1.1.1.1,izg;G 1.1.1.1,izg;G 1.1.1.1,izg;G 1.1.1.1

[pg;up ghth vDk; fl;blf; fiyQupd; epu;khzk;

`pjhr;rp Giftz;bapy; EtnuypahTf;Fg; gazk;`pjhr;rp Giftz;bapy; EtnuypahTf;Fg; gazk;`pjhr;rp Giftz;bapy; EtnuypahTf;Fg; gazk;`pjhr;rp Giftz;bapy; EtnuypahTf;Fg; gazk;`pjhr;rp Giftz;bapy; EtnuypahTf;Fg; gazk;

mjpfiy 2.00 kzpastpy; JapnyOe;j ehk; `pjhr;rp Gifapuj tz;bg;

gazj;jpw;Fj; jahuhNdhk;. tPl;bypUe;J Ntd; xd;wpy; Gifapuj epiyaj;ij

ehk; nrd;wile;Njhk;. rpwpJ Neuj;jpy; `pjhr;rp Giftz;b Gifapuj epiya

NkilapDs; gpuNtrpj;jJ. Giftz;b epWj;jg;gl;lTld; ehk; ahtUk; mjd; nrhFR

Mrdq;fspy; mku;e;J nfhz;Nlhk;.

Giftz;b Mb mire;J gazpf;f Muk;gpj;jJ. ehk; epj;jpiuapy; Mo;e;Njhk;.

nfhOk;G Nfhl;ilia milAk;NghJ #upad; jdJ xspf;fjpu;fis gug;g Muk;gpj;Jf;

nfhz;bUe;jhd;. ntspNa Nehf;fpaNghJ flw;fiu gpuNjrj;ij tpLj;J> kj;jpa

kiyehl;Lg;gFjpia Nehf;fp tz;b gazpg;gijf; fhz Kbe;jJ. ,ilapilNa

rpW gw;iwf; fhLfs;> MWfs;> fhLfs;> efuq;fs; Nghd;witAk; fhzg;gl;ld.

rpwpJrpwpjhf fly; kl;lj;jpypUe;J Nky; Nehf;fp Giftz;b nrd;wikahy; Vzpapy;

VWtJ Nghd;w czu;it vk;Ks; Vw;gLj;jpaJ. mLj;J wk;Gf;fz Gifapuj

epiyaj;ij ehk; mile;Njhk;. ,g;gazj;jpd;NghJ gy Ruq;fg; ghijfisf;

fle;Njhk;.

Fl;b tPuDf;F

ehye;j ghlrhiyapy;

mDkjp

=kj; Mju; rp.fpshf; mtu;fs;

29

vkf;F Gifapujj;jpd; vQ;rpd; miwapy; gazk; nra;Ak; tha;g;gk; fpl;baJ. ehk;

myfy;iy kiyj;njhlupYs;s rpd;dkiy Ruq;fj;jpD}lhfTk; nrd;Nwhk;. ,J

,yq;ifapd; kpf ePz;l Ruq;fg; ghijahFk;. mJ xU fpNyh kPw;wu; ePskhdJ.

rpwpJ Neuk; nrd;wNghJ rPfpupahitg; Nghd;w kiyf; Fd;nwhd;W Njhd;wpaJ.

NkYk; Kd;Ndhf;fpr; nry;Yk;NghJ NtW Ruq;fq;fisAk; fz;Nlhk;. NkYk;

nry;Yk;NghJ #u rujpay; kiy cJtq;fe;j kiy Njhd;wpaJ. fhiy czT

cz;Z Kd;du; filrpahf ehk; fle;j Gifapuj epiyak; fLfz;zhitahFk;.

lg;spA.vk;.tp.it.Fkhurpq;f

juk; - 06

fh/ gP.j.v];.Fyuj;d tpj;jpahyak;

30


tplag;gj;jpuj;jpw;fhd Mrpupau; MNyhridtplag;gj;jpuj;jpw;fhd Mrpupau; MNyhridtplag;gj;jpuj;jpw;fhd Mrpupau; MNyhridtplag;gj;jpuj;jpw;fhd Mrpupau; MNyhridtplag;gj;jpuj;jpw;fhd Mrpupau; MNyhrid

� khztu;fspd; jpwikfis ,dq;fhZk;NghJ cly;> cs> Md;kPf> r%f>

njhopDl;g> mofpay;> njhopy; uPjpahd Jiwfspy; jpwikfSf;fhd

cjhuzq;fis njspTgLj;Jq;fs;.

� jpwikfis ,dq;fhZk;NghJ gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;F tpiliag; gw;wp

Nahrpg;gjw;F khztu;fis topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.

1. cq;fsplKs;s cs;shu;e;j jpwik vd;d?

2. ePq;fs; ntspg;gLj;jpAs;s jpwikfs; vit?

3. ePq;fs; ntw;wpngw;w tplak; vJ?

4. ePq;fs; nra;jpUf;Fk; Mf;fk; vd;d?

5. gpwu; cq;fspy; ,Ug;gjhf epidf;Fk; jpwik vd;d?

6. VidNahu;fs; cq;fspd; vj;jpwikiag; gw;wp Gfo;thu;fs;?

jpwd;fs; Jiwthupahfjpwd;fs; Jiwthupahfjpwd;fs; Jiwthupahfjpwd;fs; Jiwthupahfjpwd;fs; Jiwthupahf jpwik jpwik jpwik jpwik jpwik

cly; ............................

cs ............................

Md;kPf ............................

r%f ............................

njhopDl;gk; ............................

mofpay; ............................

njhopy; ............................

NtW ............................

� ,U tpopfisAk; %bf;nfhs;Sq;fs;.

Kk;Kiw ed;F RthrpAq;fs;. (%r;rpOj;J tpLq;fs;.)

cq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; jpwikfis epide;Jnfhs;Sq;fs;. mtw;iwg; gpd;tUk;

ml;ltizapy; epug;Gq;fs;.

� cq;fs; glj;ijr; Rw;wp cq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; jpwikfis myq;fhukhd tpjj;jpy;

Mf;fG+u;tkhf Kd;itf;fTk;.

� kPz;Lk; NtnwhU gj;jpunkhd;iw vLj;Jf;nfhs;Sq;fs;.

� mjpy; cq;fs; Gifg;glj;ij my;yJ glnkhd;iw xl;Lq;fs; / tiuAq;fs;.

31

� kPz;Lk; fz;fis %bf;nfhs;Sq;fs;.

� Kk;Kiw ed;F RthrpAq;fs;. (%r;rpOj;J tpLq;fs;.)

� tpopfisj; jpwTq;fs;.

� ,dp cq;fs; jpwikfisf; nfhz;like;j myq;fhukhd rpj;jpuj;ij Nehf;fp

xt;nthd;iwAk; ftdkhfg; ghu;j;J kdjpdhy; kfpo;r;rpailAq;fs;. Gd;KWty;

G+j;Jf;nfhs;Sq;fs;.


nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk;nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk;nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk;nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk;nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk;

� ePq;fs; ,dq;fz;l jpwikfis ePq;fs; mile;jJ> cs;shu;e;j tifapy; ,y;yhtpbd;

fw;wjdhyh vd rpe;jpAq;fs;.

� ,jw;fika njupTnra;j jpwikfs; rpytw;iw ,g;gFjpfs; ,uz;bd; fPo ;

tifg;gLj;Jq;fs;.

� ,tw;Ws; ePq;fs; tsu;j;Jf;nfhs;s Ntz;bajhf epidf;Fk; jpwikfs; rpytw;iwj;

njupTnra;J mjpy; Kd;Dupikf;F mika 1> 2> 3 vd;wthwhf vOjpf;nfhs;Sq;fs;.

� mj;jpwikfis tsu;j;Jf;nfhs;tjw;Fr; nra;aNt;zbatw;iw vOJq;fs;.

� ePq;fs; vOjpa jpwikfisAk; tsu;j;Jf;nfhs;tjw;fhff; iff;nfhs;s NTz;ba

toptiffisAk; mz;ikapy; cs;s md;gu;fSf;Fk; MrpupaUf;Fk; ntspg;gLj;jp

gpd;D}l;liyg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sTk;.

cs;shue;j tif jpwikfs; fw;wjpdhy; ngw;w jpwik cs;shue;j tif jpwikfs; fw;wjpdhy; ngw;w jpwik cs;shue;j tif jpwikfs; fw;wjpdhy; ngw;w jpwik cs;shue;j tif jpwikfs; fw;wjpdhy; ngw;w jpwik cs;shue;j tif jpwikfs; fw;wjpdhy; ngw;w jpwik

............................ ............................

............................ ............................

............................ ............................

............................ ............................

jpwik tsu;j;Jf;nfhs;s Ntz;bait jpwik tsu;j;Jf;nfhs;s Ntz;bait jpwik tsu;j;Jf;nfhs;s Ntz;bait jpwik tsu;j;Jf;nfhs;s Ntz;bait jpwik tsu;j;Jf;nfhs;s Ntz;bait

............................ ............................

............................ ............................

............................ ............................

............................ ............................

32


Nju;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r p : -: -: -: -: - Ratpsf;fj;Jld; fUkkhw;Wthu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : -: -: -: -: - tho;f;ifapy; vjpu;Nehf;Fk; gy;NtW miw$ty;fspd; NghJ

ntw;wpfukhfr; nraw;gLthu;.

nraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghL : -: -: -: -: - “rthy;fis mwpe;J tho;f;ifapy; ntw;wp fhz;Nghk;”


ju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPL :- :- :- :- :- � ,izg;G 9.1.2.1

� ,izg;G 9.1.2.2 Muha;Tg; gj;jpuk;

� ,izg;G 9.1.2.3 Muha;Tg; gj;jpuk;

� vOJk; fhfpjhs;fs;


gb 9.1.2.1gb 9.1.2.1gb 9.1.2.1gb 9.1.2.1gb 9.1.2.1

� ,izg;G 9.1.2.1 toq;fp khztu;fis tpisahl;by; <LgLj;Jq;fs;.

� ,t;tpisahl;by; ntw;wp nfhz;Nlhu;fs; njhlu;ghff; Nfl;lwpe;J nfhs;Sq;fs;.

� Njhy;tpf;Fupa fhuzk; ahJ vd tpdTq;fs;.

� Nghl;bapd;NghJ jdf;Fs; Vw;gl;l vz;zq;fis tpsf;FtNjhL jhd; Kfq;nfhLf;f

Neupl;l tpUg;gkw;w rthy;fs; njhlu;ghff; fye;Jiuahliy Nkw;nfhs;f.

� mf;fye;Jiuahlypy; gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; fUj;jpw;nfhs;sg;gl;l fye;Jiuahliy

Nkw;nfhs;Sq;fs;.

� tho;f;ifapy; xt;nthU egUk; gpur;rpidfSf;F Kfq;nfhLf;f Ntz;ba

epiyik Vw;gLk;.

� tho;f;ifapy; rthy;fs; Vw;gLtJ ,aw;if.

� rthy;fs; vd;gJ tho;f;ifapd; ,yf;Ffis miltjpy; Vw;gLk; gpur;rpidfs;>

jilfSf;F ntw;wpfukhf Kfq;nfhLj;jyhFk;.

� rthy;fs; Vw;gLk; re;ju;g;gq;fs; kw;Wk; mjd; jd;ikfs; gy;NtW gw;wpf;fpd;wik.

F mfjpfshf;fg;gly; (Aj;jk; / Rdhkp / nts;sk; / #whtsp vd;gtw;why;

ghJfhg;G fpilf;fhik. (jha; / je;ij / ghJfhtyu; ,d;ik)

F rktaJf; FOf;fshy; Vw;gLk; mOj;jq;fs;.

F njhlu;G rhjdq;fs; / ,izak;

F cly; FiwghLfs; / gyaPdq;fs;.

F Aj;j eltbf;iffs; kw;Wk; Kuz;ghLfs;.

F nghUshjhuk; eypTwy;.

F eilKiwr; r%fk; khw;wj;jpl;Fl;gl;L tUtjhy; cUthFk;

epiyikfs;.

F jdpahs; fhuzpfs; kw;Wk; NtW fhuzpfs;.

(20 epkplq;fs;)

33

gb 9.1.2.2gb 9.1.2.2gb 9.1.2.2gb 9.1.2.2gb 9.1.2.2

� khztu;fis rpW FOf;fshf Ntwhf;Fq;fs;.

� rpW FOf;fspilNa 9.1.2.2 kw;Wk; 9.1.2.3 ,izg;Gf;fis toq;Ff.

� khztu;fis nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLj;Jq;fs;.

� Njitahd ,lq;fspy; MNyhridfisAk; topfhl;liyAk; toq;Fq;fs;.

(20 epkplq;fs;)

gb 9.1.2.3gb 9.1.2.3gb 9.1.2.3gb 9.1.2.3gb 9.1.2.3

� khztu;fs; fz;Lgpbj;jy; %yk; ngwg;gl;l KbTfis Kd;itg;gjw;F re;ju;g;gk;

toq;Ff.

� midj;J FOtpdJk; fUj;Jf;fisf; Nfl;lwpe;J nfhs;Sq;fs;.

� gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; ntspg;gLk; tifapy; fye;Jiuahlypy; khztu;fis

<LgLj;Jq;fs;.

� midj;J rthy;fSk; tho;f;ifapy; ntw;wpf;fhd iky; fw;fshFk;.

� rthy;fis ntw;wp nfhz;ltu;fs; cyfpy; Kjd;ik ngw;wtu;fshff;

fhzg;gLfpd;wdu;.

� rthy;fis vjpu;nfhs;Sk;NghJ ntw;wpfukhf Kfk; nfhLj;jy; tho;f;iff;F

mtrpakhd xU jpwdhFk;.

� xt;nthU rthy;fSf;Fk; Kfk; nfhLf;Fk; gy;NtW topKiwfs;

fhzg;gLfpwJ. kw;Wk; jd;dhy; mt;topKiwfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.

� fLikahd rthy;fs; $l fle;j fhyq;fspy; ntw;wp nfhs;tjd; %yk;

mofhd/ Rthu];akhd mDgtq;fs; vd mtw;iw $w KbAk;.

(40 epkplq;fs;)


� rthiy tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;Jthu;.

� rhtypd; %yk; tho;it ntw;wpnfhs;s KbAnkd;gij Vw;ghu;.

� gy;NtW rthy;fisAk; milahsq;fz;L mtw;iw ntw;wp nfhs;Sk; gy;NtW

topKiwfis Kd;itg;ghu;.

� jkJ FOtpdNuhbize;J rthy;fSf;fhd jPu;Tfisf; fhz;ghu;.

� jhk; Kfq;nfhLj;j rthy;fSf;F ntw;wpfukhfj; jPu;T fz;l tpjj;ij

Kd;itg;gJld; mjidg; gpd;tUkhW

gpd;njhlu; Ntiygpd;njhlu; Ntiygpd;njhlu; Ntiygpd;njhlu; Ntiygpd;njhlu; Ntiygy;NtW rthy;fSf;F kj;jpapYk; tho;f;ifapy; ntw;wpngw;w egu;fs; njhlu;gpyhd

jfty;fisr; Nrfupj;J rpW E}nyhd;iw Mf;fy;.

,izg;G 9.1.2.1,izg;G 9.1.2.1,izg;G 9.1.2.1,izg;G 9.1.2.1,izg;G 9.1.2.1tpNdhj tpisahl;L (ghjzpfisf; fiye;J khztiu tpisahlj;jahu;g;

gLj;jTk;)

� tFg;G khztu; njhiff;Nfw;g gY}d;fis vLf;fTk;.

� Njitahd cauj;Jld; E}iyj;jahu;g;gLj;jpf; nfhs;sTk;.

� khztuplk; gY}d;fisf; nfhLj;J Cjp> E}iyf; fl;lr; nra;aTk;.

� fowhj gb khztupd; fhy;fspy; gY}d;fisf; fl;bf; nfhs;sr; nra;aTk;

34


gpd;tUk; jfty;fis ed;F mwpe;J Nfl;fg;gLk; tpdhf;fSf;F tpil vOJq;fs;.

Rju;rd; gdhd fdp\;l jkpo; tpj;jpahyaj;jpy; fw;Fk; mohd rpWtdhthd;. mtdpd;jha; ,we;Jtpl;lhs;. je;ij vO tUlq;fSf;F Kd;du; ntspehL nrd;whu;. mtiug;gw;wpa nra;jpfs; ,Jtiuapy; mwpe;Jnfhs;s Kbatpy;iy. Rju;rDk; mtd; jk;gpAk;jq;ifAk; jhj;jh kw;Wk; ghl;bapd; nghWg;gpy; ,Uf;fpwhu;fs;. nghUshjhu uPjpahfmtu;fs; kpfTk; gpd;jq;fpa tho;f;if tho;e;Jnfhz;bUf;fpd;whu;fs;.

,t;thwpUf;ifapy; ,k; %d;W gps;isfspy; xUtUf;F Gyikg;guprpy; toq;Ftjhfte;j njhz;lu; mikg;nghd;wpd; gpujpepjpf;Fk; Rju;rDf;Fk; ,ilapy; ,lk;ngw;wrk;gh\iz fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sJ.

gpujpepjp :- cq;fs; jha; je;ij ,UtUk; cq;fSld; ,y;iy. cq;fisf; fz;fhzpj;Jtsu;g;gtu;fs; gw;wp nrhy;y KbAkh?

Rju;\d; :- Mk;. vq;fis jw;NghJ ghJfhg;ghf itj;jpUg;gtu;fs; jhj;jhTk; ghl;bAk;.

gpujpepjp :- ghl;bf;Fk; jhj;jhTf;Fk; ,g;NghJ ed;whf taJ Ngha;tpl;lJjhNd.mNjNghy; RftPdKw;wtu;fshfTk; ,Uf;fpwhu;fsh jhNd.

Rju;\d; :- ehq;fs; mtu;fs; ,UtUf;Fk; cjtp nra;fpNwhk;. vdf;F;jhd; $LjyhdNtiyfs; xg;gilf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. Njhl;lj;jpy; Ntiy nra;a Ntz;banghWg;Gk; vdf;Fj;jhd;.

gpujpepjp :- ePq;fs; %tUk; fw;Wf;nfhz;bUf;Fk; tFg;igf; $Wq;fs;.

Rju;\d; :- ehd; 9 Mk; tFg;G. jk;gp 4 Mk; tFg;G> jq;if 2 Mk; tFg;G.

gpujpepjp :- xU khjj;jpw;F ehq;fs; 2000/= Gyikg;guprpy; xd;iwf; nfhLf;fj; jahuhf,Uf;fpd;Nwhk;. ,ij ahUf;Ff; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;?

Rju;\d; :- vq;fs; %tUf;Fk; jhUq;fs;.

gpujpepjp :- mg;gb KbahJ. ,jid xUtupd; ngaupNyNa juyhk;.

Rju;\d; :- mg;gbahapd; vdf;Fj; jhUq;fs;.

gpujpepjp :- cq;fis tpl ,isa jq;ifAk; jk;gpAk; ,Uf;Fk;NghJ Vd; cq;fsJngaUf;Ff; Nfl;fpwPu;fs;?

� Ie;J epkplq;fSf;fhtJ jkJ gY}d;fisg; ghJfhj;Jf; nfhz;L VidNahupd;

gY}d;fis cilf;fr; nra;aTk;.

� njhlf;fj;ijAk; KbitAk; mwptpf;fTk;.

35


gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;F cq;fs; tho;f;if mDgtq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L tpil

jhUq;fs;.

1. ePq;fs; Kfk; nfhLj;j xU rthiyf; Fwpg;gpLq;fs;.

2. me;j rthypd; jd;ikia RUf;fkhf tpsf;fk; jUf.

3. mr;rthy; fhuzkhf ePq;fs; mile;j Njhy;tp kd rQ;ryk; kw;Wk; ,og;Gf;fs;

,Ue;jhy; mtw;iwf; Fwpg;gpLq;fs;.

4. mr;rthy;fis ntw;wpnfhs;tjw;F ePq;fs; vt;tpjj;jpy; cq;fs; Nahrid

Kd;itf;fpwPu;fs;?

Rju;\d; :- jq;iff;Fk; jk;gpf;Fk; toq;fp eilKiwfs; njupahJ vd epidf;fpNwd;.mj;NjhL ehd; ,e;jg; Gyikg; guprpy; njhifiag; ngw;why; mtu;fs;,Utupd; NjitfisAk; vd;dhy; ghu;j;Jf;nfhs;s KbAk; jhNd.vy;yhtw;wpw;Fk; Nkyhf ehd; ey;yKiwapy; rh/ j guPl;irapy; rpj;jp ngwed;whf gbf;f Ntz;Lk;. ed;whfg; gbj;jhy; jhd; vdJ jk;gpf;Fk; jq;iff;Fk;ed;whfg; gbg;gpf;f vdf;F KbAk;.

gpujpepjp :- rup. ehq;fs; cq;fSf;F ,e;jg; Gyikg;guprpiy toq;FNthk;.

36



Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : -: -: -: -: - RNjrj;Jtj;ijf;fhj;J G+Nfhsf; fpuhkj;jpd; Xu; mq;fj;jtu;

vd;w tifapy; xUq;F tho;j;jthW nraw;gLthu;.

nraw;ghL :- “Njrpaj;jpw;F kjpg;gspj;J cyf r%fj;jpDs; gpuNtrpg;Nghk;”


ju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPL :- :- :- :- :- � ,izg;G 9.1.3.1 kw;Wk; 9.1.3.2

� bik Ngg;gu;

� ngy;l; Ngdh

� vOJjhs;fs;


gb 9.1.3.1gb 9.1.3.1gb 9.1.3.1gb 9.1.3.1gb 9.1.3.1

� ,izg;G 9.1.3.1 njhlu;ghd ge;jpia tFg;giwapy; Kd;itf;f

� mq;F toq;fg;gl;l jfty; njhlu;ghf fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itf;f khztu;fSf;F

re;ju;g;gk; mspf;f.

� gpd;tUk; tplaq;fisf; fUj;jpw;nfhz;L fye;Jiuahliy Nkw;nfhs;f.

F Kd;ndhU fhyj;jpy; ,yq;ifapd; njhopDl;gk; cau;kl;lj;jpy; fhzg;gl;lik.

F jw;fhyj;jpy; ,yq;ifapd; gy;NtW cw;gj;jpfs; cyf re;ijf;F

mDg;gg;gLfpd;wik.

F mt;Tw;gj;jpfs; cyf re;ijapy; cau; mq;fPfhuk; ngw;Ws;sik.

F fle;j fhyj;ijg; Nghd;W jw;fhyj;jpYk; Njrpa uPjpahf kjpg;gspf;f;$ba

ey;nyhOf;f tpOkpaq;fs; kw;Wk; Mf;fk; vk;Ks; fhzg;gLtNjhL> Njrj;jpw;F

kjpg;gspg;gJld; mjid Kd;ndLj;Jr; nry;tjw;Fk; ehk; Kaw;rpf;f Ntz;Lk;.

(10 epkplq;fs;)gb 9.1.3.2gb 9.1.3.2gb 9.1.3.2gb 9.1.3.2gb 9.1.3.2

� khztu;fisg; nghUj;jkhd tpjj;jpy; FOf;fshfg; gpupAq;fs;.

� tplag; gj;jpuq;fis FOf;fSf;F toq;Fq;fs;.

� Fwpj;j tplaj;ijg; G+u;j;jp nra;tjw;Fg; Nghjpa Neuj;ij toq;Fq;fs;.

� NjitNaw;gLk; re;ju;g;gq;fspy; MNyhrid> topfhl;ly; toq;Fq;fs;.

� mwpf;if jahupg;gjw;Fg; NghJkhd Neuj;ijg; ngw;Wf; nfhLq;fs;.

gb 9.1.3.3gb 9.1.3.3gb 9.1.3.3gb 9.1.3.3gb 9.1.3.3

� FO mwpf;ifia tFg;giwapy; Kd;itf;f re;ju;g;gk; toq;Fq;fs;.

� xt;nthU FOTk; Kd;itj;j jfty;fs; njhlu;ghff; fUj;J njuptpf;f midj;J

FOf;fSf;Fk; re;ju;g;gk; toq;Fq;fs;.

� gpd;tUk; tplaq;fis ntspf;nfhzUk; tifapy; fye;Jiuahliy Nkw;nfhs;sTk;.

37

F ehl;bd; rka> rk;gpujhaq;fs;> eilKiwfSf;F kjpg;gspj;jy;.

F Njitfisg; G+u;j;jp nra;tjw;F gy;NtW cw;gj;jpfis gad;ghl;bw;F

vLj;Jf;nfhs;s Ntz;bNaw;gLk;.

F vkJ ehl;bd; nghUSl;gj;jpfisf; nfhz;Nl vkJ Njitfisg; G+u;j;jp

nra;Jnfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

F mt;thW nra;tjhy; ntspehl;Lf;Fr; nry;Yk; gzj;ij Nrkpf;f KbtNjhL

Njrpa cw;gj;jpfis mjpfupf;fTk; KbAk;.

F tsq;fspd; rkdw;w guk;gy; kw;Wk; Njitahd midj;J nghUl;fisAk; cw;gj;jp

nra;Jnfhs;s Kbahik.

F ,jd; fhuzkhf cyf ehLfSld; njhlu;Gfis itj;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.

F r%f njhlu;Gfisf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;Fk; njhlu;Gfis itj;jpUg;gjw;Fk; cyf

rKjhaj;jpd; mq;fj;jtuhf tho;tjw;Fj; Njitahd jpwd;fis vkf;Fs; tpUj;jp

nra;Jnfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

(20 epkplk;)


� cs;Su; cw;gj;jpfis tpiynfhLj;J thq;FtJ Njrpa tsu;r;rpf;F fhuzkhf mikAk;

tpjj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.

� cs;Su; gof;ftof;fq;fs; ghuk;gupaq;fis kjpg;gJld; mjw;fhd fhuzq;fis

Kd;itg;ghu;.

� cyf r%fj;jpd; xU Fbkfdhf tho;tjw;Fj; Njitahd Fzeyd;fis

Nkk;gLj;jpf;nfhs;tjpy; tpUg;G fhl;Lthu;.

� FOr; nraw;ghl;bid epiwTnra;tjw;F mu;g;gzpg;Gld; nraw;gLthu;.

� jdJ jpwd;fis ntspf;fhl;b VNjh xU Mf;fnkhd;iw gilf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w

tpUg;ig ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.

38


gpd;tUk; ntspg;ghl;il tFg;giwapy; Kd;itg;gjw;F jahu;gLj;jpf; nfhs;Sq;fs;.

,yq;ifapd;

Njapiyf;F

cau;e;j tpiy

epu;zapg;G

,yq;ifapd; Mil

cw;gj;jpfSf;F cyf

re;ijapy; mjpf

Nfs;tp (fpuhf;fp)

� ,yq;ifapy; Guhjd njhopDl;gk;

F ePu;g;ghrdj; njhopDl;gk;

jhJNrd murdhy; fl;lg;gl;l Nahj fhy;tha; vDk; [a fq;if 86 Km ePskhdJ.

mj;Jld; fhy;thapd; rha;T xU fpNyhkPw;wUf;F 95 kpy;ypkPw;wu;fshFk;.

F kUj;Jtj; njhopDl;gk;

nghyd;dWit fhyj;jpw;Fr; nrhe;jkhd Myh`d gpupntdhtpd; mfo;tpd;NghJ

kUj;Jt cg fhuzq;fs; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lik.

F fiyg; gilg;Gf;fs;

fp.K. 5 Mk; E}w;whz;by; Mf;fg;gl;l rPfpupah rpj;jpuq;fs; ,d;Wk; khwhJ

,Ug;gjw;Fupa fhuzk; mjpy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s njhopDl;g tpNrlj;JtkhFk;.


nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk; 01

cq;fshy; Nghw;wg;gLk; rka rk;gpujhaq;fs;> eilKiwfs; vd;gdtw;iw

ml;ltizg;gLj;jp mit Nghw;wg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhd fhuzq;fis

tFg;giwapy; njspTgLj;Jf.


cyf rKjhaj;jpNy Fbkfd; vd;w tifapy; tho;tjw;F cq;fsplj;jpy;

tpUj;jpnra;a Ntz;ba Fzeyd;fs; mlq;fpa gl;bay; xd;iwj; jahu;nra;f.


� gpd;tUk; ml;ltiziag; G+u;j;jp nra;f.

� cq;fs; FO ml;ltizg;gLj;jpa tplaq;fis tpsf;fkhf tFg;gpy; Kd;itf;f.

39

cq;fsJ md;whl

Njitfisg;

G+u;j;jpnra;Jnfhs;sg;

gad;gLj;Jk; nghUl;fs;

mg;nghUl;fspy;

tpiynfhLj;J thq;Fk;

,yq;if cw;gj;jpg;

nghUSf;F Kd;dhy;

P milahskpLf.

,yq;ifapd; cw;gj;jpg;

nghUl;fis

tpiynfhLj;J

thq;Ftjhy; fpilf;Fk;

ed;ikfs;

tplag;gj;jpuk; 04

jw;fhy cyfpy; ve;jnthU ehl;bw;Fk; jdpj;J jdJ Njitfis

epiwNtw;wpf;nfhs;tJ fbdk;. ,jw;fhd fhuzq;fis Kd;itf;f.

40



Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : -: -: -: -: - Njitg;gLk; Nghnjy;yhk; cWjpg;ghlhd tifapy;

nraw;gLthu;.nraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghL : -: -: -: -: - “nghUj;jkhd ,lq;fspy; epiyNgwhd tpjj;jpy;

fUkkhw;Wthu;.”


ju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPL :- :- :- :- :- � ,izg;G 9.1.4.1 ,w;fhd tuyhw;Wf; fij

� ,izg;G 9.1.4.2.1 ,w;fhd nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk;

� vOJjhs;fs;

� Ngdh


gb 9.1.4.1gb 9.1.4.1gb 9.1.4.1gb 9.1.4.1gb 9.1.4.1

� ,izg;G 9.1.4.1 ,w;fhd tuyhw;Wf; fijia Kd;itAq;fs;.

� fijiaf; Nfl;lgpd; khztu;fsplj;jpy; Vw;gLk; fUj;Jf;fisf; Nfl;lwpAq;fs;.

� rpe;jidf; fpsu;tpNy khztu;fis <LgLj;Jq;fs;.

F jhd; nra;Ak; Ntiy njhlu;ghf jdf;Fg; Nghjpa tpsf;fk; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

F VidNahupd; fUj;Jf;fis Vw;Wf;nfhs;sy;.

F jdf;Fg; nghUj;jk; vdpd; VidNahupd; fUj;Jf;fis tpku;rpj;J Vw;Wf;nfhs;sy;.

F epiyNgwhd fUj;Jf;fSld; nraw;gLtjhy; jd;idAk; jdJ nfsutj;ijAk;

ghJfhj;jy;.

(10 epkplq;fs;)

gb 9.1.4.2gb 9.1.4.2gb 9.1.4.2gb 9.1.4.2gb 9.1.4.2

� ,izg;G 9.1.4.2.1 nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuj;ij khztu;fSf;F gfpu;e;jspAq;fs;.

� khztu;fis nraw;ghl;by; <LgLj;Jq;fs;.

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gb 9.1.4.3gb 9.1.4.3gb 9.1.4.3gb 9.1.4.3gb 9.1.4.3

� khztu;fspd; fUj;Jf;fis tFg;gpy; Kd;itj;jy;.

� khztu;fspd; Nkyhd MNyhridfis tpdTq;fs;.

� gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; ntspg;gLk; tifapy; fye;Jiuahliy Nkw;nfhs;Sq;fs;.

(10 epkplq;fs;)

41

F rthy;fspd;NghJ ,UKiwapy; xUtu; jdJ Jyq;fiy ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.

fPo;g;gbjy; kw;Wk; Mf;fpukpg;G uPjpahf.

F ,t;tpU Kiwfspy; xd;wpYk; rhuhJ epiyNgzj;jf;f tifapy; nraw;gly;

Ntz;Lk;.

F epiyNgw;Wj;jd;ikia jd;dplj;jpYk; VidNahuplj;jpYk; Vw;gLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

F jdJ vz;zq;fis ,lj;jpw;Nfw;g nghUj;jkhd Kiwapy; ntspg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.


� epiyNgw;Wj;jd;ikia tpsq;fpf; nfhs;thu;.

� epiyNgw;Wj;jd;ikAld; nraypyPLglj; jahuhthu;.

� jdJ fUj;Jf;fisg; nghUj;jkhd ,lj;jpy; nghUj;jkhd Kiwapy; ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.

� Neuhd kdg;ghq;Fld; tho;f;if topKiwfisg; NgZk; tifapy; nraw;ghLfspy;

<LgLthu;.

� epiyg;Ngw;wbg;gilapy; r%fj; njhlu;ig itj;Jf; nfhs;thu;.

(10 epkplq;fs;)

42


Kd;ndhU fhyj;jpy; xU je;ij jdJ kfDld; jkf;Fr; nrhe;jkhd fOijiatpw;gjw;fhf re;ijf;Fg; Ngha;f;nfhz;bUe;jhu;.mjidf; fz;Zw;w rpy kdpju;fs;fOijapd; Nky; Vwpr; nry;yhky; je;ij kfd; ,UtUk; ele;J nry;fpwhu;fNs vdmq;fyha;j;jdu;. “fOijia itj;Jf; nfhz;L ,g;gb ele;J nry;Yk; Kl;lhs;fSk;,Uf;fpd;wdu;.

%lu;fNs vdf; $wpdu;. ,jidf; Nfl;l je;ij jdJ kfid fOij Nky;itj;Jf;nfhz;L ele;J nrd;whu;. mjidf; fz;Zw;w rpyu; ,e;j Kjpatu; ele;Jnry;y kfd; fOij Nky; mku;e;J nry;fpwhNd vdj; J}w;wpdu;. gpd;du; kfd; fPopwq;fpje;ij fOijapd; Nky; mku;e;J nrd;whu;. ,t;thW rpwpJ Neuk; nry;ifapy; “INah!me;j mg;ghtpr; rpWtd; ele;J nry;fpwhNd” “ngupa kdpjd; xa;ahukhf fOij Nky;mku;e;J nry;fpwhu;” vd NkYk; rpyu; J}w;wpdu;. gpd;du; je;ij> kfd; ,UtUNkfOij Nky; mku;e;J nrd;wdu;. mjidf; fz;Zw;w kdpju;fs;> “mg;ghtpahdkpUfj;jpw;F nra;Ak; mt];ijiag; ghUq;fs;. ,g;gbAk; kpUfq;fis tijf;fpwhu;fNs!clNd ,UtUk; fPopwq;fp tUe;jpr; nry;Yk; fOijia Rke;J nry;tJ ey;yjy;yth”vdf; $wpdu;.

gpd;du; ,UtUNk fOijapd; ehd;F fhy;fisAk; Nru;j;Jf; fl;b mjDs; jbnahd;iw,l;Lj; J}f;fpr; nry;yyhapdu;. nry;Yk; topapy; Xu; xw;iw kug; ghyj;jhy; Mw;iwf;flf;f Neupl;lJ. mt;Ntisapy; fOij jLkhw;wkile;jjhy; %tUk; Mw;wpy; tpOe;jdu;.

43

gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;F tpilfz;L tFg;gpy; Kd;itf;f.

1. tpdpj; mfpyDld; Fsj;Jf;Fr; nry;y Vd; tpUk;gpdhd; vd ePq;fs; epidf;fpwPu;fs;?

2. Rju;rd; mfpydpd; Ntz;LNfhis epuhfupj;j tpjk; njhlu;ghf ePq;fs; vd;d

epidf;fpwPu;fs;?

3. mg;Jy;yh mfpyDf;Ff; $wpa gjpy; njhlu;ghf cq;fsJ fUj;ij vOJq;fs;.

4. mfpyd; cq;fsplk; ,t;Ntz;LNfhis tpLj;jhy; ePq;fs; vt;thwhd gjpiy

mspg;gPu;fs;?


gpd;tUk; rk;gtj;ij thrpf;fTk;.

mfpyd; tFg;gpy; cs;s thahbr; rpWtdhthd;. mNjNghy; Vida khztu;fspd;Njitfis epiwNtw;Wtjpy; Kd;dpw;ghd;. NtW tFg;G khztu;fshy; jdJ tFg;Gkhztu;fs; gaKWj;jg;gLk; re;ju;g;gq;fspYk; Kd;dpw;gtd; mfpyNd. vdpDk; jd;idtFg;G khztu;fs; Vw;Wf;nfhz;ljhy; mtdJ vy;yhf; fUj;Jf;fisAk; vy;yhg;gps;isfSk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sy; Ntz;Lk; vd;w gpioahd vz;zk; nfhz;bUe;jhd;mfpyd;.

mfpyd; :- tpdpj; ,d;W khiy ghlrhiy tpl;ljd; gpd;du; vd;Dld; Fspg;gjw;FFsj;jpw;Fr; nry;y tu Ntz;Lk;. rupjhNd> KbahJ vd;Wnrhy;yhNj!

tpdpj; :- rup. ehd; tUfpNwd; mfpyd;.

mfpyd; :- Rju;rd; cdf;Fk; Nfl;lJ jhNd. rhg;gpl;lTld; Fsj;Jf;F th.

Rju;rd; :- ey;y Ntiyjhd; cdf;F Ntz;Lnkdpd; eP Nghfyhk;.mg;gbg; Ngha; %o;fpg; Nghdhy;...

mfpyd; :- rup. mg;gbnahd;why; mijAk; ghu;g;NghNk. mg;Jy;yh eP vd;dnrhy;fpwha;?

mg;Jy;yh :- vdf;F epr;rakhf nrhy;y KbahJ mfpyd; tuKbAk; vd;W. NghdgpwF tPl;by; Nghf Ntz;lhk; vd;W nrhd;dhy; ehd;ngha;f;fhudhNtd;. kw;wJ ,e;j ehl;fspy; Fsj;J ePu; mt;tsTey;yjy;y. ePnad;whYk; Neha;tha;gLtha;. ftdkhf ,U.

44

9.2 9.2 9.2 9.2 9.2 Nghl;bj;jd;ik tha;e;j cyfpy; ey;tho;itNghl;bj;jd;ik tha;e;j cyfpy; ey;tho;itNghl;bj;jd;ik tha;e;j cyfpy; ey;tho;itNghl;bj;jd;ik tha;e;j cyfpy; ey;tho;itNghl;bj;jd;ik tha;e;j cyfpy; ey;tho;it

tpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;thu;tpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;thu;tpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;thu;tpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;thu;tpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;thu;(ghlNtisfs; 04)(ghlNtisfs; 04)(ghlNtisfs; 04)(ghlNtisfs; 04)(ghlNtisfs; 04)


ey;tho;f;if njhlu;gpy; kdpjd; jdf;Fk; jhd; rhu;e;Js;s kdpj tu;f;fj;jpw;Fk; ed;ikiar;

nra;a Mw;wy; ngw;Ws;shd;. vdpDk; kdpjd; Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhz;l nfhs;iffs;> rpe;jidfs;

fhuzkhfTk; cw;gj;jp nra;Js;s gytifg; nghUl;fs; fhuzkhfTk; ,d;W r%fk;

cyfkakhdjhfTk; Efu;T Nehf;iff; nfhz;ljhfTk; mike;j #oypDs; tho

Neupl;Ls;sJ. ,jd;%yk; cUthFk; Nghl;bkpf;f cyfkhdJ kdpjDf;F gaDs;s

Nghl;biaAk; gadw;w Nghl;biaAk; Nju;e;njLj;J Ntwhf;fpf;nfhs;s KbahjsTf;F

rpf;fyhFk; re;ju;g;gq;fis mjpfkhff; nfhz;Ls;sJ.

gpwg;gpNyNa ,jaj; Jbg;Gld; my;yJ kdrhl;rpAld; nraw;gLk; kdpjDf;F ,e;epiy

xU rthyhFk;.,Ujiyf;nfhs;spahFk;. mjw;F mtdplk; cs;s kdpjNeak; fhuzkhfpwJ.

rpyrkak; Nghl;bahdJ kdpaNeaj;ij Nfhioahd gae;jhq;nfhs;spj;jdkhd epiyahf

Nehf;fg;gLtijf; fhzKbAk;.

mt;thwhd ,lq;fspy; kdpju;fs; kdpjNeaj;ij kwe;JtpLfpd;wdu;. kpUfj;jd;ikia

ntspf;fhl;Lfpd;wdu;. fUj;jw;w Nghl;bfspy; ntw;wpngw fz;%bj;jdkhf Kaw;fpd;wdu;.

ey;tho;f;if rpijtJ ,jdhyhFk;. ,J kdpjidj; jdpg;gl;l KiwapYk; $l;lhfTk;

Ntjidg;gLj;jr; nra;fpd;wJ. el;lj;ijAk; Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.

egu;fs; ahtUk; rkkhdtu;fsy;y. mtu;fspilNa NtWghLfs; gy cs. tpUg;Gf;fs;

NtWgl;lit. ,e;epiy ,ay;ghdJ. ,jdhy; mtutu; tho;f;iff; Nfhyk; NtWgLfpd;wJ.

FWfpa Nehf;fq;fspdbg;gilapy; Ntz;Lnkd;Nw Vw;gLj;Jfpd;w Nghl;b fhuzkhf

,aw;ifahd gy;tifikia jhq;f KbahjsT rpf;fyhtJk;> NtfkiltijAk; gy

re;ju;g;gq;fspy; fhzKbfpwJ. mJ kdpjdpDs; rkhjhdj;jpw;Fk; kdpju;fs; ,ilNa

rkhjhdj;jpw;Fk; jilahf mikfpwJ.

mjhtJ jk;KlDk; VidNahUlDk; ey;ypzf;fkhf thOjy; vDk; ey;tho;f;if Kiwf;Fj;

jPq;fhaikAk;. cldbahf jiyapl Ntz;ba r%fg; gzpahFk;. Mrpupa tfpghfKk;

,JNtahFk;.

vdpDk; ,J Xuputpy; eilngwf; $bajy;y. MfNt cldbahf ,J Muk;gpf;fg;gl

Ntz;Lk;. kdpjNeak; tw;wpg;NghFk; ,lq;fs; cld; epug;gg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

ey;tho;f;ifahdJ jdpegu; tho;f;if> r%f tho;f;if Mfpatw;iw mbg;gilahff;

nfhz;ljhifahy; rpWguhak; KjNy ey;tho;f;ifg; gz;Gfs; tsu;f;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.

egupd; cly;> cs> r%f> Mj;kPf mgptpUj;jpf;F fhuzkhaikAk; ey;tho;f;ifg; gz;Gfs;

gpw;fhyj;jpy; gof;fkhfNth cs;shu;e;j J}z;lYld;$ba Nju;r;rpahfNth khWtJ

mjdhyhFk;. ey;y kdpju; xUtu;> ey;y FLk;gk;> ey;y r%fk; gw;wp ek;gpf;if itf;f

KbtJ mjdhyhFk;. ,e;epiyahdJ ePz;lfhy> gue;j mstpyhd Njrpa mgptpUj;jpf;F

rpwe;j mbj;jskhfpd;wJ. jk;ikg;gw;wp jkJ FLk;gk; gw;wp> jhk; rhu;e;j epWtdk; njhlu;ghf>

Vida gpui[fs; njhlu;ghfTk; jkJ ehL njhlu;ghf> jkJ kdpj ,dk; njhlu;ghf>

nghWg;Gs;s kdpju;fis cUthf;fTk; KbAk;. kdpj ,dj;jpd; kPJ mf;fiw nfhz;l

kdpj ,dj;ij cUthf;fTk; ghJfhf;fTk; ,J cjTk;.

45

ntWkNd thrpg;gjd; %yNkh Nfl;gjd; %yNkh khj;jpuk; ey;tho;f;ifiag; gapyNth

typAWj;jNth KbahJ. mj;Jld; mtw;iwg; gapYk; epGzj;Jtk; mila gpuNahfr;

re;ju;g;gq;fis cUthf;Fjy; Ntz;Lk;. MrpupaUld; Nritahw;Wk; fhyk; kpff;

Fiwthdgbahy; Mff; $basT mjpy; <Lgl KaYjy; kpfTk; gaDs;sJ. fUj;Js;sJ

Nghyr; nra;Ak; elj;ijfspdhy; gps;isia kPl;L NguwpitAk; gz;G> mwpT gyj;ijAk;

mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l ey;tho;f;if gw;wpa cau; czu;Tfis Vw;gLj;j Mrpupau;

Kaw;rpf;f Ntz;Lk;.

rupahdtw;iwr; rupahfr; nra;af;$bathwhd jd;dk;gpf;ifia mtu;fSs; cUthf;f

Ntz;Lk;.

mJ khj;jpuky;yhJ ew;gpui[fis ehl;bw;fspf;fTk; fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfs;

cjtk;. ,tw;wpd; %yk; gps;isfs; jkJ kdr;rhl;rpf;F Vw;wthW Neuhd topfspy;

Nju;r;rpfis tpUj;jp nra;Jnfhz;L mtw;wpd; %yk; Kd;khjpupahd vz;zq;fis Nehf;fpr;

nry;thu;fs;. my;yJ kdpjd; vd;w uPjpapy; jhd; nry;y Ntz;ba cau;e;j ,lj;ij

Nehf;fp mr;rkpd;wp nry;thu;fs;. mtu;fs; ahtw;iwAk; NeuhfTk; gf;fr; rhu;gpd;wpAk;

ju;f;f uPjpahfTk; Mf;fg;G+u;tkhfTk; Nehf;Fthu;.

XupU tplaq;fspd; kPJ jq;fpapuhJ> gf;fr;rhu;gpd;wpAk; eLepiyahfTk; KOikahfTk;

Muha;tu;.

G+uzkhd cWg;Gf;fSk; tskhd kdJk; nfhz;l mtu;fs;> jkJ r%f nghWg;Gf;fs;

njhlu;ghf MwpTld; Rarf;jpia ntspg;gLj;Jthu;fs;. mtu;fs; tho;f;ifj;juKk; cau;e;j

ey;tho;f;ifg; gz;GfSk; epuk;gg;ngw;w gpui[fshf miktu;.

Nju;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r p : Nghl;bj;jd;ik tha;e;j cyfpy; ey; tho;it

tpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;thu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : 9.2.1 Nghl;bj;jd;ik tha;e;j cyfpy; ey;tho;tpd;

Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tprhuiz nra;thu;.

9.2.2 ey;tho;Tf;F ,l;Lr; nry;Yk; gz;Gfisf;

filg;gpbg;ghu;.

ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk; : · ey;tho;tpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

- jdpahsJ tpUg;Gf;fspd; gy;tifik

- rpf;fyhd tho;f;iff;Nfhyk;

· ey;tho;tpd; gz;Gfs;

- kfpo;r;rpAld; ,Uj;jy;

- fpilg;gijf; nfhz;L jpUg;jpailjy;

- vspikahd tho;f;if tho;jy;

- el;Gzu;T

- rkepiyahf tho;jy;

ey;tho;tpd; gz;Gfis filg;gpbf;fhikahy; Vw;gLk; tpisTfs;>

#o;epiyfSf;F Vw;g ey;tho;tpd; gz;Gfis md;whl tho;Tld;

nghUj;jpaikj;Jf;nfhs;Sjy;.

46

F jkJ Njitf;Nfw;wtw;iw khj;jpuk; ngw;W jpUg;jpailAk; gz;G Kf;fpakhdJ.

F jkf;F fl;lhakhfj; Njitaw;w tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghf Fog;gKwy;

jPikahJ.

F Neu;ik ePz;lfhy ew;gyd;fisg; ngw;Wj; juf;$baJ.

(10 epkplq;fs;)

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� topfhl;liy Nkw;nfhz;L cjtpfisr; nra;aTk;.

(15 epkplq;fs;)

gb 9.2.1.3gb 9.2.1.3gb 9.2.1.3gb 9.2.1.3gb 9.2.1.3

� khztu; Kd;itg;Gf;Fr; re;ju;g;gk; mspf;fTk;.

� midj;J fUj;Jf;fisAk; ftdj;jpw;nfhz;L gpd;tUk; tplaq;fis ntspf;nfhzUk;

tifapy; njhFg;Giuapy; <LglTk;.

9.2.1 nraw;ghL9.2.1 nraw;ghL9.2.1 nraw;ghL9.2.1 nraw;ghL9.2.1 nraw;ghL

Nju;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r p : -: -: -: -: - Nghl;bj;jd;ik tha;e;j cyfpy; ey;tho;it tpUj;jp nra;J

nfhs;thu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : -: -: -: -: - Nghl;bj;jd;ik tha;e;j cyfpy; ey;tho;tpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij

tprhuiz nra;thu;.

nraw;ghL;nraw;ghL;nraw;ghL;nraw;ghL;nraw;ghL; : -: -: -: -: - “ew;Fztpay;Gfis tpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;Nthk;.”


ju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPL :- :- :- :- :- � ,izg;G 9.2.1.1 ,y; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s fij

� ,izg;G 9.2.1.2 ,y; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk;


gb 9.2.1.1gb 9.2.1.1gb 9.2.1.1gb 9.2.1.1gb 9.2.1.1

� ,izg;G 9.2.1.1 ,y; fhzg;gLk; fijiar; RUf;fkhf Kd;itf;fTk;.

� mjpy; fhzg;gLk; gbg;gpid ahJ vd tpdTf.

� fPo;tUk; tplaq;fs; ntspg;gLk; tpjkhff; fye;Jiuahliy Nkw;nfhs;f.

47

F k`hj;kh fhe;jpapd; thu;G vkf;Fr; rpwe;j Kd;khjpupahFk;.

F rpf;fyhd r%fj;jpy; kdpjj; Njitfs; gy;NtWgl;litahFk;.

F jkJ Njitf;Nfw;wtw;iw khj;jpuk; ngw;W jpUg;jpailAk; gz;G Kf;fpakhdJ.

F jkf;F fl;lhakhfj; Njitaw;w tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghf Fog;gKwy;

jPikahJ.

F Neu;ik ePz;lfhy ew;gyd;fisg; ngw;Wj; juf;$baJ.

(15 epkplk;)


� “ey;tho;T” vd;gij tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;Jthu;.

� ,uz;L tplaq;fspd; JizAld; ey;tho;tpd; Njitia cWjpg;gLj;Jthu;.

� ey;tho;it Cf;Ftpg;gjw;fhf khjpup thf;fpankhd;iw tbtikg;ghu;.

� ey;tho;T mtutuplkpUe;Nj Muk;gpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd mwpe;J mjw;fhd kdcWjpiag;

ngWthu;.

� VidNahUld; ey;tho;T gw;wp ciuahLthu;.

,izg;G,izg;G,izg;G,izg;G,izg;G 9.2.1.1.19.2.1.1.19.2.1.1.19.2.1.1.19.2.1.1.1

Neu;ikahd tpwFntl;bAk; fhzhkw;Nghd NfhlupAk;

tpwFntl;bnahUtd; fhl;by; tpwF ntl;bf;nfhz;bUe;jhd;. mtdJ Nfhlup jtWjyhfmUfpypUe;j Mw;wpy; tpOe;J fhzhkw; NghdJ. vt;tsT NjbAk; fpilf;fhkw;Nghdjhy; mtd; kpfTk; Jaukile;jhd;. mo Muk;gpj;jhd;. mr;rkak; xU Njtijmtd; Kd; Njhd;wp xU jq;fj;jhyhd Nfhlupia vLj;J> mJ mtdJ Nfhlupah

vdf; Nfl;lJ. “my;y” vd mtd; $w Njitij xU nts;spf; Nfhlupia ePl;baJ.

mJTk; jdJ Nfhlup my;y vd mtd; $w Njit mtdJ cz;ikahd Nfhlupiaf;fhl;baJ. jdJ Nfhlup mJ vd mtd; Vw;Wf;nfhs;s> kfpo;r;rpaile;j Njtij kw;w,uz;L NfhlupfisAk; mtDf;Fg; guprhf mspj;jJ.

mtdJ ,f;fijiaf; Nfs;tpg;gl;l kw;nwhUtDk; mt;tplj;jpw;F te;J jdJ NfhlupiaMw;wpy; vwpe;Jtpl;L mo Muk;gpj;jhd;. Njtij mtd; Kd; Njhd;wp jq;ff; NfhlupiaePl;l mtd; mJ jdJ Nfhlup vdf; $wpdhd;. Njtij mtd; ngha; $Wtjhff; $wpme;j xU NfhlupiaAk; mspf;fhJ kiwe;jJ.

48

,izg;G,izg;G,izg;G,izg;G,izg;G 9.2.1.29.2.1.29.2.1.29.2.1.29.2.1.2


� k`hj;kh fhe;jp njhlu;gpy; tpguq;fslq;fpa fl;Liunahd;iw tiuf.

� k`hj;kh fhe;jpaplk; fhzg;gl;l ew;gz;Gfisg; gl;baw;gLj;Jf.

� k`hj;kh fhe;jpaplk; fhzg;gl;lijg; Nghd;W cq;fsplk; fhzg;gLk; ew;gz;Gfis

vOJf.

� ePq;fs; mwpe;J nfhz;l> tpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;s Ntz;ba ew;gz;Gfisf; Fwpg;gpl;Lf;

fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf.

49



nfhs;thu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : -: -: -: -: - Nghl;bj;jd;ik tha;e;j cyfpy; ey;tho;tpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij

tprhuiz nra;thu;.

nraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghL : -: -: -: -: - mkydpd; Fzeyd;




gb 9.2.2.1gb 9.2.2.1gb 9.2.2.1gb 9.2.2.1gb 9.2.2.1

� khztu; mwpe;j cNyhf tiffs; rpytw;iwf; Nfl;lwpe;J fUk;gyifapy; vOJq;fs;.

� ey;tho;Tf;Fj; Njitahd Fztpay;Gfs; rpytw;iwf; Nfl;lwpe;J fUk;gyifapy;

vOJq;fs;.

� cNyhfq;fspy; kpfTk; cau;e;j cNyhf tif vJ vdf; Nfl;L fUk;gyifapy;

vOJq;fs;.

� Nkw;gb tplaq;fisj; Jizahff; nfhz;L gpd;tUkhW fye;Jiuahlypy; <LgLq;fs;.

F ngsjpf uPjpapy; epyTfpd;wtw;wpw;F ngWkhdj;ij epu;zapf;f KbAkhapDk;

Mspd; gz;Gfs; njhlu;ghf mt;thwpy;iy.

F ngWkjp kpFe;j nghUl;fspYk; ghu;f;f kdpjg; gz;Gfs; ahTk; kpfTk; ngWkjp

kpf;fit.

F ePz;l fhy mbg;gilapy; Nehf;Fk;NghJ Neu;ik ey;y gyd;fis tpistpf;Fk;.

(05 epkplq;fs;)

gb 9.2.2.2gb 9.2.2.2gb 9.2.2.2gb 9.2.2.2gb 9.2.2.2

� khztu;fisr; rpW FOf;fshfg; gpupf;fTk;.

� ,izg;G 9.2.2.1 ,y; fhzg;gLk; ntspaPl;bypUe;J Ie;J tPjk; khztu;fSf;Fg;

gfpu;e;jspj;J nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuj;jpy; $wg;gl;Ls;sthW nraw;ghl;by; <LgLj;jTk;.

� nraw;ghLfis Kd;itg;gjw;Fr; re;ju;g;gk; mspf;fTk;.

(15 epkplq;fs;)

50

gb 9.2.2.3gb 9.2.2.3gb 9.2.2.3gb 9.2.2.3gb 9.2.2.3

� FO Kd;itg;Gf;fisf; fUj;jpw;nfhz;L gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLkhW

fye;Jiuahlypy; <LglTk;.

� ey;tho;f;iff;fhd gz;Gfs; vd;git ey;y kdpjg; gz;Gfs; MFk;.

cjhuzk; :-

F nghWik.

F VidNahupy; ey;ytw;iwf; fhzy;.

F Neuj;ij cr;r mstpy; gad;gLj;jy;.

F ftdkhfr; nrtpkLj;jy;.

F ed;wp $wy;.

F fUizAld; nraw;gly;.

F jtWfis Vw;Wf;nfhs;sy;.

F kfpo;Tld; ,Uj;jy;.

F cjtp nra;jy;.

F jiyapLjy;.

F ey;nyz;zj;Jld; nraw;gly;.

F vy;yh ew;gz;GfSk; Kf;fpaj;JtKilait.

F mu;g;gzpg;G.

F RWRWg;G.

F VidNahupd; kdijg; Gz;gLj;jhjpUj;jy;.

F NerKld; nraw;gly;.

F fpilj;jtw;iwf; nfhz;L jpUg;jpAwy;.

F ijupakhf ,Uj;jy;.

F rpf;fdk;.

F Nrkpg;G.

F vspikahd tho;f;if.

F ,aw;ifia Nerpj;jy;.

F ,g;gz;Gfis tho;f;ifapy; filg;gpbg;gjd; %yk; tho;f;if rpwf;Fk;.

F ,jd; %yk; rkepiyahd tho;f;ifapd; mbg;gil fl;bnaOg;gg;gLk;.

(20 epkplq;fs;)


� ew;gz;Gfisg; ngaupLthu;.

� ey;tho;Tg; gz;Gfis gapYjypd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.

� ey;tho;Tg; gz;Gfs; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLk; Mtzq;fisr; Nrfupg;ghu;.

� jk;khy; Kbe;jsT ey;tho;Tg; gz;Gfspy; Nju;r;rp ngw Kaw;rpg;ghu;.

� neUq;fpatu;fis ey;tho;f;ifg; gz;Gfspd; ghy; <u;g;ghu;.

51


� gpd;tUk; $w;Wf;fis ed;F thrpAq;fs;.

� mtw;wpd; JizAld; xUtu; gapw;rpngw Ntz;ba ey;tho;Tg; gz;Gfs; Ie;J vOJq;fs;.

� mtw;Ws; ,uz;bd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijr; RUf;fkhf tpsf;Fq;fs;.

1. ahtUf;Fk; Njitahd tsp vd;Wk; jw;ngUik nfhs;tjpy;iy.

2. vk;Kld; NghupLgtu;fs; vkf;Fg; nghWikiaAk; rf;jpiaAk; jUfpd;wdu;.

3. vy;yhtw;wpYk; Fiwfis khj;jpuk; fhz;gtuhf ,Uf;f Ntz;lhk;.

4. Neuj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jtjpy; rpwg;ghw;wy; ngWq;fs;.

5. ciuahly;fspd;NghJ mikjpahapUf;f Ntz;ba re;ju;g;gj;ij tpsq;fpf;

nfhs;Sq;fs;.

6. ed;wp $wg; gapYq;fs;.

7. fUizAk; md;Gk; kpf;ftuhf ,Uq;fs;.

8. cq;fsJ jtiwg; gakpd;wp Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sq;fs;.

9. jw;ngUik $Lk;NghJ egu;fs; tPo;r;rpailtu;.

10. Jf;fj;ij tpul;l rpupj;j Kfj;Jld; ,Uq;fs;.

11. VidNahUf;Fj; Njitg;gLgtuhf khWq;fs;.

12. tpku;rpg;gtu;fSf;F tpilaspf;f Neuj;ijr; nrytplhjPu;fs;.

13. vy;yhj; Jauq;fSf;Fk; ngWkjpkpf;f ghlnkhd;Ws;sJ.

14. ngWgtupYk; ghu;f;f nfhLg;gtu; kfpo;r;rpailthu;.

15. Fw;wk; $WgtUf;F Fw;wq;fisf; Nfl;fTk; NeupLk;.

16. Nrhk;Ngwpia kw;nwhU Nrhk;NgwpNa mz;kpg;ghu;.

17. msTf;fjpfkhf trjpfis ehlNtz;lhk;.

18. Nrkpf;fg; gofpatu;fs; tq;FNuhj;jhtjpy;iy.

19. Nrhk;Ngwpahf ,Ug;gtUf;F kdJf;Nfw;wthW Nrhk;Ngwpahf fhyk; flj;j KbAk;.

20. ,aw;ifiag; Nghd;w kha tpj;ijf;fhud; ahUkpy;iy. mjd; moif ,urpAq;fs;.

NfSq;fs;. RitAq;fs;.

,jidnahj;j NtW $w;Wf;fisAk; cq;fshy; Nrfupj;Jf;nfhs;s KbAk;. xU FOtpw;F

mtw;wpypUe;J Ie;ij toq;Fjy; NghJkhdJ.

52



nfhs;thu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : -: -: -: -: -

nraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghL : -: -: -: -: - “ew;gz;Gfis Ngzp ehl;ilf; fl;bnaOg;GNthk;.”


ju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPL :- :- :- :- :- � ,izg;G 9.2.3.1 ,y; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s fz;fhzpg;Gg; gbtk;

Mrpupau; mwpTiug;Gg;gbtk;

� ,izg;G 9.2.3.2 ,y; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sthwhd gj;jpupif

mwpf;if


gb 9.2.3.1gb 9.2.3.1gb 9.2.3.1gb 9.2.3.1gb 9.2.3.1

� tFg;gpYs;s khztu; 5 Ngiuf; fz;fhzpg;Gf; FOtpw;fhfj; njupT nra;J nfhs;sTk;.

� fz;fhzpg;Gf; FOtpw;F ,izg;G 9.2.3.1 ,Ys;s fz;fhzpg;G gj;jpuk;/ gbtj;ij

toq;fp cupathW Fwpg;ngLf;f tpsf;fkspf;fTk;.

� tFg;gpYs;s Vida khztu;fis> 5 FOf;fshf;f xOq;fikj;Jf; nfhs;s topg;

gLj;jTk;

� gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; ntspg;gLkhW fye;JiuahLq;fs;.

F md;whl tho;tpy; ey;tho;tpw;fhf Fztpay;Gfs; vk;ikawpahkNyNa Gwf;fzpf;

fg;gLtij fhzyhk;.

F rpe;jpj;Jr; nraw;glhikNa ,jw;fhd fhuzkhFk;.

F ,t;thW ey;tho;f;iff;fhd gz;Gfisf; filg;gpbf;fhikahy; gy;NtW

gpujp$yq;fs; Vw;gLk;.

c-k;: FLk;gk;> ghlrhiy> Rw;whly;> r%fk;

(10 epkplq;fs;)

gb 9.2.3.2gb 9.2.3.2gb 9.2.3.2gb 9.2.3.2gb 9.2.3.2

F Kjypy; xOq;fikj;j 5 FOf;fspw ;Fk; fz;fhzpg ;G FOtpYs;s

xt;nthUtiuAk; cs;slf;fTk;.

F ,izg;G 9.2.3.2 ,y; Fwpg;gplg;gl;l gj;jpupif mwpf;ifia FOTf;F 1

tPjk; gfpu;e;jspf;fTk;.

F mjpy; fhzg;gLk; ml;ltizia G+u;j;jp nra;a Njitahd MNyhridia

toq;fTk;

F khztu; Kd;itg;Gf;F re;ju;g;gkspf;fTk;

(15 epkplk;)

53

gb 9.2.3.3gb 9.2.3.3gb 9.2.3.3gb 9.2.3.3gb 9.2.3.3

F gy;NtW FOf;fspd; fUj;Jf;fisAk; Nfl;lwpe;J fye;Jiuahliy

Nkw;nfhs;sTk;.

F ,izg;G 9.2.3.2 Ig; gad;gLj;jp gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; ntspg;gLk; tifapy;

fye;Jiuahlypy; <LglTk;.

� rpWtajpypUe;Nj ey;tho;f;iff;fhd gz;Gfis gayhikAk;> filg;gpbf;fhikAk;

gpw;fhyj;jpy; Vw;gLk; ghupa gpur;rpidf;F fhuzkhFk;.

� ey;tho;tpd; gz;Gfis tsu;j;Jf; nfhs;sshnkd ngWkjpahd kdpj tho;f;if>

fhy;eilfs;> nghJr; nrhj;Jf;fs;> ,aw;ifr; #oy; cl;gl gy;NtW jug;Gf;fSk;

ghjpf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

c-k;:

F kdpj tho;it KbTWj;jr; nra;jy;

F Mspilj; njhlu;Gfs; Kwptiltjhy; kdpjd; jdpikg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;whd;.

F ,aw;if tsq;fs; mopTWjy;

F nrytPdk; mjpfupg;gjhy; Nrkpg;Gf; Fiwtiljy;

F FLk;g tUkhdk; kl;Lkd;wp Njrpa tUkhdKk; tpuakhjy;

� ey;tho;tpw;fhd gz;Gfisf; filg;gpbf;fhikahy; jdpkdpj mgptpUj;jpad;wp Njrpa

mgptpUj;jpAk; gpd;dilAk;.

(15 epkplq;fs;)


� ey;tho;tpw;fhd Fztpay;Gfisf; filg;gpbf;fhikahy; Vw;gLk; Nkhjy;fisg; gl;baw;

gLj;Jthu;.

� ey;tho;tpw;fhd Fztpay;Gfis ntspg;gLj;jhikahy; jdpahs; tpUj;jpapy; tpUk;gj;

jfhj tplaq;fs; ,lk;ngWk; vdf; fUj;Jj; njuptpg;ghu;.

� gpui[fspilNa ey;tho;tpw;fhd Fztpay;Gfis cWjpg;gLj;jhJ tpbd; Njrpa

mgptpUj;jp gpd;dilAk; vd;gij RUf;f Fwpg;gpd; %yk; njuptpg;ghu;.

� ey;tho;tpw;fhd Fztpay;Gfisf; filg;gpbf;f jplrq;fw;gk; G+Zthu;.

� ey;tho;tpw;fhd Fztpay;Gfisf; filg;gpbf;fhikahy; Vw;gLk; tpisTfis

Kd;itj;J VidNahUf;F rupahd topia Kd;itg;ghu;.

54

,izg;G,izg;G,izg;G,izg;G,izg;G 9.2.3.19.2.3.19.2.3.19.2.3.19.2.3.1� cq;fs; ez;gu;fsJ elj;ijfis ed;F mtjhdpf;fTk;.

� gpd;tUk; elj;ijfs; fhzg;gLkhapd; cupa epuypy; (√) vd mioahsk; ,ly;.

,q;F Nkyjpfkhd fUj;Jf;fisAk; FOtpd; Clhf Kd;itf;fg;gLk;.


� fPo;tUk; gj;jpupif mwpf;ifia FOtpw;F gfpu;e;jspj;J fye;Jiuahlypy; <LgLf.

� cq;fsJ FOtpd; fUj;Jf;fisAk; cs;slf;fpathW toq;fpa ml;ltiziag; G+u;j;jp

nra;f.

(gpd;tUk; jiyg;Gf;fSf;Nfw;wthW gj;jpupifr; nra;jpfis Nrfupj;Jf; nfhs;SkhW

Mrpupau; mwpTWj;jg;gLfpd;wdu;.)

jiyg;Gf;fs;

1. FLk;gr; nrhj;ijg; gfpu;tjpy; Vw;gl;l jfuhW kuzk; tiuapy; ,l;Lr; nry;yy;.

2. kJ NghijAld; thfdk; nrYj;Jk; rhujpfspd; mDkjpg;gj;jpuk; uj;Jr;nra;ag;gly;

Ntz;Lk;.

3. rpf;fdkpd;ikahy; ghlrhiyapd; ngsjpf tsq;fs; tpuakhfpd;wd.

4. rpy ghu;itahsu;fspdhy; (Rw;Wyhg;gazpfs;) Njrpa Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j ,aw;ifr;

#oy; ghjpf;fg;gLfpwJ.

5. jkJ Njitiag;G+u;j;jp nra;J nfhs;sr; nry;Yk; nghJkf;fs;> mjpfhupfspdhy;

mtkupahijf;Fl;gLj;jg;gly;.

ey;tho;f;ifg; gz;Gfisf; filg;gpbf;fhikey;tho;f;ifg; gz;Gfisf; filg;gpbf;fhikey;tho;f;ifg; gz;Gfisf; filg;gpbf;fhikey;tho;f;ifg; gz;Gfisf; filg;gpbf;fhikey;tho;f;ifg; gz;Gfisf; filg;gpbf;fhik

njhlu;njhlu;njhlu;njhlu;njhlu;

,y.,y.,y.,y.,y.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

elj;ijfs;elj;ijfs;elj;ijfs;elj;ijfs;elj;ijfs;

$r;rypLjy;

nghUl;fspd; ghJfhg;Gf;Fwpj;Jf; ftdkpd;ik

jdJ eyd; Fwpj;J khj;jpuk; rpe;jpj;jy;

xg;gilf;fg;gLk; Ntiyfis Gwe;js;Stjpy;

ftdkhapUj;jy;

VidNahu; kPJ Fw;wQ;rhl;Ljy;

nghWikapd;wp nraw;gLjy;

jdJ Vida Ntiyfspy; <Lgly;

Mk;Mk;Mk;Mk;Mk; ,y;iy,y;iy,y;iy,y;iy,y;iy

jdpahisg; ghjpf;Fk; tpjk; r%fj;ijg; ghjpf;Fk; tpjk;

55



nfhs;thu;.


nraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghL : -: -: -: -: - “ey;tho;tpw;Fg; ghijaikg;Nghk;.”


ju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPL :- :- :- :- :- � ,izg;G 9.2.4.1 ,y; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s Mrpupau;

mwpTiug;Gg;gbtk;

� ,izg;G 9.2.4.2 ,y; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s nraw;ghl;Lg;gl;bay;

� ,izg;G 9.2.4.3 ,y; fhz;gpf;fg;gLk; glk;


gb 9.2.4.1gb 9.2.4.1gb 9.2.4.1gb 9.2.4.1gb 9.2.4.1

� ,izg;G 9.2.4.1 ,y; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s Mrpupau; mwpTWj;jw;gbtj;jpw;F mika

khztu;fisr; nraw;ghl;by; <LgLj;jTk;.

� nraw;ghl;bd; epidtpy; khztu;f;F Vw;gl;l czu;it tprhupf;fTk;.

� gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; ntspg;gLkhW fye;Jiuahliy Nkw;nfhs;Sq;fs;.

F jd;dpy; ey;tho;f;iff;fhd gz;Gfis jd;dhNyNa cUthf;f KbAk;.

F jk;Ks; ey;tho;f;iff;Fj; Njitahd Fztpay;Gfis tsu;j;Jf; nfhs;tjw;fhd

rf;jp fhzg;gLfpwJ.

F ey;tho;f;iff;Fupa gz;GfSld; tho;tnjd;gJ vkJ tho;f;ifg; gazj;ij

,yFgLj;Jk;.

(08 epkplq;fs;)

gb 9.2.4.2gb 9.2.4.2gb 9.2.4.2gb 9.2.4.2gb 9.2.4.2

� khztu;fisr; rpW FOf;fshf;fTk;.

� ,izg;G 9.2.4.2 ,y; toq;fg;gl;l re;ju;g;gq;fis gpujpgypf;Fk; tz;zk; ,uz;L

epkplq;fSf;Fl;gl;l tfpghfNkw;W ebf;Fk; epfo;it cUthf;f topg;gLj;jTk;.

� ,izg;G 9.2.4.3 ,y; fhz;gpf;fg;gLk; khjpup cUit khztu;fSf;F toq;fp mt;tt;

tfpghfNkw;W ebj;jiy fz;fhzpg;Gf;Fl;gLj;jp mk;khjpupia G+uzg;gLj;Jtjw;Fupa

MNyhridfis toq;fTk;.

(12 epkplq;fs;)

56

gb 9.2.4.3gb 9.2.4.3gb 9.2.4.3gb 9.2.4.3gb 9.2.4.3

� mt;tt;tfpghfNkw;W ebj;jypD}lhf jkf;Nfw;gl;l czu;Tifs khjpupAU %yk;

ntspg;gLj;jpa khztu;fis Cf;fg;gLj;jTk;.

� xt;nthU tfpghfNkw;W ebj;jiyAk; 2 epkplq;fSf;F Kd;itf;f topg;gLj;jTk;.

� tfpghfNkw;W ebj;jy; epiwTw;wJk; vLj;Jf; nfhz;l Fwpg;Gf;fisj; jdpj;jdpahf

Kd;itf;f topg;gLj;jTk;.

� fPo;tUk; fUj;Jf;fs; ntsg;gLk; tz;zk; njhFg;Giuapy; <LglTk;.

� egu;fspd; cly;> cs> r%f kw;Wk; Mj;kpf mgptpUj;jpf;F ey;tho;f;ifg; gz;Gfs;

mtrpak;.

� cly; tsu;r;rpf;fhdit.

F fhiyapNyNa vOe;jpUj;jy;.

F jkJ jdpg;gl;l Rfhjhuj;ij rPuhfg; Ngzy;.

F Fiwe;j nrytpy; gaDs;s czTg; ghdq;fis khj;jpuk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sy;.

F Njitahd clw;gapw;rpiag; ngWk; Nehf;Fld; tPl;L Ntiyfspy; <Lgly;.

F epj;jpiu> Xa;T Mfpatw;iw Kiwahd jpl;lnkhd;wpd;gb ngwy;.

F clypd; Gwf; ftu;r;rp gw;wp ftdk; nrYj;Jjy;.

� cs mgptpUj;jpf;fhf

F VidNahupd; fUj;JfSf;Fr; nrtpkLj;jy;.

F jkJ fUj;Jf;fis mikjpahfTk; njspthfTk; rku;g;gpj;jy;.

F gf;fr;rhu;gpd;wp VidNahUf;F tplaq;fis tpsf;Fjy;.

F J}u Nehf;Fld; nrayhw;wy;.

F vg;NghJk; Gj;jfq;fs;> E}y;fs; my;yJ nghUj;jkhd NtW Clfq;fspd;

JizAld; gue;j mwpitg; ngwy;.

F gpur;rpidia tpupthf Nehf;Fjy;.

� r%f mgptpUj;jpf;fhdit

F NjitahdNghJ kd;dpg;G NfhuYk; ed;wp $wYk;.

F KbAkhd vy;yhr; re;ju;g;gq;fspYk; VidNahUf;F cjTjy;.

F Neakhd egupilNa njhlu;Gfisg; Ngzy;.

F nghJr; nrhj;Jf;fisf; ftdkhff; ifahsy;.

F ,aw;if tsq;fisg; ghJfhj;jy;.

F Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l rl;l jpl;lq;fisAk; rk;gpujhaq;fisAk; kjpj;jy;.

� Mj;kPf mgptpUj;jpf;fhdit

F kfpo;r;rpahf ,Uj;jy;.

F fpilj;jijf; nfhz;L jpUg;jpAwy;.

F fUizAld; nraw;gly;.

F gzpTld; ele;Jnfhs;sy;.

F rpwe;j tpsf;fj;Jld; nrayhw;wy;.

F vspikahd tho;T thoy;.

57

� jk;kplk; FiwthfTs;s ey;tho;Tg; gz;igg; gapYk; Muk;g re;ju;g;gk; ehis

Muk;gkhFk; vdf; fUjhJ mJ ,d;Nw> ,g;NghNj Muk;gkhFk; vd epidj;jy;.

� tho;ehspy; Kfq;nfhLf;f NeupLk; gpur;rpid my;yJ fhjy; Nghd;wtw;iwf;

fl;Lg;gLj;j KbAkhdjhapDk; mtw;Wf;F Kfq;nfhLf;Fk;NghJ ey;tho;Tf;fhd

Fzg;gz;Gfis Nknyor; nra;tjd; %yk; me;j epiyikfspd; frg;ghd jd;ikia

my;yJ Ju;g;ghf;fpaj;ijf; Fiwj;Jf;nfhs;syhk;.

� kfpo;r;rpahfTk; fUj;JlDk; jdpahf tho;tjw;Fk; $l;lhf tho;tjw;Fk; rftho;Tg;

gz;Gfs; mtrpak;.

(20 epkplq;fs;)


� jk;Ks; ey;tho;Tg; gz;Gfis tsu;j;Jf;nfhs;tJ jhNk vdf; fUj;Jiug;gu;.

� Fzeyd;fis tsu;j;Jf; nfhs;Sk; Mw;wy; jk;Ks; cs;snjdf; $Wthu;.

� ey;tho;Tg; gz;Gfspy; Nju;r;rp ngWtjd; %yk; jkJ cly;> cs> Mj;kpf mgptpUj;jpapy;

nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; tpjj;ij vz;zf;fU glnkhd;wpd; %yk; Kd;itg;ghu;.

� Neu;ikahf ey;tho;f;ifg; gzpiag; NgzpathW jdpg;gl;l Kiwapy; trjpiaAk;

jpUg;jpiaAk; ngWthu;.

� ey;tho;Tg; gz;Gfs; njhlu;gpy; VidNahUf;F Kd;khjpupahf ele;Jnfhs;thu;.

g pd ;njhlu ;Ntiygpd ;njhlu ;Ntiygpd ;njhlu ;Ntiygpd ;njhlu ;Ntiygpd ;njhlu ;Ntiy

� ey;tho;Tg; gz;Gfspy; Nju;r;rpngwy; vdJ tho;f;ifapy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; tpjk;

vDk; jiyg;gpy; cly;> cs> r%f kw;Wk; Mj;kpf mgptpUj;jpj; Jiwfs; mlq;Fk;

vz;zf;fUg; glnkhd;iw jahupf;Ff.

58


Mrpupau; mwpTWj;jw;gbtk;Mrpupau; mwpTWj;jw;gbtk;Mrpupau; mwpTWj;jw;gbtk;Mrpupau; mwpTWj;jw;gbtk;Mrpupau; mwpTWj;jw;gbtk;

� ,r;nraw;ghl;bw;F ehd;F epkpl Neuj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jq;fs;.

� cq;fs; Fuiy kpUJthdjhf khw;wpagb kpf mikjpahf gbg;gbahf khztiur;

nraw;ghl;by; <LgLj;Jq;fs;.

F trjpahd Mrdj;jpy; mku;e;Jnfhs;Sq;fs;.

F ,uz;L iffisAk; fhy;fisAk; jkf;F trjpahdthW itj;Jf;nfhs;Sq;fs;.

F fz;;fis %bf;nfhs;Sq;fs;.

F ed;F Rthrj;ij cs;thq;fp mikjpailAq;fs;.

F fle;j rpy ehl;fspy; fw;w ey;tho;f;ifg; gz;Gfis Qhgfg;gLj;Jq;fs;.

F mNj rkak; ey;tho;f;ifg; gz;Gfis Nkk;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjpy; jilahf mikAk;

ahjhapDk; ,zf;fkw;w gz;Gfs; cq;fsplk; fhzg;gLkhapd;> mJgw;wp kdjhy;

vz;zpg; ghUq;fs;.

F vQ;rpapUf;Fk; mt;thwhd NtW rpwpjsNtDk; ghjfkhd gz;Gfs; ,Uf;Fkhapd;

mtw;iw ,dq;fhZq;fs;.

F ,g;NghJ nts;isj;jhs; xd;iwAk; Ngdhnthd;iwAk; kdjhy; fw;gid

nra;Jnfhs;Sq;fs;.

F fw;gidapy; Ngdhit vLj;J nts;isj;jhspd; kPJ cq;fsplk; cs;snjdf;

fUJk; ghjfkhd gz;ig ngupa vOj;jjpy; vOJq;fs;.

F ahUk; mjidf; fhzkhl;lhu;fs; Mifahy; vJtpj gaKkpd;wp vy;yhg; gz;GfisAk;

xd;WtplhJ vOJq;fs;.

F ,g;NghJ vOjpatw;iw kPz;Lk; thrpj;J Qhgfg;gLj;Jq;fs;.

F ,g;NghJ mNj Ngdhtpdhy; vOjpa ahtw;iwAk; fPwptpLq;fs;.

F ed;F fPwptpLq;fs;.

F mLj;J fljhrpia kdjhy; vLj;J frf;Fq;fs;.

F rpwpanjhU ge;jhFk; tiu mjidf; frf;Fq;fs;.

F Nkw;gb fljhrpg; ge;ij Kbe;j tiu Ntfkhf Mfhaj;jpy; tPrp vwpAq;fs;.

F mJ J}u thdpy; gwe;J nry;Yk; tpjj;ij kdjhy; fhZq;fs;.

F mJ rpwpa xU Gs;spahf khwp kiwe;JNgha; jk;kplkpUe;J Kw;WKOjhf

mfd;wnjdf; fUJq;fs;.

F jw;NghJ cq;fsplk; ,Ug;git kpfg; ngWkjp tha;e;j ey;tho;f;ifg; gz;Gfs;

khj;jpuNk vdf; fUJq;fs;.

F Mo;e;J RthrpAq;fs;.

F cq;fisg; gw;wp ePq;fs; jpUg;jpailAq;fs;.

F cq;fisg; gw;wp kw;wtu;fs; ngUikahff; fijf;Fk; tpjj;ij kdjhy; fhZq;fs;.

F nkJthff; fz;fisj; jpwe;J mikjpailAq;fs;.

� cq;fs; Xa;TNeuj;jpy ; ,r;nraw;ghl ;il jdpahfr; nra;aKbAk; vd;gij

Qhgfg;gLj;Jq;fs;.

� ,q;F jk;Ks; Njhd;wpa vz;zq;fisf; $wj; jahuhFkhW mwpTWj;Jq;fs;.

59


� ePq;fs; ,Jtiu fw;w ey;tho;Tg; gz;Gfis ntspf;fhl;lf;$bathW gpd;tUk; xU

re;ju;g;gk; njhlu;ghfg; ghj;jpuNkw;W ebf;Fk; re;ju;g;gnkhd;iw Kd;itf;fj; jahuhFq;fs;.

� jug;gl;l vz;zf;fUg; glthf;fj;jpd; khjpupAU gw;wpAk; ftdk; nrYj;Jq;fs;.

� Nkw;gb xt;nthU rku;g;gpj;jy; %yKk; cq;fs; tho;tpd; ve;jj;Jiwia Nkk;gLj;j

cjTk; ey;tho;T Fzg;gz;G ntspf;fhl;lg;gLfpwJ vd mwpAq;fs;.

� ePq;fs; ,dq;fz;l ey;tho;Tg; gz;G vz;zf;fUg; glthf;fj;jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gLk; ghfq;fs;

njhlu;gpy; kpfr; RUf;fkhf xt;nthUtUk; jdpj;jdpahff; Fwpj;Jf;nfhs;Sq;fs;.

� Kbtpy; vz;zf;fUg; glthf;fj;jpd; JizAld; FOtpd; fUj;ijr; rku;g;gpf;fj;

jahuhFq;fs;.

ghj;jpuNkw;W ebg;gjw;fhd jiyg;Gf;fs;

� fhiyapy; epj;jpiutpl;L vOe;jJ Kjy; czT cl;nfhs;sy;> clw;gapw;rp nra;jy;>

Xa;T> epj;jpiu kw;Wk; Rj;jk; Mfpatw;Wld; jkJ cly; eyj;ijg; NgZtjw;fhd

Ntiyj;jpl;lk; gw;wp rNfhju rNfhjupfSld; elj;Jk; ciuahly;.

� tPl;bd; kpd;rhug; gad;ghL> Fg;ig$oq;fis mfw;wy;> FLk;gj;jpd; xw;Wikiag;

Ngzy; gw;wp tPl;Lf;F te;j cwtpdUld; fUj;Jg; gupkhwy;.

� gy;NtW tbtyq;fhuk;> etPd njhopDl;g cgfuzq;fs;> nghOJNghf;F> ntFrd

Clfj;ij ifahsy; Mfpad gw;wp ez;gu;fspd; kj;jpapy; eilngWk; ciuahly;.

� may; tPnlhd;wpy; trpf;Fk; ghlrhiy nry;Yk; tajpYs;s gps;isnahd;Wf;F cjTk;

Nehf;Fld; rNfhju rNfhjupfs; kj;jpapy; eilngWk; fye;Jiuahly;.

� tutpw;Nfw;g Gjpa Mz;by; FLk;gj;jtUf;Fk; tPl;Lf;Fk; Njitahd nghUl;fis

thq;Ftjw;fhf gps;isfSf;Fk; ngw;NwhUf;Fk; ,ilNa eilngWk; fye;Jiuahly;.

60


cly; tsu;r;rp

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

cs tsu;r;rp

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

r%f tsu;r;rp

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Mj;kpf tsu;r;rp

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

egupd;egupd;egupd;egupd;egupd;

tho;f ;iftho;f ;iftho;f ;iftho;f ;iftho;f ;if

61

9.39.39.39.39.3 tho;tpy; re;ju;g;gq;fSf;Fk; rthy;fSf;Fk; Kfq;nfhLj;Jtho;tpy; re;ju;g;gq;fSf;Fk; rthy;fSf;Fk; Kfq;nfhLj;Jtho;tpy; re;ju;g;gq;fSf;Fk; rthy;fSf;Fk; Kfq;nfhLj;Jtho;tpy; re;ju;g;gq;fSf;Fk; rthy;fSf;Fk; Kfq;nfhLj;Jtho;tpy; re;ju;g;gq;fSf;Fk; rthy;fSf;Fk; Kfq;nfhLj;J

tpisjpwd;kpf;f jPu;khdq;fis vLg;ghu;tpisjpwd;kpf;f jPu;khdq;fis vLg;ghu;tpisjpwd;kpf;f jPu;khdq;fis vLg;ghu;tpisjpwd;kpf;f jPu;khdq;fis vLg;ghu;tpisjpwd;kpf;f jPu;khdq;fis vLg;ghu;(ghlNtisfs; 08)(ghlNtisfs; 08)(ghlNtisfs; 08)(ghlNtisfs; 08)(ghlNtisfs; 08)


tho;tpd; gy;NtW re;ju;g;gq;fspy; gy;NtW jPu;khdq;fis vLf;f Ntz;bAs;sJ. tho;f;ifia

xd;Wlndhd;W gpizf;fg;gl;l jPu;khdq;fspd; tupir vd miof;fyhk;. rpy re;ju;g;gq;fspy;

kpff; FWfpa fhyj;jpDs; ngUksT jPu;khdq;fis ehq;fs; vLf;f NeupLfpd;wJ. jPu;khdk;

vLj;jy; ,yFthd nrayhff; fhzg;gl;lNghjpYk; mJ rpf;fyhd mwpTrhu; nraw;ghlhFk;.

ehk; jPu;khdk; vLg;gjw;F vq;fSilaJk; gpwupdJk; czu;Tfis ed;F mwpe;jpUf;f

Ntz;Lk; MfNt gaDila jPu;khdq;fis vLg;gjw;F mDgtq;fs;> gue;j Nehf;F>

rpwe;j mwpT vd;gd mtrpakhFk;. ehk; vLf;Fk; jPu;khdk; xd;wpd; tpisTfs; vq;fSf;F

kl;Lkd;wp vq;fs; FLk;gk;> ghlrhiy> r%fk; Mfpatw;wpYk; jhf;fk; nrYj;Jk;. rupahd

jPu;khdq;fis vLg;gjw;fhd topfhl;ly;fs; %yk; tho;f;ifiar; rpwg;ghff; nfhz;L

elj;Jtjw;fhd jpwidg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sy; vd;gtw;iw ,g;ghlj;ijf; fw;gjd; %yk;

ngw;Wf;nfhs;s KbAk;.

Nju;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r p : -: -: -: -: - tho;tpy; re;ju;g;gq;fSf;Fk; rthy;fSf;Fk; Kfq;nfhLj;J>

tpisjpwd;kpf;f jPu;khdq;fis vLg;ghu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; :-Nju;r;rp kl;lk; :-Nju;r;rp kl;lk; :-Nju;r;rp kl;lk; :-Nju;r;rp kl;lk; :- 9.3.1 tho;tpd; gy;NtW re;ju;g;gq;fisAk; rthy;fisAk;

EZfpaha;thu;.

9.3.2 gy;NtW rthy;fspd; NghJ jiyikj;Jtg; gz;Gfis tpUj;jp

nra;J nfhs;thu;.

ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;

9 . 3 . 19 . 3 . 19 . 3 . 19 . 3 . 19 . 3 . 1 tho;f;ifapd; gy;NtW rthy;fisAk; re;ju;g;gq;fisAk; tprhuiz nra;thu;.tho;f;ifapd; gy;NtW rthy;fisAk; re;ju;g;gq;fisAk; tprhuiz nra;thu;.tho;f;ifapd; gy;NtW rthy;fisAk; re;ju;g;gq;fisAk; tprhuiz nra;thu;.tho;f;ifapd; gy;NtW rthy;fisAk; re;ju;g;gq;fisAk; tprhuiz nra;thu;.tho;f;ifapd; gy;NtW rthy;fisAk; re;ju;g;gq;fisAk; tprhuiz nra;thu;.

� rthy;fis ,dq;fhZjy; (Nehf;fq;fis rhjfkhf epiwNtw;wpf;nfhs;Sk;NghJ Vw;gLk;

jilfs; my;yJ tiuaiwfs;)

� rthy;fs; Vw;gLk; re;ju;g;gq;fs; - jkf;F> jkJ FLk;gj;Jf;F> ghlrhiyf;F> r%fj;jpw;F>

NtW re;ju;g;gq;fspy;.

� rthy;fs; tUk; re;ju;g;gq;fspy; vOfpd;w Mf;fG+u;tkhd tplaq;fs;.

� rthy;fis gaDs;s tho;f;if mDgtq;fshf;fpf; nfhs;Sjy;.

9 . 3 . 29 . 3 . 29 . 3 . 29 . 3 . 29 . 3 . 2 gy;NtW rthy;fspd;NghJ jiyikj;Jt gz;Gfisgy;NtW rthy;fspd;NghJ jiyikj;Jt gz;Gfisgy;NtW rthy;fspd;NghJ jiyikj;Jt gz;Gfisgy;NtW rthy;fspd;NghJ jiyikj;Jt gz;Gfisgy;NtW rthy;fspd;NghJ jiyikj;Jt gz;Gfis tpUj;jp nra;J tpUj;jp nra;J tpUj;jp nra;J tpUj;jp nra;J tpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;thunfhs;thunfhs;thunfhs;thunfhs;thu;; ;; ;

� rthy;fis vjpu;nfhs;Sk;NghJ Vw;gLk; epiyfs; - jdpg;gl;l uPjpahf> $l;lhf

� rthy;fspd;NghJ re;ju;g;gq;fSf;Nfw;g jiyikj;Jtj;ij Vw;wy;.

� jiyikj;Jtg; gz;ig Nkk;gLj;jpathW rthy;fis vjpu;Nehf;Fjy;.

9 . 3 . 39 . 3 . 39 . 3 . 39 . 3 . 39 . 3 . 3 tho;f;ifapd; gy;NtW gpur;rpidfs;> rthy;fis ntw;wpfukhf vjpu;nfhs;thu;tho;f;ifapd; gy;NtW gpur;rpidfs;> rthy;fis ntw;wpfukhf vjpu;nfhs;thu;tho;f;ifapd; gy;NtW gpur;rpidfs;> rthy;fis ntw;wpfukhf vjpu;nfhs;thu;tho;f;ifapd; gy;NtW gpur;rpidfs;> rthy;fis ntw;wpfukhf vjpu;nfhs;thu;tho;f;ifapd; gy;NtW gpur;rpidfs;> rthy;fis ntw;wpfukhf vjpu;nfhs;thu;

� gpur;rpidfs;> rthy;fs; vd;gtw;iw ntw;wpnfhs;tjw;fhd khw;Wtopfs;.

� Mf;fG+u;tkhd Kiwfisg; guPl;rpj;Jg; ghu;j;J rpwe;j khw;W topiaj; njupTnra;jy;.

� gpur;rpidfs;> re;ju;g;gq;fs;> rthy;fs; vd;gtw;iw ntw;wpfukhf vjpu;Nehf;Fjy;.

62




Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : -: -: -: -: - tho;tpd; gy;NtW re;ju;g;gq;fisAk; rthy;fisAk;

EZfpaha;thu;.

nraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghL : -: -: -: -: - “mwptpdhy; rthy;fis ntd;wpLNthk;;.”


ju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPL :- :- :- :- :- � ,izg;G 9.3.1.1 ,y; cs;s ghly;

� ,izg;G 9.3.1.2 ,y; cs;s tplaf; fw;if

� fljhrp> Ngid


gb 9.3.1.1gb 9.3.1.1gb 9.3.1.1gb 9.3.1.1gb 9.3.1.1

� ,izg;G 9.3.1.1 ,y; cs;s ghliy tFg;gpy; (khztiuf; nfhz;L/ xypehlh

cjtpAld;) ghLq;fs;.

� mjpYs;s fUj;Jf;fis khztu;fsplk; NfSq;fs;.

� gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; ntspg;gLk; tpjj;jpy; fye;Jiuahliy elj;Jq;fs;.

gb 9.3.1.2gb 9.3.1.2gb 9.3.1.2gb 9.3.1.2gb 9.3.1.2

� ,izg;G 9.3.1.2 ,y; Fwpg;gplg;gLk; epfo;Tr; re;ju;g;gk; nfhz;l gj;jpuj;ij tFg;G

khztupilNa gfpuTk;.

� khztiur; nraw;ghl;by; <LgLj;jTk;.

(20 epkplq;fs;)

F tho;f;ifg; gazj;jpy; gy;NtW re;ju;g;gq;fspy; gytpj rthy;fSf;F

Kfq;nfhLf;f NeupLfpwJ.

F mt;thwhd tho;f;ifr; rthy;fis ehk; vjpu;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

F rthy;fs; Vw;gLk; re;ju;g;gq;fis tpl;L vk;khy; tpyf KbahJ.

F rthy;fSf;F ntw;wpfukhf Kfq;nfhLj;Jr; rupahd jPu;khdq;fis vLf;f

Ntz;Lk;.

F rupahd jPu;khdq;fs; ntw;wpfukhd tho;f;iff;F VJthfpd;wd.

(07 epkplq;fs;)

63

F thOk;NghJ vg;NghJk; rthy;fis vjpu;Nehf;f Ntz;ba epiy fhzg;gLjy;.

F rthy;fs; tUk;NghJ Mf;fG+u;tkhdJk; rupahdJkhd jPu;khdq;fis vLj;jy;.

F tho;f;ifapy; Vw;gLk; rthy;fisg; gaDs;s tho;f;if mDgtq;fshff;

nfhs;Sjy;.

F mjD}lhf tho;f;ifapy; ntw;wpfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s KbAk;.

(13 epkplq;fs;)


� tho;f;ifapy; Vw;gLk; rthy;fisg; ngaupLthu;.

� tho;f;ifapy; rthy;fis vjpu;Nehf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gij Vw;Wf;nfhs;thu;.

� rthy;fSf;F Mf;fG+u;tkhf Kfq;nfhLg;ghu;.

� Mf;fG+u;tkhd jPu;khdq;fis Nkw;nfhz;L tho;f;ifiar; rhjfkhdjhf;fpf; nfhs;thu;.

� rupahd jPu;khdq;fspD}lhf r%f mgptpUj;jpf;Fg; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;thu;.

gb 9.3.1.3gb 9.3.1.3gb 9.3.1.3gb 9.3.1.3gb 9.3.1.3

� khztu; jkJ fUj;Jf;fis tFg;giwapy; Kd;itf;f re;ju;g;gk; toq;Fq;fs;.

� khztu; gq;Fgw;wYld; gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; ntspg;gLk; tpjj;jpy; fye;Jiuahly;

elj;Jf.

64


,r;re;ju;g;gj;Jf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd ghlnyhd;iw mikj;J ,irf;fTk;.


1. fPNo jug;gl;Ls;s epfo;tpid ePq;fs; vjpu;nfhs;Sk; Kiwapid tpgupf;Ff.

kfhtyp ejp ngUf;nfLf;Fk; kiof;fhyj;jpNy xUehs; ,utpy; epj;jpiuapy;

,Ue;jNghJ vtNuh xUtu; ngUq;Fuypy; rj;jkpLk; xyp Nfl;L tpopj;njOe;jPu;fs;.

vOe;J ghu;j;jNghJ cq;fs; tPl;bDs; ,uz;L mb msT cauj;jpy; ePu; epw;gijf;

fhz;fpwPu;fs;. tPl;Lf;F ntspNaAk; may; tPLfspYk; me;epiyikNa fhzg;gl;lJ.

ePu;kl;lk; tpiuthf cau;e;J nry;tjhfj; njupe;jJ. ,t;Ntisapy; ePq;fs; nraw;gLk;

tpjj;ij tpgupf;Ff.

2. jpyfd; juk; 9 ,y; fy;tp fw;Fk; khztd;. xUehs; jpyfd; ngw;NwhUlDk;

jk;gpAlDk; fz;bf;Fg; gazk; nra;jhd;. topapy; mtu;fs; gazk; nra;j Ntd;

tpgj;Jf;Fs;shdJ. tpgj;jpy; jpyfdpd; jfg;gdhYk; jk;gpAk; fLikahd fhaj;Jf;F

cs;shdhu;fs;. eLq;fpg; Nghd jhahUk; kaf;fKw;Wtpl;lhu;. rpW fhaq;fSld;

jg;gpaJ jpyfd; kl;LNk. ePq;fs; jpyfdhf ,Ue;jhy; ,r;re;ju;g;gj;ij vjpu;nfhs;Sk;

tpjj;ij tpgupf;Ff.

65




Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : -: -: -: -: - gy;NtW rthy;fspd; NghJ jiyikj;Jtg; gz;Gfis tpUj;jp

nra;J nfhs;thu;.

nraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghL : -: -: -: -: - “jiyikj;Jtj;ij Nehf;fp”


ju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPL :- :- :- :- :- � ,izg;G 9.3.2.1 ,y; Fwpg;gplg;gLk; rk;gtk;

� ,izg;G 9.3.2.2 ,w;fhd Ma;Tg;gj;jpuk;

� ,izg;G 9.3.2.3 - Ma;Tg;gj;jpuk;

� 5 epw fz;zhbf; Fkpo;fs;> Crp> E}y;> gpwp];ly; kl;il>

fj;jupf;Nfhy;> fljhrp> girj;jg;gp.


gb 9.3.2.1gb 9.3.2.1gb 9.3.2.1gb 9.3.2.1gb 9.3.2.1

� ,izg;G 9.3.2.1 ,y; Fwpg;gplg;gLk; nra;jpia tFg;gpy; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jq;fs;.

� mjpypUe;J vOfpd;w fUj;Jfs; gw;wp khztu;fsplk; tprhupAq;fs;.

� gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; ntspg;gLk; tpjj;jpy; fye;Jiuahliy elj;Jq;fs;.

F tho;f;ifapy; Vw;gLk; rthy;fis jdpg;gl;l KiwapYk; $l;lhfTk;

vjpu;Nehf;fNtz;b NeupLjy;.

F mt;thwhd re;ju ;g ;gq ;fspy ; rthy;fspd; epiyikia ed;F

,dq;fz;Lnfhs;Sjy;.

F jd;dk;gpf;ifAld; rthy;fSf;F Kfq;nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.

(10 epkplq;fs;)

gb 9.3.2.2gb 9.3.2.2gb 9.3.2.2gb 9.3.2.2gb 9.3.2.2

� khztiu 5-7 Ngu; nfhz;l rpW FOf;fshf;Fq;fs;.

� xt;nthU FOTf;Fk; 3 epwf;Fkpo; tPjk; (rpW igf;fl;Lfs; 3)> E}y;> Crp> gpwp];ly;

kl;il 01> fj;jupf;Nfhy; tPjk; gfpu;e;jspf;fTk;.

� ,izg;G 9.3.2.2 Fwpg;gpl;l Ma;Tg;gj;jpuj;ij tFg;G khztu; FOf;fspilNa gfpuTk;.

� khztiu cupa nraw;ghl;by; <LgLj;jTk;.

� ,izg;G 9.3.2.3 I toq;fTk;.

� nraw;ghl;by; <LgLj;jTk;.

(25 epkplq;fs;)

66

gb 9.3.2.3gb 9.3.2.3gb 9.3.2.3gb 9.3.2.3gb 9.3.2.3

� FOf;fspd; Mf;fq;fis tFg;gpy; Kd;itf;fr; nra;Aq;fs;.

� khztu; jkJ fUj;Jf;fis tFg;gpy; Kd;itf;fr; re;ju;g;gk; toq;Fq;fs;.

� khztu; gq;Fgw;WjYld; gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; ntspg;gLk; tpjj;jpy; fye;Jiuahliy

elj;Jq;fs;.

� ,izg;G 9.3.2.3 I rku;g;gpj;j khztupd; Kd;itg;ig kjpg;gplTk;.

� gpd;tUk; tplaq;fis ntspf;nfhzUk; tifapy; fye;Jiuahliy elj;Jq;fs;.

F jdpahfTk; $l;lhfTk; tho;tpd; rthy;fis vjpu;Nehf;f NeupLjy;.

F rthy;fs; Vw;gLk; re;ju;g;gq;fspy; vtNuDk; nghWg;ig Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy;.

F nghWg;G kpf;f jiytdhf rthy;fSf;F Kfk; nfhLj;jy;.

F rthy;fis ntw;wpnfhz;L tho;f;ifiar; rhjfkhf elj;Jjy;.

(45 epkplq;fs;)


� tho;f;ifapy; rthy;fis vjpu;Nehf;Fk; re;ju;g;gq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.

� rthy;fs; Vw;gLk; re;ju;g;gq;fs; gy;tifg;gl;lit vd Vw;Wf;nfhs;thu;.

� rthy;fs; Vw;gLk; Ntisfspy; jiytdhfr; nraw;gLthu;.

� jiyikj;Jtg; gz;Gfis jkf;Fs;Ns tsu;j;Jf;nfhs;thu;.

� rthy;fis ntw;wpnfhz;L ntw;wpkpf;f jiytdhf r%f Kd;Ndw;wj;Jf;Fg; gq;fspg;Gr;

nra;thu;.

67


fPNo jug;gl;Ls;s epfo;tpid ed;F thrpAq;fs;.

#upah 15 taJ epuk;gpa rpWkp. mtsJ je;ij mts; Foe;ijahf cs;sNghNj

,we;Jtpl;ljhy; ghl;b> mk;kh MfpNahupd; ghJfhg;gpy; #upah> mtspd; jk;gp> jq;if

MfpNahUk; tho;e;J te;jdu;. je;ij ,y;yhj FLk;gj;jpd; ngUQ;rf;jpahf #upahtpd;

jha; ,Ue;jhu;. mtu; ifj;njhopw;rhiyfspy; ,Ue;J fopthf mfw;wg;gLk; Jz;Lj;

JzpfspypUe;J fhy;Jilg;ghd;> nry;yg;gpuhzpfs; vd;gd jahupj;J tpw;gid

nra;Jte;jhu;. ghlrhiy Kbtile;J tPl;Lf;F tUk; #upahTk; rpyrkaq;fspy; jha;f;F

cjtp nra;tJz;L. rLjpahf Vw;gl;l thfd tpgj;jpy; #upahtpd; mk;khTk; kuzkhdhu;.

jhahupd; jpBu; kuzj;jpdhy; FLk;gj;Jf;F cz;lhd rthy;fis Vw;Wf;nfhs;s Ntz;ba

nghWg;Gk; jiyikj;JtKk; #upahTf;F Vw;gl;lJ. mts; mr;rkpd;wp JzpTld; ,e;j

rthy;fis vjpu;Nehf;fj; jahuhdhs;. ePq;fs; #upahntdpy;... -

F ePq;fs; vjpu;Nehf;Fk; rthy;fs; ahit?

F rthy;fis re;jpj;j cq;fSf;Fs;s nghWg;G ahJ?

F ePq;fs; rthy;fis ntw;wpnfhs;Sk; tpjj;jpid tpgupf;Ff.


Ma;Tg;gj;jpuk; 1Ma;Tg;gj;jpuk; 1Ma;Tg;gj;jpuk; 1Ma;Tg;gj;jpuk; 1Ma;Tg;gj;jpuk; 1

F cq;fsJ FOtpw;ff; fpilj;j Fkpo;> Crp> E}y; Mfpatw;iwf; nfhz;L Mf;fnkhd;iwj;

jahupf;f. (Vida cgfuzq;fisAk; gad;gLj;jp)

F Njly; gb 1 ,w;F 10 epkplq;fisAk;> Njly; gb 2 ,w;F 10 epkplq;fisAk; nrytpl;L

NjlypyPLgLf.


Ma;Tg;gj;jpuk; 2Ma;Tg;gj;jpuk; 2Ma;Tg;gj;jpuk; 2Ma;Tg;gj;jpuk; 2Ma;Tg;gj;jpuk; 2

FOthfg; gpd;tUk; tpilfSf;F tpilaspf;f.

1. cq;fsJ FO Kfq;nfhLj;j rthy;fs;/ jilfs; vit?

2. ePq;fs; jdpj;jdpahf Kfq;nfhLj;j gpur;rpidfs;/ jilfs;/ rthy;fs; vit?

3. mtw;iw ntw;wpnfhs;s ePq;fs; Nkw;nfhz;l eltbf;iffs; vit?

4. cq;fsJ FOTf;Fj; jiyikj:Jtk; toq;fg;gl;bUg;gpd; mj;jiytu; ahu;?

5. jiytu; epakpf;fg;gl;l tpjk; ahJ?

6. jiytuhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l nraw;ghLfisg; gl;baypLf.

7. ,r;nraw;ghl;bd; %yk; fpiljj mDgtq;fs; ahit?

68




Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : -: -: -: -: - tho;tpd; gy;NtW gpur;rpidfs;> rthy;fis ntw;wpfukhf

vjpu; nfhs;thu;.

nraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghL : -: -: -: -: - “rthy;fSf;F ntw;wpfukhf Kfq;nfhLg;Nghk;.”



� vOJk; fljhrp

� eyghd [hjff;fij my;yJ ge;Jfhga ,sturdpd;

,sikf;fhyk; gw;wpa fij (jUtpj;Jf; nfhs;f)


gb 9.3.3.1gb 9.3.3.1gb 9.3.3.1gb 9.3.3.1gb 9.3.3.1

� eyghd [hjff; fij my;yJ ge;Jfhgadpd; ,sikf;fhyj;Jf;Fupa epfo;r;rpapid

khztu;fSf;F Kd;itf;Ff.

� mf;fij %yk; ,sturd; ,sikf;fhyj;jpy; vjpu;Nehf;fpa rthy;fspd;NghJ

Mf;fG+u;tkhfr; nraw;gl;l tpjj;ij khztu;fSld; fye;JiuahLf.

� gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; ntspg;gLk; tpjj;jpy; fye;Jiuahliy elj;Jf.

F vtUk; gy;NtW #o;epiyfSf;Fk; rthy;fSf;Fk; Kfq;nfhLf;f

NeupLfpd;wJ.

F rthy;fis Jzpr;rYld; vjpu;nfhz;L rhjfkhd tpisTfisf; fz;l

gyUk; vq;fspilNa ,Uf;fpd;wdu;.

F mtu;fs; rthy;fs;> gpur;rpidfis vjpu;nfhz;L rhjfkhd gyd;fisg;

ngWtjw;F Mf;fG+u;tjhfr; nraw;gl;Ls;sdu;.

F ehKk; vg;NghJk; rthy;fis> mtw;iw ntw;wp fhz;gjw;F nraw;gl

Ntz;Lk;.

(10 epkplq;fs;)

gb 9.3.3.2gb 9.3.3.2gb 9.3.3.2gb 9.3.3.2gb 9.3.3.2

� nghUj;jkhd tpjj;jpy; khztu;fisf; FOf;fshfg; gpupf;Ff.

� ,izg;G 9.3.1.1 I khztu;f;F toq;fp mjpYs;s epfo;it thrpj;J tpiliaf;

fhZtjw;F MNyhridfs; toq;Ff.

� topfhl;LtJld; Njitahd trjpfis toq;Ff.

(15 epkplq;fs;)

69

gb 9.3.3.3gb 9.3.3.3gb 9.3.3.3gb 9.3.3.3gb 9.3.3.3

� khztu; tpilfis toq;fpa FOr; nraw;ghl;bd; jfty;fis Kd;itf;f re;ju;g;gk;

toq;Ff.

� midj;Jf; FOf;fspdJk; fUj;Jf;fis ftdj;jpw;nfhz;L gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs;

ntspg;gLk; tpjj;jpy; fye;Jiuahlypy; <LgLj;Jf.

F tho;f;ifahdJ rthy;fs;> jilfs;> gpur;rpidfs; vd;gtw;iwf;

nfhz;lJ.

F ve;jnthU Neuj;jpYk; ,j;jifa epiyikfis vjpu;Nehf;f Ntz;b

NeupLk;. (gpur;rpidfs;> jilfs;> rthy;fs;) ,J tho;f;ifapd;

ajhu;j;jkhFk;.

F tho;f;ifapy; ,t;thwhd Mgj;jhd gpur;rpidfs; Vw;gLk; Ntisfspy;

Jzpr;rYld; mwpTG+u;tkhf Muha;e;J rkNahrpj Gj;jpAld; nraw;gLjy;

Ntz;Lk;.

F jPu;khdk; vLf;Fk; Kd;du; gpur;rpidfis ed;F mtjhdpj;J gpd;du;

jkf;Fk; FLk;gj;Jf;Fk; r%fj;Jf;Fk; ed;ikfisj; jUk; tpjj;jpy;

jPu;T fhZjy;.

F ey;y mwpTG+u;tkhd jPu;khdq;fs; kfpo;r;rpia Vw;gLj;Jk;. ,y;iynadpy;

gpd;dhy; tUe;j NeupLk;.

F ve;Neuj;jpYk; vt;tplj;jpYk; ey;y rpe;jidAld; mwpTld; ele;J

mikjpAld; rthy;fis vjpu;Nehf;fpd; ed;ikfs; fpl;Lk;.

F jPu;khdq;fis vLf;Fk;NghJ khw;Wtopfspy; mjpf ed;ikfisf; nfhz;l

jPu;khdq;fis vLf;Fk; tpjj;jpy; nraw;gl Ntz;Lk;.

(15 epkplq;fs;)


� gpur;rpidfs;> jilfs;> rthy;fs; vd;gd Vw;gLk;NghJ nraw;gl Ntz;ba tpjk; gw;wp

tpsf;Fthu;.

� rthy;fs;> gpur;rpidfs;> jilfs; vd;gd Vw;gLk; Ntisfspy; JzpTld; mwpTG+u;tkhd

jPu;khdq;fis vLf;f Ntz;Lnkd;gij Vw;Wf;nfhs;thu;.

� FOr; nraw;ghLfspd;NghJ xj;Jiog;Gld; nraw;gLthu;.

� Muha;e;J mwpTG+u;tkhd cghaq;fis Nkw;nfhs;thu;.

� mwpTG+u;tkhd jPu;khdq;fis Nkw;nfhs;s VidNahUf;Fk; cjTthu;.

70


F ePq;fs; ghlrhiy Kbe;J ez;gUld; NghFk;NghJ ez;gd; kaf;fKWfpwhd;. mf;fk;

gf;fj;jpy; tPLfs; fhzg;gltpy;iy. NehAw;w ghl;biag; ghu;f;fg; Nghtjw;F cq;fspd;

tUifia jhahu; vjpu;ghu;j;jpUg;gjhy; tpiuthf tPL nry;y Ntz;b ,Ue;jJ.

� ,q;F ePq;fs; vjpu;Nehf;Fk; gpur;rpidfs; my;yJ rthy;fs; ahit?

� ,t;tplj;jpy; ePq;fs; vLf;ff;$ba jPu;khdk; ahJ?

� mj;jifa xt;Nthu; (jPu;khdk;) nraw;ghl;bdJk; ed;ikfs;> jPikfs; vd;gtw;iwf;

Fwpg;gpLf.

� ,jw;Nfw;g ePq;fs; Nkw;nfhs;Sk; rpwe;j jPu;khdk; vJ? mjw;fhd fhuzq;fisf;

Fwpg;gpLf.

F eth]; juk; 9 ,y; fy;tp fw;gtd;. jk;gpAk; jq;ifAk; kpfr; rpwpatu;fs;. ,Wjpj;

jtizg; guPl;irf;F xU thuk; kl;LNk ,Ue;jJ. eth]pd; je;ij rLjpahf NehAw;W

kUj;Jtkidapy; ,e;Neuj;jpy; mDkjpf;fg;gl;bUe;jjhy; jhahu; gfy; Ntisapy;

je;ijAld; jq;fpapUf;f Ntz;bapUe;jJ. ,utpy; je;ijAld; jq;fpapUf;f Ntz;ba

epiy eth]{f;F Vw;gl;lJ.

� Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l rk;gtj;jpw;Nfw;g eth]; vjpu;Nehf;f Ntz;bapUe;j gpur;rpidfs; my;yJ

jilfs; my;yJ rthy;fs; ahit?

� ,e;j re;ju;g;gj;jpNy eth]; vLf;ff;$ba jPu;khdq;fs; ahit?

� ,r;nraw;ghLfspd; (jPu;khdk;;) ed;ikfs;> jPikfs; vd;gtw;iwf; Fwpg;gpLf.

� ,jw;Nfw;g mtd; vLf;ff;$ba rpwe;j nraw;ghl;bidf; Fwpg;gpl;L mjid

cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd fhuzq;fis Kd;itf;Ff.

F ePq;fs; ghlrhiy Kbe;J tPL nry;Yk;NghJ Kd;ndhUNghJk; fz;buhj xUtu;

te;J... “vg;gb Rfk; jk;gp jq;fha;! mk;kh mg;gh tPl;byh? ehd; cq;fs; tPl;Lf;Fj;jhd;

Ngha;f;nfhz;bUf;fpNwd;. cq;fSf;F vd;id epidtpUf;fhJ. cq;fs; mg;ghtpd;

ngau;... ,Njh! ehd; ,dpg;G thq;fpNdd;. ,Njh> ,dpg;ig vLq;fs;.” ,t;thW $wp

cq;fsplk; neUq;Ffpwhu;.

� ,j;jifa re;ju;g;gj;jpy; ePq;fs; vjpu;nfhs;s NeupLk; gpur;rpidfs; ahit?

� ,j;jifa re;ju;g;gj;jpy; ePq;fs; vLf;ff;$ba jPu;khdq;fs; ahit?

� ePq;fs; vLf;Fk; xt;Nthu; jPu;khdj;jpdJk; ed;ikfisAk; jPikfisAk; Fwpg;gpLf.

� ,t;Ntisapy; vLf;ff;$ba rpwe;j jPu;khdk; ahJ? mjid cWjpg;gLj;Jk;

fhuzq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.

71

9.4 mdu;j;j Kfhikj;Jtk;(ghlNtisfs; 03)(ghlNtisfs; 03)(ghlNtisfs; 03)(ghlNtisfs; 03)(ghlNtisfs; 03)


cyfpy; thOk; midtUNk gy;NtW tpgj;JfSf;Fk; mdu;j;jq;fSf;Fk; Kfk;nfhLf;f

NeupLfpwJ. ,tw;iw ,aw;ifahf Vw;gLtd> kdpj nry;thf;fpdhy; Vw;gLtd vd

tifg;gLj;jyhk;. tPLfs;> ghlrhiyr; #oy;> Ntiyj;jyq;fs; Mfpa ve;jnthU ,lj;jpYk;

tpgj;JfSk; mdu;j;jq;fSk; Vw;gl KbAk;.

gy;NtW czT tiffs;> kUe;Jfisg; gad;gLj;Jk; NtisfspYk; Mgj;Jfs; Vw;glyhk;.

,JNghy jdpegu;fSf;fpilapYs;s Ju;g;gof;fq;fspdhYk; ftdkpd;ikahYk; tpgj;Jfs;

Vw;gLk; re;ju;g;gq;fisAk; fhzyhk;.

mdu;j;jq;fs;> tpgj;Jf;fs; Vw;gLk;NghJ mwpTG+u;tkhfr; nraw;gLtjd; %yk; Mgj;Jf;fisj;

jtpu;j;Jf;nfhs;s vLf;f Ntz;ba nraw;ghLfs; gw;wpAk; tpgj;Jfs;> Mgj;Jfs; Vw;glf;$ba

,lq;fs;> Mgj;JfSld; Neubj; njhlu;ghd ,lq;fs; vd;gd gw;wpAk; mwpjy; vd;gdNt

,e;j myfpidf; fw;gjpd; %yk; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLtdthFk;.

Nju;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r p : -: -: -: -: - ,lu;Kfhikj;Jtj;ij Nkw;nfhs;thu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; :-Nju;r;rp kl;lk; :-Nju;r;rp kl;lk; :-Nju;r;rp kl;lk; :-Nju;r;rp kl;lk; :- 9.4.1 tpgj;Jf;fs;> mdu;j;jq;fs; njhlu;ghf tpopg;Gzu;Tld;

nraw;gLthu;.

9.4.2 tpgj;Jf;fs;> mdu;j;jq;fs;pd; NghJ Gj;jprhypj;jdkhfr;

nraw;gLthu;.


ehk; md;whlk; vjpu;Nehf;Fk; Kf;fpa Mgj;Jfs; %d;W tpjq;fspy; Vw;glyhk;.

1. ,aw;ifahdit

2. kdpj eltbf;iffs;

3. Vidait

F ,aw;ifahf epfOk; mdu;j;jq;fs;

� nts;sk;

� kpd;dy;

� kz;rupT

� #whtsp

� Rdhkp

� GtpeLf;fk;

� nuhdhNlh

� fhl;Lj;jP

� vupkiy

72

FFFFF kdpjr; nraw;ghLkdpjr; nraw;ghLkdpjr; nraw;ghLkdpjr; nraw;ghLkdpjr; nraw;ghL

� ghJfhg;gw;w nraw;ghLfs;

cjhuzk; :- tPjp rkpf;iQ kw;Wk; rl;lq;fisg; gpd;gw;whik.

ghJfhg;gw;w ,lq;fspy; fl;blq;fs; fl;Ljy;.

(kiyr;rupTfs;> flw;fiu Xuk;> Mw;wq;fiufs;.)

� ftdkpd;ik

cjhuzk; :- ftdkpd;wp kpd;rf;jpiag; gad;gLj;jy;.

MAjq;fisf; ftdkpd;wpg; gad;gLj;jy;.

Mgj;jhd ,lq;fspy; ePuhLjy;.

epyf;fz;zp ntbg;nghUl;fs; Gijf;fg;gl;l ,lq;fspy;

Ntiynra;jy;.

F Kiwaw;w tpjj;jpyhd ifahsy;

cjhuzk; :- Kiwaw;w tpjj;jpy; fhLfis mopj;jy;.

(kz;rupT> nts;sk;> Mw;wpy; kz; mfo;jy;>

kiyia mz;ba gFjpfspy; fhLfis mopj;jy;.)

� Nrw;Wepyq;fis epug;Gjy;. (nts;sg; ngUf;Nfw;glf; fhuzkhjy;.)

� Mgj;J epiyikfisf; fUj;jpw; nfhs;shJ thfdq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jjy;.

(kpjpgyiffspy; gazpj;jy;> Nghf;Ftuj;Jf;F cfe;jjy;yhj thfdg; gad;ghL)

� jug;gLj;jg;glhj nghUs;fisg; gad;gLj;jy;.

� czu;r;rptrg;gl;l elj;ij

cjhuzk; :- jw;nfhiyj; jhf;Fjy;> jPq;F tpistpj;jy;>

nfhiy> Fw;wr; nray;fs;.

FFFFF czT> kUe;J tiffs; njhlu;ghd tpgj;Jf;fs;czT> kUe;J tiffs; njhlu;ghd tpgj;Jf;fs;czT> kUe;J tiffs; njhlu;ghd tpgj;Jf;fs;czT> kUe;J tiffs; njhlu;ghd tpgj;Jf;fs;czT> kUe;J tiffs; njhlu;ghd tpgj;Jf;fs;

� eQ;R fye;j czT> gOjile;j czT> fhyhtjpahd czTfis cl;nfhs;sy;.

� itj;jpa MNyhridapy;yhky; kUe;J ngwy;> gpioahd kUe;J ghtid.

� rupahf Nehia ,dq;fhzhJ kUe;J> mk;ikg;ghy; fl;Ljiy myl;rpakhf

toq;Fjy;.

FFFFF jPq;fhd gof;fq;fspdhy; Vw;gLk; tpgj;Jf;fs;jPq;fhd gof;fq;fspdhy; Vw;gLk; tpgj;Jf;fs;jPq;fhd gof;fq;fspdhy; Vw;gLk; tpgj;Jf;fs;jPq;fhd gof;fq;fspdhy; Vw;gLk; tpgj;Jf;fs;jPq;fhd gof;fq;fspdhy; Vw;gLk; tpgj;Jf;fs;

� gy;NtW jPa gof;fq;fspdhYk; mtw;Wf;F mbikahFtjpdhYk; Vw;gLk;

tpgj;Jf;fis ,jpy; cs;slf;fyhk;. ,t;thW mbikahtjpdhYk; gof;fq;fspdhYk;

Vw;gLk; tpgj;Jf;fs; mjpfupg;gjhy; capupog;Gf;fs; $l Vw;glyhk;. ,t;thwhd

gof;fq;fspdhy; e Pz;l fhy tpgj;Jf;fisf; $l re;jpf ;f Neuplyhk;.

Nghijg;nghUl;fs;> kJghdk;> rpfnul;> ghypay; J\;gpuNahfk;> cs kw;Wk; cly;

uPjpahf NtW tpjkhf mbikahjy;.

73

FFFFF VidaitVidaitVidaitVidaitVidait

� tpyq;Ffshy; Vw;gLtd.

� vupjy;> tpOjy; Mfpad.

� kaf;fkiljy;.

,aw;if mdu;j;jq;fisj; jtpu;g;gjw;F (ngsjpf uPjpapy; Vw;gLtd) fl;llq;fisf;

fl;Lk;NghJ mtw;iw vjpu;Nehf;ff;$ba tpjj;jpy; Kd; Maj;jj;Jld; mikg;gjpD}lhf

mj;jifa Mgj;Jf;fis ,optsthf;fyhk;. GtpeLf;fj;jpdhy; Vw;gLk; mdu;j;jq;fis

,optsthf;Ftjw;F tPl;L cgNahfg; nghUs;fis cupathW ,lg;gLj;Jjy;. (mYkhup>

kpd;tprpwp Nghd;wd.)

tpgj;Jfs; Vw;gLk;NghJ gpd;gw;wg;gl Ntz;ba tplaq;fs;tpgj;Jfs; Vw;gLk;NghJ gpd;gw;wg;gl Ntz;ba tplaq;fs;tpgj;Jfs; Vw;gLk;NghJ gpd;gw;wg;gl Ntz;ba tplaq;fs;tpgj;Jfs; Vw;gLk;NghJ gpd;gw;wg;gl Ntz;ba tplaq;fs;tpgj;Jfs; Vw;gLk;NghJ gpd;gw;wg;gl Ntz;ba tplaq;fs;

� tpgj;Jfspd; ,ay;igr; rupahf ,dq;fhZjy;.

� VidNahiu ntspNaw;WjYk; rupahd njhlu;ghlYk;.

� mikjp NgZjy;.

� tpgj;jpy; rpf;fpNahiuf; fhg;ghw;Wjypy; <LgLjy;.

� rupahd rpfpr;ir toq;Ftjpy; <LgLjy;.

� tpgj;Jf;Fs;shdtupd; nrhj;Jfisg; ghJfhj;jy;.

� re;ju;g;gj;jpw;Nfw;w tpjj;jpy; jk;ikAk; ghJfhj;Jf; nfhs;Sjy;.

74

A Kd;dhaj;j epiy Kd;dhaj;j epiy Kd;dhaj;j epiy Kd;dhaj;j epiy Kd;dhaj;j epiy

Kd;dhaj;jk; %yk; tpgj;Jfis ,optsthf;Fjy;

B mdu;j;j epiy mdu;j;j epiy mdu;j;j epiy mdu;j;j epiy mdu;j;j epiy

tpgj;J epiyapy; kf;fis ntspNaw;Wjy;

ghJfhg;ghd ,lq;fSf;F mtu;fis ,l;Lr; nry;Yjy;

kUj;Jt rpfpr;ir toq;Fjy;

C mdu;j;jj;jpd; gpd;duhd epiy mdu;j;jj;jpd; gpd;duhd epiy mdu;j;jj;jpd; gpd;duhd epiy mdu;j;jj;jpd; gpd;duhd epiy mdu;j;jj;jpd; gpd;duhd epiy

kPz;Lk; mdu;j;jj;jpw;Fl;glhj tifapy; cldbahd mwpTG+u;tkhd jPu;tpidf; fhZjy;.

mdu;j;j Kfhikj;Jt tl;lk;mdu;j;j Kfhikj;Jt tl;lk;mdu;j;j Kfhikj;Jt tl;lk;mdu;j;j Kfhikj;Jt tl;lk;mdu;j;j Kfhikj;Jt tl;lk;

mdu;j;jk; B

Amdu;j;jj;jpd;

Kd;du;

mdu;j;j

epfo;T

tpgj;jpd; gpd;du; C

Jyq;fy;

kPs; epWty;(Restoration)

mgptpUj;jp

jtpu;j;jy;

,optsthf;Fjy;

Kd;dhaj;jk;

75

mdu;j;j Kfhikj;Jtk;rhu; epWtdq;fs;

� mdu;j;j Kfhikj;Jt epiyak; DMC

gz;lhuehaf;f Qhgfhu;e;j kz;lgk;> nfhOk;G – 07.

njh.Ng 0112670071/2670051/2670077 w.w.w.dmc.gov.lk

� Njrpa fl;bl Ma;T epWtfk; NBRO

99/1 [htj;ij tPjp> nfhOk;G – 05.

njh.Ng 0112588946/2503431

[email protected]/[email protected]

� tspkz;lytpay; jpizf;fsk;

383> ngsj;jhNyhf khtj;ij> nfhOk;G – 07.

njh.Ng 0112665088 w.w.w.meteo.slt.lk

� Njrpa mdu;j;j Kfhikj;Jt epiyak; NDMC

146> fhyp tPjp> nfhOk;G – 07.

njh.Ng 0112395105 w.w.w.ndmc.gov.lk

Vidait

� gpuNjr jPaizg;G epiyaq;fs;

� kUj;Jt kidfs;

� fhty; epiyaq;fs; (Police)

� r%f Nrit epWtfq;fs; Nghd;wd

mdu;j;j epiyikfspy; cupathW je;jpNuhghaj;JlDk; rpe;jidj; njspTlDk;mdu;j;j epiyikfspy; cupathW je;jpNuhghaj;JlDk; rpe;jidj; njspTlDk;mdu;j;j epiyikfspy; cupathW je;jpNuhghaj;JlDk; rpe;jidj; njspTlDk;mdu;j;j epiyikfspy; cupathW je;jpNuhghaj;JlDk; rpe;jidj; njspTlDk;mdu;j;j epiyikfspy; cupathW je;jpNuhghaj;JlDk; rpe;jidj; njspTlDk;

nraw;gLjynraw;gLjynraw;gLjynraw;gLjynraw;gLjy;; ;; ;

mdu;j;jk; ,lk;ngwKd;du;> mdu;j;jk; ,lk;ngWk; re;ju;g;gj;jpy;> mdu;j;jj;jpd; gpd;du;

vd;w %d;W re;ju;g;gq;fspYk; xUtu; mwpTG+u;tkhfr; nraw;gLjy; kpfTk; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.

Vnddpy; jdJ tho;f ;ifiaAk; VidNahupd ; tho;f ;ifiaAk; fhg ;ghw ;Wk ;

NjitapdhyhFk;.

� VidNahupd; tho;f;ifia mdu;j;jj;jpypUe;J kPl;nlLf;ifapy; kpFe;j tpsf;fj;Jld;

jdJ tho;f;ifia ,oe;Jtplhj tpjj;jpy; nraw;gLjy;.

� jd;idg; ghJfhj;jYld; gpwiuAk; fhg;ghw;wf;$ba Mj;k rf;jpAk; clw;gyKk; jd;dplk;

cs;sjh vd;gij mwpe;Jnfhz;ljd; gpd;du; mtw;wpy; <LgLjy;.

cjhuzk; :- ePupy; tpOe;j xUtiuf; fhg;ghw;Wtjw;F ePe;jj; njupahjtu; ePupy; tpOe;J

fhg;ghw;w Kide;jhy; ,UtUk; Mgj;Jf;Fs;shf NeupLk;.

� mOjy;> rj;jkpLjy; my;yJ mikjpahf ,Uj;jy; Nghd;w fhuzpfshy; mdu;j;jk;

epfOjy; my;yJ epfOk; mdu;j;jk; NkhrkilAk; epiy Vw;gLjy;.

� mdu;j;jj;jpd;NghJ kUj;Jtkidf;Ff; nfhz;Lnry;tjw;F Kd;duhd KjYjtpfs;

toq;Fjy; gw;wp mwpe;jpUj;jy;.

� mdu;j;j Ntisapy; mwptpf;fg;gl Ntz;ba epWtdq;fs;> jdpahu; gw;wp mwpe;jpUj;jy;.

76

F ve;j NtisapYk; ehk; tpgj;Jfs;> mdu;j;jq;fSf;F cl;glyhk;.

F ve;j ,lj;jpYk; tpgj;Jfs;> mdu;j;jq;fs; vd;gd Vw;glyhk;.

F gaq;futhj nraw;ghLfs; ,lk;ngw;w ,lq;fspy; epyf;fz;zp ntb

Mgj;Jf;fSf;F cs;shf Neuplyhk;.

F Mgj;Jfs; ,aw;ifahfTk; kdpj eltbf;iffshYk; Vw;gLk;.

F ,lu;fs;> Mgj;Jf;fs; vd;gtw;wpy; ehk; ftdkhf ,Ug;gjhy; ngUkstpy;

mtw;iwj; jtpu;j;Jf; nfhs;syhk;.

(10 epkplq;fs;)

gb 9.4.1.2gb 9.4.1.2gb 9.4.1.2gb 9.4.1.2gb 9.4.1.2

� khztu;fisg; nghUj;jkhdthW FOf;fshf;Fq;fs;.

� vy;yh FOf;fSf;Fk; ,izg;G 9.4.1.2 nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk;> bik fljhrp> gpsl;bdk;

Ngid xt;nthd;W tPjk; toq;Fq;fs;.

� khztu; nraw;ghl;by; <LgLk;NghJ mtu;fSf;F topfhl;br; nraw;ghl;ilg; G+uzkhf;f

cjtp toq;Fq;fs;.

(15 epkplq;fs;)


Nju;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r p : -: -: -: -: - ,lu;Kfhikj;Jtj;ij Nkw;nfhs;thu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : -: -: -: -: - tpgj;Jf;fs;> mdu;j;jq;fs; njhlu;ghf tpopg;Gzu;Tld;

nraw;gLthu;.

nraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghL : -: -: -: -: - Rw;Wg;Gw mdu;j;jq;fis ,dq;fhz;Nghk;


ju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPL :- :- :- :- :- � ,izg;G 9.4.1.1 tPl;by;> ghlrhiyapy;> #oypy;>

Ntiyj;jsq;fspy; Vw;gLk; mdu;j;jq;fisf; fhl;Lk;

rpj;jpuq;fs;> mwpf;iffs;> glq;fs;

� ,izg;G 9.4.1.2 FOf;fSf;fpilapyhd nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk;

� bik fljhrp

� ghlE}y;> Ngid


gb 9.4.1.1gb 9.4.1.1gb 9.4.1.1gb 9.4.1.1gb 9.4.1.1

� ,izg;G 9.4.1.1 ,Ys;s rpj;jpuq;fis> glq;fis khztu;fSf;Ff; fhl;b mit

gw;wpa fUj;Jfis tprhupj;jwpf.

� mtw;wpy; fhl;lg;gLk; mdu;j;jq;fs; vj;jifa ,lq;fspy; epfof;$Lnkd khztu;fSld;

fye;Jiuahly; elj;Jf.

� gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; ntspg;gLk; tpjj;jpy; fye;JiuahLf.

77

gb 9.4.1.3gb 9.4.1.3gb 9.4.1.3gb 9.4.1.3gb 9.4.1.3

� FOf;fspd; Ma;Tr; nraw;ghLfis tFg;giwapy; Kd;itf;f khztu;fSf;F re;ju;g;gk;

toq;Fq;fs;.

� xt;nthU FOTk; Kd;itj;j jfty;fs; gw;wp fUj;Jfs; njuptpf;f Vida FOf;fSf;F

,lkspf;Ff.

� gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; ntspg;gLk; tpjj;jpy; njhFg;Giuapy; <LglTk;.

F ve;jnthU Neuj;jpUk; ve;jnthU ,lj;jpYk; ,lu;fs; Vw;glyhk;.

F tPL> ghlrhiy> Rw;Wg;Gwk;> tpisahl;L ikjhdq;fs;> Ntiyj;jyq;fs;>gazq;fspd;NghJ ,lu;fs; Vw;glyhk;.

F ,aw;ifapdhYk; kdpj eltbf;fshYk; ,lu;fs; tpgj;Jf;s; Vw;glyhk;.F ehk; vjpu;Nehf;f NeupLk; ,lu;fs;> tpgj;Jfs; vd;gd gw;wpa tpopg;Gzu;Tld;

md;whl eltbf;iffs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.

F ,lu;fs;> tpgj;Jf;fs; gw;wp tpopg;Gzu;Tld; ,Ug;gjd; %yk; mtw;iw,optsthf;f KbAk;.

(15 epkplq;fs;)


� ,lu;fs;> Mgj;Jfs; vd;gd epfof;$ba ,lq;fisg; ngaupLthu;.

� ,aw;ifahfTk; kdpjr; nraw;ghLfspdhYk; Vw;gLk; ,lu;fis tifg;gLj;jpf; fhl;Lthu;.

� ,lu;fs;> Mgj;Jfs; vd;gd gw;wp tpopg;Gzu;T ,Ug;gpd; ,tw;iwj; jtpu;j;Jf; nfhs;syhk;

vd;gij Vw;Wf;nfhs;thu;.

� jdJ Rw;Wr; #oiyg; gw;wpa tpopg;Gzu;Tld; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lnkd;gij ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.

� $l;lhfr; nraw;gLtjD}lhf FO czu;it tsu;j;Jf; nfhs;thu;.

78

,izg;G 9.4.1.1

nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk;nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk;nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk;nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk;nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk;FO 01FO 01FO 01FO 01FO 01

tPl;by; tpgj;Jf;fs; Vw;glf;$ba re;ju;g;gq;fs; gw;wpa FWehlfk; xd;iw Kd;itj;jNy

cq;fs; FOTf;fhd xg;gilahFk;.


ghlrhiyapy; tpgj;Jf;fs; Vw;gLtjw;fhd fhuzpfs; gw;wpa epfo;nthd;iwg;

nghUj;jkhd ehlfk; %yk; Kd;itg;gNj cq;fs; FOTf;fhd xg;gilahFk;.


,aw;ifahf Vw;gLk; tpgj;Jfs;> ,lu;fs; vd;gdtw;iw rpj;jpuk; %yk; Kd;itg;gNj



kdpj eltbf;iffs; fhuzkhf Vw;gLk; tpgj;Jf;fs;> ,lu;fs; gw;wp gFg;gha;T xd;iw

Kd;itg;gNj cq;fs; FOTf;fhd xg;gilahFk;.


ehk; vjpu;Nehf;Fk; tpgj;Jf;fs;> ,lu;fs; vd;gtw;iw ,optstpdjhf;Ftjw;Fg; gpd;gw;wg;gl

Ntz;ba nraw;ghLfs; gw;wpa fl;Liu xd;iw tiue;J Kd;itg;gNj cq;fs;

FOTf;fhd xg;gilahFk;.

79


Nju;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r p :- :- :- :- :- ,lu;Kfhikj;Jtj;ij Nkw;nfhs;thu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : -: -: -: -: - tpgj;Jf;fs;> mdu;j;jq;fs;pd;NghJ Gj;jprhypj;jdkhfr;

nraw;gLthu;.

nraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghL : -: -: -: -: - “mdu;j;j Mgj;jpid Kfhik nra;Nthk;.”



� ,izg;G 9.4.2.2 nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk;

� bik jhs;

� gy tu;z ngy;l; Ngidfs;

� thu;dp]; fljhrp - 4 (4 tu;zq;fspy;)


gb 9.4.2.1gb 9.4.2.1gb 9.4.2.1gb 9.4.2.1gb 9.4.2.1

� ,izg;G 9.4.2.1 ,Ys;s cUf;fspy; “m” glq;fis khztu;fSf;F ed;F

mtjhdpg;gjw;F toq;Ff. mjpYs;s rpwg;gpay;Gfisf; $Wtjw;F re;ju;g;gk; toq;Ff.

fUk;gyifapy; Fwpg;Gf;fis vOJf.

� “M” glj;jpid khztu; ed;F mtjhdpf;f ,lkspf;Ff. mjpy; fhzg;gLk; rpwg;Gfs;

gw;wp Muha;e;J fUk;gyifapy; Fwpg;Gf;fs; vOJf.

� “,” glj;jpid khztu; ed;F mtjhdpf;fr; nra;f. mjpYs;s rpwg;Gfis

fUk;gyifapy; Fwpg;Gf;fshf vOJf.


F vkJ Rw;Wr;#oypy; mgj;Jf;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

F mj;jifa Mgj;Jf;fisj; njspthf ,dq;fhZjy;.

F mjw;Nfw;g mdu;j;jq;fSf;F cs;shFk; gpuNjrq;fis ,dq;fhz ,aYkhjy;.

F mj;jifa gpuNjrq;fs; mdu;j;jq;fSf;F cs;shjy;.

F mdu;j;jq;fis epu;tfpg;gjd; %yk; mtw;iwj; jtpu;j;Jf;nfhs;s KbAkhjy;.


� tFg;G khztu;fisg; nghUj;jkhdthW FOf;fshfg; gpupAq;fs;.

� jug;gl;Ls;s 4 nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuq;fis xt;nthd;W tPjk; FOf;fSf;Fg; gfpu;e;jspAq;fs;.

� nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuj;jpw;F Vw;g nraw;ghl;by; <LgLj;Jq;fs;.

� FO Kd;itg;gpw;F re;ju;g;gk; toq;Fq;fs;.

� xt;nthU FOTk; Kd;itj;jtw;iw NkYk; tpUj;jpahf;Ftjw;F Vida FOf;fSf;F

,lkspAq;fs;.

(50 epkplq;fs;)

80

gb 9.4.2.3gb 9.4.2.3gb 9.4.2.3gb 9.4.2.3gb 9.4.2.3

� gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; ntspg;gLk; tpjj;jpy; njhFg;Giuapy; <LgLf.

F mdu;j;jq;fs;> cs;shFk; gpuNjrq;fs; kw;Wk; mdu;j;jq;fs; vd;gd mdu;j;j

Kfhikj;Jtj;jpd;NghJ $ba ftdk; nrYj;jg;gl Ntz;ba vz;zf;fUthFk;.

F mdu;j;jj;jpd;NghJ mwpTG+u;tkhf eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;Sjy;.

F mjw;nfd gy;NtW nraw;ghLfis Nkw;nfhs;Sjy;.

F mdu;j;j Kfhikj;Jt tl;lj;Jf;Nfw;g nraw;gLjy; %yk; mdu;j;jq;fis

jtpu;j;Jf;nfhs;s KbAk; Kfhikj;JtKk; nra;ayhk;.

F vy;yh gpui[fSk; Mgj;Jf;fs;> mdu;j;jq;fs; vd;gd gw;wpf; ftdkhf

,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

(20 epkplq;fs;)


� mdu;j;j Kfhikj;Jt vz;zf;fUit tpsf;Fthu;.

� Rw;Wg;Gwr; #oypy; mdu;j;jq;fs; Vw;gLk; vd;gij Vw;Wf;nfhs;thu;.

� tpgj;Jfisj; jtpu;g;gjw;F mwpTG+u;tkhd eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;Sk; tpjj;jpid

Kd;itg;ghu;.

� vy;yhg; gpui[fSk; tpgj;Jfs;> mdu;j;jq;fs; vd;gtw;iwj; jtpu;g;gjw;F eltbf;iffs;

Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lnkd;Dk; fUj;ij ntspapLthu;.

� mdu;j;j Kfhikj;Jtj;Jf;fhf re;ju;g;gj;Jf;Nfw;w tpjj;jpy; tplaq;fis Kd;itf;fj;

jahuhf ,Ug;ghu;.

81


mdu;j;jj;Jf;F cs;shFk; gpuNjrq;fs;mdu;j;jj;Jf;F cs;shFk; gpuNjrq;fs;mdu;j;jj;Jf;F cs;shFk; gpuNjrq;fs;mdu;j;jj;Jf;F cs;shFk; gpuNjrq;fs;mdu;j;jj;Jf;F cs;shFk; gpuNjrq;fs;

ghl mwpKfj;Jf;fhd cUf;fs;ghl mwpKfj;Jf;fhd cUf;fs;ghl mwpKfj;Jf;fhd cUf;fs;ghl mwpKfj;Jf;fhd cUf;fs;ghl mwpKfj;Jf;fhd cUf;fs;

NkYs;s cUf;fis tFg;giwapy; fhl;rpg;gLj;jf;$ba tpjj;jpy; ngupjhf;fpf;NkYs;s cUf;fis tFg;giwapy; fhl;rpg;gLj;jf;$ba tpjj;jpy; ngupjhf;fpf;NkYs;s cUf;fis tFg;giwapy; fhl;rpg;gLj;jf;$ba tpjj;jpy; ngupjhf;fpf;NkYs;s cUf;fis tFg;giwapy; fhl;rpg;gLj;jf;$ba tpjj;jpy; ngupjhf;fpf;NkYs;s cUf;fis tFg;giwapy; fhl;rpg;gLj;jf;$ba tpjj;jpy; ngupjhf;fpf;

nfhs;f.nfhs;f.nfhs;f.nfhs;f.nfhs;f.

cgj;jputk;cgj;jputk;cgj;jputk;cgj;jputk;cgj;jputk;

mdu;j;jk; mdu;j;jk; mdu;j;jk; mdu;j;jk; mdu;j;jk; Disaster

Potential Hazard

cgj;jptuk; Vw;glf;$ba jd;ikcgj;jptuk; Vw;glf;$ba jd;ikcgj;jptuk; Vw;glf;$ba jd;ikcgj;jptuk; Vw;glf;$ba jd;ikcgj;jptuk; Vw;glf;$ba jd;ik

Exposure Elements

ntspg;gilahf cs;sitntspg;gilahf cs;sitntspg;gilahf cs;sitntspg;gilahf cs;sitntspg;gilahf cs;sit

Vulnerable Area

mdu;j;jj;Jf;F cs;shFk; gFjpmdu;j;jj;Jf;F cs;shFk; gFjpmdu;j;jj;Jf;F cs;shFk; gFjpmdu;j;jj;Jf;F cs;shFk; gFjpmdu;j;jj;Jf;F cs;shFk; gFjp

82


FO 01FO 01FO 01FO 01FO 01

mdu;j;j Kfhikj;Jt vz;zf;fUit tpsf;Fk; nraw;ghL cq;fs; FOTf;fhd

xg;gilahFk;. mjw;Nfw;wthwhd Mf;fnkhd;iw Kd;itf;Ff.


mdu;j;jq;fisj; jtpu;g;gjw;F vLf;ff;$ba eltbf;iffis Kd;itj;jy; cq;fs;


,r;nraw;ghl;il tpsf;fkhf vOjp Kd;itf;Ff.


,aw;if mdu;j;jq;fis ,optsthf;f nraw;gl Ntz;ba tpjk; gw;wp tpsf;Fk; nraw;ghL


ePq;fs; tpUk;gpa tpjj;jpy; Mf;fj;jpid Kd;itf;Ff.


mdu;j;j Kfhikj;Jt tl;lk; gw;wp tpsf;fk; mspj;jy; cq;fs; FOTf;fhd xg;gilahFk;.

nghUj;jkhd Kiwapaiyg; gad;gLj;jp mdu;j;j Kfhikj;Jt tl;lj;ij tpsf;Ff.

83

9.5 Kuz;ghl;Lj; jPu;T9.5 Kuz;ghl;Lj; jPu;T9.5 Kuz;ghl;Lj; jPu;T9.5 Kuz;ghl;Lj; jPu;T9.5 Kuz;ghl;Lj; jPu;T

(ghlNtisfs; 06)(ghlNtisfs; 06)(ghlNtisfs; 06)(ghlNtisfs; 06)(ghlNtisfs; 06)


egu;fspilNa fhzg;gLk; NtWghLfspdhy; ngUk;ghyhd re;ju;g;gq;fspy; egu;fs; rpe;jpf;Fk;>

nraw;gLk; tpjq;fSk; NtWgLk;. ,t;NtWghLfSs;s> gytifahd tpj;jpahrq;fs;

ntspg;gly;> fUj;njhUkpj;jy; ,y;yhik Nghd;w tplaq;fspdhy; Kuz;ghLfs; Vw;gLfpd;wd.

goq;fhy kdpju;;fSk; jkJ tho;tpy; ntt;NtW fl;lq;fspy; ,t;thwhd gpur;rpidfSf;F

Kfq;nfhLj;Js;sdu;. ,d;Wk; md;W NghyNt Kuz;ghLfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

vjpu;fhyj;jpYk; mt;thNw ,Uf;Fk; vd ek;gyhk;. Kuz;ghLfisj; jPu;j;jy; mwpTrhu;

nraw;ghlhFk;. NkYk; Kuz;ghl;il Mf;fG+u;tkhfj; jPu;j;Jf;nfhs;sy;> r%fk; Kd;Ndhf;fp

efu;tjw;Fk; fhuzkhFk;. kdpju;fs; FOthf> rKjhakhf khWk;NghJ fl;lhakhf

Kuz;ghLfisj; jPu;f;Fk; jpwidg; ngwNtz;Lk;.

Kuz;ghLfisj; jPu;j;Jf;nfhs;Sk;NghJ mjd; kPJ nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfis

,dq;fz;L gFj;jha;e;J> jPu;Tfhz Ntz;Lk;. mjw;F nefpo;r;rpAk; eLepiyAk; %d;whk;

jug;ghupd; NjitAk; epyTfpd;wJ. Nkw;gb ,zf;fg;ghl;lhsu; vg;NghJk; ,U gFjpapdUf;Fk;

ntw;wpiag; ngw;Wj; ju Ntz;Lk;. Kuz;ghl;Lj; jPu;tpd;NghJ ,lk;ngwf;$ba epiyikfs;

ehd;fhFk;.

A jug;ghu; B jug;ghu;

ntw;wp Njhy;tp

Njhy;tp ntw;wp

Njhy;tp Njhy;tp

ntw;wp ntw;wp

vg;NghJk; ,Ujuj;jhUf;Fk; ntw;wp fpl;lf;$ba jPu;T Kd;itf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.

Kuz;ghl;ilj; jPu;f;Fk; jpwd;fs; gw;wp khztu; kj;jpapy; Gupe;Jzu;it Vw;gLj;JtJ

,q;F vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jd;gb Gupe;Jzu;Tld;$ba nrtpkLj;jy;> Kuz;ghl;ilg;

gFg;gha;T nra;jy;> khw;Wj; jPu;Tfis ,dq;fhzy; Nghd;w cWjpg;ghlhd Jyq;fy;fisf;

fhl;Ltjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; Nghd;wtw;iw khztUf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;l Ntz;bAs;sJ.

goq;fhyj;jpypUe;J gpd;gw;wg;gLk; Kuz;ghLis ,zf;fkhf;Fk; Kiwfspd; %yk; jPu;Tfisg;

ngwTk; ,q;F mf;fiw fhl;lg;gl Ntz;Lk;. ,q;F ,zf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jgtuhf nraw;gl

Ntz;ba KiwiaAk; ,zf;fg;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; ,U jug;ghUk; Vw;ff;$ba jPu;itg;

ngWk; tpjj;ijAk; gw;wpa tpsf;fj;ijg; ngwf;$bathW nraw;ghLfs; jpl;lkplg;gl;Ls;sd.

,jd;gb Kuz;ghLfisj; jPu;f;Fk;NghJ %d;whk; jug;ghupd; cjtpiag; ngw;Wf;nfhz;L

,U jug;ghUk; jj;jkJ rf;jpapd; %yk; ntw;wp – ntw;wp jPu;it milaf;$ba tpjj;ijg;

gw;wp khztUf;F tpsf;fkspf;f vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

84

Nju;r ;rpNju;r ;rpNju;r ;rpNju;r ;rpNju;r ;rp ::::: Kuz;ghLfisr; rkhjhdkhd tifapy; jPu;j;Jf; nfhs;thu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; :Nju;r;rp kl;lk; :Nju;r;rp kl;lk; :Nju;r;rp kl;lk; :Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : 9.5.1 Kuz;ghLfspd; jd;ikia tpsf;Fthu;.

9.5.2 jilfis ntw;wp nfhz;L Kuz;ghLfisj; jPu;f;f Kidthu;.


Kuz;ghLfisj; jPu ;j;jy;Kuz;ghLfisj; jPu ;j;jy;Kuz;ghLfisj; jPu ;j;jy;Kuz;ghLfisj; jPu ;j;jy;Kuz;ghLfisj; jPu ;j;jy;

fUj;Jf;fspd; gy;tifik fhuzkhf my;yJ r%f Vw;wj;jho;Tfspdhy; ,U egu;fs;

my;yJ ,U jug;ghu; kj;jpapy; Vw;gLk; fUj;J NtWghl;L epiy fhuzkhf Kuz;ghLfs;

Njhd;Wfpd;wd.

Kuz;ghl;bd; jd;ikia ,dq;fhzy;Kuz;ghl;bd; jd;ikia ,dq;fhzy;Kuz;ghl;bd; jd;ikia ,dq;fhzy;Kuz;ghl;bd; jd;ikia ,dq;fhzy;Kuz;ghl;bd; jd;ikia ,dq;fhzy;

fUj;Jf;fs;> kdg;ghq;Ffs; Mfpad fhuzkhf Vw;gLk; Kuz;ghLfspd; jd;ikiaAk;

r%f Vw;wj;jho;Tfspdhy; Vw;glf;$ba Kuz;ghLfspd; jd;ikiaAk; ,dq;fhzy;.

Kuz;ghL vd;gij tptupj;jy;Kuz;ghL vd;gij tptupj;jy;Kuz;ghL vd;gij tptupj;jy;Kuz;ghL vd;gij tptupj;jy;Kuz;ghL vd;gij tptupj;jy;

fhuzq;fs; - jdp egupd; fUj;Jf;fspilNa NtWghLfs; my;yJ r%f Vw;wj;jho;Tfspd;

ngWNgwhf gue;jstpy; Kuz;ghLfs; Vw;gl VJthFk; fhuzq;fshfg;

gFg;gha;T nra;a KbAk;.

gz;;Gfs; - cs Kuz;ghLfs; fhuzkhf Vw;gLk; neUf;fpil NghyNt jpBu; Nfhgk;>

vupr;ry;> fLQ; nrhw;gpuNahfk;> VidNahu; kPJ clw;gyj;ijg; gpuNahfpj;jy;

Nghd;wd.

Kuz;ghLfisj; jPu;g;gjw;fhd jilfs;Kuz;ghLfisj; jPu;g;gjw;fhd jilfs;Kuz;ghLfisj; jPu;g;gjw;fhd jilfs;Kuz;ghLfisj; jPu;g;gjw;fhd jilfs;Kuz;ghLfisj; jPu;g;gjw;fhd jilfs;

fLk; Nghf;F fLk; Nghf;F fLk; Nghf;F fLk; Nghf;F fLk; Nghf;F - xU jug;ghupd; fLikahd Nghf;fpd; fhuzkhf kw;iwa jug;ghiu

myl;rpak; nra;jy;.

xNu jPu;tpy; jq;fpapUj;jy;Nu jPu;tpy; jq;fpapUj;jy;Nu jPu;tpy; jq;fpapUj;jy;Nu jPu;tpy; jq;fpapUj;jy;Nu jPu;tpy; jq;fpapUj;jy; - xNu jPu;tpd; kPJ jq;fpapUe;J kw;iwa jug;ghupd; Njitfis

myl;rpak; nra;jy;.

kw;iwa jug;ghiu Njhy;tpailar; nra;J jhk; ntw;wp ngw KaYjy;.

kw;iwa jug;ghupd; fUj;Jf;fisAk; NjitfisAk; ftdj;jpyLf;fhJ jkJ jug;gpdiu

khj;jpuk; ntw;wpailar; nra;a topg;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; Nkhjy; epiy cUthf toptFj;jy;.

Kuz;ghL jPu;g;gjd; nghJthd ,ay;;Gfis ,dq;fhzy;Kuz;ghL jPu;g;gjd; nghJthd ,ay;;Gfis ,dq;fhzy;Kuz;ghL jPu;g;gjd; nghJthd ,ay;;Gfis ,dq;fhzy;Kuz;ghL jPu;g;gjd; nghJthd ,ay;;Gfis ,dq;fhzy;Kuz;ghL jPu;g;gjd; nghJthd ,ay;;Gfis ,dq;fhzy;

njhlu;ghly; - gaDs;s njhlu;ghlypd; %yk; ,uz;L gFjpapdUk; jkJ fUj;Jf;fisAk;

nfhs;iffisAk; njspthf Kd;itj;jy;.

85

khw;Wj; jPu;Tfisg; ngw Kidjy; - xNu jPu;tpy; jq;fpapUg;gpd; $Lkhdtiu khw;Wj;

jPu;itf; fhz KaYjy;.

xj;jhir – Kuz;ghL njhlu;ghd ,U jug;ghupdJk; fUj;Jf;fspYk; NjitfspYk;

cs;s epahaj;jpidAk; nghUj;jg;ghl;ilAk; ,dq;fz;L khw;W jPu;Tfisg; ngWtjw;fhf

xUtUf;nfhUtu; xj;jhir toq;fy;.

,uz;L jug;ghUk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sf;$ba jPu;it miljy;. ntw;wp – ntw;wp jPu;it Nehf;fp

,Ujuj;jhUk; nrd;wila KbAkhf ,Uj;jy;> Kuz;ghL jPu;j;jypd; ntw;wpahf

mikAkhifahy; ,Ujug;ghUk; jpUg;jpAwy;.

Kuz;ghL jPu;f;Fk; jpwd;fs;Kuz;ghL jPu;f;Fk; jpwd;fs;Kuz;ghL jPu;f;Fk; jpwd;fs;Kuz;ghL jPu;f;Fk; jpwd;fs;Kuz;ghL jPu;f;Fk; jpwd;fs;

Gupe;Jzu;Tld;$ba nrtpkLj;jy;> Kuz;ghl;il gFg;gha;T nra;jy;> khw;W jPu;Tfis

,dq;fhzy;> cWjpg;ghlhd Jyq;fypd; %yk; ,Ujuj;jhUk; ntw;wp – ntw;wp jPu;it

mz;kpf;fr; nra;aKbAkhf ,Uj;jy;.

,zf;fg;ghl;il mwpKfQ;nra;jy;.,zf;fg;ghl;il mwpKfQ;nra;jy;.,zf;fg;ghl;il mwpKfQ;nra;jy;.,zf;fg;ghl;il mwpKfQ;nra;jy;.,zf;fg;ghl;il mwpKfQ;nra;jy;.

Kuz;ghL jPu;tpw;fhf %d;whk; jug;ghupd; cjtpiag; ngwy;.

,q;F fl;lisaply;> tw;GWj;jy;> jz;lid mspj;jy; Mfpad ,lk;ngwkhl;lhJ.

Kuz;ghl;Lld; njhlu;Gila ,uz;L jug;ghiuAk; jkJ Kuz;ghl;ilj; jPu;j;Jf;nfhs;s

rupahd jPu;itj; jk;kplkpUe;Nj ngw;Wf;nfhs;s tha;g;G toq;fy;. ,zf;fg;ghl;lhsu;

,Ujug;ghUk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; gf;fr;rhu;gw;wtuhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

Kuz;ghl;il EZfp Muha;jYk; ,q;F eilngWk;. ,zf;fg;ghl;lhsu; ,uz;L jug;ghiuAk;

mZfp jdpj;jdpahf ciuahLy; Ntz;Lk;.

khw;Wj; jPu;it Kd;itf;f ,U jug;ghiuAk; J}z;Ljy;> ,Ujug;ghUk; Vw;wf;nfhs;Sk;

jPu;it Kd;itf;fr; re;ju;g;gk; toq;fy; vd;gd ,lk;ngWk;.

rkhjhdkhd Kiwapy; gpur;rpidfisj; jPu;g;gjw;fhf ,jd; %yk; topfhl;lg;gLfpd;wJ.

86


Nju;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r p : -: -: -: -: - Kuz;ghLfisr; rkhjhdkhd tifapy; jPu;j;Jf; nfhs;thu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : -: -: -: -: - Kuz;ghLfspd; jd;ikia tpsf;Fthu;.

nraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghL : -: -: -: -: - ntw;wp - ntw;wp jPu;T


ju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPL :- :- :- :- :- � ,izg;G 9.5.1.1 Nkhjiyf; fhl;Lk; khjpupAU

� ,izg;G 9.5.1.2 FOr; nraw;ghL

� bik jhs; - gpup];ly; Nghl;

� epwg; Ngdh


gb 9.5.1.1gb 9.5.1.1gb 9.5.1.1gb 9.5.1.1gb 9.5.1.1

� Kuz;ghL vd;w nrhy;iy fUk;gyifapy; vOjp mJ njhlu;ghd rpe;jidf; fpsu;Tld;

$ba fye;Jiuahliy elhj;jTk;.

� khztupd; fUj;Jf;fspd; JizAld; gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; Nknyof;$bathW

fye;JiuahLq;fs;.

Kuz;ghL vd;gJ

- egupDs;

- ,U egu;fspilNa

my;yJ

- $ba vz;zpf;ifahNdhu; kj;jpapy;

my;yJ

- ,uz;L FOf;fspilNa

- gy FOf;fspilNa

Fwpj;j re;ju;g;gk; / Fwpj;j epfo;T njhlu;ghf fUj;njhw;Wikapd;ikahy; Vw;gLk;

elj;ij khw;wkhFk;.

F ,t;thwhd Kuz;ghl;Lr; re;ju;g;gq;fs;/ Ngjq;fs; Njitfis epiwNtw;w

Kw;gLk;NghJk; / jkf;F Vw;glf;$ba gak; / re;Njfk; / Iak; / mePjp Mfpatw;iw

,y;yhkw; nra;a Kw;gLk;NghJk; Vw;gLfpd;wd.

F MfNt vy;yh Kuz;ghl;Lr; re;ju;g;gq;fspd;NghJk; Njitfs; / gak; vd;gtw;iwf;

fhzyhk;.

87

F Kuz;ghl;by; <LgLgtu;fs; “jug;ghu;” vd miof;fg;gLtu;.

F Kuz;ghl;ilj; jPu;g;gjhapd; jug;ghupd; NjitiaAk; mr;rq;fisAk; ed;F tpsq;fpf;

nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

F Kuz;ghl;by; gq;FngWk; jug;ghupd; NjitiaAk; gaj;ijAk; ePq;fs; khztUf;F

topfhl;Lk; tifapy; ,izg;G 9.5.1.1 ,y; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s khjpupiag; gad;gLj;jp

fUk;gyifapy; fl;bnaOg;Gq;fs;.

(10 epkplq;fs;)

gb 9.5.1.2gb 9.5.1.2gb 9.5.1.2gb 9.5.1.2gb 9.5.1.2

� tFg;gpYs;s khztupd; vz;zpf;iff;fika rpW FOf;fshf;fTk;.

� 9.5.1.2 ,izg;gpy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sthW nraw;ghLfspy; khztiu <LgLj;jTk;.

� FOf;fSf;Fj; jug;gl;l Kuz;ghl;Lr; re;ju;g;gj;ij FOf; fye;Jiuahly; %yk;

tpsq;fpf;nfhs;s FOf;fSf;F mwpTiu toq;fTk;.

� gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; Nknyof;$bathW FOtpy; fye;JiuahLq;fs;.

i. Kuz;ghL Vw;gl;bUg;gJ vjdhy;?

ii. mk;Kuz;ghl;ilg; nghUj;jkhd ngaupdhy; mwpKfQ; nra;f.

iii. Kuz;ghl;by; gq;Nfw;Fk; jug;gpdu; ahtu;?

iv. jug;gpdupd; Njitfs; ahit?

v. jug;gpdupd; gak; ahJ?

vi. nghUj;jkhd khjpupAUtpd; %yk; jug;gpdupd; NjitfisAk; tFg;gpy;

rku;g;gpAq;fs;.

(20 epkplq;fs;)

gb 9.5.1.3gb 9.5.1.3gb 9.5.1.3gb 9.5.1.3gb 9.5.1.3

� xt;nthU FOtpdJk; tpilfisr; rku;g;gpf;fr; nra;aTk;.

� xt;nthU FOTk; jk; tpili\fisr; rku;g;gpj;j gpd; mJgw;wp Vida FOf;fspd;

fUj;Jf;fSld; gpd;D}l;lYf;F tha;g;gspf;fTk;.

� vy;yhf; FOf;fSk; tpilfisr; rku;g;gpj;J rk;ge;jg;gl;l gpd;D}l;liyg; ngw;w gpd;du;

gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; Nknyof;$bathW KOr; nraw;ghLk; Fwpj;j kPsha;it elhj;jTk;.

F Nkhjiy glj;jpd; %yk; fhl;Ltij / Kuz;ghl;Lg;glk; vd miof;fg;gLk;.

F ,t;thWKuz;ghl;ilg; gFg;gha;e;J jug;gpdupd; Njitfis / mr;rq;fis

,dq;fhZjy; Kuz;ghl;by; gq;Nfw;gtupdhy; nra;aKbAk;.

F vt;thwhapDk; Kuz;ghl;il mjpy; gq;Fgw;Wk; juj;jpdu; my;yhj NtW egu;fs;

gFg;gha;jy; gad;kpf;fJk; fUj;Js;sJkhFk;.

F Kuz;ghl;ilg; gFg;gha;jw;fhf gy;NtW tpjkhd khjpupAUf;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.

F vy;yhj; juj;jpduJk; Njitfis KbAkhdtiu epiwNtw;wTk; gag;gPjpfis

KbAkhdtiu Fiwf;fTk; ,t;thwhd gFg;gha;Tfs; %yk; KbAk;.

F ,r;nraw;ghL ntw;wp – ntw;wpj; jPu;it Nehf;fpr; nry;yg; gad;gLk;.

(10 epkplq;fs;)

88

fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk;fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk;fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk;fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk;fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk;

� Kuz;ghL vd;why; vd;d vd;W fUj;Jiug;ghu;.

� Kuz;ghl;Lg; gFg;gha;T ntw;wp - ntw;wpj; jPu;tpd; ghy; <Lglf; fhuzkhFk; vd

Vw;Wf;nfhs;thu;.

� Kuz;ghl;Lr; re;ju;g;gq;fis gpioapd;wp gFg;gha;thu;.

� FOr; nraw;ghl;by; Cf;fj;Jld; <LgLthu;.

� FOr; nraw;ghl;il Mf;fG+u;tkhfr; rku;g;gpg;ghu;.

gpd;njhlu; Ntiyfs;gpd;njhlu; Ntiyfs;gpd;njhlu; Ntiyfs;gpd;njhlu; Ntiyfs;gpd;njhlu; Ntiyfs;

ePq;fs; Kfq;nfhLj;j Kuz;ghl;Lr; re;ju;g;gnkhd;iw Qhgfg;gLj;Jq;fs;. ,e;j Kuz;ghL

Vw;gl cq;fs; vj;Njitfs;> mr;rq;fs; fhuzkhapd vdg; gFg;gha;f. (Kuz;ghl;L

glthf;fj;jpy; <LgLf.)

89


Kjyhk; jug;gpdu;

Njitfs;

,uz;lhk; jug;gpdu;

Njitfs;

mr;rq;fs; mr;rq;fs;

Kuz;ghl;bd;Kuz;ghl;bd;Kuz;ghl;bd;Kuz;ghl;bd;Kuz;ghl;bd;

jd ;ikjd;ikjd;ikjd;ikjd;ik

90



Fkhu;; jdJ ez;gd; Nfhghypd; tpQ;Qhd ghlj;jpw;Fj; jug;gl;l xg;gilapd; tpiliag;

ghu;j;J vOJtjw;fhf Nfl;lhd;. Nfhghy; mjidj; juKbahJ vdf; $wpdhd;. FkhUf;Fk;

NfhghYf;Fk; ,ilNa thf;Fthjk; #lhf eilngw;wJ.


jtiz Kbtpy; eilngw;w guPl;irf;fhf gbj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;j ez;gu;fis Nehf;fp te;j

tpf;lUk; espdpAk; glnkhd;iwg; ghu;f;f tUkhW miof;fpd;wdu;. ez;gu;fs; mjid

epuhfupf;fpd;wdu;. espdpAk; tpf;lUk; kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; glk; ghu;f;f tUkhW Nfl;L

tw;GWj;Jfpd;wdu;.


rPfpupa ghu;f;fr; nry;yj; jpl;lkpl;l xUehs; fy;tpr; Rw;Wyhtpd;NghJ gq;Nfw;f Kbahnjd

fkyh tFg;ghrpupauplk; $Wfpd;whs;. Rw;Wyhtpy; fl;lhakhfg; gq;Fgw;w Ntz;Lnkd

tFg;ghrpupau; $Wfpd;whu;. fl;lhakhf gq;Fgw;w Ntz;Lnkd Mrpupia $wpaNghJk;

jd;dhy; gq;Nfw;f Kbahnjd kWg;G $wpdhs;.


fzpj gpur;rpdnkhd;iwj; jPu;g;gjpy; <Lgl;Ls;s %j;j rNfhjup thndhypapd; rj;jj;ijf;

Fiwf;FkhW jk;gpaplk; $Wfpwhs;. jk;gp rhiyapypUe;jgb thndhypapy; xypgug;ghFk;

rq;fPj epfo;r;rpiaf; Nfl;L nfhz;bUf;fpd;whd;. epfo;r;rpapd; rj;jj;ijf; Fiwj;J jd;dhy;

Nfl;fKbahnjd jk;gp $Wfpd;whd;.

9 . 5 . 19 . 5 . 19 . 5 . 19 . 5 . 19 . 5 . 1 ,izg;G ,izg;G ,izg;G ,izg;G ,izg;G – 1 1 1 1 1

xU khztu; Nkir> fjpiuf;fhf ,U khztu;fs; rz;il gpbf;Fk; fhl;rp.

(Kd; tupirapy;)

gpd;dzpapy; Mrpupau; Nkir fUk;gyif> Vida khztupd; fjpiu Nkir

cs;sJ.

91


Nju;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r p : -: -: -: -: - Kuz;ghLfisr; rkhjhd Neakhd tifapy; jPu;j;Jf;

nfhs;thu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : -: -: -: -: - jilfis ntw;wp nfhz;L Kuz;ghLfisj; jPu;f;f Kidthu;.

nraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghL : -: -: -: -: - xw;Wikaha; tho;Nthk; - Kuz;ghl;ilg; Gj;jpAld; jPu;g;Nghk;


ju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPL :- :- :- :- :- � ,izg;G 9.5.1.2 ghj;jpuNkw;W ebf;Fk; ehlfj;jpw;F Vw;w

topfhl;ly;fs;.

� ,izg;G 9.5.2.2 - FO xg;gil


gb 9.5.2.1gb 9.5.2.1gb 9.5.2.1gb 9.5.2.1gb 9.5.2.1

� ,izg;G 9.5.2.1 ,y; jug;gl;Ls;s ghj;jpuNkw;W ebg;gij tFg;gpy; ebj;Jf; fhl;Lq;fs;.

� Kjyhk;> ,uz;lhk; jug;ghu; vd;wthW xt;nthU ghj;jpuj;jpd; %yKk; $wg;gLfpd;w

re;ju;g;gq;fisAk; elj;ijapd; jd;ikiaAk; gw;wp tpdtpathW khztu;fspd; fUj;ijf;

NfSq;fs;.

� khztu;fspd; Jyq;fiy tpku;rd uPjpapy; mZfp RUf;fkhdnjhU ciuahliy

elj;Jq;fs;.

F KjyhtJ ghj;jpuk; %u;f;fj;jdkhd elj;ijiaAk;> jho;ikahd elj;ijiaAk;

fhl;Lfpd;wJ.

F ,uz;lhtJ ghj;jpuk; %yk; xUtUf;nfhUtu; kjpg;gspj;J ciuahLk; jd;ik

ntspf;fhl;lg;gLfpd;wJ.

F mt;thwhd elj;j rupahd elj;ij my;yJ cWjpg;ghlhd elj;ij vdg;gLk;.

F %u;f;fj;jdkhd elj;ijAk; jho;ikahd elj;ijAk; Kuz;ghLfSf;Ff;

fhuzkhFk;. rupahd elj;ij my;yJ epiyahd elj;ij %yk; Kuz;ghLfs;

jtpu;f;fg;gl;L> Vw;gl;l Kuz;ghl;il rkhjhdkhfj; jPu;j;Jf;nfhs;s VJthFk;.

F rkhjhdj;ij tpUk;Ggtuhtjw;Fk; RKfkhfr; nraw;gLk; r%fnkhd;iw

cUthf;fTk; rkhjhdkhf Kuz;ghLfisj; jPu;j;Jf;nfhs;sTk; Kuz;ghLfs;

Vw;gLtijj; jtpu;j;Jf;nfhs;sTk; cWjpg;ghlhd elj;ijia my;yJ rupahd

elj;ijiag; gofpf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

(10 epkplq;fs;)

gb 9.5.2.2gb 9.5.2.2gb 9.5.2.2gb 9.5.2.2gb 9.5.2.2

� khztu;fspd; vz;zpf;iff;Nfw;g mtu;fisf; FOf;fshf cUthf;Fq;fs;.

� ,izg;G 9.5.2.2 ,y; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sthW FOf;fis <LgLj;Jq;fs;.

� xUtUf;F $Wtij vt;thW nrtpkLf;f Ntz;Lk;> xUtUld; vt;thW NgrNtz;Lk;

vd;gtw;Wf;F topfhl;Lk; mwpTiuj; njhFjpnahd;iwj; jahupg;gjpy; khztiu

<LgLj;Jq;fs;.

(20 epkplq;fs;)

92

gb 9.5.2.3gb 9.5.2.3gb 9.5.2.3gb 9.5.2.3gb 9.5.2.3

� FOr; rku;g;gpj;jYf;F tha;g;G toq;Fq;fs;.

� xU FO rku;g;gpf;Fk; tplak; gw;wp fUj;J $w Vida FOf;fSf;Fk; tha;g;gspf;fTk;.

(Neuj;ij jf;fthW gad;gLj;Jf.)

� FOtpd; tpilgw;wp Vida FOf;fspd; fUj;ijf; Nfl;lthW gpd;D}l;ly; toq;f

tha;g;ig Vw;gLj;Jq;fs;.

� gpd;tUk; tplaq;fis ikag;gLj;jp kPsha;itr; nra;aTk;.

� %u;f;fkhd elj;ijiaf; nfhz;buhjpUj;jYk; jho;thf ,y;yhjpUj;jYk; rupahd/

cWjpg;ghlhd elj;ijiag; goFtJk; mtrpakhFk;.

� ed;elj;ijia> rupahd elj;ij / cWjpg;ghlhd elj;ij vd;gu;.

� cWjpahd Ngr;R> mtjhdj;Jld;$ba nrtpkLj;jy; / rupahd Ngr;R> rupahd

nrtpkLj;jy; vd Nkw;gb ed;elj;ij miof;fg;gLk;.

� rupahd njhlu;ghly; vdTk; ,e;epiy ngau;ngWk;.

� Kuz;ghLfisj; jtpu;f;fTk;> Vw;gl;l Kuz;ghLfisr; rkhjhdkhfj; jPu;f;fTk;

cWjpg;ghlhd my;yJ cupathwhd elj;ij fhuzkhFk;.

� mt;thwhd jPu;T ntw;wp - ntw;wpj; jPu;thf miof;fg;gLk;.

� rupahd Ngr;Rf;F rupahd Nfl;lYf;F gofpapUg;gpd; mjpy; <LgLtjhapd; Kuz;ghl;ilf;

Fiwj;J mtw;iwj; jPu;f;f KbAk;. Vw;gl;l Nkhjiy R%fkhfj; jPu;f;f KbAk;.

� ,Jgw;wp mwpe;j khztu;fs; rkhjhdj;ij tpUk;Ggtu;fshtjw;F cWjpg;ghlhd elj;ijg;

gz;Gfisg; ngwNtz;Lk;.

(10 epkplq;fs;)


� jho;ikahd> %u;f;fj;jdkhd> cWjpg;ghlhd elj;ijf; Nfhyq;fspd; gz;Gfis

tptupg;ghu;.

� cWjpg;ghlhd elj;ijg; gz;G rkhjhdk; tpUk;Gk; egupd; Fzg;gz;ngd Vw;Wf;nfhs;thu;.

� gy;tif elj;ijg; gz;Gfisj; jdpj;jdpahf vOjpf;fhl;Lthu;. (ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.)

� FOtpDs; cWjpg;ghlhd elj;ijiaf; nfhz;bUg;ghu;.

� cWjpg;ghlhd elj;ijg; gz;GfSld; / VidNahUld; ,zf;fkhfr; nraw;gLthu;.

gpd;njhlu; Ntiyfs;gpd;njhlu; Ntiyfs;gpd;njhlu; Ntiyfs;gpd;njhlu; Ntiyfs;gpd;njhlu; Ntiyfs;

“ehk; cWjpg;ghl;Lld; xOFNthk;” vDk; jiyg;gpy; gj;jpupiff;Ff; fl;Liunahd;iw

tiuf. (500 nrhw;fSf;F Nkw;glhjthW)

93


� khztu; xUtupDs; %u;f;fj;jdkhf elj;ijf; NfhyKk; ,d;DnkhU khztUs;

jho;ikahd elj;ijf; Nfhyj;ijAk; nfhz;ljhff; fUj;Jf;fs; ntspg;gLkhW khztu;

,Utiuf; nfhz;L ebj;Jf; fhl;lnyhd;wpy; <LgLj;jTk;.

� ,jidj; njhlu;e;J khztu; ,Utiuf; nfhz;L mtu;fspilNa xUtUf;nfhUtu;

nrtpkLf;Fk; kjpg;Gld; ciuahly; elj;ijAk; nfhz;ljhd ebj;Jf;fhl;liyAk;

nra;tpf;fTk;.


nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk; - 01nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk; - 01nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk; - 01nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk; - 01nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk; - 01

� vupr;ry; / fUj;J NtWghL / Nkhjy; Vw;glhjthW ele;Jnfhs;tjw;Nfw;w mwpTWj;jy;

njhFjpnahd;iwj; jahupf;fTk;.

� xUtUf;Fr; nrtpkLg;gJ vt;thW? xUtUld; ciuahLtJ vt;thW? vDk; ,U

gpupTfisAk; cupa tpjkhf mwpTWj;jy; njhFjpAs; Nru;j;Jf;nfhs;sTk;.

94


Nju;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r p : -: -: -: -: - Kuz;ghLfisr; rkhjhdkhd tifapy; jPu;j;Jf; nfhs;thu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : -: -: -: -: - jilfis ntw;wpnfhz;L Kuz;ghLfisj; jPu;f;f Kidthu;.

nraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghL : -: -: -: -: - “ve;j xU Kuz;ghl;Lf;Fk; jPu;T xd;Wz;L”


ju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPL :- :- :- :- :- � ,izg;G 9.5.3.1 - epfo;Tf; fw;if cs;slq;fpa glk;


gb 9.5.3.1gb 9.5.3.1gb 9.5.3.1gb 9.5.3.1gb 9.5.3.1

� khztuplk; ciuahbathW mtu;fs; rpWguhaj;jpy; Nfl;Ls;s thndhypg; ghlyhd

rpd;dg; ngz;zhd NghjpNy vd;w ghliyg; ghl tha;g;gspf;fTk;.

i. khztUld; ciuahlypy; <Lgl;lthW mg;ghlypy; tUk; ghj;jpuq;fisg; gw;wpf; Nfl;fTk;.

ii. ghlypy; tUk; Nkhjy; gw;wp khztUld; tpdtTk;.

iii. mtu;fs; Nkhjiyj; jPu;j;j tpjj;ij tpdtTk;.

iv. ,jpy; tUk; xU ghj;jpuk; ele;Jnfhz;l tpjj;ij khztuplk; tpdtTk;. gpd;tUk;

fUj;Jf;fs; NknyOk; tpjkhff; fye;JiuahlTk;.

� ,zf;fg;gLj;Jk;NghJ Kuz;ghLfisj; jPu;g;gjw;fhd %d;whk; jug;gpd; cjtpiag;

ngwy; eilngWk;.

� ,zf;fg;gLj;Jk;NghJ FOthf my;yJ jdpahf ,zf;fg;gLj;Jk; nraw;ghl;by; <Lgl

KbAk;.

� ,zf;fg;ghl;lhsu; ,Ujuj;jhUk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sf;$batuhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

� ,zf;fg;ghl;bd;NghJ jPu;it gpur;rpidf;F cs;shdtu;fsplkpUe;J ngwNtz;Lk;.

� fl;lhag;gLj;jy; my;yJ jPu;tspj;jy; eilngwkhl;lhJ.

� ,Ujuj;jhUk; ntw;wp - ntw;wp Kbit mila Ntz;Lk;.

(05 epkplq;fs;)

gb 9.5.3.2gb 9.5.3.2gb 9.5.3.2gb 9.5.3.2gb 9.5.3.2

� tFg;ig 03 FOf;fshfg; gpupf;fTk;.

� ,izg;G 9.5.3.4 ,y; cs;slq;Fk; rk;gtf; fw;if gbtj;ij FOf;fspilNa gfpu;e;J

nfhLf;fTk;.

� rk;gtj;ijf; fw;W jPu;itf; fhz;gjw;F tha;g;G mspf;fTk;.

(15 epkplq;fs;)

gb 9.5.3.3gb 9.5.3.3gb 9.5.3.3gb 9.5.3.3gb 9.5.3.3

� khztupd; rk;gtf; fw;if %yk; ngw;w tpilfis tFg;gpy; rku;g;gpf;f tha;g;gspf;fTk;.

� Vida FOf;fspd; fUj;Jf;fisAk; tpdtTk;.

� rupahd jPu;it> Nahridia kjpf;fTk;.

� gpd;tUk; fUj;Jf;fs; NknyOk; tpjkhf kPsha;T nra;aTk;.

95


� Kuz;ghl;Lj; jPu;T vd;gd tiutpyf;fzQ; nra;thu;.

� Kuz;ghl;Lj; jPu;tpd;NghJ ,zf;fg;ghl;bd; %yk; rupahd jPu;itg; ngUk;ghYk;

milayhk; vd Vw;W fUj;Jf; $Wthu;.

� ,zf;fg;ghl;lhsuhf MNyhridfisAk; fUj;Jf;fisAk; Kd;itg;ghu;/ vOjpf;

fhl;Lthu;.

� jkJ MSikapd; %yk; Kuz;ghl;Lj; jPu;tpw;fhf ,Uf;fNtz;ba rpwe;j gz;Gfis

ntspf;fhl;Lthu;.

� Kuz;ghl;Lj; jPu;T jpwd;fis fhl;rpg;gLj;Jthu;. (khw;W jPu;Tfis mz;kpj;jy;>

cWjpg;ghL> Gupe;Jzu;Tld; nrtpkLj;jy;> Kuz;ghLfis tptupj;jy;.)


gpd;tUk; rk;gtk; mlq;Fk; gbtj;ij khztu;fs; kj;jpapy; tpepNahfpf;fTk;.

nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk; - 01nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk; - 01nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk; - 01nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk; - 01nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk; - 01

thfPrDk; kjpthzDk; rNfhjuu;fs;. jkJ tPLfSf;fpilNaAs;s gyhkuj;jpd; cupik

njhlu;ghf vOe;j thf;Fthjk; ,Wjpapy; rr;ruthf khwpaJ. ,jdhy; ,UtUk; ,g;NghJ

xUtUld; xUtu; Ngrpf;nfhs;tjpy;iy.

,q;F ,zf;fg;ghl;lhsuhf ,jw;fhd jPu;it Kd;itf;Fk; tpjj;ij fye;Jiuahb

vOJq;fs;.

nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk; 2.nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk; 2.nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk; 2.nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk; 2.nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk; 2.

NkdfhTk; jkae;jpAk; xNu tFg;gpy; fw;Fk; neUq;fpa ez;gpfs;. ,tu;fs; ,k;Kiw

(rh/j) guPl;irf;Fk; Njhw;Wfpd;wdu;.

jdJ fzpj nray;E}y; fhzhky; NghAs;sJ vd;Wk; jkae;jpaplk; ,Ug;gJ jdJ

E}y; vd;Wk; Nkdfh $Wfpd;whs;. Nkdfhtpd; Gj;jfj;ij fhztpy;iy vd;W jkae;jp

$Wfpwhs;. ,tu;fspilNa Vw;gl;l thf;Fthjk; ,Wjpapy; rr;rutpy; KbTw;wJ. ,q;F

,zf;fg;ghl;lhsuhf ckJ FOtpdUf;F jPu;g;G toq;f cjtf;$ba tpjj;ijf;

fye;JiuahLf.

� ,zf;fg;ghl;lhsu; Kuz;gl;ltu;fs; jkJ Kuz;ghl;ilj; jPu;g;gjw;F jj;jkJ

Mw;wy;fisg; gw;wp ,dq;fhzr; nra;ag;glNtz;Lk;.

� ,zf;fg;ghl;bd; %yk; fl;lhag;gLj;jy; my;yJ Kbitj; jpzpj;jy; eilngwhJ

rupahd jPu;it Nehf;fp gazpf;f Kay Ntz;Lk;.

� ,zf;fg;ghl;lhsu; jdpj;jdpahf jug;gpdUld; fye;Jiuahl Ntz;Lk;.

� khw;W jPu;Tfisj; Njbg;ngw;W ,uz;L jug;gpUk; ntw;wp - ntw;wp jPu;it mila

tha;g;G Vw;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.

(20 epkplq;fs;)

96

myF 9.6myF 9.6myF 9.6myF 9.6myF 9.6

NtiyAyfpw;Fj; jahuhtu;NtiyAyfpw;Fj; jahuhtu;NtiyAyfpw;Fj; jahuhtu;NtiyAyfpw;Fj; jahuhtu;NtiyAyfpw;Fj; jahuhtu;(ghlNtisfs; 04)(ghlNtisfs; 04)(ghlNtisfs; 04)(ghlNtisfs; 04)(ghlNtisfs; 04)

mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;ehl;bd; capu;ehbahd ,sQ; re;jjpapdu; ehl;L mgptpUj;jpapd; J}z;fshtu;. ,ilepiy

tFg;Gf;fspy; fw;Fk; khztu;fs; FWfpa fhyj;Js; ghlrhiyia tpl;Lk; tpyfp

r%fj;jpy; gpuNtrpg;gu;;. Ntiy cyfpDs; gpuNtrpf;Fk; ,tu;fs; Ntiy cyF gw;wp

mwpe;jpUg;gJk; mjid Kd;$l;bNa rpe;jpj;Jg; ghu;j;jpUj;jYk; mtrpak;. ,jw;F

tFg;giwapy; gaDs;s rpy gapw;rpfspy; <LgLjy; mtrpak;. ,q;F gy;NtW gz;Gfis

tsu;j;Jf;nfhs;sy; mtrpakhFk;. njhopnyhd;iwg; Guptjw;Fj; Njitahd

kdg;ghq;Ffis tsu;j;Jf;nfhs;sTk; Ntz;Lk; vd vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpwJ. khztu;>

jkJ Mw;wy;fs;> jpwd;fs; kw;Wk; tpUg;G> ntWg;GfSf;Nfw;w njhopnyhd;iwj;

Nju;e;njLj;J mjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd njhopiy ,yf;fhf;fpf; nfhs;sTk; gpd;dzpj;

juTfis Ma;T nra;aTk;> Njitahd topfhl;liyAk; mjd;%yk; tsu;j;njLg;gJk;

,q;F vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,tw;wpd; %yk; jha;ehl;bw;Fg; gaDs;s gq;fspg;igr;

nra;a mtu;fshy; KbAk;.

khztu;fSf;F mtu;fsJ jpwikfs;> tpUg;G> ntWg;Gf;fs;> gpwtp Mw;wy;fs;

Nghd;wtw;iw ,dq;fhzr; nra;tJk; jkJ Mw;wy;fs;> tpUg;G> ntWg;Gf;fs;

Nghd;wtw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; jkf;F kpfTk; nghUj;jkhd njhopy; ahnjd Nju;e;njLf;f

Cf;Ftpj;jYk; mtrpakhdJ.

Nju;r;rp 9.6Nju;r;rp 9.6Nju;r;rp 9.6Nju;r;rp 9.6Nju;r;rp 9.6 Ntiy cyfpw;Fj; jahuhtu;


9.6.1 gy;NtW njhopw; Jiwfis ,dq;fz;L jkJ Mw;wy;fSf;F Vw;g tpUg;gkhd

njhopnyhd;iwj; Nju;e;njLg;gjw;F Kidthu;.

9.6.2 njhopy; mgptpUj;jpf;Fj; Njitahd kdg;ghq;if tsu;j;Jf; nfhs;thu;.


• Ntiy cyFNtiy cyFNtiy cyFNtiy cyFNtiy cyF

r%fk; njhlu;e;J Kd;Ndhf;fpr; nry;yj; Njitahd gy;NtW gzpfs;> njhopy;fs;

kw;Wk; Ntiyfs; Nghd;wtw;why; epuk;gp cs;sJ. fy;tp fw;W ghlrhiyapypUe;J

ntspNaWk; vy;yh khztUk; Ntiy cyfpDs; gpuNtrpf;fpd;wdu;. jkJ tho;f;ifia

nfhz;Lnry;yj; Njitahd njhopnyhd;wpNyh> Ntiynahd;wpNyh xt;nthUtUk;

<Lgl Ntz;Lk;.

tho;f;iff;fhfj; njhopnyhd;iwj; Nju;e;njLf;Fk;NghJ ahtUk; jkJ mwpT rhu;e;j>

tpUg;G> ntWg;G> cs;shu;e;j Mw;wy; Nghd;wtw;iw ,dq;fz;L njhopnyhd;iw

Nju;e;njLg;gjd; %yk; gaDs;s eguhFk; mNj rkak; gaDWjpAs;s Nritia

r%fj;jpw;F Mw;wTk; mtu;fshy; KbAk;.

jhk; Nju;e;njLf;Fk; njhopYf;Fj; Njitahd jifikfisAk; gapw;rpfisAk;

ngWtjd; %yk; jpUg;jpahd njhopy; thz;ikahsuhtjw;Fk; tha;g;G fpilf;Fk;.

MfNt njhopw;gapw;rp epWtdq;fs; gw;wpf; ftdk; nrYj;JtJk; mtrpakhFk;.

xUtuJ Ntiy my;yJ njhopy;> murJiw> jdpahu;Jiw my;yJ Ranjhopyhf

mikaf; $Lk;. mjid tpidj;jpwDlDk; gaDWjpAlDk; mu;g;gzpg;GlDk; nra;jy;

mtrpakhFk;. NkYk; gz;lq;fspd; cw;gj;jpapd;NghJk; Nritfis toq;Fk;NghJk;

juj;ijg; Ngzf;$bathW nraw;gLjYk; jkJ Nritia kpfr; rpwg;ghf r%fj;jpw;F

toq;f KidtJk; njhopy; thz;ikahsupd; flikahFk;.

97

nraw;ghL 9.6.1nraw;ghL 9.6.1nraw;ghL 9.6.1nraw;ghL 9.6.1nraw;ghL 9.6.1

Nju;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r p : -: -: -: -: - Ntiy cyfpw;Fj; jahuhtu;

Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : -: -: -: -: - gy;NtW njhopw;Jiwfis ,dq;fz;L jkJ Mw;wy;fSf;F

Vw;g tpUg;gkhd njhopnyhd;iwj; Nju;e;njLg;gjw;F

Kidthu;.

nraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghL : -: -: -: -: - “tpUg;gkhd njhopiyj; njupT nra;Nthk;”



� ,izg;G 9.6.1.2


gb 9.6.1.1gb 9.6.1.1gb 9.6.1.1gb 9.6.1.1gb 9.6.1.1

� ,izg;G 9.6.1.1 I tFg;gpy; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jq;fs;.

� mjpYs;s glj;ij ed;F mtjhdpf;FkhW mwpTWj;Jq;fs;.

� khztUld; fye ;jhNyhr pAq ;fs ; . g pd ;tUk ; t plaq ;fis ikag ;gLj ;j p

fye;JiuahLq;fs;.

F Ntiy cyF gue;jJ. mq;F njhopy;fs; gy cz;L. fy;tp fw;w gpd;du;

Ntiy cyfpDs; gpuNtrpf;f Ntz;Lk;.

F jkJ Mw;wy;fs;> tpUg;Gf;fs;> r%fj; jpwd;fs; Mfpatw;iw ,dq;fz;L

mtw;Wf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd njhopnyhd;iw ,yf;fhff; nfhz;L nraw;gly;

mtrpak;.

F Nju;e;njLf;Fk; Ntiyf;Fj; Njitahd jifikfisAk; gapw;rpiaAk;

ngw;Wf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

(10 epkplq;fs;)

gb 9.6.1.2gb 9.6.1.2gb 9.6.1.2gb 9.6.1.2gb 9.6.1.2

� khztu;fisg; nghUj;jkhdthW FOf;fshfg; gpupf;fTk;.

� ,izg;G 9.6.1.2 I FOf;fspilNa gfpu;e;J nfhLf;fTk;.

� mjid ed;F thrpj;J mwpTWj;jYf;fika nraw;gl topg;gLj;jTk;.

(20 epkplq;fs;)

gb 9.6.1.3gb 9.6.1.3gb 9.6.1.3gb 9.6.1.3gb 9.6.1.3

� khztu; FOf;fshy; jahupf;fg;gl;l mwpf;ifia tFg;gpy; rku;g;gpf;f tha;g;gspf;fTk;.

� Vida FOf;fspd; fUj;Jf;fisAk; tpdtTk;.

98

� gpd;tUk; tplaq;fis ikag;gLj;jp njhFg;Giuia Nkw;nfhs;f.

F xt;nthUtupdJk; tpUg;Gf;fs; NtWgl;lit.

F jkJ tpUg;Gf;Nfw;w njhopnyhd;iwj; Nju;e;njLf;f Ntz;Lk;.

F Njitahd jifikfisAk; gapw;rpiaAk; ngWtjd; %yk; ,yFtpy; Ntiy

cyfpDs; gpuNtrpf;f KbAk;.

F mjdhy; njhopypd;wpf; fopf;Fk; fhyk; Fiwtile;J jpUg;jpAldhd njhopypy;

<Lgl KbAk;.

F ehl;bd; mgptpUj;jpf;Fk; jdJ jdpg;gl;l tho;f;iff;Fk; rpwg;ghd mbj;jsj;ijapl

KbAk;.

(10 epkplq;fs;)


� Ntiy cyfpDs; gpuNtrpf;Fk; Kd;du; gpd;gw;w Ntz;ba eilKiwfis tpsf;Fthu;.

� jkJ Mw;wy;fSf;Nfw;w njhopypy; <LgLtjd; %yk; jkf;Fk; ehl;Lf;Fk; gaDs;s

Nritapy; <Lgl KbAnkd;gij Vw;Wf;nfhs;thu;.

� jkJ tpUg;gpdbg;gilapy; njhopw;Jiwfisg; gl;baw;gLj;Jthu;.

� Ntiy cyfpd; njhopy;> Ntiyfs; gw;wp tpku;rpg;ghu;.

� Njitahd jifikfisAk; gapw;rpiaAk; ngw;W njhopy; cyfpy; gpuNtrpf;fj;

jahuhFthu;.


� gpd;tUkhW gy;NtW njhopy;fspy; <LgLk; njhopyhspfisf;fhl;Lk; Ntiyj;jsk;>

njhopw;rhiyapy; Ntiy nra;gtu;fs;> re;ij> Milj;njhopw;rhiyapd; Copau;fs;>

xU fil> tptrhap> fzpdpj; njhopDl;gtpayhsu;fs;> tpyq;Fg;gz;iz> Mrpupau;>

fhupahya Copau;> tpkhdp> kPd;gpbj;njhopyhsp MfpNahiuf; fhl;Lk; rpj;jpunkhd;iw

my;yJ glj;ij tFg;gpw; fhl;rpg;gLj;jTk;.

99

,izg;G 9.6.1.2,izg;G 9.6.1.2,izg;G 9.6.1.2,izg;G 9.6.1.2,izg;G 9.6.1.2 nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk;nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk;nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk;nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk;nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk;

njhopy; mgptpUj;jp kw;Wk; ifj;njhopy; mikr;rpd;njhopy; mgptpUj;jp kw;Wk; ifj;njhopy; mikr;rpd;njhopy; mgptpUj;jp kw;Wk; ifj;njhopy; mikr;rpd;njhopy; mgptpUj;jp kw;Wk; ifj;njhopy; mikr;rpd;njhopy; mgptpUj;jp kw;Wk; ifj;njhopy; mikr;rpd;

njhopy; tpUj;jp nraw;wpl;lj;jpypUe;J ngwg;gl;lJnjhopy; tpUj;jp nraw;wpl;lj;jpypUe;J ngwg;gl;lJnjhopy; tpUj;jp nraw;wpl;lj;jpypUe;J ngwg;gl;lJnjhopy; tpUj;jp nraw;wpl;lj;jpypUe;J ngwg;gl;lJnjhopy; tpUj;jp nraw;wpl;lj;jpypUe;J ngwg;gl;lJ

njhopy; ehbfs; tpUk;Gk; njhopy;fspd; ; ml;ltiznjhopy; ehbfs; tpUk;Gk; njhopy;fspd; ; ml;ltiznjhopy; ehbfs; tpUk;Gk; njhopy;fspd; ; ml;ltiznjhopy; ehbfs; tpUk;Gk; njhopy;fspd; ; ml;ltiznjhopy; ehbfs; tpUk;Gk; njhopy;fspd; ; ml;ltiz

tpUg;G tpUg;G tpUg;G tpUg;G tpUg;G njhopw;Jiwfs; njhopw;Jiwfs; njhopw;Jiwfs; njhopw;Jiwfs; njhopw;Jiwfs;

ntspf ;fsk;ntspf ;fsk;ntspf ;fsk;ntspf ;fsk;ntspf ;fsk; ,jd; nghUs; miye;J jpupe;J ntspf;fsj;jpy; Ntiynra;a

tpUk;GtjhFk;. tpyq;Ffs; guhkupg;G my;yJ gapu;r;nra;if

,j;njhFjpf;F cupj;jhFk;. tptrhak;> fhL tsu;j;jy;>

G+e;Njhl;lr; nra;if> epy msit> tpisahl;Lj;Jiw

njhopy;fs; ,j;Jiw rhu;e;j rpy njhopy;fshFk;.

g puNahfpf ;ff ;$badgpuNahfpf ;ff ;$badgpuNahfpf ;ff ;$badgpuNahfpf ;ff ;$badgpuNahfpf ;ff ;$bad ,ae;jpuq;fisj; jpUj;Jgtu;/ nraw;gLj;Jgtu;> fUtp/

cgfuzq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp Ntiy nra;gtu;fs;> tpkhdpfs;>

njhopw;rhiy Copau;fs;> ifj;njhopyhsu;fs; kw;Wk;

nghwpapayhsu;fs; ,t;tifiar; Nru;e;jtuhtu;.

tpQ;Qhd uPjpahdittpQ;Qhd uPjpahdittpQ;Qhd uPjpahdittpQ;Qhd uPjpahdittpQ;Qhd uPjpahdit Gjpa fUj;Jf;fis Njly;> mtjhdpg;G> Ma;T> nra;J ghu;j;jy;

Nghd;w tpQ;Qhd uPjpapyhd nraw;ghLfshFk;. kUj;Jtu;fs;>

Rfhjhuj;Jiwapdu;> kUe;J fyg;gtu;fs;> tpyq;fpayhsu;fs;>

gy; kUj;Jtu;fs;> ,urhadtpayhsu;fs;> ngsjpftpayhsu;fs;

,j;jifNahuhtu;.

Mf;f uPjpahditMf;f uPjpahditMf;f uPjpahditMf;f uPjpahditMf;f uPjpahdit jkJ Mf;fj;ij ntspg;gLj;jy; ,jd; fUj;jhFk;. Xtpak;>

,ir> ,yf;fpak; njhlu;ghd njhopy;fs; ,jpylq;Fk;.

Xtpaj;Jiwf;Fs;s tpUg;G> ck;kplk; fhzg;gLk; rpy

nghUl;fisj; jahupf;Fk; Mty;. mofhdtw;iw urpj;jy;>

cq;fs; maypYs;stw;iw moFgLj;jy;> myq;fupj;jy;

Mfpatw;wpD}lhf fhl;rpg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. Xtpau;> Gifg;glf;

fiyQu;fs MfpNahu; ,j;jifNahuhtu;. ,ir Mf;fq;fs;>

eldk ; > Mly; > ghly ; Mfpad ,irj ; Jiwiar ;

Nru;e;jdthFk;. vOj;Jj;Jiw> Gj;jfq;fs; vOJjy;> epUgu;>

tpsk;guj; Jiwapdu; MfpNahUk; ,jpylq;Ftu;.

tu ;j ;jfj;Jiwtu;j ;jfj;Jiwtu;j ;jfj;Jiwtu;j ;jfj;Jiwtu;j ;jfj;Jiw kdpju;fisr; re;jpj;J mtu;fSld; ciuahLtjpy; cs;s

tpUg;G> rl;lj;Jiw> murpay;> tu;j;jf Jiwfs; ,t;tifapy;

mlq;Fk;. cy;yhrj;Jiw tu;j;jfu;fs;> fil cupikahsu;fs;>

tu;j;jfj;Jiw cau; mjpfhupfs;> Kfhikahsu;fs; ,jw;F

cjhuzq;fshFk;.

100

fhupahyak;fhupahyak;fhupahyak;fhupahyak;fhupahyak; fhupahyankhd;wpy; vOj;J Ntiyfs;> xOq;fikg;G

Ntiyfisr; rupahfr; nra;Ak; tpUg;G> jpl;lkplyhsu;;>

e pu ;thfpfs; > nrayhsu ;fs; > fhu pahya Copau ;fs; >

tuNtw ;ghsu ;fs ; > tq;f p vOJtpidQu ;fs ; > fzpdp

nraw;gLj;Jgtu;fs; MfpNahu; ,jpylq;Ftu;. fhupahya

NtiyfSf;F fzf;F gjpjy;> epjpf;fl;Lg;ghL> juT

xOq;FgLj;Jjy; Nghd;w Ntiyfspy; <LgLk; fzpdp

njhopDl;gtpayhsu;fs;> rl;lty;Ydu;fs;> nghUspayhsu;fs;

Nghd;w njhopy;fs; vd;wthWk; ,it gue;J nry;Yk;.

kf;fs; njhlu;Gkf;fs; njhlu;Gkf;fs; njhlu;Gkf;fs; njhlu;Gkf;fs; njhlu;G kdpju;fspd; eyd;Gup NtiyfSf;Fs;s tpUg;G> ,j;njhopiy

Nju;e;njLf;ff; fhuzkhFk;. Mrpupau;fs;> jhjpfs;> nghyPrhu;>

eyd;Gup mjpfhupfs;> kf;fSld; neUq;fpa njhlu;igf;

nfhz;ltu;fshtu;. tpw;gidahsu;fs;> fhrhsu;fs;> czTr;

rhiy Nrtfu;fs;> vOJtpidQu; Nghd;w njhopy; nra;gtu;fs;

,t;tifNahuhtu;.


ckf;Fj; jug;gl;Ls;s nrayl;ilia thrpj;J gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;F tpilaspf;fTk;.

1. ,q;F jug;gl;Ls;s tpUg;Gf;Fupa Jiwiag; ngaupLf.

2. xt;nthU tpUg;Gf;Fupa Jiwiar; Nru;e;j %d;W Ntiyfisg; ngaupLf.

3. ePq;fs; kpfTk; tpUk;Gk; JiwapypUe;J xU njhopiyj; Nju;e;njLq;fs;.

4. mj;njhopiyj; Nju;e;njLg;gjw;fhd NtW fhuzq;fisr; RUf;fkhf vOJq;fs;.

101

nraw;ghL 9.6.2.1nraw;ghL 9.6.2.1nraw;ghL 9.6.2.1nraw;ghL 9.6.2.1nraw;ghL 9.6.2.1

Nju;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r p : -: -: -: -: - Ntiy cyfpw;Fj; jahuhtu;

Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : -: -: -: -: - njhopy; mgptpUj;jpf;Fj; Njitahd kdg;ghq;if tsu;j;Jf;

nfhs;thu;.

nraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghL : -: -: -: -: - “ey;y njhopy;thz;ikahsuhtjw;F xU mwpTiu”



� vOJjhs;fs;


gb 9.6.2.1gb 9.6.2.1gb 9.6.2.1gb 9.6.2.1gb 9.6.2.1

� ,izg;G 9.6.2.1 ,y; Fwpg;gplg;gl;l ghj;jpuj;ij tFg;giwapy; ebj;Jf;fhl;LkhW

khztu;fSf;F mwpTiu toq;Ff.

� mg;ghj;jpuq;fspy; nrhy;yg;gl;ljd;gb gpd;tUk; tplaq;fisf; fUj;jpw;nfhz;L

fye;Jiuahliy Nkw;nfhs;sTk;.

F rpwe;j njhopy;thz;ikahsuplj;jpNy cs;s gz;Gfs; gy.

cjhuzk; :-

� tpidj;jpwd;> tpisjpwd;> njhopy;gw;W> mu;g;gzpg;G> flikfis

epiwNtw;wy;.

� tpidj;jpwDld; jd; njhopypy; <Lgly; mtrpak;. mj;Jld; mjdhy;

Vw;gLk; tpisjpwd; kpf mjpfkhFk;.

� jd; njhopypd; flikia rupahf epiwNtw;Wtjhy; jdpahsplj;jpy;

njhopy;gw;W Vw;gLk;. mj;Jld; tpisjpwid Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;Fk;

mf;fiwnaLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

(10 epkplq;fs;)

gb 9.6.2.2gb 9.6.2.2gb 9.6.2.2gb 9.6.2.2gb 9.6.2.2

� khztu;fisg; nghUj;jkhd Kiwapy; FOf;fshf;Fq;fs;.

� FOtpy; khztu;fspd; tpUg;gj;jpw;Nfw;w tpjj;jpy; nghUj;jkhd njhopnyhd;iwj;

njupTnra;Jnfhs;tjw;F mwpTiu toq;Fq;fs;.

1. mj;njhopiy njupTnra;jikf;fhd fhuzq;fs;.

2. tpidj;jpwd;> tpisjpwDld;$bajhf jd; njhopypy; <LgLk; tpjk;.

3. njhopypd; flikf;$Wfis epiwNtw;Wk; Kiw Nghd;wtw;iwj; njspTgLj;jp

tFg;gpd; Kd;dpiyapy; ciunahd;iw Mw;wj; jahuhFk;gb mwpTWj;jy; toq;fTk;.

(15 epkplq;fs;)

102

gb 9.6.2.3gb 9.6.2.3gb 9.6.2.3gb 9.6.2.3gb 9.6.2.3

� FOf;fs; jahu;nra;j ciuia tFg;gpy; epfo;j;jr; re;ju;g;gk; toq;fTk;.

� FOf;fspd; fUj;Jf;fisf; Nfl;lwpAq;fs;.

� ey;y fUj;Jf;fSf;F kjpg;gspj;J gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; ntspg;gLk; tifapy;

njhFg;Giuia Nkw;nfhs;Sq;fs;.

F ve;jj; njhopyhspAk; jdf;F xg;gilf;fg;gl;l gzpfis Kiwahf epiwNtw;w

Ntz;Lk;.

F ve;jnthU njhopyhspahYk; jukhd nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; Nritfis toq;f

KbAk;.

F xU epWtdj;jpd; my;yJ ehl;bd; Kd;Ndw;wj;Jf;F mu;g;gzpg;Gld; nraw;gly;

mtrpak;.

F mjD}lhf jdf;F jpUg;jpahd Nritia toq;Ftjw;F KbAk;.

F mjdhy; njhopypy; tpUj;jp Vw;gl toptFf;fyhk;.

(15 epkplq;fs;)


� njhopy; tpUj;jpf;F mtrpakhd gz;Gfis RUf;fkhf tpsf;Fthu;.

� nghUl;fs;> Nritfs; juKs;s tifapy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl Ntz;bajd; mtrpaj;ij

Vw;Wf;nfhs;thu;.

� tpidj;jpwd;> tpisjpwd; cs;sjhf nraw;gLk; Kiw> njhopy; kPjhd flikg;ghl;il

epiwNtw;Wk; Kiw Nghd;wtw;iw cs;slf;fpa ml;ltiz xd;iw Kd;itg;gjw;Fj;

jahuhthu;.

� njhopy; cyfpD}lhf r%fj;jpw;Fr; rpwe;j Nritia nra;tjw;F Kd;tUthu;.

� njhopy; cyfpNy VidNahUf;F Kd;khjpupahfr; nraw;glj; J}z;lg;gLthu;.

103


ehd; xU itj;jpau;. ehd; njhopypy; kpfTk; tpUg;gj;Jld;

<LgLfpNwd;. vd;dplk; tUk; NehahspfSld; ehd;

ey;yKiwapy; md;ghff; fijg;Ngd;. mtu;fs; vd;kPJ kpfTk;

md;G fhl;Lthu;fs;. mtu;fs; kfpo;r;rpAld; vdf;F ed;wp

nrYj;jptpl;Lj;jhd; ntspNa nry;thu;fs;. Nehahspfs;

tpiuthff; Fzkiltijf; fz;L ehd; re;NjhrkiltJld;

vdJ Nritapy; jpUg;jp milfpNwd;.

ehd; Xu; Mrpupau;. vdf;F xg;gilf;fg;gl;Ls;s fw;gpj;jy;

eltbf;ifia cupa fhyj;jpy; epiwNtw;WNtd;. vdJ

khztu;fs; midtUk; vd;dpy; md;G fhl;Lthu;fs;. mjdhy;

vdf;F fw;gpj;jy; vd;gJ kfpo;r;rpfukhdnjhd;whFk;. vd;dplk;

fy;tp fw;Fk; khztu;fs; midtUk; rpwe;j ngWNgw;iwg;

ngw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;wdu;. ehd; mjw;fhf ghupa mu;g;gzpg;igr;

nra;J tUfpd;Nwd;. mjdhy; vdJ ghlj;jpy; cau;

ngWNgw;iw ngwf;$bajhf cs;sJ. ehd; kpfTk; re;Njhrkhf

,Uf;fpd;Nwd;.

ehd; kuNtiyj; njhopy; nra;fpNwd;. fhiy 8 kzpf;F

Ntiyia Muk;gpj;J khiy 5 kzptiu njhlu;r;rpahf

Ntiy nra;fpNwd;. mjdhy; vd;Dila Ntiyia cupa

fhyNtisapy; epiwTnra;a KbAk;. mJ khj;jpukd;wp jukhd

nghUl;fisAk; Efu;NthUf;Fg; ngw;Wf;nfhLf;fpNwd;. mtu;fs;

vdJ nghUl;fSf;F kjpg;gspf;fpwhu;fs;. mt;Ntisapy;

vdf;F kpfTk; ngUikahf ,Uf;Fk;. ehd; njhopYf;Fupa

gapw;rpiaj; njhopw;gapw;rp epiyaj;jpypUe;J ngw;Wf;

nfhz ;N ; ld ; . vdJ tUkhdk ; Fw pj ;J ehd ;

re;Njhrkilfpd;Nwd;.

Ranjhopy; xd;iwr; nra;tjd; %yk; tUthiag; ngw;Wf;

nfhs;fpNwd;. mjdhy; vdJ njhopiy Muk;gpf;Fk; NeuNkh>

Kbf;Fk; NeuNkh ,y;iy. vdf;F Kbe;jsT Neuj;ijg;

gad;gLj;jp vdJ njhopiyr; nra;fpNwd;. ehd; nfhQ;rk;

%yjdk; Nrfupj;Jj; jhd; vdJ njhopiy Muk;gpj;Njd;.

rpy ehl;fspd; gpd; ehd; nrytopj;j gzj;ijg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s

Kbe;jJ. vdJ mu;g;gzpg;G> mf;fiw fhuzkhf (ey;y

nghUl;fs;) jukhd nghUl;fis re;ijf;F mDg;Gtjhy;

vdJ nghUl;fs; tpiuthf tpw;gidahfpd;wd. vdJ

tpahghuk; ntw;wpfukhf ,Ug;gJld; vd;dplk; nghUl;fis

tpiynfhLj;J thq;Fk; Efu;NthUk; re;Njhrkilfpd;wdu;.

mtu;fs; vdJ nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; NtW nghUl;fSld;;

cw;gj;jpahsu;fspd; nghUl;fis xg;gpl;L kjpg;gspj;Jg;

NgRthu;.

itj;jpau;:

Mrpupau;:

njhopyhsp:

Ranjhopy; nra;gtu;:

103

ghfk; 2ghfk; 2ghfk; 2ghfk; 2ghfk; 2

FbAupikf;fy;tpFbAupikf;fy;tpFbAupikf;fy;tpFbAupikf;fy;tpFbAupikf;fy;tp

104

9.1 ehk; thOk; r%fk;9.1 ehk; thOk; r%fk;9.1 ehk; thOk; r%fk;9.1 ehk; thOk; r%fk;9.1 ehk; thOk; r%fk;



FLk;g myFfs; xU $l;Lj; njhifahdhy; r%fnkhd;W cUthfpd;wJ. R%fnkhd;wpy;

cWg;gpdu;fshf thOk;NghJ me;j cWg;gpdu;fspd; vjpu;ghu;g;Gfis epiwNtw;wpf;nfhs;s

r%fj;jpd; VNjh xU tifahd epu;thfk; ,Ug;gJ mtrpakhfpwJ. mjd;%yk; r%fj;jpy;

KwpT Vw;glhJ jtpu;f;fg;gl;L r%fj;jpd; fhg;G fl;bnaOg;gg;gLfpd;wJ. jdpahs; eyDf;Fk;

mgptpUj;jpf;Fk; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak; tpjj;jpy; r%fj;jpd; epu;thfj;Jf;Fg; gy;NtW rl;l

gpukhzq;fs;> rlq;F> rk;gpujhaq;fs;> rkaq;fs; Nghd;w gpuptpdhy; ngUksT gzpfs;

Mw;wg;gLfpd;wd. r%ff; fhg;gpid Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhf ghlrhiy> rka> epWtdq;fSk;

gq;fspg;Gr; nra;fpd;wd. fhty;Jiw> Kg;gilapdu; Nghd;w mikg;gfs; r%ff; fhg;gpid

Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhf ngupasT gzpapid Mw;Wfpd;wd. jdp egu; xUtUf;F r%fj;jpdhy;

fpilf;fg;ngWk; fhg;G> ghJfhg;G vd;gd r%fg;ghJfhg;G vd kpf ,yFthf mwpKfg;

gLj;jyhk;. r%ff; fhg;Gld; ,ize;j egu;fspdJk; epWtdq;fspdJk; gzpfis ,dq;

fz;lthW mJ njhlu;ghd fw;ifapy; khztiu <LgLj;JtJ ,e;j myfpd; %yk;


Nju;r;rpNju;r;rpNju;r;rpNju;r;rpNju;r;rp$l;lhd nraw;ghL fspd; Clhf r%fg; ghJfhg;ig cWjpg; gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjw;F

nray;uPjpapy; gq;f spg;Gr; nra;thu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs;Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs;Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs;Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs;Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs;� r%f ghJfhg;Gf;fhd jdpahspd; nghWg;Gf; fisAk; flikfis Ak;

epiwNtw;Wthu;.� r%f ghJfhg;gpd;kPJ gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak; gy;NtW epWtdq;fis mwpe;J

ngUkpjq; nfhz;l gpuir vd;w tifapy; xj;Jiog;Gld; fUkkhw;Wthu;.� $l;LwT ,af;fj;Jld; ,ize;J rf tho;T thOk; gpuirahfr; nraw;gLthu;.

105


9.1.1 r%ff; fhg;G9.1.1 r%ff; fhg;G9.1.1 r%ff; fhg;G9.1.1 r%ff; fhg;G9.1.1 r%ff; fhg;G

� VNjDk; xUtUf;F cly; uPjpahd mr;rk; VJkpd;wp tho;f;ifia elhj;jpr; nry;y

r%fj;jpypUe;J fpilf;Fk; fhg;Gk; ghJfhg;Gk; r%ff; fhg;ghFk;.

� r%fj;jpw;Fk; jdpahSf;Fkpilapyhd njhlu;G r%fk; vd;gjhy; fUjg;gLtJ VNjDk;

xU epyg;gFjpapy; thOfpd;w xU ,dj;jtu; my;yJ gy;NtW kf;fs; njhifapdu;

jkJ Njitfis epiwNtw;wpf;nfhs;tjw;fhff; fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;Ls;s mikg;Gfs;

Nghd;w tiyaikg;Gfspd; $l;lhFk;.

� r%fkhdJ jdpegu; $l;lnkhd;wpd; nkhj;jkhFk;.

� jdpegUf;Fk; r%fj;Jf;Fk; ,ilapy; Neubj; njhlu;Gfs; ,Uj;jy;.

� ey;ynjhU r%f tho;itf; nfhz;L nry;y jdpegu;fSf;fpilapy; ,ilj;njhlu;Gfs;

mtrpakhFk;.

r%ff; fhg;gpy; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak; epWtdq;fshtd:

- FLk;gk; - rka epWtdq;fs;

- ghlrhiy - r%f mikg;Gfs;

r%ff; fhg;gpw;fhfg;r%ff; fhg;gpw;fhfg;r%ff; fhg;gpw;fhfg;r%ff; fhg;gpw;fhfg;r%ff; fhg;gpw;fhfg;

gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak;gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak;gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak;gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak;gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak;

epWtdq;fs;epWtdq;fs;epWtdq;fs;epWtdq;fs;epWtdq;fs;

r%ff; fhg;gpw;fhf toq;fg;gLk;r%ff; fhg;gpw;fhf toq;fg;gLk;r%ff; fhg;gpw;fhf toq;fg;gLk;r%ff; fhg;gpw;fhf toq;fg;gLk;r%ff; fhg;gpw;fhf toq;fg;gLk;

gq;fspg;Ggq;fspg;Ggq;fspg;Ggq;fspg;Ggq;fspg;G

FLk;gk;

ghlrhiy

rka epWtdq;fs;

r%f mikg;Gf;fs;

� mbg;gilj; jpwd;fis toq;fy;.

� csuPjpahd Njitfis toq;fy;.

� r%fkakhf;fy;.

� ghJfhg;igAk; fhg;igAk; toq;fy;.

� ew;gof;f tof;fq;fs;> rk;gpujhaq;fs; vd;gtw;iw

vjpu;fhyr; re;jjpapdUf;Fg; nghWg;Gf; nfhLj;jy;.

� mwpT> jpwd;> kdg;ghq;F vd;gtw;why; KOikaile;j

ew;gpuirfis cUthf;fy;.

� vj pu ;fhyr ; rthy ;fSf ;F Kfq ;nfhLf ;ff ;$ba

ew;gpuirfis cUthf;fy;.

� ey;y> r%fka> ew;FzKs;s gpuirfis cUthf;fy;.

� r%fkakhf;fy;.

� cupikfs;> flikfs; njhlu;gpy; mDgtq;fisg; ngw;Wf;

nfhLj;jy;.

� Md;kpf tpUj;jpia Vw;gLj;jy;.

� fl;Lg;ghl;ilAk; ey;nyhOf;fj;ijAk; Vw;gLj;jy;.

� rpwe;j kdg;ghq;if Vw;gLj;jy;.

� cWg;gpdupilNa $l;L kdg;ghq;if Vw;gLj;jy;.

� rl;lj;Jf;Ff; fPo;g;gbe;J nraw;gLtjw;Fg; goFjy;.

� Rakupahijia Vw;gLj;jy;.

� cupikfisAk; flikfisAk; epiwNtw;wg; goFjy;.

� Kuz;ghLfisf; Fiwj;jy;.

106

9.1.29.1.29.1.29.1.29.1.2 r%ff; fhg;ig Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s nghwpfs;>r%ff; fhg;ig Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s nghwpfs;>r%ff; fhg;ig Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s nghwpfs;>r%ff; fhg;ig Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s nghwpfs;>r%ff; fhg;ig Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s nghwpfs;>

rl;lg; gpukhzq;fSld; njhlu;ghd jdpg;gl;l nghWg;Gfs;:rl;lg; gpukhzq;fSld; njhlu;ghd jdpg;gl;l nghWg;Gfs;:rl;lg; gpukhzq;fSld; njhlu;ghd jdpg;gl;l nghWg;Gfs;:rl;lg; gpukhzq;fSld; njhlu;ghd jdpg;gl;l nghWg;Gfs;:rl;lg; gpukhzq;fSld; njhlu;ghd jdpg;gl;l nghWg;Gfs;:

� murpayikg;Gr; rl;lk;

� ePjpkd;wk;

� fhty;Jiw

� ghJfhg;Gg; gilfs;

� ,zf;f rigfs;

� FiwNfs; mjpfhup

� murpdhy; gpwg;gpf;fg;gLk; rl;lg; gpukhzq;fs;

r%ff; fhg;ig Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhfr%ff; fhg;ig Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhfr%ff; fhg;ig Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhfr%ff; fhg;ig Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhfr%ff; fhg;ig Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhf

gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak; nghwpKiwfSk;gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak; nghwpKiwfSk;gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak; nghwpKiwfSk;gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak; nghwpKiwfSk;gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak; nghwpKiwfSk;

epWtdq;fSk;epWtdq;fSk;epWtdq;fSk;epWtdq;fSk;epWtdq;fSk;

r%ff; fhg;Gf;fhfg;r%ff; fhg;Gf;fhfg;r%ff; fhg;Gf;fhfg;r%ff; fhg;Gf;fhfg;r%ff; fhg;Gf;fhfg;

gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak; tpjk;gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak; tpjk;gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak; tpjk;gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak; tpjk;gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak; tpjk;

murpayikg;Gr; rl;lk;

ePjpkd;wq;fs;

,zf;f rigfs;

fhty; Jiw

ghJfhg;Gg; gilapdu;

FiwNfs; mjpfhup

murpdhy; gpwg;gpf;fg;gLk; rl;lg;

gpukhzq;fs;.

� mbg;gil cupikfs; rl ;lj ;j pdhy;

cWjpg;gLj;jy;.

� mbg;gil cupikfs; kPwg;gl;lhy; vLf;ff;

$ba toptiffs; fhl;lg;gly;

� ePjpia epiyehl;Ljy;

� rl;lj;ij tpahf;fpahdg;gLj;jYk; tpsf;f

kspj;jYk;.

� r pW g pzf ;Ffis ,zf ;fj ;Jf ;F

cs;shf;fy;

� nghJkf;fs; ghJfhg;igAk; rkhjhdj;ij

Ak; Nkw;nfhs;sy;.

� Fw;wthspfisr ; rl ;lj ;j pw ;F Kd;

nfhz;Ltuy;.

� Njr pa ghJfhg ;ig cWjp nra ;J

mjidf; nfhz;L nry;yy;.

� mur vjpu;g;Gr; nray;fis mlf;Fjy;

(gaq;futhj ,af;fk;> rptpy; Nghuhl;lk;)

� mur Nritahsupd; cupikfisg;

ghJfhj;jy;.

� gpuirfspd; cupikfisg; ghJfhg;gjw;

fhf rptpy; rl;lq;fisAk; Fw;wtpay;

rl;lj; njhFg;igAk; nraw;gLj;jy;.

107

(r%ff; fhg;ig Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhf fhty;Jiw Kg;gilapdu; kw;Wk; rptpy;

ghJfhg;Gg;gil gw;wpa jfty;fisr; Nrfupg;gjw;F khztiu <LgLj;jTk;)

9 . 1 . 39 . 1 . 39 . 1 . 39 . 1 . 39 . 1 . 3 $l;LwT ,af;fj;ij mwpKfQ; nra;jy;$l;LwT ,af;fj;ij mwpKfQ; nra;jy;$l;LwT ,af;fj;ij mwpKfQ; nra;jy;$l;LwT ,af;fj;ij mwpKfQ; nra;jy;$l;LwT ,af;fj;ij mwpKfQ; nra;jy;

• jdpegu; FOnthd;wpdhy; rftho;T mbg;gilapy; r%f ey;tho;it Vw;gLj;J

tjw;fhf rkj;Jtj;ij mbg;gilahff;nfhz;L Ra tpUg;Gld;

fl;bnaOg;gg;Lk; mikg;G> $l;LwT vd;W miof;fg;glyhk;.

• $l;Lwtpd; Nehf;fq;fs;

§ cWg;gpdupd; Njitfis epiwNtw;wy;.

§ kf;fSf;F kpfr; rpwg;ghf thOk; topia Vw;gLj;jy;.

§ mgptpUj;jpaile;JtUk; ehl;Lkf;fspd; tho;f;if epiyia

Nkk;gLj;j cjTjy;.

• ,yq;ifapy; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLk; $l;LwTr; rq;f tiffs;

§ gy;Nehf;Ff; $l;LwTr; rq;fk;

§ fld; toq;Fk; $l;LwTr; rq;fk;

§ tptrha cw;gj;jpahsupd; $l;LwTr; rq;fk;

§ ghlrhiyf; $l;LwTr; rq;fk;

• ghlrhiyf; $l;LwTr; rq;fj;jpdhy; khztu; ngwf;$ba Nritfs;

§ ghlrhiyf; fhfpjhjpg; nghUl;fis kypthd tpiyapy;

ngw;Wf;nfhs;sy;.

§ czTg; nghUl;fis kypthfg; ngwf;$bajhapUj;jy;.

§ tpisahl;L cgfuzq;fis kypthd tpiyapy; ngwf;$bajh

apUj;jy;.

§ khztupd; Vida Njitfis epiwNtw;wy;.

§ jiyikj;Jtg; gapw;rp

§ $l;LwT tho;f;ifg; ghzpf;Fg; goFjy;

• gy;Nehf;Ff; $l;LwTr; rq;fq;fspdhy; toq;fg;gLk; Nritfs;

§ fpuhkpa kl;lj;jpy; kf;fSf;Fr; Nritahw;Wtjw;fhf “$l;LwT> gpuNjr

rq;fq;fis” elhj;Jjy;.

§ fld; toq;Fk; rq;fq;fis elhj;Jjy;.

§ itj;jparhiyfis epWtp Rfhjhu Nritfis elhj;Jjy;.

§ kuzhjhu Nritfis toq;Ftjw;fhfg; gq;fspj;jy;.

§ Nghf;Ftuj;Jr; Nritfis toq;Ftjw;fhfg; gq;fspj;jy;

108


Nju;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r p : -: -: -: -: - $l;lhd nraw;ghLfspd; Clhf r%fg; ghJfhg;ig cWjpg;

gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjw;F nray;uPjpapy; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;thu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : -: -: -: -: - r%f ghJfhg;Gf;fhd jdpahspd; nghWg;Gf; fisAk; flikfis

Ak; epiwNtw;Wthu;.

nraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghL : -: -: -: -: - “r%ff; fhg;igf; fl;bnaOg;GNthk;”


ju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPL : -: -: -: -: - � 9.1.1.1. ,izg;Gf;fhd ghlq;fs;

� 9.1.1.2 f;F cupa nraw;ghl;Lg; gj;jpuk;

� A4 fljhrp

� khf;fu; Ngid (Marker Pen)


gb 9.1.1.1gb 9.1.1.1gb 9.1.1.1gb 9.1.1.1gb 9.1.1.1

� 9.1.1.1 ,izg;Gf;fhd glj;ij Kd;itf;fTk;.

� glj;ij mtjhdpg;gjw;F tha;g;gspf;fTk;.

� glj;jpy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;stw;iwg; gw;wp gFg;gha;T nra;a rpy khztUf;F tha;g;gspf;fTk;.

� gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; NknyOk; tpjkhff; fye;Jiuahlypy; <LglTk;.

F gps;isfspd; ghJfhg;Gf; Fwpj;J taJte;Njhu; mf;fiwahf ,Uj;jy;.

F ghJfhg;ghdJ midtUf;Fk; Kf;fpa NjitahFk;.

F jdpegu; xUtUf;Fr; r%fj;jpypUe;J fpilf;Fk; fhg;Gk;> ghJfhg;Gk; r%ff;

fhg;ghFk;.

gb 9.1.1.2gb 9.1.1.2gb 9.1.1.2gb 9.1.1.2gb 9.1.1.2

� khztiu nghUj;jkhd tifapy; FOf;fshf;fTk;.

� ,izg;G 9.1.1.2 ,w;fhd nraw;ghl;Lg; gj;jpuj;ij toq;fTk;.

� FOf;fSf;Ff; fljhrp> khf;fu; Ngidfis toq;fTk;.

� FOf;fspilNa elkhbathW khztUf;Fj; Njitahd topfhl;liy toq;fTk;.

(20 epkplq;fs;)

gb 9.1.1.3gb 9.1.1.3gb 9.1.1.3gb 9.1.1.3gb 9.1.1.3

� FOf;fSf;Fr; nraw;ghl;il Kd;itf;f tha;g;gspf;fTk;.

� gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; NknyOk; tpjkhff; fye;Jiuahliy elhj;jTk;.

(05 epkplq;fs;)

109

F rfyUf;Fk; r%ff; fhg;G Njit.

F r%ff; fhg;gpy; FLk;gk;> ghlrhiy> r%f epWtdq;fSk; r%f mikg;GfSk;

gq;fspg;Gr; nra;fpd;wd.

F mbg;gilj; Njitfis toq;fpathW ew;gpuir r%fj;Jf;Fg; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;jy;

r%ff; fhg;Gf;F vd nra;ag;gLk; xU gzpahFk;.

F ghlrhiy r%ff; fhg;Gf;Fg; gq;fspg ;Gr ; nra;tJ rpwe;j mwptpdhYk;

xOf;fj;jpdhYk; KOikahf khztiu r%fj;jpw;Fg; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;tjd;

%ykhFk;.

F ey;nyhOf;fj;jpdhYk; ew;gz;GfshYk; KOikaile;j khztiu r%fj;Jf;Fg;

gq;fspg;Gr; nra;tjd; %yk; r%f fhg;gpDf;F rkaj; jhgdq;fs; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;fpd;wd.

F ePjpia epiy ehl;ly; kw;Wk; rl;lj;ij kPWNthUf;F jz;lid toq;Ftjd; %yk;

ePjpkd;wq;fSk; kdpj cupikfisf; fhg;gjw;Fg; gq;fspg;gjhy; r%ff; fhg;Gf;Fg;

gq;fspg;Gr; nra;fpd;wd.

(15 epkplq;fs;)

fzpg;gPl;L kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs;fzpg;gPl;L kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs;fzpg;gPl;L kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs;fzpg;gPl;L kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs;fzpg;gPl;L kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs;

� r%ff; fhg;Gf;fhfg; gy;NtW epWtdq;fs; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;fpd;wnjdf; $Wthu;.

� r%ff; fhg;igf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;fhf ,e;j epWtdq;fspdhy; Mw;wg;gLk; gzpfis

kjpg;ghu;.

� gpuir vd;wtifapy; r%ff; fhg;ig Vw;gLj;Jtjw;F jkJ flikfis epiwNtw;Wthu;.

� Mf;fg;G+u;tkhfr; nraw;gLthu;.

� FOr; nraw;ghLfis Mf;fg+u;tkhf Kd;itg;ghu;.


� jdpahs; ghJfhg;G njhlu;gpy; gpd;tUk; re;ju;g;gq;fs;> nraw;ghLfis nghUj;jkhd

tifapy; njhFj;J rpe;jidf; fpswiy Nkw;nfhs;sTk;.

� tPl;bDs; rpW gps;isfSl;F Vw;glf;$ba mdu;j;jk; njhlu;gpy; cgfuznkhd;iwj;

jahupj;Jf; nfhs;sTk;.

� tPl;bw;F ntspNa maw;#oypy; rpW gps;isfSf;F kl;Lkd;wp taJte;NjhUf;Fk;

Vw;glf;$ba mdu;j;jk; njhlu;gpyhd tplak;.

110


nraw;ghl;Lg; gj;jpuk;nraw;ghl;Lg; gj;jpuk;nraw;ghl;Lg; gj;jpuk;nraw;ghl;Lg; gj;jpuk;nraw;ghl;Lg; gj;jpuk;


r%fg; ghJfhg;gpd; kPJ ghjpg;Gr; nrYj;Jk; FLk;gj;jpd; gq;fspg;G

njhlu;ghd fUj;Jf;fisj; njhFj;jy;.


r%fg; ghJfhg;gpd; kPJ ghjpg;Gr; nrYj;Jk; ghlrhiyapd; gq;fspg;G



r%fg; ghJfhg;gpd; kPJ ghjpg;Gr; nrYj;Jk; rka epWtdq;fspd; gq;fspg;G



r%fg; ghJfhg;gpd; kPJ ghjpg;Gr; nrYj;Jk; ePjpkd;wj;jpd; gq;fspg;G



r%fg; ghJfhg;gpd; kPJ ghjpg;Gr; nrYj;Jk; nghyp]; kw;Wk; Kg;gilapd;

gq;fspg;G njhlu;ghd fUj;Jf;fisj; njhFj;jy;.

111



gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjw;F nray;uPjpapy; gq;f spg;Gr; nra;thu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : -: -: -: -: - r%f ghJfhg;gpd;kPJ gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak; gy;NtW epWtdq;fis

mwpe;J ngUkpjq; nfhz;l gpuir vd;w tifapy; xj;Jiog;Gld;

fUkkhw;Wthu;.

nraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghL : -: -: -: -: - “r%ff;fhg;G njhlu;gpy; jdpahs; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak; tpjj;ijj;

NjbawpNthk;”


ju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPL : -: -: -: -: - � ,izg;G 9.1.2.1 fy;yhAjq;fisf; fhl;Lk; cUf;fs;.

� ,izg;G 9.1.2.2 cupa nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk;


gb 9.1.2.1gb 9.1.2.1gb 9.1.2.1gb 9.1.2.1gb 9.1.2.1

� ,izg;G 9.1.2.1. ,w;Fupa nraw;ghl;Lg; gj;jpuj;ij tFg;gpy; rku;g;gpf;fTk;.

� gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fis khztUf;F Kd;itj;jthNw mjidf;nfhz;L ciuahliy

elj;jTk;.

1. r%ff;fhg;ig Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhfg; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak; epWtdq;fs; ahit?

2. me;epWtdq;fshy; Mw;wg;gLk; gzpfs; ahit?

3. ,jd;%yk; r%ff; fhg;Gf;fhf Mw;wg;gLk; gzpfs; ahit?

F r%ff; fhg;ig Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhfg; gy;NtW epWtdq;fs; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;fpd;wd.

F me;epWtdq;fspd; %yk; r%ff; fhg;gpDs; ngUk; gzpfs; Mw;wg;gLfpd;wd.

F r%ff;fhg;G iftpl;Lg;Nghtjhy; r%fj;jpd; epiyg;ghl;Lf;F mr;RWj;jyhfpd;wJ.

F gu];gu njhlu;Gfis tpUj;jp nra;jthW ghJfhg;ghd tho;f;ifKiwia

mikj;Jf;nfhs;tjpy; r%ff; fhg;G ngUk; ce;J rf;jpahf mikfpd;wJ.

(10 epkplq;fs;)


� Vw;wthwhf khztiuf; FOf;fshf;fTk;.

� xt;nthU FOtpdUf;Fk; ,izg;G 9.1.2.2. ,w;Fupa nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuj;ij toq;fTk;.

� jk; FOtpdUf;Ff; fpilj;j nraw;ghl;Lg; gj;jpuj;Jf;Fupa jiyg;Gf;F mika rpW

ghj;jpuNkw;W ebj;jnyhd;iw Maj;jk; nra;aTk;. (3 epkplk; msT)

� Njitahd mwpTWj;jy;fisAk; topfhl;liyAk; toq;fpathW ghj;jpuNkw;W ebj;jiy

Kd;itf;fr; re;ju;g;gkspf;fTk;.

(20 epkplq;fs;)

112

gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; NknyOk; tpjkhff; fye;Jiuahlypy; <LglTk;.gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; NknyOk; tpjkhff; fye;Jiuahlypy; <LglTk;.gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; NknyOk; tpjkhff; fye;Jiuahlypy; <LglTk;.gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; NknyOk; tpjkhff; fye;Jiuahlypy; <LglTk;.gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; NknyOk; tpjkhff; fye;Jiuahlypy; <LglTk;.

F r%ff; fl;Lg;ghl;il Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhf FLk;gj;jpd;%yk; Cl;lk;> ghJfhg;G> md;G>

fUiz> gupT> Neak;> fy;tp vd;gd fpilf;fpd;wd.

F FLk;gj;jpd; Clhf r%ff; fhg;Gf;Fupa mbg;gil fpilf;fpd;wJ.

F rka epWtdk;> fhtw;Wiw> ghJfhg;Gg;gil> ghlrhiy> ePjpkd;wk; Nghd;w

epWtdq;fs; r%ff; fhg;ig Vw;gLj;J tjw;fhf ngUk; gzpia Mw;Wfpd;wd.

F r%ff; fhg;G ,y;yhjNghJ r%fj;jpd; epiyNgWf;F CW tpisfpd;wJ.

F r%ff; fhg;Gf;fhf jdpegupdhYk; Mw;wg;gl Ntz;ba flikfSk;> nghWg;GfSk;

,ilawhJ epiwNtw;wg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

(10 epkplq;fs;)

fzpg;gPl;L kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs;fzpg;gPl;L kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs;fzpg;gPl;L kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs;fzpg;gPl;L kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs;fzpg;gPl;L kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs;

� r%ff; fhg;Gf;fhfg; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak; epWtdq;fisg; ngaupLthu;.

� me;epWtdq;fspdhy; Mw;wg;gLk; Nritfis kjpj;jthW ciuahw;Wthu;.

� ghlrhiyr; r%fj;jpd; cWg;gpdu; vd;w tifapy; r%ff;fhg;Gf;Fg; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;thu;.

� FOthfr; nraw;ghl;by; epiyj;jpUg;ghu;.

� r%ff; fhg;ig Vw;gLj;j gq;fspg;Gr; nra;thu;.


r%ff; fhg;gpy; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;tdr%ff; fhg;gpy; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;tdr%ff; fhg;gpy; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;tdr%ff; fhg;gpy; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;tdr%ff; fhg;gpy; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;td

F FLk;gk;

F ghlrhiy

F rka epWtdq;fs;

F fhty;JiwAk; ghJfhg;Gg;gilAk;

F ePjpkd;wk;

113


r%ff; fhg;Gf;Ff; FLk;gq;fs; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak; tpjj;ijg; gw;wpa tplaq;fs;

njhlu;ghd ghj;jpuNkw;W ebj;jiy Kd;itj;jy; cq;fs; FOTf;fhd xg;gilahFk;.


r%ff; fhg;gpy; ghlrhiyfs; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak; tpjj;ijg; gw;wpa tplaq;fs;

njhlu;ghfg; ghj;jpuNkw;W ebj;jiy Kd;itj;jy; cq;fs; FOTf;fhd xg;gilahFk;.


r%ff; fhg;Gf;Fr; rkaj; jyq;fs; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak; tpjj;ijg; gw;wpa tplaq;fs;



r%ff; fhg;Gf;F ePjpkd;wq;fs; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak; tpjj;ijg; gw;wpa tplaq;fs;



r%ff; fhg;Gf;Ff; fhty;JiwAk; Kg;gilAk; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak; tpjj;ijg; gw;wpa

tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghfg; ghj;jpuNkw;W ebj;jiy Kd;itj;jy; cq;fs; FOTf;fhd

xg;gilahFk;.



114

9.1.3 nraw;ghL9.1.3 nraw;ghL9.1.3 nraw;ghL9.1.3 nraw;ghL9.1.3 nraw;ghL



Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : -: -: -: -: - $l;LwT ,af;fj;Jld; ,ize;J rf tho;T thOk; gpui[ahfr;

nraw;gLthu;.

nraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghL : -: -: -: -: - “r%ff;fhg;ig Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhf mikf;fg;gl;Ls;s nghwpKiwfs;”


ju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPL : -: -: -: -: - � ,izg;G 9.1.3.1 ,w;Fupa glk;

� ,izg;G 9.1.3.2 ,w;Fupa nraw;ghl;Lg; gj;jpuk;

� A 4 fljhrp

� khf;fu; Ngidfs;


gb 9.1.3.1gb 9.1.3.1gb 9.1.3.1gb 9.1.3.1gb 9.1.3.1

� ,izg;G 9.1.3.1. ,w;Fupa glj;ij tFg;gpy; rku;g;gpf;fTk;.

� glj;ij mtjhdpg;gjw;Fr; re;ju;g;gk; toq;fTk;.

� glj;jpdhy; fhl;lg;gLtd gw;wpa gFg;gha;itr; nra;a khztu; rpyUf;Fr; re;ju;g;gk;

toq;fTk;. gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; NknyOk; tpjkhff; fye;JiuahlTk;.

F Njrpag; ghJfhg;ig cWjpnra;tjw;fhfr; nraw;gLjy; Kg;gilapdupd; gzpahFk;.

F Kg;gilapduhy; ehl;bd; ghJfhg;ig cWjpnra;tjw;fhf gy;NtW toptiffs;

vLf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

F ehl;by; rl;lj;ijAk; rkhjhdj;ijAk; ghJfhj;J elj;jpr; nry;Yjy; fhty;Jiwapd;

gzpahFk;.

F fhty; JiwapdUk; Kg;gilapdUk; tPjpj;jilfs; Nghd;wtw;iwg; gad;gLj;jp

thfdq;fisAk; nghJkf;fisAk; gupNrhjpg;gJ nghJkf;fspd; ghJfhg;Gf;

fhfthFk;.

F mt;thwhd re;ju;g;gq;fspy; gpuirfs; vd;wtpjj;jpy; ehk;; ghJfhg;Gg; gilapdUf;F

xj;Jiog;G toq;f Ntz;Lk;.

(10 epkpl;fs;)gb 9.1.3.2gb 9.1.3.2gb 9.1.3.2gb 9.1.3.2gb 9.1.3.2

� Vw;wthwhf khztiuf; FOf;fshf;fTk;.

� ,izg;G 9.1.3.2. ,w;Fupa nraw;ghl;Lg; gj;jpuj;ij toq;fTk;.

� FOf;fSf;fhf V 4 fljhrp;> khf;fu; Ngid vd;gtw;iw toq;fTk;.

� khztiuf; FOr;nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLj;jTk;.

� FOf;fspilNa elkhbathW khztUf;Fj; Njitahd topfhl;liy toq;fTk;.

(15 epkpl;fs;)

115

gb 9.1.3.3gb 9.1.3.3gb 9.1.3.3gb 9.1.3.3gb 9.1.3.3

� FOf;fSf;Fr; nraw;ghLfis Kd;itf;fr; re;ju;g;gk; toq;fTk;.

� gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; NkNyhq;Fk; tpjkhff; fye;Jiuahlypy; <LglTk;.

F ,uhZtk;> flw;gil> tpkhdg;gil vDk; Kg;gilapduhy; ehl;bd; ghJfhg;Gf;Fg;

gy;NtW eltbf;iffs; vLf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

F mt;thwhd Nritfis Mw;Wtjw;fhf Kg;gilapduhy; ngUksT mu;g;gzpg;Gfs;

nra;ag;gLfpd;wd.

F mt;thwhd mu;g;gzpg;Gf;fhfg; nghJkf;fs; mtu;fSf;F MjuT ey;Ffpd;wdu;.

F nghJkf ;fSf;Fr ; rl ;lj ;ijAk ; rkhjhdj ;ijAk ; ghJfhf ;Fk ;NghJ

fhty;Jiwapduhy; ngUk;gzp Mw;wg;gLfpd;wJ.

F Kg;gilapdUk; cs;slq;fpa ghJfhg;Gg; gpupTfspd; nray;topfSf;Fg;

nghJkf;fs; xj;Jiog;G toq;f Ntz;Lk;.

(15 epkplq;fs;)


� r%ff; fhg;gpid cWjp nra;tjw;fhf Kg;gilapdu;> fhty;Jiw> rptpy; ghJfhg;Gg;

gilazp Nghd;w epWtdq;fs; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;fpd;wd vd;W $Wthu;.

� r%ff; fhg;igf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;fhf ,e;epWtdq;fs; gzpfs; cupathwhf ,lk;ngw

Ntz;Lnkd;gij Vw;Wf; nfhs;thu;.

� gpuirnad;wtifapy; me;epWtdq;fs; nghJkf;fspd; fhg;ig Vw;gLj;Jtjw;Fg; gq;fspg;Gr;

nra;tij Vw;Wf;nfhs;thu;.

� mt;thwhd epWtdq;fshy; r%ff; fhg;Gf;fhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; toptiffSf;F

xj;Jiog;Gf; fhl;Lthu;.

� FOr; nraw;ghLfis Mf;fg+u;tkhfj; jahupj;J Kd;itg;ghu;.


fhty;Jiw> Kg;gilapduhy; tPjpj;jilfspd;NghJ thfdnkhd;iw> gazpfisg;

gupNrhjpf;Fk; glk; xd;iwj; jahupj;Jf; nfhs;SkhW Mrpupau;fs; mwpTWj;jg;gLfpd;wdu;.

116




r%ff;fhg;Gf;F ,uhZtg;gilapdu; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak; tpjj;ijg; gw;wpa tplaq;fisr;

Nrfupg;gJ cq;fs; FOTf;fhd xg;gilahFk;.


r%ff;fhg;Gf;F tpkhdg;gilapdu; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak; tpjj;ijg; gw;wpa tplaq;fisr;



r%ff;fhg;Gf;F flw;gilapdu; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak; tpjj;ijg; gw;wpa tplaq;fisr;



r%ff;fhg;Gf;Ff; fhty;Jiwapdu;; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak; tpjj;ijg; gw;wpa tplaq;fisr;



r%ff;fhg;Gf;F rptpy; ghJfhg;Gg;gilapdu; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak; tpjj;ijg; gw;wpa

tplaq;fisr; Nrfupg;gJ cq;fs; FOTf;fhd xg;gilahFk;.

117




Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : -: -: -: -: - $l;LwT ,af;fj;Jld; ,ize;J rf tho;T thOk; gpuirahfr;

nraw;gLthu;.

nraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghL : -: -: -: -: - “$l;LwT ,af;fj;jpdhy; Mw;wg;gLk; Nritfis ,dq;fhz;Nghk;”


ju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPL : -: -: -: -: - � ,izg;G 9.1.4.1. ,w;Fupa $l;LwT ,yr;rpid (jUtpj;Jf;nfhs;f)

� ,izg;G 9.1.4.2. ,w;Fupa nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk;

� V 4 fljhrp

� khf;fu; Ngidfs;

� gpwp];ly; ml;il


gb 9.1.4.1gb 9.1.4.1gb 9.1.4.1gb 9.1.4.1gb 9.1.4.1

� ,izg;G 9.1.4.1 ,y; Fwpg;gplg;gl;l $l;LwT ,yr;rpidia Kd;itf;fTk;.

� Nkw;gb glj;jpdhy; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk; tplaq;fs; gw;wp khztUld; fye;JiuahlTk;.

� ,J vjid ntspg;gLj;Jk; ,yr;rpid vd;gij khztuplk; tprhupf;fTk;.

� gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; ntspg;gLk; tpjkhff; fye;Jiuahliy elj;jTk;.

F jdpegu;fSf;F jkJ Njitfis Mw;wpf;nfhs;Sk; NghJ gy;NtW Kuz;ghLfs;

cs;sd.

F mjidj; jPu;g;gjw;F Mjp fhyj;jpypUe;J kdpjd; FOthfr; nraw;gl;lhd;.

F epfo;fhyj;jpy; kdpjdpd; Njitfis epiwNtw;Wk; NghJk; Kuz;ghLfSf;F

Kfq;nfhLf;fpd;whd;.

F ,t;thwhd gytpj Kuz;ghLfisj; jPu;j;Jf; nfhs;tjw;fhd Mw;wy; $l;LwT

,af;fj;jpd; %yk; fpilf;fpwJ.

(10 epkplq;fs;)

gb 9.1.4.2gb 9.1.4.2gb 9.1.4.2gb 9.1.4.2gb 9.1.4.2

� ,izg;G 9.1.4.1. ,y; Fwpg;gplg;gLk; nraw;ghl;Lg; gj;jpuj;ij mt;te;j FOf;fSf;F

toq;fTk;.

� FOr; nraw;ghl;Lf;fhfg; NghJkhd Neuj;ij toq;fTk;.

� Njitahd mwptWj;jy;fisAk; topfhl;ly;fisAk; ngw;Wf;nfhLf;fTk;.

(15 epkplq;fs;)

118

gb 9.1.4.3gb 9.1.4.3gb 9.1.4.3gb 9.1.4.3gb 9.1.4.3

� FOf;fspdhy; Nrfupf;fg;gLk; jfty;fis tFg;gpy; rku;g;gpf;fr; re;ju;g;gk; mspf;fTk;.

� rku;g;gpf;fg;gl;l jfty;fs; gw;wpa fUj;Jf;fis vLj;Jf;fhl;Ltjw;F FOtpd; Vida

khztUf;F tha;g;gspf;fTk;.

� mt;te;j FOtpdhy; Kd;itf;fg;gl;l jfty;fs; gw;wpa fUj;Jf;fisj; njuptpg;gjw;F

Vida FOf;fSf;F re;ju;g;gkspf;fTk;.

� gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; NknyOk; tpjkhff; fye;Jiuahliy elj;jTk;.

F ghlrhiyf; $l;LwT ,af;fq;fis epWTtjhy; ghlrhiy khztUf;Fj;

Njitahd fhfpjhjpfis kypthd tpiyf;Fg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;syhk;.

F $l;LwT ,af;fj;jpdu; vd;w tifapy; tho;f;if mDgtq;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s

ghlrhiyf; $l;LwT ,af;fk; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;fpd;wJ.

F mjid tpUj;jp nra;tjdhy; ghlrhiyf; $l;Lwtpd; %yk; NkYk; eyd;Gupr;

Nritfs; Muk;gpf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

F jkJ gFjpapy; “gy;Nehf;Ff; $l;LwTr; rq;fq;fs;’ r%f eyDf;Fupa gy;NtW

Nritfis Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wd.

F cq;fs; gpuNjrj;jpy; eilngWk; $l;LwT ,af;fj;ij elj;jpr; nry;Yjy;

mjd; xU NritahFk;.

F fld; toq;Fk; rq;fq;fspdhy; cld; gzj;NjitfSf;fhf kpff; Fiwe;j

tl;bf;F flidg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;syhk;.

F $l;LwT fpuhk tq;fpffs; %yk; Nrkpg;ig elj;jpr; nry;yy;> fld; ngw ;Wf ;

nfhs;sy;> kpd;rhug; gl;bay;> ePu;g;gl;bay; Nghd;wtw;iwr; nrYj;jtjw;F trjpfs;

Vw;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.

F md;whl tho;f;ifapd; Njitfis Mw;Wtjw;F $l;Lwtpd; %yk; ghupa

gzpfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd.

(15 epkplq;fs;)


� $l;LwT ,af;fj;jpdhy; Mw;wg;gLk; Nritfis tpgupg;ghu;.

� $l;LwT ,af;fk;> r%f mgptpUj;jpf;Fg; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak; xU epWtdk; vd;gij

kjpj;jthW fUj;Jf;fis ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.

� jdJ Njitfis Mw;Wtjw;fhf $l;LwT ,af;fj;jpdhy; Mw;wg;gLk; Nritfis

ml;ltizg;gLj;Jthu;.

� xw;Wikahf FOr; nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLthu;.

� $l;LwT ,af;fj;jpd; ngWkhdj;ijg; gw;wp VidNahUf;Fk; mwpar;nra;thu;.

119


$l;LwT ,af;f ,yr;rpid$l;LwT ,af;f ,yr;rpid$l;LwT ,af;f ,yr;rpid$l;LwT ,af;f ,yr;rpid$l;LwT ,af;f ,yr;rpid

cq;fSf;F maypYs;s $l;LwT ,af;f epWtdj;jpw;Fr; nrd;W mjd; ,yr;rpidia

tiue;J nfhz;L tuTk;.




cq;fs; gpuNjrj;jpy;; gy;Nehf;F $l;LwT rq;fj;jpdhy; Mw;wg;gLk; Nritfs; gw;wpa

rpW tpsf;fnkhd;iw Kd;itf;fTk;.


cq;fs; gpuNjrj;jpy; $l;LwT ,af;fj;jpdhy; Mw;wg;gLk; Nritfs; gw;wpr; RUf;fkhf

tpsf;fTk;.


cq;fs; gpuNjrj;jpy; $l;LwT fpuhkpa tq;fpapdhy; Mw;wg;gLk; Nritfisr;

RUf;fkhf tpsf;fTk;.


cq;fs; gpuNjrj;jpd; tptrha cw;gj;jpfSf;fhf epWtg;gl;Ls;s $l;LwT rq;fj;jpdhy;

Mw;wg;gLk; Nritfs; gwwpa tpguq;fis Kd;itf;fTk;.


cq;fs; ghlrhiyapy;/ maypy; cs;s ghlrhiyf; $l;LwT ,af;fj;jpdhy;

Mw;wg;gLk; Nritfs; gw;wpa tpguq;fis Kd;itf;fTk;.

120




Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : -: -: -: -: - $l;LwT ,af;fj;Jld; ,ize;J rf tho;T thOk; gpui[ahfr;

nraw;gLthu;.nraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghL : -: -: -: -: - “$l;LwT ,af;fj;jpdhy; Mw;wg;gLk; Nritia ,dq;fhz;Nghk;”


ju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPL : -: -: -: -: - � ,izg;G 9.1.5.1 ,w;Fupa $l;LwT ,af;fg;ghly;

� ,izg;G 9.1.5.2. ,w;Fupa nraw;ghl;Lg; gj;jpuk;

� V 4 fljhrp;> khf;fu; Ngidfs;

� gpwp];ly; ml;il


gb 9.1.5.1gb 9.1.5.1gb 9.1.5.1gb 9.1.5.1gb 9.1.5.1

� ,izg;G 9.1.5.1 ,w;Fupa $l;LwT ,af;fg; ghliy tFg;gpYs;s midtUk; xd;WNru;e;J

,irf;fTk;.

� gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; NknyOk; tpjkhf fye;Jiuahly; xd;iw elj;jTk;.

F $l;LwT ,af;fkhdJ “xUtu; gyUf;Fk; - gyu; xUtUf;Fk; “ vDk;

kFlthrfj;ij mbg;gilahff;nfhz;L nraw;gLfpd;wJ.

F jdpegu;fs; jkJ Njitfis epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;tjw;fhf xw;Wikahf

njhopw;gLk; ngWkhdj;ij tpsq;fpf; nfhz;Ls;sdu;.

F Xw;Wikahfj; njhopw;gLtjd; %yk; $l;LwT vdg;gLk; vz;zf;fU

cUthf;fjpw;F Njitahd mbg;gil fl;bnaOg;gg;gLfpd;wJ.

F rkj;Jt vz;zf;fUitf; fhg;gjd; %yk; $l;Lwit Kd;ndLj;Jr; nry;yyhk;.

(10 epkplq;fs;)

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� tFg;gpYs;s khztiu Vw;wthW FOf;fshf;fTk;.

� ,izg;G 9.1.5.2 ,w;Fupa nraw;ghl;Lg; gj;jpuj;ij FOf;fspilNa gfpuTk;.

� FOtpYs;s khztu;f;Fj; Njitahd mwpTiufis toq;fpathW nraw;ghl;Lf;Fj;

Njitahd tplaq;fisj; jpul;l topfhl;lTk;.

� FOtpDs; RatpUg;gj;Jld; jiytu; xUtu; Kd;tUtjw;F re;ju;g;gk; toq;fp> mtiuf;

nfhz;L 03 epkplq;fs; je;J FOtpdhy; ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;l jfty;fis Ngr;Rg;Nghl;bapd;

Njhuizapy; Kd;itf;fr; re;ju;g;gk; mspf;fTk;.

� gpd;tUk; tplaq;fis NknyOk; tpjkhff; fye;Jiuahliy elj;jTk;.

(15 epkplq;fs;)

121

F $l;LwT ,af;fkhdJ jkJ md;whlj; Njitfis epiwNtw;wpf;nfhs;Sk; Kf;fpa

ClfkhFk;.

F $l;LwT ,af;fkhdJ kdpjtho;tpd; ,d;wpaikahj mq;fkhf khwpAs;sJ.

F md;whlj; Njitfis epiwNtw;Wk;NghJ ,yhgkPl;Lk; Nehf;fj;ij tpLj;J

$l;LwT ,af;fk; nraw;gLtjhy; ,J nghJkf;fs; Nea mikg;ghf cs;sJ.

F $l;LwTld; kpfTk; xd;wpize;J vkJ tho;it ntw;wpfukhf Mf;fpf; nfhs;s

Ntz;Lk;.

(15 epkplq;fs;)


� $l;LwT ,af;fj;jpd; Njhw;wj;ijAk; Nehf;fq;fisAk; tpsf;Fthu;.

� jdpegu; Njitfis epiwNtw;wpf;nfhs;Sk; nghUl;L $l;LwT ,af;fj;jpdhy; ngUk;

gq;fspg;G toq;fg;gLtijf; $Wthu;.

� $l;LwT ,af;fj;jpd; ngWkhdj;ij tpsf;fpathW mjdhy; Mw;wg;gLk; Nritfis

kjpg;ghu;.

� FO czu;Tld; cupathW Neuj;ij Kfhikj;Jtk; nra;a Kaw;rpg;ghu;.

� jdJ tho;it $l;LwT ,af;fj;Jld; ,izj;Jf;nfhs;s KaYthu;.


$l;LwT ,af;fg;ghly;$l;LwT ,af;fg;ghly;$l;LwT ,af;fg;ghly;$l;LwT ,af;fg;ghly;$l;LwT ,af;fg;ghly;

(ghliyj;jUtpj;Jf; nfhs;SkhW Mrpupau;fs; mwpTWj;jg;gLfpd;wdu;.)(ghliyj;jUtpj;Jf; nfhs;SkhW Mrpupau;fs; mwpTWj;jg;gLfpd;wdu;.)(ghliyj;jUtpj;Jf; nfhs;SkhW Mrpupau;fs; mwpTWj;jg;gLfpd;wdu;.)(ghliyj;jUtpj;Jf; nfhs;SkhW Mrpupau;fs; mwpTWj;jg;gLfpd;wdu;.)(ghliyj;jUtpj;Jf; nfhs;SkhW Mrpupau;fs; mwpTWj;jg;gLfpd;wdu;.)

122




$l;LwT ,af;fj;jpd; Njhw;wKk; mjd; Fwpf;Nfhs;fSk; gw;wpa ciunahd;iw

Kd;itg;gNj cq;fs; FOTf;fhd xg;gilahFk;.


$l;LwT ,af;fj;jpd; Njhw;wKk; mjd; Fwpf;Nfhs;fSk; gw;wpa ciunahd;iw

Mw;wy; cq;fs; FOTf;fhd xg;gilahFk;.


‘$l;LwTr; rq;ftiffSk; mtw;iw mikj;Jf;nfhs;Sk; tpjKk; “ vd;gJ

gw;wpa ciunahd;iw Mw;wy; cq;fs; FOTf;fhd xg;gilahFk;.


‘ghlrhiyf; $l;LwT ,af;fj;jpypUe;J ngwg;gLk; Nritfs;’ vd;gJ gw;wpa

ciunahd;iw Mw;wy; cq;fs; FOTf;fhd xg;gilahFk;.


$l;LwT rq;fj;jpdhy; Mw;wg;gLk; Nritfs; gw;wpa ciunahd;iw Mw;wy;


123

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,d;iwa etPd njhopDl;gg; nghUshjhuj;jpy; cw;gj;jp> tpepNahfk;> tu;j;jfk; Mfpa

Jiwfspy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f nry;thf;ifr; nrYj;jpAs;sJ. njhopDl;g nry;thf;fpdhy;

nghUshjhuj;jpy; Vw;gl;l ,k;khw;wk; njhopy;JiwapYk; gy;NtW tpjj;jpy; jhf;fk;

nrYj;jpAs;sJ.

njhopDl;gj;jpy; Vw;gl;l Jupj Kd;Ndw;wk; r%f khw;wj;jpYk; ngUk; nry;thf;Fr;

nrYj;jpAs;sJ. ,j;Jupj njhopDl;g Kd;Ndw;wk; r%fj;jpy; ed;ikfisg;NghyNt

jPikfisAk; Vw;gLj;Jk; epiyia Vw;gLj;jpAs;sJ. ,e;etPd njhopDl;gkhdJ r%fj;jpy;

ed;ikfs; Vw;gLtjw;Fj; jilahd tplaq;fspy; <u;f;fg;gLk; r%fj;ij cUthf;Ftjpy;

ntw;wp nfhz;Ls;sJ.

njhopDl;g Kd;Ndw;wk; ngUk; r%f khw;wj;Jf;Fk; fhuzkhf cs;sJ. Mf;fj; jpwDs;s

gpui[fs; vd;wtifapy; njhopDl;gj;ij r%f nghUshjhu Kd;Ndw;wj;jf;Fg;

gad;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; njhopDl;gk; %yk; r%f Kd;Ndw;wj;Jf;Fj; jilahd ghjfkhd

nry;thf;Ffis ,optsthf;Ftjw;Fk; Njitahd mwpT> kdg;ghq;F> jpwd; tpUj;jpf;F

cupa re;ju;g;gq;fis toq;FjNy ,e;j myiff; fw;gjd; %yk; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

Nju;r;rp :Nju;r;rp :Nju;r;rp :Nju;r;rp :Nju;r;rp :

r%f ed;ik kPJ> gq;fspf;Fk; njhopDl;g> r%f nghUshjhu khw;wq;fSf;F

,irthfr; nraw;gLthu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk;:Nju;r;rp kl;lk;:Nju;r;rp kl;lk;:Nju;r;rp kl;lk;:Nju;r;rp kl;lk;:

� rkfhy khw;wq;fSf; $lhf jdpahs;> r%f mgptpUj;jpapy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk;

khw;wq;fis EZfpaha;thu;.

� nghUshjhuj;jpy; Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fSf;F ,irthfr; nraw;gLthu;.

� Gjpa njhopw;re;ijf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd tifapy; jkJ jpwikfisAk;

Mw;wy;fisAk; mwpe;J mtw;iw tpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;thu;.

124


9.2.19.2.19.2.19.2.19.2.1 njhopDl;g khw;wq;fSk; mtw;wpdhy; ntspg;gLk; Jyq;fy;fspd; Kf;fpaj;JtKk;njhopDl;g khw;wq;fSk; mtw;wpdhy; ntspg;gLk; Jyq;fy;fspd; Kf;fpaj;JtKk;njhopDl;g khw;wq;fSk; mtw;wpdhy; ntspg;gLk; Jyq;fy;fspd; Kf;fpaj;JtKk;njhopDl;g khw;wq;fSk; mtw;wpdhy; ntspg;gLk; Jyq;fy;fspd; Kf;fpaj;JtKk;njhopDl;g khw;wq;fSk; mtw;wpdhy; ntspg;gLk; Jyq;fy;fspd; Kf;fpaj;JtKk;

njhopDl;gk; mwpKfk;njhopDl;gk; mwpKfk;njhopDl;gk; mwpKfk;njhopDl;gk; mwpKfk;njhopDl;gk; mwpKfk;

� kdpjd; jdJ eltbf;iffis ,yFthf;Ftjw;fhfg; gpd;gw;Wk; Kiwapay;;.

� ,k;Kiwapay;fs; rkfhyj;jpy; khw;wq;fSf;F cl;gl;Ls;sJld; NkYk; khw;wq;fSf;F

cl;glf;$bait.

cjhuzk;:

Ntl;ilahLk; fhyj;jpy; fy;yhAjq;fisg; gad;gLj;jpa kdpjd;

gpw;fhyj;jpy; Kd;Ndw;wkile;j etPd fUtpfisg; gad;gLj;jy;.

kPd;gpbj;njhopypy; J}z;by; Nghl;L kPd;gpbj;jtu;fs; mz;ikf; fhyq;fspy;

etPd cgfuzq;fisg; gad;gLj;jy;.

njhopDl;g khw;wq;fs;njhopDl;g khw;wq;fs;njhopDl;g khw;wq;fs;njhopDl;g khw;wq;fs;njhopDl;g khw;wq;fs;

� etPd tpQ;Qhd Kd;Ndw;wk;> kdpjdpd; Gjpa fz;Lgpbg;Gfs; vd;gtw;wpd; mbg;gilapy;

njhopDl;gk; tsk; ngw;Ws;sJ. cjhuzk;: tpz;ntsp Ma;Tfs;> fzdpg;gad;ghL>

,izaj;js trjpfs;.

� rdj;njhif mjpfupg;Gld; mjpfupj;j Njitfis epiwNtw;Wtjw;F tiuaWf;fg;gl;l

tsq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jk;NghJ njhopDl;gk; Gjpa Nghf;fpidg; ngWjy;. ,J tptrhak;>

ifj;njhopy;> Nrit Mfpa midj;Jj; JiwfspYk; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpAs;sJ.

cjhuzk;:

tptrhak; - kdpj ciog;G> tpyq;Ffs; vd;gtw;iwg;

gad;gLj;Jtjw;Fg; gjpyhf ,ae;jpuq;fisg; gad;gLj;jy;.

ifj;njhopy; - kdpj ciog;igg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;Fg; gjpyhf ,ae;jpug;

nghwpfs; %yk; cw;gj;jp eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;Sjy;.

Nrit - nra;jpg; gupkhw;wj;Jf;F kpd;dQ;ry; gad;gLj;jy;.

125

Njbawpjy;> Ma;T vd;gtw;wpd; tiutpyf;fzq;fs;Njbawpjy;> Ma;T vd;gtw;wpd; tiutpyf;fzq;fs;Njbawpjy;> Ma;T vd;gtw;wpd; tiutpyf;fzq;fs;Njbawpjy;> Ma;T vd;gtw;wpd; tiutpyf;fzq;fs;Njbawpjy;> Ma;T vd;gtw;wpd; tiutpyf;fzq;fs;

Njbawpjy;Njbawpjy;Njbawpjy;Njbawpjy;Njbawpjy; - epfo;epiyr; nrad;Kiw my;yJ Nfhl;ghLfisj; Njbawpjy;.

Ma;TMa;TMa;TMa;TMa;T - tpQ;Qhd Kiwapaiyg; gpd;gw;wp tpUj;jp nra;ag;gLk; gupNrhjid.

cjhuzk;:

,yq;ifapy; ghlrhiy khztu; xUtu; Jzp cyu itg;gjw;fhd Gjpa nghwp xd;wpid

cw;gj;jp nra;jy;. ePupdhy; fOtg;gl;l Jzpia #upa ntspr;rk; cs;s Neuj;jpy;

cyuitg;gjw;Fk; kionga;Ak; Neuj;jpy; %LifAs;s ,lj;jpw;Fj; jhdhfNt gazpf;ff;

$baJkhd jahupg;G Ma;T nra;jypd; tpisthFk;. nghwpiaj; jw;fhyj;Jf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd

tpjj;jpy; etPdkag;gLj;jpg; gad;gLj;jy; Njbawpjypd; tpisthFk;. Njbawpjy; %yk;

fz;lwpag;gl;l jfty;fs; rkfhyj;Jf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd tpjj;jpy; gad;gLj;Jjy;.

cjhuzk;: Nehiaf; Fzg;gLj;Jtjw;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; itj;jpa Kiwfis rkfhyj;Jf;Fg;

nghUe;Jk; tpjj;jpy; xOq;FgLj;jy;.

njhopDl;g khw;wj;Jld; Vw;gLk; r%f khw;wq;fs;:njhopDl;g khw;wj;Jld; Vw;gLk; r%f khw;wq;fs;:njhopDl;g khw;wj;Jld; Vw;gLk; r%f khw;wq;fs;:njhopDl;g khw;wj;Jld; Vw;gLk; r%f khw;wq;fs;:njhopDl;g khw;wj;Jld; Vw;gLk; r%f khw;wq;fs;:

gy;NtW Jiwfspy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fs;> r%fj;jpy; gy;NtW khw;wq;fs; Vw;gLtjpy; nry;thf;F

nrYj;jpaJ.

F tho;f;ifKiw khw;wk;

F Efu;Tf;Nfhyk; kPjhd tho;f;ifepiy khw;wk;

F Gjpa njhopy; Jiwfspd; Njhw;wk;

F Nghf;Ftuj;J Kiwfs;

F njhlu;ghly;

F Mil mzpfs;

F vz;zq;fs;

F czTg; ghdq;fs; jahupf;Fk; Kiw

F kUj;Jt rpfpr;ir Kiw

F r%fj; njhlu;Gfis Vw;gLj;jy;

cjhuzk;cjhuzk;cjhuzk;cjhuzk;cjhuzk;

F czT jahupg;gjpy; gy;NtW njhopDl;gf; fUtpfisg; gad;gLj;jy;.

F gioa ghuk;gupa Kiwfs; mw;Wg;Nghjy;.

F Nkiyj;Nja kUj;Jt Kiw tUifapdhy; mk;Kiwapy; ngUksT rhu;e;jpUj;jy;.

F nghOJNghf;Ffspy; Gjpa njhopDl;gj;ijg; gad;gLj;jy;.

F thndhyp> njhiyf;fhl;rp> ,izaj;jsk;.

F r%fj; njhlu;Gfs; JupjkhjYk; tpuptiljYk;.

F Nghf;Ftuj;Jf;fhfg; gy;NtWKiwfs;> ifalf;fj; njhiyNgrpg; ghtid

126

Mf;fj;jpwDila gpui[ vd;w uPjpapy; njhopDl;g khw;wq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jtjd;Mf;fj;jpwDila gpui[ vd;w uPjpapy; njhopDl;g khw;wq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jtjd;Mf;fj;jpwDila gpui[ vd;w uPjpapy; njhopDl;g khw;wq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jtjd;Mf;fj;jpwDila gpui[ vd;w uPjpapy; njhopDl;g khw;wq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jtjd;Mf;fj;jpwDila gpui[ vd;w uPjpapy; njhopDl;g khw;wq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jtjd;

Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ;.Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ;.Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ;.Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ;.Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ;.

� md;whl eltbf;iffis ,yFthf;f njhopEl;gj ;ijg; nghUj;jkhdthW

gad;gLj;jf;$bajhf ,Uj;jy;.

cjhuzk; : tPLfs;

Nghf;Ftuj;J

njhlu;ghly; mwpitg; ngWjy;

� Gjpa cw;gj;jpfis Mf;Ftjw;Fj; njhopDl;gj;ijg; gad;gLj;jy;.

� r%f ed;ikf;Fj; Njitahd cw;gj;jpfis Mf;Ftjw;Fj; njhopDl;gj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jjy;.

� cw;gj;jpapd; tpisjpwidAk; tpidj;jpwidAk; NkYk; cau;j;Jtjw;Fj; njhopDl;gj;ijg;

gad;gLj;jjy;.

� r%fj; njhlu;Gfis ,yFthfTk; tpiuthfTk; Vw;gLj;Jtjw;Fj; njhopDl;gj;ijg;

gad;gLj;Jjy;.

� njhopDl;gq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jk;NghJ EZfp Muha;e;J> mtw;iwj; jkf;Fk; gpwUf;Fk;

ed;ikfis mspf;Fk; tpjj;jpy; xOq;FgLj;Jjy;.

njhopDl;gk; kf;fs; tho;f;iff;Fr; rhjfkhd kw;Wk; ghjfkhd tpjj;jpy; nry;thf;Fr;njhopDl;gk; kf;fs; tho;f;iff;Fr; rhjfkhd kw;Wk; ghjfkhd tpjj;jpy; nry;thf;Fr;njhopDl;gk; kf;fs; tho;f;iff;Fr; rhjfkhd kw;Wk; ghjfkhd tpjj;jpy; nry;thf;Fr;njhopDl;gk; kf;fs; tho;f;iff;Fr; rhjfkhd kw;Wk; ghjfkhd tpjj;jpy; nry;thf;Fr;njhopDl;gk; kf;fs; tho;f;iff;Fr; rhjfkhd kw;Wk; ghjfkhd tpjj;jpy; nry;thf;Fr;

nrYj;Jk; tpjk;.nrYj;Jk; tpjk;.nrYj;Jk; tpjk;.nrYj;Jk; tpjk;.nrYj;Jk; tpjk;.

jpde;NjhWk; ,lk;ngWk; njhopDl;g Kd;Ndw;wj;jpdhy; gy;NtW JiwfSk; Kd;Ndwpr;

nry;Yk;NghJ kf;fs; tho;f;ifAk; gy;NtW tpjq;fspYk; nry;thf;Ff;F cl;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

,jdhy; r%fj;Jf;F rhjfkhdit NghyNt ghjfkhd tpisTfSk; Vw;gl;Ls;sd. njhopDl;g

khw;wj;ij cupa tpjj;jpy; ,dq;fz;L jkJ tho;f;ifiar; rpwg;Gld; elhj;Jtjw;F

eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;Sjy; ey;y gpui[ xUtupd; flikahFk;.

njhopDl;g khw;wq;fs; rhjfkhd tpjj;jpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; re;ju;g;gq;fs;.njhopDl;g khw;wq;fs; rhjfkhd tpjj;jpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; re;ju;g;gq;fs;.njhopDl;g khw;wq;fs; rhjfkhd tpjj;jpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; re;ju;g;gq;fs;.njhopDl;g khw;wq;fs; rhjfkhd tpjj;jpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; re;ju;g;gq;fs;.njhopDl;g khw;wq;fs; rhjfkhd tpjj;jpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; re;ju;g;gq;fs;.

� md;whlg; gzpfis ,yFthf epiwNtw;wpf;nfhs;sf;$bajhf ,Uj;jy;.

� jdpegu;fSf;fpilapYk; ru;tNjr uPjpapYk; njhlu;Gfs; tpUj;jpailjy;.

� Neuj;ij kPjg;gLj;jf;$bajhf ,Uj;jy;.

� gy;NtW njhopy; tha;g;Gfs; Vw;gLjy;.

� ehshe;jk; tsUk; Gj;jwpitg; ngWk; jpwe;j topfs; Vw;gLjy;.

� cw;gj;jpAk; tpepNahfKk; ,yFthjy;.

� KOcyfKk; cyff; fpuhkkhf khWjy;.

ghjfkhd nry;thf;ifr; nrYj;jpa re;ju;g;gq;fs;ghjfkhd nry;thf;ifr; nrYj;jpa re;ju;g;gq;fs;ghjfkhd nry;thf;ifr; nrYj;jpa re;ju;g;gq;fs;ghjfkhd nry;thf;ifr; nrYj;jpa re;ju;g;gq;fs;ghjfkhd nry;thf;ifr; nrYj;jpa re;ju;g;gq;fs;

� tho;f;iff; Nfhyq;fs; khw;wkiljypdhy; cldyj;Jf;F mr;rWj;jy; Vw;gLjy;.

� gaq;futhjk;> Nghu;f;fUtpfs; cw;gj;jp> Fw;wq;fs; jpl;lkplg;gly;> Coy;> J\;gpuNahfk;>

vd;gd ehSf;F ehs; mjpfupj;jy;.

� njhopDl;gf; fUtpfNshL nghOJNghf;Ftjw;Fj; J}z;lg;gLtjhy; jdpahs;fSf;F

,ilapyhd njhlu;G> FLk;gj;Jf;fpilapyhd gpizg;G eyptiljy;.

� #oy; khriljy; mjpfupj;jy;> epiyj;jpUf;Fk; mgptpUj;jpf;Fj; jil Vw;gly;.

� Xa;T> nghONghf;F vd;gtw;Wf;fhfj; njhopDl;gj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jtjhy; r%fg;gpur;rpidfs;

Vw;gLjy;.

127

9.2.29.2.29.2.29.2.29.2.2 nghUshjhu khw;wq;fs;nghUshjhu khw;wq;fs;nghUshjhu khw;wq;fs;nghUshjhu khw;wq;fs;nghUshjhu khw;wq;fs;

kdpj Njitfis epiwNtw;Wtjw;Fg; nghUs;fSk; NritfSk; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLfpd;wd.

gy;NtW tsq;fisf; nfhz;L njhopDl;gj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp> cw;gj;jpahf;fg;gLtd

tpidj;jpwDld; Efu;thsuplk; tpepNahfpf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. tpepNahfpf;fg;gl;l gpd; re;ijfspd;

%yk; tpw;gid nra;ag;gLtJ tpahghuk; vdg;gLk;. ,jw;Nfw;g nghUshjhuj;jpy; cw;gj;jp

tpepNahfk;> tpahghuk; Mfpa midj;Jg; gpupTfspYk; khw;wq;fs; Vw;gl;Ls;sJld; NkYk;

khw;wj;Jf;Fs;shfpAk; tUfpd;wd.

cw;gj;jpcw;gj;jpcw;gj;jpcw;gj;jpcw;gj;jp

tptrhak;> ifj;njhopy; Nrit midj;Jg; gpupTfspYk; cw;gj;jp ,lk; ngWfpd;wJ.

tptrhaj;Jiwapy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fs;tptrhaj;Jiwapy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fs;tptrhaj;Jiwapy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fs;tptrhaj;Jiwapy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fs;tptrhaj;Jiwapy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fs;

� tpUj;jp nra;ag;gl;l Gjpa tpijtiffis mwpKfk; nra;jy;.

� kugZ njhopDl;gk; gad;gLj;Jjy;.

� Gjpa gapu;r;nra;ifKiwiag; gad;gLj;jy;.

� ,urhadg; grisfisg; gad;gLj;jy;.

� Efu;Tf;fhd jahupf;fg;gl;l czTtiffspd; cw;gj;jp.

� cld; czT.

� cw;gj;jpfisg; gy;tifg;gLj;jy;.

cjhuzk;:

Njapiy cw;gj;jpapy; cld; Njapiy> Rita+l;ba Njapiy>

gRe;Njapiy (Green Tea)

kPd;gpbj; njhopypy; trjpfs; epiwe;j ghupa glFfs; gad;gLj;Jjy;> kPd;gpbf;Fk;

Kiwfs;> fUtpfs;> ePz;l fhyk; NgZk; Kiwfs; vd;gdtw;wpyhd khw;wq;fs;.

� gioa fhye;njhl;L tPl;by; tsu;f;Fk; gpuhzpfspy; khw;wkpy;yhjpUg;gpDk; njhopDl;gg;

gad;ghl;bdhy; tpyq;FfspypUe;J ngWk; gad;ghLfs; khw;wkiljy;.

cjhuzk;:

,iwr;rpf;fhf Gnwhapyu; Nfhop tsu;j;jy;> mjpf ghiyg; ngWtjw;fhf tpUj;jp

nra;ag;gl;l gRf;fs;.

ifj;njhopy; Jiwapy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fs;ifj;njhopy; Jiwapy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fs;ifj;njhopy; Jiwapy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fs;ifj;njhopy; Jiwapy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fs;ifj;njhopy; Jiwapy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fs;

� kdpju;fspd; iffshy; nra;ag;gl;ltw;Wf;F ,ae;jpuq;fs;> NuhNgh njhopDl;gk; vd;gd

gad;gLj;jg;gly;. cjhuzk;: Jzp cw;gj;jp> thfd cw;gj;jp.

� Ntiyg;gfpu;Tk; rpwg;Gj; Nju;r;rpAk; (epGzj;Jtk;)

cjhuzk;: gpuNjr rpwg;Gj; Nju;r;rp (epGzj;Jtk;)> ru;tNjr rpwg;Gj; Nju;r;rp

� nghUj;Jk; ifj;njhopy;fs; Njhd;Wjy;.

� ifj;njhopy; cw;gj;jpapy; Gjpa Jizg;ghfq;fs; cw;gj;jp nra;jy;.

cjhuzk;: msT> tbtk;> ,yFjd;ik vd;gtw;Wf;Nfw;g khw;wq;fSld; ,ae;jpuq;fs;>

thfdq;fs;> ,yj;jpudpay; fUtpfs; vd;gd.

� gy;NtW Njbawpjy;> Ma;T vd;gdtw;Wf;fhf Njitahd ,ae;jpuq;fs;> Jizg;ghfq;fs;

cw;gj;jp nra;jy;.

cjhuzk ;: nra;kjp> tpz;ntsp fyq;fs;> ePu;Ko;fpf; fg;gy;fs; Mfpad.

128

� tptrhak;> Nrit Mfpatw;wpd; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpy; nry;thf;F nrYj;Jk; ,ae;jpuq;fs;>

fUtpfs; vd;gdtw;wpd; cw;gj;jp.

cjhuzk;: mWtil nra;Ak; ,ae;jpuk;

fzpzp kUj;Jt cgfuzq;fs;

Nritj;Jiwapy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fs;Nritj;Jiwapy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fs;Nritj;Jiwapy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fs;Nritj;Jiwapy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fs;Nritj;Jiwapy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fs;

� fy;tpj;Jiwapy; ,izaj;jsk; %yk; fy;tp trjpfisg; ngWjy;.

(E - Learning) (M – Learning)

� Rfhjhuj;Jiwapy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fs;.

cjhuzk; : kUj;Jt epGzu;fs; Nrit ngWtjw;F ,izaj;js trjpfs;(E – Medicine_)

� tq;fp eltbf;iffSf;F ml;ilfs; gad;gLj;Jjy;.

cjhuzk; : gzk; Njitahd ve;jnthU re;ju;g;gj;jpYk; ‘nuhyu;’ nghwp %yk;

ml;ilfisg; gad;gLj;jp gzj;ijg; ngWjy;.

� tpepNahfk; njhlu;gpy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fs;.

� nghUl;fis thq;Fjy;> fz;zhy; Neuhfg; ghu;g;gjpd;wp ,izaj;jsk; Clhf epfo;jy;.

� nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fSf;fhf ml;ilfisg; gad;gLj;Jjy;.

cjhuzk; : fld; ml;il (Credit Card)

� nghUs;fSf;F mDg;ghiz mDg;Gjy;> ,izaj;jsk;> njhiyefy; (Fax) (Talex)

Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;jy;.

� tpidj;jpwDila ghJfhg;ghd Kiwiag; gad;gLj;jy;.

cjhuzk; : nfhs;fyd; gad;gLj;jy;> Fsp&l;b trjpfSldhd Nghf;Ftuj;J ngUksT

nghUs;fisf; nfhz;L nry;yf;$ba thfdq;fisg; gad;gLj;jy;.

� Fly;> thd;> ,uapy; Nghf;Ftuj;J Kiwfspy; Vw;gl;l Kd;Ndw;wk; (Sea Plane)

cjhuzk; : tpkhdf;fg;gYk; g];]{k; midj;J trjpfSk; nfhz;l fg;gy;>

kpd;uapy;fs;> nfhs;fyd; JiwKfq;fs;> fk;gpfs; Clhd gfpu;T.

cjhuzk; : njhiyNgrp> kpd;rhuk;.

� Cs;sff; Foha;fs; %yk; tpepNahfk;.

cjhuzk; : ePu;> vz;nza;> thA.

� tpepNahfj;Jf;fhf fl;Gy> nrtpg;Gy Clfq;fspd; gpurhu eltbf;iffspd; nry;thf;F.

� gy;Njrpa fk;gdpfspd;> gpujpepjpj;Jt epWtdq;fspd; jiyaPL.

tpahghuk; njhlu;ghd khw;wq;fs;tpahghuk; njhlu;ghd khw;wq;fs;tpahghuk; njhlu;ghd khw;wq;fs;tpahghuk; njhlu;ghd khw;wq;fs;tpahghuk; njhlu;ghd khw;wq;fs;

� kPAau; re;ijfs; %yk; nghUs; tpw;gid. (Super Market)

� tu;j;jf epWtdq;fs; re;ijfSf;F nghUs; ,Ug;gpid xg;gilj;jy;.

� nghUs;fspd; mDg;ghizf;Fg; Gjpa Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;jp Efu;thsuplk; xg;gilj;jy;.

cjhuzk; : ,izaj;jsk;> njhiyNgrp> kpd;dQ;ry;.

� nfhLg;gdTfSf;F ml;ilfisg; gad;gLj;jy;.

cjhuzk; : fld; ml;il (Creadit Card) gw;W ml;ilfs; (Debit Card)

� Nghl;b gpurhu Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;jy; mjw;fhf NtW epWtfq;fs; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;ld.

� nfhs;tdT nra;tjw;F ,yFthd mstpy; kdq;ftUk; tpjj;jpyhd elj;ij.

129

9.2.39.2.39.2.39.2.39.2.3 njhopw;re;ijfSk; mjNdhL ,ize;j Gjpa Nghf;FfSk;njhopw;re;ijfSk; mjNdhL ,ize;j Gjpa Nghf;FfSk;njhopw;re;ijfSk; mjNdhL ,ize;j Gjpa Nghf;FfSk;njhopw;re;ijfSk; mjNdhL ,ize;j Gjpa Nghf;FfSk;njhopw;re;ijfSk; mjNdhL ,ize;j Gjpa Nghf;FfSk;

nghUs;fs;> Nritfs; vd;gtw;wpd; cw;gj;jpia tpupthf;Fjy;. ,jNdhL tpepNahfk;> tpahghuk;

Mfpa Jiwfis tpUj;jp nra;jy;> ghuk;gupa Jiwfspy; njhopDl;gk; fhuzkhf Ntiy

tha;g;Gfs; Vw;gLjy; Jupjkile;jd. ,JNghy jpwe;j nghUshjhuk; fhuzkhf cs;ehl;bYk;

ntspehl;bYk; jdpahu; JiwapYk; Ntiy tha;g;Gfs; cUthfpAs;sd. tptrhak;> ifj;njhopy;

Nrit Mfpa rfy JiwfspYk; ,g;Nghf;fpidf; fhzf;$bajhf cs;sJ.

tptrhaj;JiwapYk; mjNdhL ,ize;j njhopy;fspYk; Gjpa Nghf;F tho;f;if kl;lj;jpy;

epytpa tptrhaf; Nfhyj;jpypUe;J tpyfp ifj;njhopy; Jiwf;F %yg;nghUl;fis toq;Ftjhf

cs;sJ.

cjhuzk; : - czit ePz;l fhyj;Jf;Fg; NgZjy;.

- ghy;rhu;e;j gy;NtW cw;gj;jpfs;

- ghy; igf;fw;W> Nahfl;> RitA+l;lg;gl;l ghy; Mfpad.

- tptrha Vw;Wkjpapd; gy;tifik

- Ranjhopy; re;ju;g;gq;fs;.

cjhuzk; : - tpyq;F Ntshz;ik eltbf;if> ehw;W Nkil

- czT ghdq;fs; jahupj;jy;.

- G+Q;nrb tsu;g;G.

- tptrha Ma;T njhlu;gpyhd Ntiy tha;g;Gfs;.

ifj;njhopy; JiwapYk; mjNdhL ,ize;j njhopy;fspYk; Gjpa Nghf;Ffs;.

ifj;njhopy;Jiwapy; fzdpg; gad;ghL tpuptile;jjhy; mJ njhlu;ghd Ntiy tha;g;Gfs;

tpuptiljy;.

cjhuzk; : fzdpj; juTfs; gjpjy;.

ntspehl;L re;ijfis Kjd;ikahff; nfhz;l jdpahu;Jiw Ntiytha;g;Gfs; Njhd;Wjy;.

Rje;jpu tu;j;jf tyak;> Vw;Wkjpf; fpuhkq;fs;> ifj;njhopy; Ngl;ilfs;> ifj;njhopy;

FbapUg;Gfs;> ifj;njhopy; G+q;fhf;fs; Mfpad.

cjhuzk; : - Mszp Kfhikahsu;

- tpyq;F Ntshz;ik mYtyu;

- njhopy; Nkw;ghu;itahsu;> [{fp ,ae;jpuk;> ,af;Feu;

Mfpa njhopy; tha;g;Gfs;.

Nritj;JiwapYk; mjNdhL ,ize;jtw;wpYkhd GjpaNghf;F.Nritj;JiwapYk; mjNdhL ,ize;jtw;wpYkhd GjpaNghf;F.Nritj;JiwapYk; mjNdhL ,ize;jtw;wpYkhd GjpaNghf;F.Nritj;JiwapYk; mjNdhL ,ize;jtw;wpYkhd GjpaNghf;F.Nritj;JiwapYk; mjNdhL ,ize;jtw;wpYkhd GjpaNghf;F.

cjhuzk; : - jdpahu; tq;fp Kiwfs; guk;gy;

- fhg;GWjp epWtdq;fs; tpuptiljy;.

- JiwKfk;> tpkhd epiyaq;fs; trjpfs; tpupthf;fk;.

- kUj;Jt Nritapy; Vw;gl;l tpupT.

njhlu;ghlYk; tpsk;guq;fSk; fy;tpj;Jiwapy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fSk; ru;tNjr ghlrhiyfs;

Njhd;WjYk;. cy;yhrg; gazj;Jiw tpupthf;fk; jdpahu; Nghf;Ftuj;J Nritfs; tpuptiljy;

Mfpa rfy JiwfspYk; Ntiy re;ijfs; gutYld; Ntiytha;g;Gfs; Njhd;Wk; Nghf;Ffs;.

130


Nju;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r p : -: -: -: -: - r%f ed;ik kPJ> gq;fspf;Fk; njhopDl;g> r%f nghUshjhu

khw;wq;fSf;F ,irthfr; nraw;gLthu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : -: -: -: -: - rkfhy khw;wq;fSf; $lhf jdpahs;> r%f mgptpUj;jpapy;

nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; khw;wq;fis tprhuiz EZfpaha;thu;.nraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghL : -: -: -: -: - md;iwa kw;Wk; ,d;iwa njhopDl;gj;ij ,dq;fhz;Nghk;.


ju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPL : -: -: -: -: - � ,izg;G 9.2.1.1 fy;yhAjq;fisf; fhl;Lk; cUf;fs;.

� ,izg;G 9.2.1.2 cupa nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk;

� bik fljhrp


� ngd;rpy;


gb 9.2.1.1gb 9.2.1.1gb 9.2.1.1gb 9.2.1.1gb 9.2.1.1

� ,izg;G 9.2.1.1 ,w;Fupa cUf;fis tFg;giwapy; Kd;itf;Ff.

� tFg;G khztu;fSf;F cUf;fis mtjhdpf;fg; Nghjpa Neu mstpid toq;Ff.

� cUf;fspy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s MAj tiffs; mtw;wpdhy; ngWk; gad;fs;> kdpju;fspd;

fz;Lgpbg;Gfs;> guPl;rpj;Jg; ghu;j;jy; %yk; Gjpatw;iwf; fz;Lgpbj;jy; vd;gd gw;wp

khztu;fs; midtUk; gq;Fgw;Wk; tpjj;jpy; FWfpa fye;Jiuahly; xd;iw epfo;j;Jf.

F kpfg; gioa fhye;njhl;L kdpjd; jdJ Njitfis ,yFtpy;

epiwNtw;wpf;nfhs;tjw;Fj; njhopDl;gj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jjy;.

F ,yFtpy; jw;NghJ gy;NtW Njitfis epiwNtw;Wtjw;Fj;

njhopDl;gj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jjy;.

F ifj;njhopy;> tpQ;Qhdk; vd;gtw;wpd; tpisthf Gjpa njhopDl;gf;

fz;Lgpbg;Gfs; Njhd;Wjy;.

F gy;NtW Njbawpjy; Ma;T vd;gtw;wpd; tpithf Gjpa njhopDl;gf;

fz;Lgpbg;Gfs; Njhd;Wjy;.

F njhopDl;g khw;wq;fSld; tho;f;if Kiw Efu;Tf;Nfhyk; khw;wq;fs;>

Gjpa njhopy;fs; Njhd;Wjy;> efuhf;fk; Mfpa Jiwfspd; khw;wq;fspdhy;

r%f khw;wq;fs; Vw;gLjy;.

(10 epkplq;fs;)

gb 9.2.1.2gb 9.2.1.2gb 9.2.1.2gb 9.2.1.2gb 9.2.1.2

� tFg;gpidg; nghUj;jkhd tpjj;jpy; FOf;fshfg; gpupf;Ff.

� ,izg;G 9.2.1.2 ,w;Fupa nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuj;ij FOf;fSf;F toq;Ff.

� nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuj;jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;l gzpapy; khztu;fis <LgLj;Jf.

� Njitahd re;ju;g;gq;fspy; topfhl;lYk; MNyhridAk; toq;Ff.

� mwpf;if jahupg;gjw;Fg; NghJkhd fhy vy;iyia toq;Ff.

(40 epkplk;)

131

gb 9.2.1.3gb 9.2.1.3gb 9.2.1.3gb 9.2.1.3gb 9.2.1.3

� xt;nthU FOTk; jpul;ba jfty;fis tFg;gpy; Kd;itf;f re;ju;g;gk; toq;Ff.

� xt;Nthu; FOTk; Kd;itj;j jfty;fs; gw;wpf; fUj;Jf;fis $Wtjw;F Vida

FOf;fSf;Fk; tha;g;Gfs; toq;Ff.

� gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; ntspg;gLk; tpjj;jpy; fye;Jiuahlypy; <LgLj;Jf.

F Kw;fhyj;jpy; ehshe;j eltbf;iffis ,yFgLj;Jtjw;F njhopDl;gf;

fUtpfisg; gad;gLj;jpaik.

F jw;NghJ gy;NtW Njitfis epiwNtw;Wtjw;Fj; njhopDl;gf;

fUtpfisg; gad;gLj;Jjy;.

F Ma;T> Njbawpjy; vd;gtw;wpd; tpisthf etPd njhopDl;gf; fUtpfs;

cUthf;fg;gLjy;.

F njhopDl;gj;jpy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fs;> jdpahs; kw;WK; r%f tho;tpd;

gy;NtW gpupTfspYk; khw;wNkw;glf; fhuzkhjy;.

cjhuzk; : tho;f;if Kiw khWjy;

Efu;Tf; Nfhyk; khWjy;

efuhf;fk;

Gjpa njhopy; tha;g;Gfs; Njhd;Wjy;.

(30 epkplq;fs;)


� njhopDl;g khw;wk; gw;wp tptupg;ghu;.

� njhopDl;gj;ijg; nghUj;jkhd tpjj;jpy; gad;gLj;jp md;whl eltbf;iffis

,yFthf;fyhk; vd;w fUj;ij ntspapLthu;.

� md;whl eltf;iffs; njhlu;gpy; nghUj;jkhd tpjj;jpy; njhopDl;gf; fUtpfisg;

gad;gLj;Jthu;.

� FOtpDs;Ns xj;Jiog;Gld; nraw;gLthu;.

� FOtpNy jiyikj;Jtj;Jf;F kjpg;G mspg;ghu;.

gpd;njhlu; Ntiygpd;njhlu; Ntiygpd;njhlu; Ntiygpd;njhlu; Ntiygpd;njhlu; Ntiy

� tPl;Lf; fUkq;fis ,yFgLj;Jtjw;fhff; ifahsg;gLk; fUtpfspd; glq;fis Nrfupf;Ff.

� xt;Nthu; fUtpiaAk; gad;gLj;Jtjdhy; ngWk; gad;fs; gw;wpg; gl;bw;gLj;Jf.

� etPd Ma;Tfspd; tpisTfspdhy; Vw;gl;l Mf;fq;fs; rpytw;wpd; jfty;fisj; jpul;Lf.

132



F tPl;L fUkq;fis epiwNtw;Wtjw;fhf Kw;fhyj;jpy; gad;gLj;jpa fUtpfisAk;

jw;NghJ gad;gLj;jg;gLk; fUtpfisAk; ntt;Ntwhf ml;ltizg;gLj;jpf; fhl;Lf.

F jw;NghJ gad;gLj;jg;gLk; fUtpfspdhy; ngwf;$ba ed;ikfs; my;yJ rhjfkhd

gyd;fis Kd;itf;Ff.


F new;gapu;r; nra;iff;fhf Kw;fhyj;jpy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l Kiwfs;> fUtpfs; vd;gd

gw;wpAk; jw;fhyj;jpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Kiwfs;> fUtpfs; vd;gd gw;wpAk;

Mf;fG+u;tkhf jfty;fis Kd;itf;Ff.

F etPd njhopDl;g Kiwfs;> fUtpfs; vd;gdtw;iw new;gapu;r;nra;ifapy;

gad;gLj;Jtjhy; Vw;gLk; ed;ikahd gyd;fis Kd;itf;Ff.


F Kw;fhyj;jpy; Nghf;Ftuj;Jf;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l KiwfisAk; fUtpfisAk;

jw;fhyj;jpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; fUtpfisAk; cgfuzq;fisAk; Mf;fG+u;tkhf

Kd;itf;Ff.

F etPd Kiwfs;> fUtpfs; vd;gtw;iwg; gad;gLj;Jtjhy; Vw;gLk; ed;ikfs;>

rhjfkhd gyd;fis Kd;itf;Ff.


F Kw;fhyj;jpy; njhlu;ghlypy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l Kiwfs;> cgfuzq;fs; vd;gd

gw;wpAk; jw;fhyj;jpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Kiwfs;> fUtpfs; vd;gd gw;wpAk;

Mf;fG+u;tkhf Kd;itf;Ff.

F etPd Kiwfs;> cgfuzq;fs; vd;gtw;iwg; gad;gLj;Jtjhy; Vw;glf;$ba

ed;ikfs;> rhjfkhd tpisTfs; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLf.


133




Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : -: -: -: -: - nghUshjhuj;jpy; Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fSf;F ,irthfr;

nraw;gLthu;.

nraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghL : -: -: -: -: - njhopDl;gj;jpdhy; nghUshjhuj;jpy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fisj; Njb

mwpNthk;


ju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPL : -: -: -: -: - � ,izg;G 9.2.2.1 njhopDl;gf; fUtpfs;> cw;gj;jpfs; mlq;fpa

glq;fs;

� ,izg;G 9.2.2.2 ,w;F cupa nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk;

� bik fljhrp


� ngd;rpy;


gb 9.2.2.1gb 9.2.2.1gb 9.2.2.1gb 9.2.2.1gb 9.2.2.1

� ,izg;G 9.2.2.1 ,w;Fupa cUf;fis tFg;giwapy; Kd;itf;Ff.

� tFg;G khztu;fSf;F cUf;fis mtjhdpf;fg; Nghjpa Neu mstpid toq;Ff.

� mjpy; fhl;lg;gLtd ahit? me;j fUtpfs; my;yJ cw;gj;jpfs; ve;j Jiw gpupTfSf;F

cupad? mtw;wpdhy; ngWk; gad;fs; ahit? vd;Dk; tpdhf;fSf;F tpilfisg;

ngw;Wf;nfhs;f.

� gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; ntspg;gLk; tpjj;jpy; fye;JiuahLf.

F kdpju;fspd; tpUg;Gfs;> Njitfs; vd;gdtw;Wf;fhf tptrhak;> ifj;njhopy; Nrit

vd;Dk; Jiwfspy; cw;gj;jp eilngWfpd;wik.

F cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk; nghUs;fs; tpepNahfk; nra;tjpYk; khw;wq;fs; epfo;e;jik.

F tpahghuj;jpy; Vw;gl;l njhopDl;g khw;wq;fs; kf;fs; tho;f;ifapYk; nry;thf;F

Vw;gLj;jpaik.

(10 epkplq;fs;)

gb 9.2.2.2gb 9.2.2.2gb 9.2.2.2gb 9.2.2.2gb 9.2.2.2

� khztu; vz;zpf;iff;F Vw;g rpW FOf;fshfg; gpupf;Ff.

� ,izg;G 9.2.2.2 ,w;F cupa nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuj;ij FOf;fSf;F toq;Ffs.

� FOf;fSf;Fj; Njitahd MNyhridfis toq;Ff.

� cupa nraw;ghl;ilg; G+uzg;gLj;Jtjw;Fg; NghJkhd fhy vy;iyia toq;Ff.

� FOf;fspy; fz;lwpe;jtw;iw tFg;gpy; Kd;itf;fj; jahu;g;gLj;Jf.

(30 epkplq;fs;)

134

gb 9.2.2.3gb 9.2.2.3gb 9.2.2.3gb 9.2.2.3gb 9.2.2.3

� FOf;fs; fz;lwpe;jtw;iw tFg;gpy; Kd;itg;gjw;Fr; re;ju;g;gk; toq;Ff.

� FOf;fSf;fpilNa fUj;Jg; gupkhw;wj;Jf;F ,lkspf;Ff.

� khztu;fspd; ,aYikfSf;F (Strength) kjpg;gspf;Ff. mgptpUj;jp Vw;gl NTz;ba

,lq;fis vLj;Jf; fhl;Lf.

� gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; ntspg;gLk; tpjj;jpy; fye;Jiuahly; xd;wpy; <LgLf.

F njhopDl;gj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jtjhy; tptrhaj;Jiwapy; ghupa khw;wq;fs;

Vw;gl;Ls;sik.

F FWfpa fhyj;jpy; mjpf mWtil ngwf;$ba tpij tiffs; mwpKfk;

nra;ag;gl;Ls;sik.

F Efu;Tf;fhf jahupf;fg;gl;l czTfs;> cld; czTfs; vd;gd mwpKfk;

nra;ag;gl;Ls;sik.

F kPd;gpbj; njhopypy; etPd glFfs;> kPd;gpbj;jypy; Gjpa Kiwfs;> ePz;lfhyk;

NgZjypy; Gjpa Kiwfs; gad;gLj;jy; Mfpad.

F $Ljy; tpidj;jpwd; kpf;f vspikg; gz;Gila gy;NtW ifj;njhopy; cw;gj;jpfs;

cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sik.

F ,izaj;jsk;> njhiyNgrp Mfpa etPd Kiwfspdhy; fy;tp> Rfhjhuk;> tq;fpr;

Nritfs; vd;gtw;wpd; eltbf;iffs; ,yFthf;fg;gl;Ls;sik.

F tpepNahfj;Jiwapy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fs; kf;fs; tho;f;ifapy; nry;thf;F

nrYj;jpAs;sik.

cjhuzk; :

- ,izaj;jsk; Clhff; nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;.

- nfhs;fyd;fspD}lhf ngUe;njhifapyhd nghUl;fisf;

nfhz;Lnry;tjw;F fg;gy;fisAk; jiug;Nghf;Ftuj;J thfdq;fisAk;

gad;gLj;jy;. Foha;fs; %ykhd tpepNahf eltbf;iffs;.

F kPAau; re;ijfs; eilKiwg;gLj;Jjy;.

F tPLfSf;Fg; nghUl;fis vLj;Jr; nry;Yjy; vd;gd %yk; Efu;Tj; Njitfs;

,yFthf epiwNtw;wg;gLfpd;wik.

F nghUl;fSf;fhd mDg;ghiz> gzk; mDg;Gjy; vd;gtw;wpy; Gjpa Kiwfisg;

gad;gLj;Jjy;.

(40 epkplq;fs;)


� nghUshjhuj;jpd; gy;NtW Jiwfspy; njhopDl;gk; nry;thf;F nrYj;jpAs;sJ vd;Dk;

fUj;ij vLj;Jf;fhl;Lthu;.

� Efu;Tj; Njitfs; ,yFthfTk; tpidj;jpwDlDk; epiwNtw;wg;gLtjw;F Gjpa KiwfSk;

fUtpfSk; fhuzkhAs;sij Vw;Wf;nfhz;L NgRthu;.

� njhopDl;g cw;gj;jpfspilNa Njitahdtw;iw kl;Lk; njupTnra;tjpy; <LgLthu;.

� FOtpy; xj;Jiog;Gld; nraw;gLthu;.

� Kd;itf;Fk; jpwid ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.

135


gpd;tUk; re;ju;g;gq;fSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd xspg;glq;fis Kd;itf;Ff.

njhopDl ;gnjhopDl ;gnjhopDl ;gnjhopDl ;gnjhopDl ;g

cgfuzk;cgfuzk;cgfuzk;cgfuzk;cgfuzk;

fzpd pfzpd pfzpd pfzpd pfzpd p

nra ;kjpnra ;kjpnra ;kjpnra ;kjpnra ;kjp

nllhu ; fUtpnllhu ; fUtpnllhu ; fUtpnllhu ; fUtpnllhu ; fUtp

fjpupaf;f ,ae;jpuk;fjpupaf;f ,ae;jpuk;fjpupaf;f ,ae;jpuk;fjpupaf;f ,ae;jpuk;fjpupaf;f ,ae;jpuk;

NwhyhNwhyhNwhyhNwhyhNwhyh

,d;W Vw;gl;Ls;s,d;W Vw;gl;Ls;s,d;W Vw;gl;Ls;s,d;W Vw;gl;Ls;s,d;W Vw;gl;Ls;s

Kd;Ndw;wk;Kd;Ndw;wk;Kd;Ndw;wk;Kd;Ndw;wk;Kd;Ndw;wk;

,d;wia thndhyp,d;wia thndhyp,d;wia thndhyp,d;wia thndhyp,d;wia thndhyp

njhiyNgr pnjhiyNgr pnjhiyNgr pnjhiyNgr pnjhiyNgr p

Gifapujk ;Gifapujk ;Gifapujk ;Gifapujk ;Gifapujk ;

fy ;FNyl ;lu ;fy ;FNyl ;lu ;fy ;FNyl ;lu ;fy ;FNyl ;lu ;fy ;FNyl ;lu ;

nghUl;fis Vw;wp ,wf;Fk;nghUl;fis Vw;wp ,wf;Fk;nghUl;fis Vw;wp ,wf;Fk;nghUl;fis Vw;wp ,wf;Fk;nghUl;fis Vw;wp ,wf;Fk;

,ae ;j puk ;,ae ;j puk ;,ae ;j puk ;,ae ;j puk ;,ae ;j puk ;

136



F tptrhaj;Jiw - gapu;r;nra;ifapy; njhopDl;gk; nry;thf;F nrYj;jpa tpjk;>

re;ju;g;gk; vd;gd gw;wpa jfty;fisf; Nfhitg;gLj;jp Mf;fG+u;tkhf Kd;itf;Ff.


F tptrhaj;Jiwapd; fPNo tpyq;F Ntshz;ik kPd;gpb vd;gtw;wpy; njhopDl;gk;

gad;gLj;jg;gLk; re;ju;g;gq;fis Kd;itf;Ff.


F ifj;njhopy; nghUs;fs; cw;gj;jpj;Jiwapy; njhopDl;gk; gad;gLj;jg;gLtjhy;

Vw;gl;Ls;s khw;wq;fs; gw;wpa mwpf;if xd;wpid Mf;fG+u;tkhf Kd;itf;Ff.


F cw;gj;jpg; nghUs;fs;> Nritfs; vd;gtw;wpd; tpepNahfj;jpy; Jupj khw;wq;fs;

mz;ikf; fhyq;fspy; Jupj khw;wq;fs; mz;ikf; fhyq;fspy; Vw;gl;Ls;sd.

,Jgw;wpa jfty;fis Mf;fG+u;tkhf Kd;itf;Ff.


F tpahghuj;Jiwapy; njhopDl;gk;> fUtpfs; vd;gtw;iwg; gad;gLj;Jtjhy; ghupa

khw;wq;fs; Vw;gl;Ls;sd. ,it gw;wpa jfty;fisf; Nfhitg;gLj;jp kdq;ftu;

tpjj;jpy; Kd;itf;Ff.

137




Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : -: -: -: -: - Gjpa njhopw;re;ijf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd tifapy; jkJ

jpwikfisAk; Mw;wy;fisAk; mwpe;J mtw;iw tpUj;jp nra;J

nfhs;thu;.

nraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghL : -: -: -: -: - njhopy;Jiwapd; Gjpa Nghf;Ffis ,dq;fhz;Nghk;.


ju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPL : -: -: -: -: - � ,izg;G 9.2.3.2 nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk;

� nra;jpg;gj;jpupiffspy; ntspahfpa gy;NtW njhopy;tha;g;GfSf;F

cupa tpsk;guq;fs; (ghlj;jpw;F Kd;dNu jahu;g;gLj;Jf.)

� bik fljhrp


� ngd;rpy;


gb 9.2.3.1gb 9.2.3.1gb 9.2.3.1gb 9.2.3.1gb 9.2.3.1

� vjpu;fhyj;jpy; tFg;gpYs;s khztu;fs; vj;jifa njhopypy; <Lgl cj;Njrpj;Js;sdu;

vdf; Nfl;L mjidf; fUk;gyifapy; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf.

� mwpTG+u;tkhff; fpilf;Fk; tpilfisf; fUk;gifapy; vOJf.


F cw;gj;jp tpepNahfk;> tpahghuk; Mfpa Jiwfspy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fs; kPjhd

jw;fhyj;ija Gjpa njhopy;Jiwfs; gy Njhd;wpAs;sik.

F ,tw;iw tptrhak;> ifj;njhopy;> Nrit Mfpa Jiwfspy; fhzf;$bajha;

cs;sik.

F tptrhak;> ifj;njhopy;> Nrit Mfpa Jiwfspy; Gjpa Nghf;Ffs; Vw;gl;Ls;sik.

F Nritj;Jiwapd; njhopy;fs;> tptrhak;> ifj;njhopy; Mfpa Jiwfspd;

njhopy;fspd; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpAs;sik.

(10 epkplq;fs;)

gb 9.2.3.2gb 9.2.3.2gb 9.2.3.2gb 9.2.3.2gb 9.2.3.2

� khztu;fisg; nghUj;jkhd tpjj;jpy; FOf;fshf;Ff.

� ,izg;G 9.2.3.1 ,w;Fupa nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuj;ijg; gfpu;e;jspf;Ff.

� bik fljhrp> khf;fu; Ngid Mfpatw;iw xt;nthU FOTf;Fk; toq;Ff.

� FOf;fshy; nfhz;Ltug;gl;l Ntiytha;g;Gfs; gw;wpa tpsk;guq;fis mtjhdpj;J

FOTf;Ff; fpilj;j Jiwfspd; fPNo Nfhitg;gLj;jr; re;ju;g;gk; toq;Ff.

(30 epkplq;fs;)

138

gb 9.2.3.3gb 9.2.3.3gb 9.2.3.3gb 9.2.3.3gb 9.2.3.3

� FOf;fspd; ntspg;gLj;jy;fs tFg;gpy; Kd;itf;f ,lkspf;Ff.

� Vida FOf;fSf;F tpUj;jpf;fhd fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itf;fr; re;ju;g;gk; toq;Ff.

� khztu;fspd; ,aYikf;F kjpg;gspj;J tpUj;jpf;fhd MNyhridfis Kd;itj;J

gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; ntspg;gLk; tpjj;jpy; fye;Jiuahlypy; <LgLf.

F njhopDl;g khw;wq;fSld; tptrhak;> tu;j;jfk;> Nrit Mfpa Jiwfspd;

njhopy;Jiwapy; Gjpa Ntiytha;g;Gfs; Vw;gl;lik.

F tptrhaj;Jiwapy; rpy Jiwfs; tho;f;ifj; Njit kl;lj;jpypUe;J ifj;njhopy;

JiwfSf;F %yg;nghUs;fis toq;Fk; epiytiu tpUj;jpaile;Js;sik.

F Vw;Wkjp gz;Kfg;gLj;jypd; fPo; Ranjhopy; tha;g;Gfs; Vw;gl;lik.

F ifj;njhopy; Jiwapy; Gjpa njhopy;fs; Njhd;wpaik.

F tptrhak;> ifj;njhopy; Mfpa JiwfSf;F nghUj;jkhfr; Nritj;Jiwapy; Gjpa

njhopy; tha;g;Gfs; ghupa mstpy; Njhd;wpAs;sik.

F Vida Jiwfis tpl Nritj;Jiwapy; njhopy; tha;g;Gfs; mjpfupj;jik.

(40 epkplq;fs;)


� gy;NtW Jiwfspd; fPo; cUthd Gjpa njhopy;fspd; ngau;fisf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.

� gy;NtW njhopy;fs; ehl;bd; r%f> nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jpf;Fg; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;fpd;wd

vd;gij Vw;Wf;nfhs;thu;.

� nghUshjhuj;jpy; cs;s gy;NtW Jiwfspd; fPo; njhopy;fis ml;ltizg;gLj;Jthu;.

� FOf; flikfis cupa Kiwapy; epiwNtw;Wthu;.

� midj;Jj; njhopy;fs; %yKk; r%fk;> nghUshjhuk; vd;gtw;Wf;Fg; ghupa Nritfisr;

nra;a KbAk; vd;w fUj;ij ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.

cq;fs; gpuNjrj;jpy; tptrhak;> ifj;njhopy;> Nrit Mfpa %d;W JiwfspYk;

Njhd;wpAs;s njhopy;fspd; gl;baiyj; jahupf;Ff.

mj;njhopy; tha;g;Gfs; ckJ gpuNjrj;jpd; nghUshjhu> r%f Kd;Ndw;wk;

Vw;gLtjw;Fupa gq;fspg;G nra;j Kiw gw;wp ghlrhiyr; rQ;rpiff;Ff; fl;Liu

jahupf;Ff.

ePq;fs; vjpu;fhyj;jpy; njupTnra;a cj;Njrpj;Js;s njhopypd; ngau; Fwpg;gpl;L>

- mjidj; njupTnra;jjw;fhd fhuzq;fs;

- mjd; %yk; r%f> nghUshjhu Kd;Ndw;wj;Jf;F Mw;wf;$ba Nritfs; gw;wpa

tptuq;fis Kd;itf;Ff.

139




F Qhapw;Wf;fpoikf;Fupa nra;jpj;jhs;fs; rpytw;iw toq;Ff.

F mjpYs;s Ntiy> ntw;wplk; gw;wpa tpsk;guq;fis thrpf;Ff.

F mtw;wpilNa tptrhaj;Jiwf;Fupa Ntiy tpsk;guq;fis ntl;bg; gpupj;njLf;Ff.

F cq;fSf;F toq;fg;gl;Ls;s bik fljhrpapy; ePq;fs; jPu;khdpj;j xOq;FKiwg;gb

Mf;fG+u;tkhd tpjj;jpy; xl;Lf.

F xt;Nthu; njhopypdhYk; r%fj;Jf;Ff; fpilf;Fk; Nritfis tplaq;fshff;

Fwpg;gpLf. (bik fljhrpapd; fPNo)


F Qhapw;Wf;fpoikf;Fupa nra;jpj;jhs; rpytw;iw toq;Ff.

F mtw;wpYs;s Ntiy ntw;wplk; gw;wpa tpsk;guq;fis ed;F mtjhdpf;Ff.

F mtw;wpilNa ifj;njhopy;Jiwf;Fupa Ntiy tpsk;guq;fis ntl;b Ntwhfg;

gpupj;njLf;Ff.

F bik fljhrpapy; mtw;iw ePq;fs; jPu;khdpj;j xOq;F Kiwg;gb Mf;fG+u;tkhd

tpjj;jpy; xl;Lf.

F bik fljhrpapd; mbg;gFjpapy; xt;Nthu; njhopypdhYk; r%fj;Jf;Ff; fpilf;Fk;

Nritfisf; Fwpg;gpLf.


F Qhapw;Wf;fpoikf;Fupa nra;jpj;jhs;fs; rpytw;iw toq;Ff.

F mtw;wpYs;s Ntiy ntw;wplk; gw;wpa tpsk;guq;fis ed;F mtjhdpf;Ff.

F Nritj;Jiwf;Fupa Ntiy tpsk;guq;fis ntl;b Ntwhfg; gpupj;njLf;Ff.

F bik fljhrpapy; ePq;fs; tpUk;gpa xOq;FKiwapy; Mf;fG+u;tkhd tpjj;jpy; xl;Lf.

F bik fljhrpapd; mbapy; mj;njhopy;fspdhy; r%fk; ngWk; Nritfisf; Fwpg;gpLf.

140

nraw;ghl;Lf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd njhopy;Jiwfs;nraw;ghl;Lf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd njhopy;Jiwfs;nraw;ghl;Lf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd njhopy;Jiwfs;nraw;ghl;Lf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd njhopy;Jiwfs;nraw;ghl;Lf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd njhopy;Jiwfs;

FO 01 - tptrhaj;Jiwrhu; njhopy;Jiwfs;

FO 02 - ifj;njhopy;Jiwrhu; njhopy;fs;

FO 03 - Nritj;Jiwrhu; ifj;njhopy;fs;

nghJ mwpTWj;jy;nghJ mwpTWj;jy;nghJ mwpTWj;jy;nghJ mwpTWj;jy;nghJ mwpTWj;jy;

� Qhapw;Wf;fpoikf;Fupa nra;jpj;jhs;fs; rpytw;iw toq;Ff.

� mtw;wpy; Ntiy ntw;wplq;fs; gw;wpa tpsk;guq;fis ed;F mtjhdpf;Ff.

� cq;fs; FOTf;Ff; fpilj;j njhopy;Jiw rhu;ghd Ntiy tpsk;guq;fis ntl;b

Ntwhfg; gpupj;njLf;Ff.

� toq;fg;gl;l bik fljhrpapy; ePq;fs; tpUk;gpa xOq;F Kiwg;gb Mf;fG+u;tkhf

mtw;iw xl;Lf.

� bik fljhrpapd; fPo;g;gFjpapy; mt; Ntiytha;g;Gfs; %yk; r%fk; ngWk;

ed;ikfs; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLf.



141

9.39.39.39.39.3 Ml;rpapy; kf;fspd; gq;Fgw;WifMl;rpapy; kf;fspd; gq;Fgw;WifMl;rpapy; kf;fspd; gq;Fgw;WifMl;rpapy; kf;fspd; gq;Fgw;WifMl;rpapy; kf;fspd; gq;Fgw;Wif



cyfpd; gz;ila ehfupfq;fspy; fpNuf;fj;jpy; Vjd;]; efupy; Neub [dehaf epu;thf

Kiw epytpaikf;fhd rhd;Wfs; ngwg;gl;Ls;sd. ,d;iwa cyfpd; ngUk;ghyhd ehLfs;

Ms;tjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;Jk; Ml;rp Kiwnahd;whf gpujpepjpj;Jt [dehaf Ml;rp

Kiwikia mwpKfg;gLj;jyhk;.

kf;fis Ml;rp nra;tjw;fhf kf;fspd; gq;fspg;Gld; nraw;gLfpd;w Ml;rpKiwikahf

[dehaf Ml;rpKiwik Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWtjdhy; mjd; ntw;wpf;fhf kf;fspd;

capNuhl;lkhd gq;fspg;G mtrpakhfpd;wJ.

,t;tyfpd; %yk; [dehaf uPjpapyhd Ml;rp Kiwikia ntw;wpfukhf nraw;gLj;jj;

Njitahd Nju;r;rpfis khztu; kj;jpapy; tpUj;jp nra;jy; ,t;tyfpd; vjpu;ghu;g;ghFk;.

Nju;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r p : -: -: -: -: -

rdehaf Ml;rp Kiwapid ntw;wpfukhf Kd;ndLg;gjw;F nray;uPjpapy;

gq;fspg;ghu;.

Nju;r;rp klNju;r;rp klNju;r;rp klNju;r;rp klNju;r;rp kl;lk;:-;lk;:-;lk;:-;lk;:-;lk;:-

� rdehaf Ml;rpKiw nahd;wpd; mbg;gilg; gz;Gfis gFg;gha;T nra;thu;.

� kf;fs; r%fj;jpy; If;fpaj;ij Vw;gLj;Jtjw;F murpay; fl;rpfs;; Mw;wf;

$ba flikfisAk; nghWg;Gf;fisAk; kjpg;gpLthu;.

� rdehaf r%nkhd;wpy; xU ew;gpui[ vd;w tifapy; jkJ nghWg;

Gf;fisAk; flikfisAk; epiwNtw;Wthu;.

142


� [dehaf Ml;rp Kiwikapd; mbg;gil ,ay;Gfs;.

� [dehafj;ij mwpKfQ; nra;jy;.

� [dehafk; vd;gJ kf;fspd; Ml;rp KiwikahFk;. ,J kf;fspdhy; kf;fSf;fhf

elhj;jg;gLfpd;w kf;fspd; Ml;rp Kiwikahf miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

[dehaf Ml;rp Kiwikapd; mbg;gil ,ay;GfSk; [dehaf Ml;rp Kiwikfs;

fhzg;gLk; ehLfSf;fhd cjhuzq;fSk; :

� murpayikg;Gf;Nfw;g Ml;rp nra;jy;.

� kf;fspdhy; thf;Fupik %yk; cUthd muRfs; epyTjy;.

� ru;t [d thf;Fupik.

� rl;lj;jpd; Ml;rp

� Rje;jpukhdJk; ePjpahdJkhd Nju;jy;.

� ngUk;ghyhNdhupd; tpUg;gpw;Nfw;g jPu;ntLj;jy;.

� Nghl;bf; fl;rp Kiw.

� ePjpj;Jiw RahjPdkhfr; nraw;gly;.

� gpujpepjpj;Jt Kiw epyTjy;.

� ehl;il Nju;jy; njhFjpfshfg; gpupj;njLj;jy;.

� MSq; fl;rpAk; vjpu;f;fl;rpAk; ,Uj;jy;.

� mjpfhuq;fs; gfpug;gly;

� Rje;jpuk;> rkj;Jtk; kw;Wk; cupikfisg; ghJfhj;jy;.

� Rje;jpu Clfq;fspd; nraw;ghL.

[dehaf Ml;rpKiw epyTk; ehLfSf;F cjhuzq;fs; :

� ngupa gpupj;jhdpah

� mnkupf;f If;fpa ehLfs;

� fdlh

� rpq;fg;G+u;

� kNyrpah

� ,e;jpah

� ,yq;if

[dehaf epu;thf Kiwnahd;wpd; ntw;wpf;Fj; Njitahd mk;rq;fs; :

� murpay; tpopg;Gzu;Tldhd kf;fs; ,Uj;jy;.

� mu;g;gzpg;GlDk; nghWg;GlDk; nraw;gLk; jiytu;fs; ,Uj;jy;.

� Rje;jpu Clf Kiwnahd;W epyTjy;.

� nghUshjhu epiyik jpUg;jpfukhd Kiwapy; epyTjy;.

� rl;lj;jpd; Mjpgj;jpak; nraw;gLjy;.

� murhq;fj;jpd; gzpfs; gpupj;Jf; nfhLf;fg;gl;bUj;jy;.

� nraw;wpwDs;s vjpu;f;fl;rpnahd;W ,Uj;jy;.

143

9.3.29.3.29.3.29.3.29.3.2 murpay; fl;rpfs;murpay; fl;rpfs;murpay; fl;rpfs;murpay; fl;rpfs;murpay; fl;rpfs;

murpay; fl;rpfis mwpKfQ; nra;jy; :murpay; fl;rpfis mwpKfQ; nra;jy; :murpay; fl;rpfis mwpKfQ; nra;jy; :murpay; fl;rpfis mwpKfQ; nra;jy; :murpay; fl;rpfis mwpKfQ; nra;jy; :

� murpay; mjpfhuj;ijg; ngWk; Nehf;fj;Jld; nghJthd nfhs;ifnahd;wpd; mbg;gilapy;

nraw;gl;L kf;fs; eyid Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;L xd;whfr; Nru;e;j egu;fspd; $l;lj;jpdiu

murpay; fl;rp vd;gu;. (vl;kd;l; Ngf;)

� ehl;bd; Njitfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L nghJkf;fspd; fUj;Jf;fisAk; murpay;

fl;rpfspd; nfhs;iffisAk; xd;whfr; Nru;j;J murpay; fl;rpfs; cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

� murpay; fl;rpapd; Nehf;fq;fs; gpuNjrk;> ,dk;> rkak; Nghd;w FWfpa fhuzpfis

mbg;gilahff; nfhs;shJ Njrpa Njitfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L [dehafj;ij

nraw;gLj;jyhFk;.

rKjhaj;jpd; xw;Wikia Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhf murpay; fl;rpfs; %yk; Mw;wg;gl Ntz;barKjhaj;jpd; xw;Wikia Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhf murpay; fl;rpfs; %yk; Mw;wg;gl Ntz;barKjhaj;jpd; xw;Wikia Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhf murpay; fl;rpfs; %yk; Mw;wg;gl Ntz;barKjhaj;jpd; xw;Wikia Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhf murpay; fl;rpfs; %yk; Mw;wg;gl Ntz;barKjhaj;jpd; xw;Wikia Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhf murpay; fl;rpfs; %yk; Mw;wg;gl Ntz;ba

gzpfs; :gzpfs; :gzpfs; :gzpfs; :gzpfs; :

� gue;Jgl;Ls;s kf;fs; fUj;ij xd;whfr; Nru;j;jy;.

� kf;fs; Njitia ,dq;fz;L mjw;Nfw;g fl;rpf; nfhs;iffis jPu;khdpj;jYk;

nraw;gLj;jYk;.

� kf;fis mwpTWj;Jjy;.

� vjpu;fhyj; jiytu;fis cUthf;fy;.

� rKjhaj;jpy; xw;Wikiag; Ngzy;.

� jkJ fl;rpf; nfhs;iff;F vjpuhd fUj;Jf;fisf; nfhz;Ls;s murpay; mq;fj;jtu;fspd;

[dehaf murpay; fUj;Jf;fis kjpj;jy;.

thf;FupikAk; Nju;jYk;thf;FupikAk; Nju;jYk;thf;FupikAk; Nju;jYk;thf;FupikAk; Nju;jYk;thf;FupikAk; Nju;jYk;

� kf;fs; mq;fj;jtu;fisj; Nju;e;njLj;jYk; kf;fs; fUj;Jf;fis mwptjw;fhf elhj;jg;gLk;

Nju;jnyhd;wpd;NghJ jkJ fUj;ij ntspg;gLj;j cs;s tha;g;G thf;FupikahFk;.

� Ml;rp kd;wq;fSf;F kf;fs; mq;fj;jtu;fisj; Nju;e;njLg;gjw;fhf elhj;jg;gLk; kf;fs;

fUj;Jf; fzpg;G Nju;jyhFk;.

kf;fs; Ml;rpapy; gq;Fnfhs;Sk; re;ju;g;gq;fs;kf;fs; Ml;rpapy; gq;Fnfhs;Sk; re;ju;g;gq;fs;kf;fs; Ml;rpapy; gq;Fnfhs;Sk; re;ju;g;gq;fs;kf;fs; Ml;rpapy; gq;Fnfhs;Sk; re;ju;g;gq;fs;kf;fs; Ml;rpapy; gq;Fnfhs;Sk; re;ju;g;gq;fs;

� ghuhSkd;wj; Nju;jy;

� [dhjpgjp Nju;jy;

� cs;Suhl;rp Nju;jy; (gpuNjr> efu> khefu rigfs;)

� khfhz rigj; Nju;jy;

� kf;fs; fUj;Jf; fzpg;G

ru;t[d thf;FupikAk; mjd; Kf;fpaj;JtKk;ru;t[d thf;FupikAk; mjd; Kf;fpaj;JtKk;ru;t[d thf;FupikAk; mjd; Kf;fpaj;JtKk;ru;t[d thf;FupikAk; mjd; Kf;fpaj;JtKk;ru;t[d thf;FupikAk; mjd; Kf;fpaj;JtKk;

ve;j NtWghLfSkpd;wp Njitahd jifikfisg; ngw;Ws;s vy;yh gpui[fSk;

jkJ murpay; fUj;Jf;fis ntspapLtjw;Fs;s cupik. (thf;fpd; %yk;)

144

,yq;if kf;fSf;F thf;Fupik fpilj;jy;,yq;if kf;fSf;F thf;Fupik fpilj;jy;,yq;if kf;fSf;F thf;Fupik fpilj;jy;,yq;if kf;fSf;F thf;Fupik fpilj;jy;,yq;if kf;fSf;F thf;Fupik fpilj;jy;

� 1910 Mk; Mz;L; murpayikg;G rPu;j;jpUj;jq;fspd; %yk; 21 taJf;F Nkw;gl;l fy;tp

fw;w nry;te;j Mz;fSf;F khj;jpuk; kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l thf;Fupik toq;fg;gl;lJ.

� 1931 Mk; Mz;L; nlhd%u; murpay; mikg;G rPu;j;jpUj;jj;jpd; %yk; 21 taijj;

fle;j Mz; ngz; ,UghyhUf;Fk; (ru;t[d) thf;Fupik toq;fg;gly;.

� 1958 Mk; Mz;by;> 18 taijf; fle;j vy;yhg; gpui[fSf;Fk; thf;Fupik cupikahjy;.

thf;Fupik ngwj; Njitahd jifikfs;thf;Fupik ngwj; Njitahd jifikfs;thf;Fupik ngwj; Njitahd jifikfs;thf;Fupik ngwj; Njitahd jifikfs;thf;Fupik ngwj; Njitahd jifikfs;

� ,yq;if gpui[ahftpUj;jy;.

� taJ 18 Ij; jhz;bapUj;jy;.

� gjpTnra;ag;gl;l thf;fhsuhf ,Uj;jy;.

� thf;Fupik cupikaw;wjhfhjpUj;jy;. (thf;Fupik mw;Wg; Nghtjw;fhd fhuzq;fis

tpsf;Ff.)

ru;t[d thf;Fupikapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;ru;t[d thf;Fupikapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;ru;t[d thf;Fupikapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;ru;t[d thf;Fupikapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;ru;t[d thf;Fupikapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

� jkJ Ml;rpahsiuj; Nju;e;njLf;Fk; tha;g;G nghJkf;fSf;Fk; fpilf;Fk;.

� jifikaw;w Ml;rpahsu;fis ePf;Ftjw;F tha;g;G fpilf;Fk;.

� murpay; xj;Jiog;G guTjy;.

� murpay; mwpT tsu;r;rpailjy;.

� egu;fs; Kidg;Gld; murpaypy; gq;Nfw;wy;.

� kf;fs; gpujpepjpfs; jhk; epakpf;fg;gl;l Nju;jy; njhFjpapNyNa Nritahw;wj; J}z;Lk;

topahf mikjy;.

� ehl;bd; kf;fspd; eyidAk; mgptpUj;jpiaAk; Nkk;gLj;Jk; cj;jpahf mikjy;.

Nju;jYk;> Nju;jy; njhlu;ghd kf;fs; cupikfSk; flikfSk;Nju;jYk;> Nju;jy; njhlu;ghd kf;fs; cupikfSk; flikfSk;Nju;jYk;> Nju;jy; njhlu;ghd kf;fs; cupikfSk; flikfSk;Nju;jYk;> Nju;jy; njhlu;ghd kf;fs; cupikfSk; flikfSk;Nju;jYk;> Nju;jy; njhlu;ghd kf;fs; cupikfSk; flikfSk;

Ml;rpf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd gpujpepjpfis epakpf;Fk; nraw;ghL Nju;jyhFk;;. Nju;jy;

%yk; gpujpepjpfisj; Nju;e;njLf;Fk; gpujpepjpj;Jt Kiwfs; rpy eilKiwapy; cs;sd.

� vspa ngUk;ghd;ik gpujpepjpj;Jt Kiw

� tpfpjhrhu gpujpepjpj;Jt Kiw

vspa ngUk;ghd;ik Kiwvspa ngUk;ghd;ik Kiwvspa ngUk;ghd;ik Kiwvspa ngUk;ghd;ik Kiwvspa ngUk;ghd;ik Kiw

� Nju;jypd;NghJ ve;jnthU Nju;jy; njhFjpf;fhfTk; Nghl;bapLk; mNgl;rfu;fSs;

mjpf thf;Ffisg; ngWk; mNgl;rfiu ntw;wp ngw;w mNgl;rfuhfj; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gLthu;.

tpfpjhrhug; gpujpepjpj ;JtKiwtpfpjhrhug; gpujpepjpj ;JtKiwtpfpjhrhug; gpujpepjpj ;JtKiwtpfpjhrhug; gpujpepjpj ;JtKiwtpfpjhrhug; gpujpepjpj ;JtKiw

Nju;jypd;NghJ Nju;jy; njhFjpnahd;Wf;fhfg; Nghl;bapLk; murpay; fl;rpfs; my;yJ

FOf;fspdhy; ngwg;gLk; thf;Ffspd; vz;zpf;ifapd; tpfpjhrhuj;jpw;Nfw;g Mrdq;fisg;

ngWk; KiwahFk;.

145

Nju;jy; njhlu;ghd kf;fspd; cupikfs;Nju;jy; njhlu;ghd kf;fspd; cupikfs;Nju;jy; njhlu;ghd kf;fspd; cupikfs;Nju;jy; njhlu;ghd kf;fspd; cupikfs;Nju;jy; njhlu;ghd kf;fspd; cupikfs;

� thf;fspj;jy;

(Ml;rpahsu;fisj; Nju;e;njLf;Fk; cupik)

� murpay; fl;rpnahd;wpy; mq;fj;Jtk; ngwy;.

� murpay; fl;rpfis mikj;jy;.

� thf;fhsu; ngau;g;gl;baypy; ngau; gjpjy;.

� mNgl;rfuhfg; Nghl;baply;.

� Nju;jy; gpur;rhu cupik.

� xOq;fikj;jy;.

� epahakhd fhuzq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; tpku;rpj;jy;.

Nju;jy; njhlu;ghd kf;fspd; flikfs;Nju;jy; njhlu;ghd kf;fspd; flikfs;Nju;jy; njhlu;ghd kf;fspd; flikfs;Nju;jy; njhlu;ghd kf;fspd; flikfs;Nju;jy; njhlu;ghd kf;fspd; flikfs;

� Nju;jypy; thf;fspj;jy;.

� Nju;jy; rl;ljpl;lq;fSf;F mikthf ele;Jnfhs;sy;.

� td;nray;fspy; <Lglhky; ,Uj;jYk; <LglhjpUf;f cjTjYk;.

� mwpTs;s nghUj;jkhd Ml;rpahsu;fisj; Nju;e;njLj;jy;.

� ntw;wp Njhy;tpia jd;dlf;fj;Jld; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sy;.

� Nju;jy; rl;lj;ij nraw;gLj;j cjTjy;.

146


Nju;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r p : -: -: -: -: - rdehaf Ml;rp Kiwapid ntw;wpfukhf Kd;ndLg;gjw;F

nray;uPjpapy; gq;fspg;ghu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : -: -: -: -: - rdehaf Ml;rpKiwnahd;wpd; mbg;gilg; gz;Gfis gFg;gha;T

nra;thu;.

nraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghL : -: -: -: -: - [dehaf Ml;rp Kiwnahd;wpd; ,ay;Gfis ,dq;fhz;Nghk;


ju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPL : -: -: -: -: - � ,izg;G 9.3.1.1 ,d; glk;

� ,izg;G 9.3.1.2 ,d; Ntiyg;gbtk;

� A4 jhs;

� bik fljhrp


gb 9.3.1.1gb 9.3.1.1gb 9.3.1.1gb 9.3.1.1gb 9.3.1.1

� ,izg;G 9.3.1.1 njhlu;ghd glq;fis tFg;gpy; rku;g;gpj;jy;.

� glj;ij Muha;tjpy; khztiu <LgLj;Jq;fs;. mjpy; Fwpg;gplg;gLk; rpwg;ghd [dehaf

gz;Gfisj; Njbawpa khztUf;F tha;g;gspAq;fs;.

� gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; Nknyof;$bathW fye;JiuahLq;fs;.

F kf;fis ehl;bd; Ml;rpapy; gq;Nfw;fr; nra;tjw;fhf thf;Fupik mtrpakhFk;.

F ru;t[d thf;Fupik Kf;fpa xU [dehaf gz;ghFk;.

F ru;t[d thf;Fupikia toq;Fk;NghJ gy;NtW jifikfis ftdj;jpy;

nfhs;sg;gLk;.

F [dehaf murpay; Kiwapy; murpay; fl;rpfs; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWk;.

F ,yq;ifapy; murpay; fl;rpfs; gy cs;sd.

F [dehaf Ml;rp Kiwapy; Nju;jy;fs; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWk;.

F rl;lj;jpd; Kd; ahtUk; rkkhf fUjg;gLtu;.

F ePjpj;Jiw RahjPdk; [dehaf kf;fs; r%fj;jpd; ntw;wpf;Ff; fhuzkhFk;.

(10 epkplq;fs;)

gb 9.3.1.2gb 9.3.1.2gb 9.3.1.2gb 9.3.1.2gb 9.3.1.2


� ,izg;G 9.4.3.2 ,y; jug;gl;Ls;s Ntiyg;gbtk; xd;W tPjk; FOf;fSf;F gfpu;e;jspAq;fs;.

� Ntiyg;gbtq;fSf;Nfw;g khztiu Ntiyapy; <LgLj;Jq;fs;.

� khztu;fs; kj;jpapy; nrd;W Njitahd re;ju;g;gq;fspy; mtu;fSf;F topfhl;Lq;fs;.

(20 epkplq;fs;)

147

gb 9.3.1.3gb 9.3.1.3gb 9.3.1.3gb 9.3.1.3gb 9.3.1.3

� Njitahd tplaq;fis mwpf;if nra;jjd; gpd;du;> mtw;iwr; rku;g;gpf;f khztUf;F

tha;g;gspAq;fs;.

� Vida FOf;fSld; fye;Jiuahl khztUf;F re;ju;g;gk; toq;Fq;fs;.

� gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; Nknyof;$bathW fye;Jiuahliy elhj;Jq;fs;.

� Kf;fpa tplaq;fis Fwpj;Jf;nfhs;s re;ju;g;gk; toq;Fq;fs;.

F [dehaf Ml;rpKiwapd; ntw;wpf;F murpay; fl;rpfs; gq;fspf;fpd;wd.

F [dehaf Ml;rp Kiwapd; ntw;wpf;F RahjPd Nju;jy;fs; fhuzkhFk;.

F ehl;by; [dehafk; ntw;wpfkhf eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl Rje;jpukhd ePjpKiw

epyt Ntz;Lk;.

F rl;lj;jpd; Kd; ahtUf;Fk; epahak; toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

(40 epkplq;fs;)


� [dehaf Ml;rpKiwapd; mbg;gil ,ay;Gfisg; ngaupLtu;.

� [dehaf Ml;rpKiw ntw;wpfukhd Ml;rpKiw vd Vw;Wf;nfhz;L fUj;jwptpg;gu;.

� [dehaf tho;f;iff;Fj; jahuhtu;.

� mwpf;ifia Mf;fG+u;tkhf rku;g;gpg;ghu;.

� [dehaf gz;Gfisj; jkJ tho;f;ifg; gz;GfspD}lhf fhl;rpg;gLj;Jtu;.

,izg;G 9.3.1.1

gpd;tUk; glj;ijj; jahu;g;gLj;Jq;fs;.

[dehafg; gz;ig ntspg;gLj;Jk; glk;

fUj;Jntspg;ghL/ thf;Fupik/ murpay; fl;rp

148


Ntiyg;gbtk;Ntiyg;gbtk;Ntiyg;gbtk;Ntiyg;gbtk;Ntiyg;gbtk;


cq;fSf;Fj; jug;gl;Ls;s ge;jpia thrpj;J tpdhf;fSf;F tpilaspf;fTk;.

Rje;jpukhdJk; epahakhdJkhd Nju;jy;Rje;jpukhdJk; epahakhdJkhd Nju;jy;Rje;jpukhdJk; epahakhdJkhd Nju;jy;Rje;jpukhdJk; epahakhdJkhd Nju;jy;Rje;jpukhdJk; epahakhdJkhd Nju;jy;

jw;fhy [dehafk; eilKiwapYs;s ehLfspd; Ml;rp eilngWtjw;F kf;fs;

gpujpepjpfisj; Nju;e;njLf;fg; gad;gLj;Jk; Kiw Nju;jy; vd miof;fg;gLk;.

Ml;rpahsu;fshf kf;fs; gpujpepjpfisj; Nju;e;njLf;Fk; Kiwfs; gy cs. vspa

ngUk;ghd;ik gpujpepjpj;Jt KiwAk; tpfpjhrhu gpujpepjpj;Jt KiwAk; mtw;Ws;

gpujhdkhditahFk;.

• kf;fis Ml;rpapy; gq;Fgw;wr; nra;a elhj;Jk; gy;tifj; Nju;jy;fs;

Ø ghuhSkd;wj; Nju;jy;

Ø [dhjpgjpj; Nju;jy;

Ø kf;fs; fUj;Jf; fzpg;G

Ø khfhz rigj; Nju;jy;

Ø cs;Suhl;rpj; Nju;jy;

(khefu rig> efu rig> gpuNjr rig)

Nju;jy; njhlu;ghf kf;fspd; flikfSk; nghWg;GfSk; gpd;tUkhW Nju;jy;fspy;

gpioapd;wp thf;fspj;jy;> ntw;wp Njhy;tpia mlf;fj;Jld; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sy;>

mwpTG+u;tkhf nghUj;jkhd Ml;rpahsu;fisj; Nju;e;njLj;jy;> td;nray;fisj;

jtpu;j;Jf;nfhs;sy;> td;nray;fspy; <LgLtjw;F cjthjpUj;jy; MfpadthFk;.

1. [dehaf Ml;rpKiwapd;NghJ kf;fs; gpujpfisj; Nju;e;njLg;gJ vt;thW?

2. Ml;rpf;fhf kf;fs; gpujpepjpfisj; Nju;e;njLf;Fk;NghJ gpd;gw;Wk; gpujpepjpj;Jt

Kiwfisg; ngaupLf.

3. ,yq;if kf;fs; thf;Ffisg; gad;gLj;Jk; gy;NtW Nju;jy; Kiwfisg; ngaupLf.

4. epahakhd Nju;jy; Kiwf;Fj; jilahf mikAk; re;ju;g;gq;fisg; ngaupLf.


jug;gl;Ls;s ge;jpia thrpj;J gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;F tpil jUf.

ru;t[d thf;Fupikru;t[d thf;Fupikru;t[d thf;Fupikru;t[d thf;Fupikru;t[d thf;Fupik

1931 Mk; Mz;Ltiu nrhj;Jf;fs;> fy;tp kl;lk; Mfpatw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; Fwpg;gpl;l

vz;zpf;ifahd xU rpyUf;Nf thf;Fupik ,Ue;jJ. 1931 Mk; Mz;L nlhd%u;

rPu;j;jpUj;jq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; 21 taijj; jhz;ba Mz;> ngz; ,UghyhUf;Fk;

thf;Fupik toq;fg;gl;lJ.

149

Ve;j NtWghLfSk; ,d;wp Njitahd jifikfisg; ngw;w vy;yhg; gpui[fSf;Fk;

thf;Fupik cz;L.

,yq;if kf;fSf;F thf;Fupik ngWtjw;F ,Uf;f Ntz;ba jifikfs;

Ø,yq;if gpui[ahftpUj;jy;.

Ø 18 taij mile;jpUj;jy;.

Øthf;fhsu; ngau;g;gl;baypy; ngau; Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUj;jy;.

Øthf;Fupik ,oe;jtuhfhjpUj;jy;.

ru;t[d thf;Fupikapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

Ø kf;fSf;F tpUg;gkhd Ml;rpiaj; Nju;e;njLf;fTk; tpUg;gkw;w Ml;rpia ePf;fTk;

Kbjy;.

Ø murpaypy; gq;Fgw;Wtij gutyhf;Fjy;.

Ø murpay; mwpit tsu;j;jy;.

ew;gpui[ahf thf;ifg; gad;gLj;Jk;NghJ gpd;gw;wNtz;ba tplaq;fs; rpythFk;.

Ø tQ;rfkhf thf;ifg; gad;gLj;jhjpUj;jy;.

Ø NtNwhUtupd; thf;ifg; gad;gLj;j Kaw;rp nra;ahjpUj;jy;.

Ø kf;fisg; gaKWj;jy;> mr;RWj;jy; Nghd;w tplaq;fisj; jtpu;j;jy;.

Ø Nju;jy; Fw;wq;fisj; jtpu;j;jYk; rupahf thf;fspj;jYk;

1. ru;t [d thf;Fupik vd;why; vd;d?

2. ,yq;if kf;fSf;F vt;thz;by; ru;t [d thf;Fupik toq;fg;gl;lJ?

3. ru;t [d thf;Fupik Vd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWfpwJ?

4. xU ew;gpui[ thf;fspf;Fk;NghJ nra;af;$lhjitfs; ahit?


cq;fSf;Fj; jug;gl;Ls;s ge;jpia thrpj;J Nfl;fg;gl;Ls;s tpdhf;fSf;F tpilaspAq;fs;.

[dehaf ehnlhd;wpy; murpay; fl;rpfspypUj;jy; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. kf;fs; gpujpepjpfshf

epakpf;fg;gLk; Ntl;ghsu;fs; Nju;jypy; Nghl;bapLtJ murpay; fl;rpfs; %ykhFk;. murpay;

fl;rpnad;gJ ehl;by; murhq;fj;ij epWTtjw;fhf jpl;ltl;lkhd nfhs;iffSld; nraw;gLk;

FOthFk;. [dehaf ehnlhd;wpy; ,t;thwhd ,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l

vz;zpf;ifahd fl;rpfs; fhzg;gLk;.

ngUk;ghd;ik gyj;Jld; murhq;fj;ij mikf;Fk;NghJ kf;fspd; ntWg;Gf;F Mshd

murhq;fj;ij gjtp ePf;Fk; NghJk; kf;fSf;F murpay; uPjpahf xd;W NrUk; cupik

Rje;jpuk;> Mw;wy; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,t;Tupikia typAWj;jp [dehaf Njrj;jpd; ve;jnthU

xj;j fUj;ijf; nfhz;lJk; FOtpdUf;F xOq;fikAk; Rje;jpuk; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jd;gb

Nghl;b mbg;gilapyhd murpay; fl;rp Kiwiaf; nfhz;bUj;jy; [dehaf ehl;bd; mbg;gil

,ay;ghFk;. kf;fspd; gq;fspg;igg; ngWtjw;fhf murpay; fl;rp %yk; Mw;wg;gLk;

gzpfs; gy cs. mjhtJ r%fj;jpy; gue;J fhzg;gLfpd;w kf;fs; fUj;ij xd;whff;Fjy;>

Nju;jy;fspy; Nghl;baply;> [dehafj;ijg; gyKs;sjhf;f gq;fspj;jy; MfpadthFk;.

150

NkYk; gy;NtW ,dq;fisAk; rkaq;fisAk; kf;fs; gFjpapdiuAk; nfhz;l r%fj;jhy;

vy;yh kf;fs; FOtpdUf;Fk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sf;$ba tpjkhf Njrpa xw;Wikia cUthf;Fjy;

fl;rp KiwapD}lhfthFk;.

1. murpay; fl;rpnad;why; vd;d?

2. [dehafk; ntw;wpaila fl;rpfspdhy; Mw;wg;gLk; gzpfs; ahit?

3. ,yq;if murpay; fl;rpfs; rpytw;iwg; ngaupLf.


gpd;tUk; ge;jpia thrpj;J mjd; fPo; cs;s tpdhf;fSf;F tpil jUf.

rl;lj;jpd; Kd;dpiyapy; rkj;JtKk; ePjpj;Jiwapd; Rje;jpuKk;rl;lj;jpd; Kd;dpiyapy; rkj;JtKk; ePjpj;Jiwapd; Rje;jpuKk;rl;lj;jpd; Kd;dpiyapy; rkj;JtKk; ePjpj;Jiwapd; Rje;jpuKk;rl;lj;jpd; Kd;dpiyapy; rkj;JtKk; ePjpj;Jiwapd; Rje;jpuKk;rl;lj;jpd; Kd;dpiyapy; rkj;JtKk; ePjpj;Jiwapd; Rje;jpuKk;

[dehaf ehl;by; fhzf;$ba kw;nwhU mbg;gilg; gz;G rl;lj;jpd; Kd;dpiyapy;

rkj;JtKk; ePjpj;Jiw RahjPdKkhFk;. rl;lk; kpfr; rpNul;lkhdJk; cau;e;jJkhFk;.

rl;lj;jpd; Kd;dpiyapy; vy;yh kdpju;fSk; rkkhdtu;fNs. nghJthf rl;lk; ahtUf;Fk;

epahakhdjhf ,Ug;gjhy; ahtupdJk; tho;Tk; Rje;jpuKk; cupikfSk; xNu tpjkhf

ghJfhf;f Kaw;rp vLf;fg;gLk;.

,jw;fhf Rje;jpukhdJk; RahjPdkhdJkhd rl;lj;Jiw mtrpakhFk;. mjd;%yk;

rkhjhdj;ijg; ghJfhj;jYk; rl;lj;ijr; nraw;gLj;jYk; epahakhd Kiwapy; eilngWk;.

ePjpj;Jiw Rje;jpukhd epWtdkhFk;. gf;fr; rhu;gpd;wp ePjpia epiyepWj;j ,jd;%yk;


jw;fhy rpf;fyhd r%fj;jpDs; mwpe;Njh mwpahkNyh cupikfs; kWf;fg;gLk; re;ju;g;gq;fs;

gythFk;. capupog;Gfs;> nrhj;jpog;Gfs;> Ntiyapog;Gfs; Kiwaw;w nry;thf;Fr;

nrYj;jy;fs;> nfhs;isabj;jy;> topg;gwp> Vkhw;Wjy;> Nkhrb> Coy;fs; vd;wthW ,it

kpfg; gythFk;. ,it njhlu;ghf ePjpkd;wj;jpd; %yk; epahahjpf;fj;ij epiwNtw;w

Ntz;Lk; vd vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

ePjpkd;w cj;jutpd;wp vtuJ tPl;ilr; Nrhjpf;Fk; mjpfhuk; ,y;iy. vOj;J %y

Fw;wr;rhl;bd;wp ve;j xUtiuAk; ifJnra;J jLj;Jitf;f KbahJ. Fw;wthspfSf;Nfh

re;Njf egu;fSf;Nfh F&ukhd rpj;jputijfisr; nra;a KbahJ. Fw;wthspahf

ep&gpf;fg;gLk; tiu ahtUk; re;Njf egu;fNs.

1. ge;jpapy; $wg;gl;Ls;sthW kdpj cupikfs; kWf;fg;gLk; re;ju;g;gq;fisg; ngaupLf.

2. mt;thwhd re;ju;g;gq;fspy; gpd;gw;wf;$ba eilKiwfisg; ngaupLf.

151




Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : -: -: -: -: - kf;fs; r%fj;jpy; If;fpaj;ij Vw;gLj;Jtjw;F murpay; fl;rpfs;;

Mw;wf; $ba flikfisAk; nghWg;Gf;fisAk; kjpg;gpLthu;.

nraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghL : -: -: -: -: - murpay; fl;rpapd; gzpfis ,dq;fhz;Nghk;


ju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPL : -: -: -: -: - � ,izg;G 9.3.2.1 ,d; mtjhdpg;Gg; gbtk;

� ,izg;G 9.3.2.2 ,d; nrayl;il

� gpup];ly; ml;il

� epwg; Ngdhf;fs;


gb 9.3.2.1gb 9.3.2.1gb 9.3.2.1gb 9.3.2.1gb 9.3.2.1

� ,izg;G 9.3.2.1 ,y; jug;gl;Ls;s ,yl;ridfis tFg;gpy; rku;g;gpAq;fs;. mtw;Wf;Fupa

murpay; fl;rpfis ,dq;fhZq;fs;.


F nghJthd nfhs;ifia Nehf;fhff; nfhz;L Ml;rpiaf; ifg;gw;Wtjw;fhf

xd;WNru;e;Js;s FO murpay; fl;rpahFk;.

F [dhjpgjp> ghuhSkd;w mq;fj;jtu;fs;> khfhzrig> cs;Suhl;rp rig

Mfpatw;wpd; mq;fj;jtu;fs; MfpNahu; Nju;jy; %yk; Nju;e;njLf;ffg;

gLfpd;wdu;.

F Nju;jy;fspd;NghJ Ntl;ghsu;fs; murpay; fl;rp mbg;gilapYk; RahjPd

FOf;fshfTk; Nghl;bapLtu;.

F murpay; fl;rpfs; %yk; ehl;il MSk; gzpfspd; NghJ ghupa gzpnahd;W

epiwNtw;wg;gLfpd;wJ.






gb 9.3.2.3gb 9.3.2.3gb 9.3.2.3gb 9.3.2.3gb 9.3.2.3



� Ntiyg;gbtq;fSf;Ff;Nfw;g khztiu Ntiyapy; <LgLj;Jq;fs;.


(20 epkplq;fs;)

152

gb 9.3.2.3gb 9.3.2.3gb 9.3.2.3gb 9.3.2.3gb 9.3.2.3

� Njitahd tplaq;fis mwpf;if nra;jjd; gpd;du;> mtw;iwr; rku;g;gpf;f khztUf;F

tha;g;gspAq;fs;.

� Vida FOf;fSld; fye;Jiuahl khztUf;F re;ju;g;gk; toq;Fq;fs;.

� gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; Nknyof;$bathW fye;Jiuahliy elhj;Jq;fs;.

� Kf;fpa tplaq;fis Fwpj;Jf;nfhs;s re;ju;g;gk; toq;Fq;fs;.

F kf;fs; fUj;ij xd;W Nru;g;gjw;fhf> murpay; fl;rpfspdhy; ghupa gzpfs;

Mw;wg;gLfpd;wd vd.

F murpay; fl;rpfs; %yk; jiytu;fs; cUthf;Ftjpy; ghupa gq;fspg;G

toq;fg;gLfpd;wJ vd.

F kf;fs; r%fj;jpd; If;fpaj;ijg; Ngz murpay; fl;rpfspdhy; gq;fspg;G ey;fKbAk;

vd.

F murapy; fl;rpfspdhy; ehl;bd; mgptpUj;jpf;fhf ghupa gq;fspg;ig ey;f KbAk;

vd.

(15 epkplq;fs;)


� murpay; fl;rpapd; gzpfis tptupg;ghu;.

� kf;fs; r%fj;jpd; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;fhf murpay; fl;rpapdhy; ghupa gzpia epiwNtw;w

KbAk; vd Vw;Wf;nfhz;L fUj;J $Wthu;.

� FO czu;Tld; vjpu;ghu;f;Fk; Nehf;fq;fis epiwNtw;Wtjpy; gq;fspg;ghu;.

� FO mwpf;iffis Mf;fG+u;tkhfr; rku;g;gpg;ghu;.

153



kf;fs; fUj;ij xd;WNru;f;f murpay; fl;rpapdhy; Mw;wf;$ba gzpfs; ahit?


jiytu;fs; cUthf murpay; fl;rpfspdhy; Mw;wf;$ba gzpfs;.


kf;fs; rKjhaj;jpd; If;fpaj;ij Vw;gLj;j murpay; fl;rpapdhy; Mw;wf;$ba

gzpfs;.


ehl;bd; mgptpUj;jpf;fhf murpay; fl;rpapdhy; Mw;wf;$ba gzpfs;.

154




Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : -: -: -: -: - rdehaf r%fnkhd;wpy; xU ew;gpui[ vd;w tifapy; jkJ

nghWg;Gf;fisAk; flikfisAk; epiwNtw;Wthu;.

nraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghL : -: -: -: -: - jiytiuj; njupNthk;


ju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPL : -: -: -: -: - � ,izg;G 9.3.3.1 ,d; mtjhdpg;Gg; gbtk;

� khjpup thf;Fr;rPl;L

� khjpup thf;Fg;ngl;b

� thf;Fr; rhtb mjpfhupfs;> gjtp ,yr;rpid

� thf;fspg;G epiya mjpfhup

� cjtp thf;F epiya mjpfhup

� vOJtpidQu;fs;

� mYtyf cjtpahsu;fs;


� ghj;jpuNkw;W ebg;gJ %yk; tFg;Gj; jiytu;fs; gjtpf;F Nghl;bapLk; Ntl;ghsu;fs;

jkJ jifikfs; gw;wp tFg;gpy; vLj;Jf;$WkhW $Wq;fs;.

� gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; Nknyof;$bathW fye;Jiuahliy elj;Jq;fs;.

F Gj;jprhypj;jdkhfr; rpe;jpj;Jg; ghu;j;J Nju;e;njLf;f Ntz;Lk;.

F r%fj;jpd; eyDf;fhfr; nraw;gLk; jiytuplk; ey;y gz;Gfs; ,Uf;f

Ntz;Lk;.

F kf;fs; rupahf thf;fspf;f Ntz;Lk;.

(10 epkplq;fs;)

155


glf;Fwpg;G khjpup thf;Fj;jhspd; tbtk;glf;Fwpg;G khjpup thf;Fj;jhspd; tbtk;glf;Fwpg;G khjpup thf;Fj;jhspd; tbtk;glf;Fwpg;G khjpup thf;Fj;jhspd; tbtk;glf;Fwpg;G khjpup thf;Fj;jhspd; tbtk;

“m” fl;rp

“M” fl;rp

“,” fl;rp

“<” fl;rp

“c” fl;rp

“C” fl;rp

RahjPdf;FO I

RahjPdf;FO II

156




Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : -: -: -: -: - rdehaf r%nkhd;wpy; xU ew;gpuir vd;w tifapy; jkJ

nghWg;Gf;fisAk; flikfisAk; epiwNtw;Wthu;.

nraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghL : -: -: -: -: - Ml;rpahsu;fis epakpg;gjw;fhf thf;Fupikiag; gad;gLj;JNthk;.


ju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPL : -: -: -: -: - � ,izg;G 9.3.4.1 ,d; khjpup rhtbapd; glk;

� ,izg;G 9.3.4.2 Nju;jy; ngWNgwpd; jiyg;Gfs; mlq;Fk;

nrayl;il.

� bik jhs; - Ngdhf;fs;

� thf;Fr; rhtb mjpfhupfs;


gb 9.3.4.1gb 9.3.4.1gb 9.3.4.1gb 9.3.4.1gb 9.3.4.1

� ,izg;G 9.3.4.1 Fwpj;j thf;Fr; rhtbnahd;wpd; glj;ij tFg;gpy; fhl;Lq;fs;.

� mq;F vd;d eilngWk;?

� Nkw;gb tpdhf;fis khztuplk; tpdtp gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; Nknyof;$bathW

fye;JiuahLq;fs;.F ,d;W ,yq;if kf;fs;> kf;fs; gpujpepjpfis epakpg;gJ %yk; Ml;rpapy;

gq;Fnfhs;fpd;wdu; vd.

F Njitahd jifikfis epiwNtw;wpAs;stu;fSf;F thf;Fupik cupj;jhFNkd.

F kf;fs; gpujpepjpfisj; Nju;e;njLj;J epakpg;gJ ngUk;ghd;ik kf;fs; tpUg;gpd;

%yk; vd.

F rupahfTk; Gj;jprhJ}upakhfTk; thf;ifg; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; vd.

(10 epkplq;fs;)

gb 9.3.4.2gb 9.3.4.2gb 9.3.4.2gb 9.3.4.2gb 9.3.4.2





gb 9.3.4.3gb 9.3.4.3gb 9.3.4.3gb 9.3.4.3gb 9.3.4.3



� Ntiyg;gbtq;fSf;Ff;Nfw;g khztiu Ntiyapy; <LgLj;Jq;fs;.


(20 epkplq;fs;)

157

F kf;fs; Ml;rpapy; njhlu;GgLj;Jtjw;fhf gpujhd Kiwapy; ru;t[d thf;Fupik

vd.

F [dehaf Ml;rp fhzg;gLk; ehl;L gpui[fSf;F ,t;Tupik cupjjhFk; vd.

F thf;ifg; gpioapd;wpg; gad;gLj:Jtjhy; [dehaf> r%fj;jpd; gpui[fspd;

flikAk; nghWg;Gk; vd.

F Gj;jprhJ}upakhf rpe;jpj;J thf;fspf;f Ntz;Lk; vd.

(10 epkplq;fs;)


� thf;if gpioapd;wp cgNahfpf;Fk; tpjj;ijg; gw;wpa tplaq;fis Kd;itg;gu;.

� thf;fhsu; xUtupd; nghWg;Gf;fs;> flikfs; gw;wp, tptupg;ghu;.

� thf;ifg; gpioapd;wp gad;gLj:Jtjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij kjpg;ghu;.

� FO mwpf;ifia gpioapd;wp rku;g;gpg;ghu;.

� FOtpDs; xw;Wikahfr; nraw;gLthu;.


thf;nfLg;G epiyak;thf;nfLg;G epiyak;thf;nfLg;G epiyak;thf;nfLg;G epiyak;thf;nfLg;G epiyak;

158


Ntiyg;gbtk;Ntiyg;gbtk;Ntiyg;gbtk;Ntiyg;gbtk;Ntiyg;gbtk;


Nju;jy; ngWNgwpd; khjpup fPNo fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. mjid EZfp MuhAq;fs;.

Nju;jy; khtl;lk;Nju;jy; khtl;lk;Nju;jy; khtl;lk;Nju;jy; khtl;lk;Nju;jy; khtl;lk;

gjpTnra;Js;s thf;fshu; njhif 4> 452250

thf;fspj;j njhifapd; 268220

epuhfupf;fg;gl;l thf;Ffspd; njhif 47620

Nkw;gb ngWNgWfspd;gb thf;fhsu;fs; iftplg;gl;Ls;s flikfis fhuzq;$wp tpsf;Ff.


,q;F ghuhSkd;wg; nghJj;Nju;jy; njhlu;ghd thf;Fg;gj;jpuk; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jid

tFg;gpy; fhl;rpg;gLj;jp gpioapd;wp thf;fspf;Fk; KiwiaAk; tpsf;Ff.


xU thf;fhsu; epiwNtw;w Ntz;ba flikfisAk; nghWg;Gf;fisAK; gl;baw;gLj;Jq;fs;.

mJgw;wpa tpguj;ij tFg;gpy; rku;g;gpAq;fs;.

159

9.4 cs;Suhl;rp epWtdq;fSk; kf;fs; gq;Nfw;Gk;9.4 cs;Suhl;rp epWtdq;fSk; kf;fs; gq;Nfw;Gk;9.4 cs;Suhl;rp epWtdq;fSk; kf;fs; gq;Nfw;Gk;9.4 cs;Suhl;rp epWtdq;fSk; kf;fs; gq;Nfw;Gk;9.4 cs;Suhl;rp epWtdq;fSk; kf;fs; gq;Nfw;Gk;

(ghlNtisfs; 06) (ghlNtisfs; 06) (ghlNtisfs; 06) (ghlNtisfs; 06) (ghlNtisfs; 06)


kf;fshl;rp murpay; Kiw Njhd;wpa fhyj;jpypUe;Nj kf;fis ehl;bd; Ml;rp KiwAld;

,izj;Jf;nfhs;tjw;fhf gy;NtW Kiwfs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. kf;fl; njhif

mjpfupg;G> kf;fspd; gpur;rpidfs; rpf;fyiljy; Nghd;wtw;wpdhy; muRfSf;F kf;fspd;

Njitfis epiwNtw;Wtjw;fhf mJtiuf;Fk; nraw;gLj;jg;gl;l gzpfs; NghJkhdjhf

,Uf;ftpy;iy. ,jdhy; cUthfpa mg;gpur;rpidfs; epahakhfTk; tpidj;jpwDlDk;

jPu;j;Jf;nfhs;tjw;fhfTk; ehl;bd; epu;thfj;Jf;Fk; kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jp nraw;ghl;Lf;Fk;

kf;fis Neubahf ,izj;Jf;nfhs;sTk; kj;jpa murpd; nraw;ghLfis gpuNjr

kl;lj;jpy; gutyhf;Fk; gzpfspy; ftdQ; nrYj;jg;gl;lJ. jw;NghJ eilKiwg;gLj;jg;

gLk; cs;Suhl;rp Kiw ,k;Kaw;rpapd; tpisthFk;. ,e;epWtdq;fs; etPd [dehaf

Ml;rpKiw epyTk; vy;yh muRfspYk; fhzf;$bajhFk;. ,e;epWtdq;fs; Muk;gj;jpy;

kpfTk; vspikahf Muk;gkhfpa NghjpYk; gpd;du; kf;fspd; gq;fspg;ig mbg;gilahff;

nfhz;l epWtdq;fshfkhwpd.

Nju;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r p : -: -: -: -: -

nghJ ed;ikapd; nghUl;lhd cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fspd; nraw;ghLfSf;F

xj;Jiog;G toq;Fthu;.


� jkJ gpuNjrj;jpw;F cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fspd; Clhf Mw;wg;gLk; Nritfs;

njhlu;gpy; EZfpaha;thu;.

� cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fspd; Nritfs; njhlu;gpyhd nghJ kf;fspd; flikfisAk;

nghWg;Gf;fisAk; epiwNtw;Wthu;.

� cs;suhl;rp kd;wq; fspd; Nritfis tpidj;jpwDs;s tifapy; Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F

kf;fsJ gq;Fgw;wypd; cs;s Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij kjpg;gpLthu;.


9 . 4 . 19 . 4 . 19 . 4 . 19 . 4 . 19 . 4 . 1 cs;Suhl;rp mwpKfk;cs;Suhl;rp mwpKfk;cs;Suhl;rp mwpKfk;cs;Suhl;rp mwpKfk;cs;Suhl;rp mwpKfk;

� kj;jpa murpdhy; epiwNtw;wg;gl;l my;yJ epiwNtw;wg;gLk; rl;lnkhd;iw

mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L kj;jpa murpd; my;yJ Nkw;ghu;itapd; fPo; kf;fspd;

Nritias ,yFthf;Ftjw;fhf efu kw;Wk; gpuhe;jpa kl;lj;jpy; epWtg;gl;Ls;s

epWtdtif cs;Su; Ml;rp epWtdq;fs; vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.

cs;Suhl;rp epWtdq;fspd; Njhw;wk;cs;Suhl;rp epWtdq;fspd; Njhw;wk;cs;Suhl;rp epWtdq;fspd; Njhw;wk;cs;Suhl;rp epWtdq;fspd; Njhw;wk;cs;Suhl;rp epWtdq;fspd; Njhw;wk;

gpupj;jhdpau; Ml;rpf;fhyk; tiu ePz;L nry;fpwJ.

� fp.gp. 1865 ,y; nfhOk;G> fz;b> fhyp efuq;fSf;fhf khefu rigfs; epWtg;gLjy;.

� fp.gp. 1871 ,y; fpuhk rigfs; epWTjy;.

� fp.gp. 1940 ,y; efu rigfs; epWTjy;.

� fp.gp. 1946 ,y; gl;bd rigfs; epWTjy;.

160

gpupj;jhdpau; Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpd;NghJ cs;Suhl;rp epWtdq;fs; njhlu;ghf tpjpf;fg;gl;lgpupj;jhdpau; Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpd;NghJ cs;Suhl;rp epWtdq;fs; njhlu;ghf tpjpf;fg;gl;lgpupj;jhdpau; Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpd;NghJ cs;Suhl;rp epWtdq;fs; njhlu;ghf tpjpf;fg;gl;lgpupj;jhdpau; Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpd;NghJ cs;Suhl;rp epWtdq;fs; njhlu;ghf tpjpf;fg;gl;lgpupj;jhdpau; Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpd;NghJ cs;Suhl;rp epWtdq;fs; njhlu;ghf tpjpf;fg;gl;l

rl;lq;fSk; MizfSkrl;lq;fSk; MizfSkrl;lq;fSk; MizfSkrl;lq;fSk; MizfSkrl;lq;fSk; MizfSk;

(Mrpupau; mwpe;Jnfhs;tjw;fhf)

� fp.gp. 1865 ,y; khefurig Mizr;rl;lk;.

� fp.gp. 1871 ,y; fpuhk rig Mizr;rl;lk;.

� fp.gp. 1920 ,d; 1 Mk; ,yf;f cs;Suhl;rp Mizr;rl;lk;.

� fp.gp. 1924 ,d; fpuhk rig Mizr;rl;lk;.

� fp.gp. 1932 ,d; 9 Mk; ,yf;f Mizr;rl;lk;.

� fp.gp. 1933 ,d; 37 Mk; ,yf;f Mizr;rl;lk;.

� fp.gp. 1938 ,d; 60 Mk; ,yf;f fpuhk rig Mizr;rl;lk;.

� fp.gp. 1945 ,d; 43 Mk; ,yf;f cs;Suhl;rp Nritr;rl;lk;.

� fp.gp. 1946 ,d; 3 Mk; ,yf;f gl;bd rigfs; rl;lk;.

� fp.gp. 1946 ,d; 57 Mk; ,yf;f rl;lk;.

9 . 4 . 29 . 4 . 29 . 4 . 29 . 4 . 29 . 4 . 2 cs;Suhl;rpapd; Njitcs;Suhl;rpapd; Njitcs;Suhl;rpapd; Njitcs;Suhl;rpapd; Njitcs;Suhl;rpapd; Njit

� kj;jpa murpd; eltbf;iffs; gd;Kfg;gLj;jy;.

� kj;jpa murpd; nghJkf;fs; Nrit eltbf;iffs; Kiwahf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gly;.

� nghJkf;fs; Nritfs; kf;fSf;F ,yFthff; fpilj;jy;.

� Ml;rpayFf;Fs; thOk; kf;fspd; Njitf;Nfw;g Ml;rp nra;af;$bajhapUj;jy;.

� vjpu;fhy murpay; jiytu;fisg; gapw;Wtpf;Fk; epWtdkhjy;.

� ,isQu;fSf;F ehl;bd; Ml;rpapy; gq;Nfw;gjw;F tha;g;G fpl;Ljy;.

� ehl;bd; mgptpUj;jpj; jpl;lq;fSf;F kf;fspd; gq;Nfw;G mjpfupj;jy;.

� Njrpa nfhs;ifiaj; jpl;lkpLjy; ,yFthjy;.

� Njrpa nfhs;ifiaj; jpl;lkpLk;NghJ kf;fspd; gq;Nfw;ig ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy;.

� jpBu; Njitfspd;NghJ gpuhe;jpa kl;lj;jpy; cldbahfr; nraw;gLtJ ,yFthjy;.

9 . 4 . 39 . 4 . 39 . 4 . 39 . 4 . 39 . 4 . 3 cs;Suhl;rpAld; njhlu;ghd epWtdq;fs;cs;Suhl;rpAld; njhlu;ghd epWtdq;fs;cs;Suhl;rpAld; njhlu;ghd epWtdq;fs;cs;Suhl;rpAld; njhlu;ghd epWtdq;fs;cs;Suhl;rpAld; njhlu;ghd epWtdq;fs;

� Rje;jpuk; ngw;w fhye;njhl;L fp.gp. 1980 tiu.

- fpuhk rigfs; (579)

- gl;bd rigfs; (83)

- efu rigfs; (37)

- khefu rigfs; (14)

� 1980 ,y; epiwNtw;wg;gl;l 35 Mk; ,yf;f khtl;l rigr; rl;lk;.

- fpuhkrigfisAk; gl;bd rigfisAk; ,y;yhky; nra;J khtl;l mgptpUj;jp rigfs;

epWTjy;.

- khtl;l mgptpUj;jp rigfspd; gq;Nfw;ig mjpfupg;gjw;F fpuhNkhjar; rigfSk;

gpuNjrr; rigfSk; epWtg;gly;.

- 1987 ,d; 15 Mk; ,yf;f rl;lj;jpd;gb khtl;l mgptpUj;jp rigfis ,y;yhkw;

nra;J gpuNjrr; rigfs; epWtg;gly;.

161

� 1987 ,d; gpd;du; eilKiwapy; cs;s epWtdq;fs;.

- gpuNjrr; rigfs; (270)

- efu rigfs; (42)

- khefu rigfs; (18)

khefu rigfskhefu rigfskhefu rigfskhefu rigfskhefu rigfs;

01. nfhOk;G

02. = [atu;j;jdGuk;

03. njfptis - fy;fpir

04. nkhul;Lit

05. fz;b

06. FUzhfy;

07. khj;jis

08. mEuhjGuk;

09. ,uj;jpdGup

10. Etnuypah

11. ePu;nfhOk;G

12. fk;g`h

13. fhyp

14. khj;jiw

15. gJis

16. fy;Kid

17. kl;lf;fsg;G

18. aho;g;ghzk;

9.4.49.4.49.4.49.4.49.4.4

� cs;Suhl;rp epWtdq;fSf;Fg; gpujpepjpfis epakpj;jy;.

� tpfpjhrhug; gpujpepjpj;Jt Kiwapd; jpwe;j gl;bay; Kiwiag; gad;gLj;Jjy;.

� cs;Suhl;rp epWtdq;fspd; vy;iyfisj; jPu;khdpj;jiyAk; ngaupLjiyAk; kj;jpa

murpdhy; (cs;Suhl;rp mikr;R) Nkw;nfhs;sg;gly;.

� me;je;j epWtdq;fSf;nfd epakpf;fg;gLk; gpujpepjpfspd; njhifia Nju;jy;

Mizahsuhy; jPu;khdpf;fg;gly;.

cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fSf;F gpujpepjpfis epakpf;Fk; nray;Kiwcs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fSf;F gpujpepjpfis epakpf;Fk; nray;Kiwcs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fSf;F gpujpepjpfis epakpf;Fk; nray;Kiwcs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fSf;F gpujpepjpfis epakpf;Fk; nray;Kiwcs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fSf;F gpujpepjpfis epakpf;Fk; nray;Kiw

gb 01gb 01gb 01gb 01gb 01 Ntl;G kDf;fisj; jhf;fy; nra;jy;.Ntl;G kDf;fisj; jhf;fy; nra;jy;.Ntl;G kDf;fisj; jhf;fy; nra;jy;.Ntl;G kDf;fisj; jhf;fy; nra;jy;.Ntl;G kDf;fisj; jhf;fy; nra;jy;.

� epWtdnkhd;Wf;F epakpf;fg;gl Ntz;ba gpujpepjpfs; njhiff;F Nkyjpfkhf NkYk;

Ntl;ghsu;fs; rpyupd; ngau;fis ml;ltizapy; Nru;j;Jf;nfhs;Sjy;. (nkhj;jj; njhifapd;

1/3 gq;F my;yJ 6 Ngu; Mfpa ,uz;by; Fiwe;j njhif.)

� vy;yh Ntl;G kDf;fisAk; ml;ltizahfj; jahupj;jy;.

� rku;g;gpf;fg;gLk; Ntl;ghsupy; 40% tPjkhNdhu; 18-35 taJf;F ,ilg;gl;ltu;fshf ,Uj;jy;.

� vy;yh Ntl;ghsu;fSk; gjpTnra;ag;gl;l thf;fsuhf ,Uj;jy;.

162

� Ntl;G kDf;fs; cupathW G+uzg;gLj;jg;gl;bUj;jy;.

� rpq;fs mfutupirapy; xOq;fpy; ngau;fs; Nru;f;fg;gl;bUj;jy;.

gb 02gb 02gb 02gb 02gb 02 thf;fspg;Gthf;fspg;Gthf;fspg;Gthf;fspg;Gthf;fspg;G

� xt;nthU Ntl;ghsUf;Fk; tpUg;G vz; toq;fg;gly;.

� thf;fhsu; jhk; tpUk;gpa fl;rpf;F thf;fspj;jy;.

� xt;nthU thf;fhsUf;Fk; cupa %d;W tpUg;G thf;FfisAk; xU Ntl;ghsUf;Nfh

my;yJ Ntl;ghsu; ,UtUf;Nfh my;yJ %tUf;Nfh mspf;ff;$bajhf ,Uj;jy;.

gb 03gb 03gb 03gb 03gb 03 ntw;wpaile;Njhiu gpufldg;gLj;jy;.ntw;wpaile;Njhiu gpufldg;gLj;jy;.ntw;wpaile;Njhiu gpufldg;gLj;jy;.ntw;wpaile;Njhiu gpufldg;gLj;jy;.ntw;wpaile;Njhiu gpufldg;gLj;jy;.

� xt;nthU FO my;yJ fl;rp ngw;Wf;nfhz;l thf;Ffis ntt;Ntwhff; fzf;fply;.

� $ba thf;Ffisg; ngw;w fl;rpf;F my;yJ FOTf;F Nghd]; Mrdq;fs; ,uz;L

toq;fg;gly;.

� toq;fg;gl;l KO thf;Fj; njhifapd; 1/8 (12.5%) Ingwj; jtWk; fl;rp/ FO

Nghl;bapypUe;J ePf;fg;glYk; mtu;fs; ngw;w thf;Ffis nry;Ygbahd nkhj;j

thf;FfspypUe;J mfw;wYk;.

� Nkw;gb nray;Kiwapd; gpd; fpilf;Fk; thf;F vz;zpf;if rk;ge;jg;gl;l thf;Ffshff;

fzpf;fg;gly;.

� rk;ge;jg;gl;l thf;Ffis> mr;rigf;F njupTnra;ag;gl Ntz;ba cWg;gpdu; njhiff;F

2 f;F Fiwe;j vz;zpf;ifahy; tFj;jy;. mt;thW tFg;gjhy; fpilf;Fk; nkhj;j

thf;Ffs; jFjpahd thf;Ffshff; nfhs;sg;gly;.

� jFjpahd thf;FfspypUe;J me;je;j murpay; fl;rpfs; kw;Wk; FOf;fs; ngw;w thf;Fj;

njhifia ntt;Ntwhf tFj;jy; %yk; me;je;j fl;rpf; FOf;fSf;F cupa

gpujpepjpfisf; fzf;fply;.

� Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;l njhif nkhj;j gpujpepjpfspd; njhifapy; ,Ue;J FiwAk;NghJ

$ba kPjpf;F vQ;rpa gpujpepjpfs; gjtpfis toq;Fjy;. me;je;j fl;rpfspd; FOf;fspd;

Ntl;ghsu;fs; ngw;w tpUg;G thf;Ffisf; fzf;fply;.

� tpUg;G thf;Ffs; ngw;w xOq;F tupirapd;gb gpujpepjpg; gjtpf;fhf njupTnra;ag;gl;l

Ntl;ghsu;fis epakpj;jy;.

gb 04gb 04gb 04gb 04gb 04 ntw;wplq;fis epug;Gjy;.ntw;wplq;fis epug;Gjy;.ntw;wplq;fis epug;Gjy;.ntw;wplq;fis epug;Gjy;.ntw;wplq;fis epug;Gjy;.

� ntw;wplq;fs; Vw;gLk;NghJ fl;rpf; FOf;fs;> jiytupd; tpUg;gpd;gb mt;thwhd

ntw;wplj;Jf;Fg; nghUj;jkhtiu epakpj;jy;.

9.4.59.4.59.4.59.4.59.4.5 cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fspd; fl;likg;Gcs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fspd; fl;likg;Gcs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fspd; fl;likg;Gcs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fspd; fl;likg;Gcs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fspd; fl;likg;G

� cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fspd; epu;thfk;> nghJkf;fs; gpujpepjpfspdJk; mur mjpfhupfspd;

xj;Jiog;gpdhYk; epfo;fpd;wJ.

� nghJkf;fspd; gpujpepjpfs; thf;Ffspdhy; njupe;njLf;fg;gLtJld; mtu;fs; kf;fis

gpujpepjpj;Jtk; nra;fpd;wdu;.

� mur mjpfhupfspdhy; epu;thfg; gzpfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd. cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fs;

midj;jpdJk; mjpfhuq;fSk; gzpfSk; ngUk;ghYk; rkkhdit. MapDk; me;je;j

epWtdq;fspd; fl;likg;Gf;F mika rpW tpj;jpahrq;fisf; fhzyhk;.

163

gpuNjr rignahd;wpd; fl;likg;GgpuNjr rignahd;wpd; fl;likg;GgpuNjr rignahd;wpd; fl;likg;GgpuNjr rignahd;wpd; fl;likg;GgpuNjr rignahd;wpd; fl;likg;G

jiytu;

(kf;fs; gpujpepjp)

mur mjpfhupfs;

kf;fs; gpujpepjpfs;

(gpuNjr rig cWg;gpdu;) nrayhsu;

mur Kfhikj;Jt cjtpahsu;

njhopDl;g mjpfhup

rpw;W}opau;fs;

njhopyhsu;

164

efu rignahd;wpd; fl;likg;Gefu rignahd;wpd; fl;likg;Gefu rignahd;wpd; fl;likg;Gefu rignahd;wpd; fl;likg;Gefu rignahd;wpd; fl;likg;G

efurig

jiytu;

(kf;fs; gpujpepjp)

kf;fs; gpujpepjp mur mjpfhupfs;

gpujpj;jiytu;

(cg jiytu;) nrayhsu;

khefu rig cWg;gpdu;fs; mur Kfhikj;Jt cjtpahsu;

njhopDl;g mjpfhup

rpw;W}opau; / rhujp / Ntiyahl;fs;

165

efu rignahd;wpd; fl;likg;Gefu rignahd;wpd; fl;likg;Gefu rignahd;wpd; fl;likg;Gefu rignahd;wpd; fl;likg;Gefu rignahd;wpd; fl;likg;G

khefu Kjy;tu;

(kf;fs; gpujpepjp)

kf;fs; gpujpepjp mur mjpfhupfs;

gpujp khefu Kjy;tu;

nrayhsu;

khefu rig cWg;gpdu;fs; mur Kfhikj;Jt cjtpahsu;

njhopDl;g mjpfhup

rpw;W}opau; / rhujp / Ntiyahl;fs;

(Nkyjpfj; jfty;fis mwptjw;fhf ,g;Gj;jfj;jps; ,Wjpg; gf;fq;fspy;

fhl;lg;gLk; X,Y tiuGfs; ,uz;ilAk; ghu;f;fTk;.)

166

cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fSf;Fupa mjpfhuq;fs;cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fSf;Fupa mjpfhuq;fs;cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fSf;Fupa mjpfhuq;fs;cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fSf;Fupa mjpfhuq;fs;cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fSf;Fupa mjpfhuq;fs;

khefu rigkhefu rigkhefu rigkhefu rigkhefu rig

� Nrw;Wepyq;fs;> Fsq;fs;> rpwpa msTfs;> ePu;j;Njf;fq;fs;> fw;fs; kw;Wk; fhzpfs;

njhlu;ghd cupikfs;.

� gpujhd tPjpfs;> ghijfs;> fhy;tha;fs;> ghyq;fs;> nghJr; re;ijfs;> epidTj;

J}gpfs;> efu itj;jparhiyfs;> E}y; epiyaq;fs;> G+q;fhf;fs; kw;Wk; fl;blq;fs;

vd;gtw;wpd; cupj;J.

� nrhj;Jf;fis nfhs;tdT nra;jYk; tpw;wYk;.

� Jizr;rl;l tpjpfis tpjpj;jYk; jpUj;jYk;.

� Fbirfs; kw;Wk; Fiwe;j tUkhd tPl;L epu;thfk;.

efu rig efu rig efu rig efu rig efu rig / gpuNjr rig gpuNjr rig gpuNjr rig gpuNjr rig gpuNjr rig

� topfSk; njUf;fSk; kw;Wk; Nghf;Ftuj;J eltbf;iffSk;.

� Ntypfs;> rpWgw;iw Ntypfs;> fplq;Ffs; vd;gtw;wpd; cupj;J.

� ,aw;if ePu; Cw;Wf;fs; kw;Wk; ePuj;Njf;fq;fspd; cupj;J.

� ghijfs;> fhy;tha;fs;> jpwe;j fhzpfs;> kUj;Jtrhiyfs;> E}y;epiyaq;fs;> nghJr;re;ij

vd;gtw;wpd; cupj;J.

cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fSf;Fupa gzpfs;cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fSf;Fupa gzpfs;cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fSf;Fupa gzpfs;cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fSf;Fupa gzpfs;cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fSf;Fupa gzpfs;

khefu rigf;Fupa gzpfs;khefu rigf;Fupa gzpfs;khefu rigf;Fupa gzpfs;khefu rigf;Fupa gzpfs;khefu rigf;Fupa gzpfs;

� gpujhd tPjpfs;> fhy;tha;fs;> ghyq;fs;> Njhl;lq;fs;> G+q;fhf;fs;> ikjhdq;fs;>

E}y;epiyaq;fs;> kUj;Jtrhiyfisg; NgZjYk; elhj;jYk;.

� nghJr;re;ijfisj; njhlq;FjYk; elj;JjYk;> Fg;ig $sq;fs; kw;Wk; fopTg;

nghUl;fis mfw;Wjy;> Rfhjhu kw;Wk; MNuhf;fpa eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;Sjy;.

� epue;ju fl;blq;fisf; fl;Ltpj;jy;> fl;Ltjw;fhd mDkjp toq;FjYk; rl;ltpNuhjkhd

fl;blq;fis mfw;WjYk;.

� nghJr; nrhj;Jf;fisg; ghJfhj;jYk; FbePu; trjpfis Vw;gLj;jYk;.

� nghJ ePuhly; fpzWfs;> nghJ kyry$lq;fis Vw;gLj;JjYk;.

� kj;jpa murpdhYk; khfhz rigfspdhYk; ifaspf;fg;gLk; NtW gzpfisAk; Mw;Wjy;.

� Rfhjhuj;Jf;F Nflhd nghUl;fs; tpw;gidiaj; jLj;jy;.

efu rigfs;efu rigfs;efu rigfs;efu rigfs;efu rigfs;/ gpuNjr rigfSf;Fupa gzpfs; gpuNjr rigfSf;Fupa gzpfs; gpuNjr rigfSf;Fupa gzpfs; gpuNjr rigfSf;Fupa gzpfs; gpuNjr rigfSf;Fupa gzpfs;

� mjpfhuj;Jf;Fl;gl;l gpuNjrj;jpYs;s epWtdj;Jf;Fupa ghijfs;> fhy;tha;fs;>

ghyq;fisg; NgZjy;.

� E}y; epiyaq;fs;> Kd;gs;spfs;> kyry$l trjpfs; Vw;gLj;jYk; elj;JjYk;.

� Fiwe;j tUkhdKs;NshUf;fhf tPl;L trjpfis Vw;gLj;jy;.

� mjpfhuj;Jf;Fl;gl;l gpuNjrj;jpd; mgptpUj;jpj; Njitfisj; Njbg;ghu;j;jy;. Njitahd

jpl;lq;fisj; jahupj;jYk; mtw;iw nraw;gLj;jYk;.

� re;ijfs;> thfd epWj;Jkplq;fs;> g];jupg;G epiyaq;fs;> jfdk; nra;Akplq;fs; vd;gtw;iw

njhlf;fpitj;jYk; elhj;JjYk;.

167

cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fspd; epjpcs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fspd; epjpcs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fspd; epjpcs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fspd; epjpcs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fspd; epjp

� cs;Suhl;rp kd;wnkhd;Wf;Fupa epjp.

� epjpaj;Jf;fhd epjpia gy;NtW topfspy; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sy;.

cjhuzk; : - khfhz rigapypUe;J / murplkpUe;J ngwg;gLk; epjp.

- tup / mguhj> Kj;jpiuf; fl;lzq;fs;.

- Nritfs; toq;Ftjd; %yk;

- tpw;wYk; Fj;jiff;F tpLjYk; thliff;F tpLjYk;.

- ghuhSkd;w kw;Wk; khfhzrig cWg;gpdu;fsplkpUe;J

ngwg;gLk; epjp xJf;fPLfs;.

9.4.69.4.69.4.69.4.69.4.6 cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fspd; Nrit njhlu;ghd nghJkf;fspd; nghWg;Gf;fSk; flikAk;cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fspd; Nrit njhlu;ghd nghJkf;fspd; nghWg;Gf;fSk; flikAk;cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fspd; Nrit njhlu;ghd nghJkf;fspd; nghWg;Gf;fSk; flikAk;cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fspd; Nrit njhlu;ghd nghJkf;fspd; nghWg;Gf;fSk; flikAk;cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fspd; Nrit njhlu;ghd nghJkf;fspd; nghWg;Gf;fSk; flikAk;

� cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fshy; nghJkf;fspd; trjpf;fhf Mw;wg;gLk; gzpfs;> Nritfs;

vd;wthW $wyhk;.

� ,g;gzpfis Mw;WtJld; njhlu;Ggl;l egu;fs; ,Utifapdu;.

1. nghJkf;fspd; gpujpepjpfs;

2. mjpfhupfs;

,e;j kf;fs; gpujpepjpfspdJk; mjpfhupfspdJk; Nritiag; ngWNthkhapd; nghJkf;fspd;

nghWg;Gf;fSk; flikAk; cs;sd.

kf;fl; gpujpepjpfs;kf;fl; gpujpepjpfs;kf;fl; gpujpepjpfs;kf;fl; gpujpepjpfs;kf;fl; gpujpepjpfs;/ mjpfhupfspd; nghWg;Gf;fSk; flikfSk; mjpfhupfspd; nghWg;Gf;fSk; flikfSk; mjpfhupfspd; nghWg;Gf;fSk; flikfSk; mjpfhupfspd; nghWg;Gf;fSk; flikfSk; mjpfhupfspd; nghWg;Gf;fSk; flikfSk;

nghWg;Gf;fs;nghWg;Gf;fs;nghWg;Gf;fs;nghWg;Gf;fs;nghWg;Gf;fs; flikfs;flikfs;flikfs;flikfs;flikfs;

� gpuNjrj;jpd; tsq;fis ,dq;fhZjy;.

� kf;fspd; gpur;rpidfisAk;

NjitfisAk; ,dq;fhzy;.

� NjitfSf;fika jPu;khdpj;jy;.

� jPu;khdq;fis nraw;gLj;Jk;NghJ

Njbg;ghu;j;jy;.

� mgptpUj;jp eltbf;iffis

Nkw;ghu;it nra;jy;.

� jpl;lq;fisj; jahupg;gjw;Fj;

Njitahd cjtp toq;fy;.

� nghJkf;fs; Njitfis cupa

fhyj;Jf;Fs; epiwNtw;Wjy;.

� rl;lg; gpukhzq;fSf;F mikthf

eltbf;ifnaLj;jy;.

� jkf;Fupa cj;jpNahfG+u;t flikfis

cupathW epiwNtw;wy;.

� kf;fspd; FiwghLfSf;Fr;

nrtpkLj;jy;.

� kf;fSld; neUq;fpa njhlu;G

itj;jpUj;jy;.

� $l;lq;fspy; gq;Nfw;wy;.

� Nkhrb> Coy; vd;gtw;iwj;

jLj;jy;.

� mur nrhj;Jf;fis J\;gpuNahfk;

nra;jiyj; jtpu;j;jy;.

� mu;g;gzpg;Gld; nghJkf;fspd;

eyDf;fhf eltbf;if vLj;jy;.

� Neu;ikahftpUj;jy;.

� epWtdj;ij kf;fs; ftuf;$ba

,lkhf mikj;jy;.

� NkhrbiaAk; CoiyAk; mopj;jy;.

� nghJkf;fspd; Njitfis

tpidj;jpwDlDk; KiwahfTk;

epiwNtw;wy;.

168

kf;fl; gpujpepjpfs;kf;fl; gpujpepjpfs;kf;fl; gpujpepjpfs;kf;fl; gpujpepjpfs;kf;fl; gpujpepjpfs;/ mjpfhupfspd; nghWg;Gf;fSk; flikfSk; mjpfhupfspd; nghWg;Gf;fSk; flikfSk; mjpfhupfspd; nghWg;Gf;fSk; flikfSk; mjpfhupfspd; nghWg;Gf;fSk; flikfSk; mjpfhupfspd; nghWg;Gf;fSk; flikfSk;

nghWg;Gf;fs;nghWg;Gf;fs;nghWg;Gf;fs;nghWg;Gf;fs;nghWg;Gf;fs; flikfs;flikfs;flikfs;flikfs;flikfs;

� mePjpahf trjpfis mDgtpg;Nghu;

gw;wpa jfty;fis cupNahUf;F

mwptpj;jy;.

� tsq;fs; tPzhtijj; jLj;jy;.

� rl;l tpjpfis kjpj;jy;.

� rl;l tpjpfis kjpj;jy;.

� nghJr; nrhj;Jf;fisAk; nghJ

,lq;fisAk; ghJfhj;jy;.

� rl;ltpNuhj fl;Lkhdq;fs;

nra;ahjpUj;jy;.

� epu;khdq;fSf;fhd mDkjp

toq;Fjy;

� nghJr;NritfSf;fhf cupa

mjpfhupfSf;F cjTjy;.

� cupa fhyj;Jf;F tupfisr;

nrYj;Jjy; kw;Wk; gl;bay;fisr;

nrYj;Jjy;.

� Fg;igfisAk; fopTfisAk;

cupathW mfw;Wjy;.

� nghJr;nrhj;Jf;fis rpf;fdkhff;

ifahSjy;.

� Njitfis epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;s

rl;l uPjpahd topfisg; gad;gLj;jy;.

169


Nju;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r p : -: -: -: -: - nghJ ed;ikapd; nghUl;lhd cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fspd;

nraw;ghLfSf;F xj;Jiog;G toq;Fthu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : -: -: -: -: - jkJ gpuNjrj;jpw;F cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fspd; Clhf Mw;wg;gLk;

Nritfs; njhlu;gpy; EZfpaha;thu;.

nraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghL : -: -: -: -: - cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fspdhy; toq;fg;gLk; Nritfisj; NjbawpNthk;


ju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPL : -: -: -: -: - � cs;Suhl;rp epWtdnkhd;wpd; Nritfisf; fhl;Lk;

,izg;G 9.4.1.1 ,w;Fupa nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk;

� gpuNjr rig/ efu rig/ khefu rig Nghd;w epWtdq;fspdhy;

cq;fSf;Fupa epWtdnkhd;wpd; mjpfhupnahUtupd; ciunahd;

Wf;fhf (fye;Jiuahlg;gl Ntz;ba/ typAWj;jg;gl Ntz;ba

tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghf Neufhyj;Jld; mwpTWj;jTk;)

� vOJe;jhs;/ bikjhs;/ ngy;l; Ngid


gb 9.4.1.1gb 9.4.1.1gb 9.4.1.1gb 9.4.1.1gb 9.4.1.1

� cs;Suhl;rp kd;wnkhd;wpd; Nritfis ntspf;nfhzUk; tifapy; rpe;jidf; fpswiy

Nkw;nfhs;sTk;.

� cs;Suhl;rp kd;wnkhd;wpy; epfOk; Nritfis ,dq;fhz;gjw;F tha;g;gspf;fTk;.


F glj;jpy; fhl;lg;gLk; Nritfis cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fs; toq;Ffpd;wd.

F ,e;epWtdq;fs; kf;fl; Nritia Mw;Wfpd;wd.

F gpupj;jhdpau; Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpy; ,e;epWtdq;fs; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;ld.

F khefu rig> efu rig> gpuNjr rigfs; jw;NghJ nraw;gLk; cs;Suhl;rp

kd;wq;fshFk;.

F ,t;thwhd epWtdq;fSf;F cWg;gpdu;fs; kf;fs; thf;nfLg;gpd; Z%yk;

njupTnra;ag;gLfpd;wdu;.

F gpuhe;jpa mgptpUj;jpf;fhf ,e;epWtdq;fs; nraw;gLfpd;wd.

F mtru mdu ;j ;jq ;fspd ;NghJ ,e ;e pWtdq;fSk ; g puNjrthu pahf

nraw;gLfpd;wd.

(10 epkplq;fs;)

gb 9.4.1.2gb 9.4.1.2gb 9.4.1.2gb 9.4.1.2gb 9.4.1.2

� khztiu ehd;F FOf;fshfg; gpupf;fTk;.

� 9.4.1.1 nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuj;ij khztUf;F toq;fTk;.

� ciu toq;Fgtupd; ciuf;Fr; nrtpkLj;J mjd; thapyhf nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuj;ijg;

G+uzg;gLj;j mwpTiu toq;fTk;.

(40 epkplq;fs;)

170

gb 9.4.1.3gb 9.4.1.3gb 9.4.1.3gb 9.4.1.3gb 9.4.1.3

� xt;nthU FOTk; jkJ nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuj;Jf;FupajhfTk; Nrfupj;j tplaq;fis

Kd;itf;f tha;g;gspf;fTk;.

� Vida FOf;fspd; fUj;Jf;fis tprhupf;fTk;.

� jpwikahdtw;iw kjpj;jthW gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; NknyOk; tpjkhff; fye;Jiuahlypy;

<LglTk;.

F jhk; thOk; gpuNjrj;jpd; cs;Suhl;rp kd;wk; ahnjd mwpe;J nfhs;sy;

Ntz;Lk;.

F kf;fs; Njitfis epiwNtw;wpf ;nfhs;tjw;fhf re;jpf ;f Ntz;ba

mjpfhupfisr; rupahf ,dq;fhzy; Ntz;Lk;.

F cs;Suhl;rp kd;wnkhd;wpdhy; kf;fspd; Njitfs; epiwNtw;wg;gLtjpdhy;

ngUksthd kf;fs; Nritfs; Mw;wg;gLfpd;wd.

F cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fspdhy; kf;fs; mgptpUj;jpf;fhf Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fs;

nraw;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

F kf;fs; gpujpepjpfs; kf;fspd; eyDf;fhf Nritahw;w Ntz;Lk;.

F nghJkf;fSf;Fk; gpujpepjpfSf;Fk; ,ilapy; epyTk; gu];gu njhlu;Gfis

mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L gpuNjrk; mgptpUj;jpailfpd;wJ.

(30 epkplq;fs;)


� jdJ ghlrhiyapd; MSifg; gpuNjrk; cupj;jhFk; cs;Suhl;rp kd;wj;jpd; nraw;ghl;il

tpgupg;ghu;.

� cs;Suhl;rp kd;wj;jpdhy; r%fj;Jf;F Mw;wg;gLk; Nritiag; gw;wp ngUkpjj;Jld;

ciuahLthu;.

� cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fspd; nraw;gzpfis gl;baw;gLj;Jthu;.

� cd;dpg;ghfTk; tpsf;fkhfTk; nrtpkLg;ghu;.

� xg;gilf;fg;gl;l gzpia cupathW epiwNtw;w cjTthu;.

171




epfo;j;jg;gl;l ciuapd; thapyhf gpd;tUk; jfty;fis Nrfupg;gJ cq;fSf;fhd

xg;gilahFk;.

F ciuapd; %yk; $wg;gLk; cs;Suhl;rp kd;wk; vJ?

F cs;Suhl;rp kd;wj; jiytupd; ngau; ahJ?

F gpujhd epu;thf mjpfhupapd; gjtpg; ngau; ahJ?

F me;epWtdj;jpd; epu;thfj;Jf;fhf epakpf;fg;gl;Ls;s mjpfhupfspd; gjtpfs; rpy.

F kf;fl; gpujpepjpfs; MSe;jug;gpdu; vdTk; vjpu;jug;gpdu; vdTk; NtWgLk; tpjj;ij

,dq;fhZk; tpjk;.


ciuf;F ed;F nrtpkLj;J gpd;tUk; nraiy epiwNtw;wTk;.

F rk;ge;jg;gl;l cs;Suhl;rp kd;wj;jpdhy; Mw;wg;gLk; kf;fs; Nritfspd; gl;baiyj;

jahupf;fTk;.

F me;epWtdq;fspdhy; Mw;wg;gl;Ls;s kw;Wk; cj;Njr kf;fs; mgptpUj;jp

eltbf;iffis ntt;Ntwhf Kd;itf;fTk;.


Mw;wg;gLk; ciuf;F ed;F nrtpkLf;fTk;. murpay; kl;lj;jpy; rk;ge;jg;gl;l

cs;Suhl;rp kd;wj;jpd; kf;fs; gpujpepjpfshy; epiwNtw;wg;gLk; nraw;ghLfis

tupirg;gLj;jTk;.


Mw;wg;gLk; ciuf;F ed;F nrtpkLf;fTk;. cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fspd; Nritfs;

njhlu;ghf nghJkf;fspd; flikfisAk; nghWg;Gf;fisAk; ntt;Ntwhff;

Fwpj;Jf;nfhs;sTk;.

172




Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : -: -: -: -: - cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fspd; Nritfs; njhlu;gpyhd nghJ kf;fspd;

flikfisAk; nghWg;Gf;fisAk; epiwNtw;Wthu;.

nraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghL : -: -: -: -: - cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fspdhy; ngw;Wj;jug;gLk; trjpfis tpidj;

j pwDld; cgNahfg ;gLj ;j pathW vkJ nghWg ;Gf ;fisAk;

flikfisAk; epiwNtw;WNthk;.


ju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPL : -: -: -: -: - � ,izg;G 9.4.2.1 ,w;fhd jftw;gj;jpuk;

� ,izg;G 9.4.2.2 ,w;fhd nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk;

� bikjhs;> ngy;l; Ngdhf;fs;


gb 9.4.2.1gb 9.4.2.1gb 9.4.2.1gb 9.4.2.1gb 9.4.2.1

� ,izg;G 9.4.2.1 ,w;fhd jfty; gj;jpuj;ij Kd;itj;J fz;lwpe;j tplaq;fs; thapyhf

rpe;jidf; fpsu;T fye;Jiuahlypy; <LglTk;.

� gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; NknyOk; tpjkhff; fye;Jiuahliy topelj;jTk;.

gb 9.4.2.2gb 9.4.2.2gb 9.4.2.2gb 9.4.2.2gb 9.4.2.2

� tFg;ig Vw;wthW FOf;fshf;fTk;.

� xt;nthU FOTf;Fk; ,izg;G 9.4.2.2 ,w;Fupa nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuj;ij toq;fTk;.

� Njitahd mwpTWj;jy;fisAk; topfhl;ly;fisAk; toq;fTk;.

(20 epkplq;fs;)

gb 9.4.2.3gb 9.4.2.3gb 9.4.2.3gb 9.4.2.3gb 9.4.2.3

� nrayhw;wy; gj;jpuj;Jf;Fupa FOtpdhy; jpul;lg;gl;l jfty;fis tFg;gpy;

Kd;itg;gjw;F tha;g;gspf;fTk;.

� xt;nthU FOtpdhYk; Kd;itf;fg;gLk; jfty;fs; gw;wpa fUj;Jf;fisj; njuptpg;gjw;F

Vida FOf;fSf;Fr; re;ju;g;gkspf;fTk;.

F md;whl tho;f;ifiar; rpwg;ghf;fpf; nfhs;s cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fspd; %yk;

ghupa Nritfs; Mw;wg;gLfpd;wd.

F cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fspdhy; Mw;wg;gLk; Nritfspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij kf;fs;

tpsq;fpf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

F cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fspdhy; Mw;wg;gLk; nraw;ghLfs; ntw;wpaila gpui[fs;

jk; nghWg;Gf;fisAk; flikfisAk; cupathW epiwNtw;w Ntz;Lk;.

(10 epkplq;fs;)

173


F kf;fspd; ed;ik fUjp cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fs; mu;g;gzpg;Gld; nrayhw;Wfpd;wd.

F cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fspdhy; Mw;wg;gLk; Nritfs; gw;wp vg;NghJk; kf;fs;

mwpa Ntz;Lk;.

F cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fspdhy; Mw;wg;gLk; Nritfs; VNjDk; xU ehspy;

jilgLkhapd; kf;fs; tho;f;iff;F mjd; %yk; ngUe;jhf;fq;fs; Vw;gLk;.

F mjdhy; cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fspdhy; Mw;wg;gLk; Nritfs; njhlu;ghf kf;fspd;

nghWg;Gf;fSk; flikfSk; ,ilawhJ Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

(10 epkplq;fs;)


� cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fs; njhlu;ghd kf;fspd; nghWg;Gf;fisAk; flikfisAk; ngaupLthu;.

� cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fspdhy; msg;gupa Nritfs; Mw;wg;gLfpd;wd vd;gij Vw;W

fUj;J ntspapLthu;.

� FO nraw;ghLfis xw;Wikahf Nkw;nfhs;thu;.

� cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fspd; Nritfs; njhlu;ghd nghWg;Gf;fisAk; flikfisAk;

Mw;w J}z;lg;gLthu;.

� cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fspd; nghWg;Gf;fisAk; flikfisAk; epiwNtw;w VidNahUf;F

cjTthu;.

9.4.2.1 ,w;Fupa jfty; gj;jpuk;9.4.2.1 ,w;Fupa jfty; gj;jpuk;9.4.2.1 ,w;Fupa jfty; gj;jpuk;9.4.2.1 ,w;Fupa jfty; gj;jpuk;9.4.2.1 ,w;Fupa jfty; gj;jpuk;

kf;fSf;fhd Nritia ,yFthf;Ftjw;fhf efu kw;Wk; gpuNjr kl;lq;fspy;

cs;Suhl ;r p kd;wq;fs; epWtg;gl ;Ls;sd. kj;j pa murpd ; eltbf;iffs;

gd;Kfg;gLj;jg;gLtjw;Fk; kf;fs; Nritfis Kiwahf Nkw;nfhs;sTk; ehl;by;

epu ;thfg; gzpfs; [dehaf uPjpahf miktjw;Fk; cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fs;

Njitg;gLfpd;wd. mJkl;Lkd;wp kf;fs; Nritfis kf;fSf;F ,yFthf mz;kpf;fr;

nra;aTk; cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fs; ,Uj;jy; mtrpakhFk;. mt;thNw ehl;bd; mgptpUj;jp

nraw;ghLfSf;F kf;fspd; gq;fspg;ig mjpfupg;gjw;Fk; cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fs;

mtrpakhFk;.

cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fspdhy; ngUk; Nritfs; Mw;wg;gLfpd;wd. ghijfs;> fhy;tha;fs;>

Njhl;le;JuTfs;> G+q;fhf;fs;> ikjhdq;fs;> E}y;epiyaq;fs;> kUe;Jrhiyfisg;

NgZtjw;Fk; elj;jpr; nry;Yjy;nghJr;re;ijfs; Muk;gpj;J itj;jYk; elj;jpr; nry;Yjy;

Nghd;w Nritfs; mtw;Ws; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.

cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fspd; gzpfs; ntw;wpfukhdjhf miktjw;F gpui[fs; jkJ

nghWg;Gf;fisAk; flikfisAk; cupathW epiwNtw;Wjy; Ntz;Lk;.

174



Rfhjhu> Muhf;fpa Nritfs; kw;Wk; Fg;ig $sq;fis mfw;Wjy; njhlu;ghf

kf;fspdhy; Mw;wg;gl Ntz;ba nghWg;Gf;fSk; flikfSk;


ePu; toq;fy;> tpepNahfk;> tPjpNahu tpsf;Ffisg; NgZjy; njhlu;ghf kf;fspdhy;

Mw;wg;gl Ntz;ba nghWg;Gf;fSk; flikfSk;.


tupg;gzk;> tupnrYj;jy; njhlu;ghf kf;fspdhy; Mw;wg;gl Ntz;ba nghWg;Gf;fSk;

flikfSk;


nghJr;re;ij> E}y; epiyaq;fs;> ,wq;FJiwfs; Nghd;wit njhlu;ghf kf;fshy;

Mw;wg;gl Ntz;ba flikfSk; nghWg;Gf;fSk;.


nghJ tPjpfs;> fhy;tha;fisg; NgZjy; njhlu;ghf kf;fshy; Mw;wg;gl Ntz;ba

flikfSk; nghWg;Gf;fSk;.

175




Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : -: -: -: -: - cs;suhl;rp kd;wq; fspd; Nritfis tpidj;jpwDs;s tifapy;

Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F kf;fsJ gq;Fgw;wypd; cs;s Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij

kjpg;gpLthu;.

nraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghL : -: -: -: -: - cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fspd; Nritfis tpidj;jpwDld; Mw;w

cjTNthk;.


ju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPL : -: -: -: -: - � cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fshy; Mw;wg;gLk; Nritfisf; fhl;Lk;

rpj;jpunkhd;wij; jUtpj;Jf; nfhs;sTk;.

� ,izg;G 9.4.3.2 ,w;Fupa nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk;

� bikjhs; / gpup];ly; ml;ilfs;


gb 9.4.3.1gb 9.4.3.1gb 9.4.3.1gb 9.4.3.1gb 9.4.3.1

� jUtpj;j rpj;jpuj;ij tFg;gpy; rku;g;gpf;fTk;.

� mjid mtjhdpg;gjw;Fg; NghJkhd Neuj;ij toq;fTk;.

� gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; NknyOk; tpjkhff; fye;Jiuahliy elj;jTk;.

F cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fspdhy; kf;fspd; eyd; fUjp gy;NtW Nritfs;

toq;fg;gLfpd;wd.

F mr;Nritfis EfUk;NghJ nghJkf;fs; mtw;iw cupathW ifahz;lthW

mtw;iwg; ghJfhg;gjw;F gq;fspg;G nra;a Ntz;Lk;.

F me;je;j epWtdq;fspd; mjpfhupfSf;Fupa trjpfisAk; NritfisAk;

cupathW toq;fp kf;fSf;F Nritfs; toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

(10 epkplq;fs;)

gb 9.4.3.2gb 9.4.3.2gb 9.4.3.2gb 9.4.3.2gb 9.4.3.2

� tFg;ig cupathW FOf;fshf;fTk;.

� ,izg;G 9.4.3.2 ,w;Fupa nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuj;ij tFg;gpd; FOf;fSf;F toq;fTk;.

� rk;ge;jg;gl;l tsq;fis toq;fpathW nraw;ghl;by; <LgLj;jTk;.

� Njitahd re;ju;g;gq;fspy; Mrpupa topfhl;ly;fisAk; mwpTiufisAk; toq;fpathW

mwpf;ifiaj; jahupg;gjw;Fg; NghJkhd msT Neuj;ij toq;fTk;.

� mwpf;ifia Kd;itg;gjw;F Maj;jg;gLj;jTk;.

(30 epkplq;fs;)

gb 9.4.3.3gb 9.4.3.3gb 9.4.3.3gb 9.4.3.3gb 9.4.3.3

� khztu; fz;lwpe;jtw;iw tFg;gpy; Kd;itg;gjw;F tha;g;gspf;fTk;.

� FOf;fs; Kd;itj;jy;fs; njhlu;ghd fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itg;gjw;F Vidatu;fSf;F

re;ju;g;gkspf;fTk;.

176

� khztu;fspd; jpwikfis kjpj;jthW gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; NknyOe;jthW

fye;JiuahlTk;.

F cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fspdhy; nghJkf;fspd; ed;ikf;fhf gy;NtW Nritfs;

toq;fg;gLfpd;wd.

F mtw;iwg; ngWk; gadhspfspdhy; mit cupathwhff; ifahsg;gly;>

tupnrYj;Jjy;> cupa fl;lzq;fs; nrYj;jg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.

F Nritia cupathwhf toq;Ftjw ;fhf Mtd nra ;jy ; Nrit

toq;FNthupd; nghWg;ghFk;.

F MSif gpuNjrj;jpd; gupRj;jj;ijg; ghJfhj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;fhf Nrit

toq;FNthu; kw;Wk; gadhspfs; nraw;gLtjpd; %yk; NjfhNuhf;fpakpf;f

gupRj;jkhd #oy; cUthfpd;wJ.

F E}y; epiyaq;fs;> kUj;Jtrhiyfs;> tpisahl;L ikjhdq;fs;> g];jupg;G

epiyaq;fs;> jfdr;rhiyfs;> nghJr;re;ijfs; Nghd;w Nritfis elhj;jpr;

nry;YtJ cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fspd; nghWg;ghFk;.

F mjw;fhf jkJ nghWg;Gf;fisAk; flikfisAk; epiwNtw;Wjy; gadhspfspd;

gzpahFk;.

(40 epkplq;fs;)


� cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fSld; njhlu;ghd Nrit toq;FNthu; mtw;wpd; gadhspfs; jk;

nghWg;Gf;fisAk; flikfisAk; cupathW epiwNtw;w Ntz;Lnkd fUj;J ntspapLthu;.

� me;je;j Nritfis toq;Fk;NghJ Nrit toq;FNthupdJk; gadhspfspd;

nghWg;Gf;fisg; NghyNt flikfisAk; gl;baw;gLj;Jthu;.

� Nritfis EfUk;NghJ mtw;iw cupathW elhj;j gq;fspg;G nra;thu;.

� FOtpy; xw;Wikahfr; nraw;gLthu;.

� Mrpupau; mwpTWj;jy;fisg; gpd;gw;Wthu;.

177




cq;fs; gpuNjrj;jpd cs;Suhl;rp kd;wj;jpdhy; elhj;jg;gLk; E}y; epiyaj;jpd;

gadhsp vd;w tifapy; cq;fs; nghWg;Gf;fisAk; E}y;epiyaj;jpd; gadhsp

cl;gl mjpfhupapd; nghWg;Gf;fs; vd;gtw;iw cs;slf;fpathW gpd;tUk;

ml;ltiziag; G+u;j;jp nra;aTk;.

E}y; epiyag; gadhspfspd;E}y; epiyag; gadhspfspd;E}y; epiyag; gadhspfspd;E}y; epiyag; gadhspfspd;E}y; epiyag; gadhspfspd;

nghWg;Gf;fs;nghWg;Gf;fs;nghWg;Gf;fs;nghWg;Gf;fs;nghWg;Gf;fs;

epWtd mjpfhupfspd;epWtd mjpfhupfspd;epWtd mjpfhupfspd;epWtd mjpfhupfspd;epWtd mjpfhupfspd;

nghWg;Gf;fs; rk;ge;jg;gl;lnghWg;Gf;fs; rk;ge;jg;gl;lnghWg;Gf;fs; rk;ge;jg;gl;lnghWg;Gf;fs; rk;ge;jg;gl;lnghWg;Gf;fs; rk;ge;jg;gl;l

gzpfs;gzpfs;gzpfs;gzpfs;gzpfs;


ePq;fs; thOk; gpuNjrj;jpy; njhw;Wk; Neha; guTjiyj; jtpu;g;gjw;fhfTk; mjw;fhd

gupfhuj;Jf;fhfTk; cs;Suhl;rp kd;wj;Jf;Fupa nghWg;Gf;fisAk; MSifg;

gpuNjrj;jpy; FbapUg;ghsu; vd;w tifapy; cq;fSf;fupa nghWg;Gf;fisAk;

ntt;Ntwhff; Fwpf;fTk;.

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toq;fg;gl;Ls;s nghWg;Gf;fs;toq;fg;gl;Ls;s nghWg;Gf;fs;toq;fg;gl;Ls;s nghWg;Gf;fs;toq;fg;gl;Ls;s nghWg;Gf;fs;toq;fg;gl;Ls;s nghWg;Gf;fs;

gadhspfSf;F toq;fg;gl;Ls;s gadhspfSf;F toq;fg;gl;Ls;s gadhspfSf;F toq;fg;gl;Ls;s gadhspfSf;F toq;fg;gl;Ls;s gadhspfSf;F toq;fg;gl;Ls;s

nghWg;Gf;fSk; ,ize;jnghWg;Gf;fSk; ,ize;jnghWg;Gf;fSk; ,ize;jnghWg;Gf;fSk; ,ize;jnghWg;Gf;fSk; ,ize;j

gzpfSk;gzpfSk;gzpfSk;gzpfSk;gzpfSk;

178


cs;Suhl;rp kd;w MSifg; gpuNjrj;jpd; Fg;ig $sq;fis mfw;Wtjw;fhf

cs;Suhl;rp epWtdj;Jf;fhf nghWg;Gf;fisAk; MSifg; gpuNjrj;jpy; trpg;gtu;

vd;w tifapy; cq;fSf;Fupa nghWg;Gf;fisAk; ml;ltizapy; Fwpf;fTk;.

cs;Suhl;rp kd;wj;jpd; nghWg;Gcs;Suhl;rp kd;wj;jpd; nghWg;Gcs;Suhl;rp kd;wj;jpd; nghWg;Gcs;Suhl;rp kd;wj;jpd; nghWg;Gcs;Suhl;rp kd;wj;jpd; nghWg;G gadhspapd; nghWg;Ggadhspapd; nghWg;Ggadhspapd; nghWg;Ggadhspapd; nghWg;Ggadhspapd; nghWg;G

179

,izg;G ,izg;G ,izg;G ,izg;G ,izg;G X

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1. njhopDl;g Nritf;FO

2. tPl;L> rdr%f mgptpUj;jpf;FO

3. Rw;whly;> trjpfs; FO

4. epjpf; FO

gpuNjr rig

cgjiytu; / jiytu;

kf;fs; gpujpepjpfs; FO

nrayhsu;

gpujk vOJtpidQu; RNjr itj;jpa

mjpfhup

vOJtpidQu; ,ypfpju; tUkhd mgptpUj;jp njhopDl;g E}y;epiya

epu;thfp cjtpahsu; mjpfhup nghWg;gjpfhup

E}y;epiya kUe;J

$ypNtiyahs; fyg;gtu;

fhupahya rhujp fhtyhsp ePu;f;Foha; Rfhjhuf; tPjpj; ePu;f;Foha; RNjr itj;jpa

rpw;W}opau; njhopyhsp njhopyhsp njhopyhsp fha;r;rp njhopyhsp

,izg;gtu;

180

,izg;G ,izg;G ,izg;G ,izg;G ,izg;G Y

cs;Suhl;rp kd;wnkhd;wpd; fl;likg;Gcs;Suhl;rp kd;wnkhd;wpd; fl;likg;Gcs;Suhl;rp kd;wnkhd;wpd; fl;likg;Gcs;Suhl;rp kd;wnkhd;wpd; fl;likg;Gcs;Suhl;rp kd;wnkhd;wpd; fl;likg;G

(cjh : khefu rignahd;wpd; fl;likg;G(cjh : khefu rignahd;wpd; fl;likg;G(cjh : khefu rignahd;wpd; fl;likg;G(cjh : khefu rignahd;wpd; fl;likg;G(cjh : khefu rignahd;wpd; fl;likg;G

MNyhrfu; FO khefu rig epiyahd FO

1. thfdg; Nghf;Ftuj;J newpahs;iff; FO khefu rig 1. epjpf;FO

2. tPjpfs; ngaupLk; FO Kjy;tu; 2. Rfhjhu f; FO

3. E}yf MNyhridf; FO 3. ifj;njhopw; FO

4. Rw;whlw; FO khefu rig 4. MAu;Ntj> nghJ eyd;Gupr; Nritfs;FO

Mizahsu; cs;sf fzf;fha;Tg;

gpupT

Rfhjhu itj;jpa mjpfhup efug; nghwpapayhsu; efu nrayhsu; efu fzf;fhsu;

RNjr itj;jpa rdr%f gpujhd ifj;njhopy; epu;thf mjpfhup fzf;Fg; tUkhd efuf; efu

mjpfhup mgptpUj;jpg; nghJkf;fs; mjpfhurig gpupT gpupT fsQ;rpak; kz;lgk;

gpupT Rfhjhug;

gupNrhjfu; - tpisahl;L nrayhsu; gpupTk;

ikjhdq;fs; epWtdg; gpupTk;

- G+q;fhf;fs;

- efu gpupT E}yfk;

- jPaizf;Fk;

myF

RNjr Rw;whly; Rfhjhug;

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Kd;gs;spg; ghlrhiy

jfdr;rhiy

181

6.06.06.06.06.0 fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk; fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk; fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk; fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk; fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk;

fw;wy;-fw;gpj;jy; nranyhOq;fpd; Clhf vjpHghHf;fg;gLk; ngWNgw;iw khztHfs;

mile;J nfhs;tij cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhfTk;> khztHfs; mile;J nfhz;l

ghz;bj;jpa kl;lq;fis ,dq;fhzTk; tFg;giwapy; ,yFthf eilKiwg;gLj;jf;

$ba ,ilj; njhlHGld; $ba ,uz;L epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lq;fshf fzpg;gPLk;> kjpg;gPLk;

fhzg;gLfpd;wd. fzpg;gPL rhpahd Kiwapy; epiwNtw;wg;gbd; tFg;giwapy; fw;Fk;

midj;J khztHfSf;Fk; chpa Njh;r;rpapd; mz;zsTg; ghz;bj;jpa kl;lj;ijNaDk;

mile;J nfhs;tJ rpukkhf ,Uf;fhJ. khztHfs; mile;Js;s ghz;bj;jpa kl;lk;

vJntd;;gij mstpLtNj kjpg;gPl;bd; %yk; vjpHghHf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

fzpg;gPl;by; <LgLk; MrphpaHfs; jhk; khztHfSf;F ,U tifahd topfhl;ly;fis

toq;f KbAk;. mj;jifa topfhl;ly; nghJthfg; gpd;D}l;ly; (Feed Back)> Kd;D}l;ly;

(Feed Forward) vd;gitahFk;. khztHfspd; eypTfisAk;> gytPdq;fisAk;

fz;lwpe;J nfhs;Sk; NghJ mtHfspd; fw;ww; gpur;rpidfis eptHj;jp nra;tjw;Fg;

gpd;D}l;ly;fisAk; khztHfspd; Mw;wy;fisAk; typTfisAk; ,dq;fhZk; NghJ

mtw;iw Nkk;gLj;j Kd;D}l;ly;fisAk; toq;f Ntz;Lk;.

fw;wy;-fw;gpj;jy; nranyhOq;fpd; ntw;wpf;fhf ghlnewpapd; NjHr;rpfspy; ve;jj; NjHr;rpia

ve;j kl;lj;jpw;F milag; ngw;Ws;sJ vd;gij khztHfs; mwpe;J nfhs;tJ

mtrpakhFk;. kjpg;gPl;L Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fspd; CNl khztu; mz;kpj;j Nju;r;rp kl;lj;ij

,dq;fhZjy;> ,jd; %yk; MrpupauplkpUe;J vjp;u;ghu;;f;fg;gLfpwJ. khztu;> Mrpupau;

cl;gl NtW rk;ge;jg;gl;l gFjpapdUf;F khztupd; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij mwptpg;gjw;F

Mrpupau; Kidjy; Ntz;Lk;.

,g;ghlnewp khztu; ika (Student centred) Nju;r;rp mbg;gilapyhd Competency

Based nraw;ghL rhu;e;j (Activity Oriented) mZFKiwiaf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;.

tho;f;ifia mu;j;jKilajhf Mf;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhf nraypd; %yk; fw;wy;

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nra;ag;gl;L cs;sJ. me;je;j nraw;ghLfspd; ,uz;lhk; gbKiwapy; khztu;

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%d;whk; gbKiwapd; NghJ khztu; Ra fz;lwpjiyr; rku;g;gpf;fTk; tptuzk;

nra;aTk; KidAk; NghJ mtu;fis kjpg;gPL nra;aTk; KbAk;. khztu;fs;

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mtjhdpf;fyhk;. tFg;giwapy; khztu; vjpu;Nehf;Fk; gpur;rpidfis ,q;F

fye;Jiuahbj; jPu;j;J itf;fyhk;.

fzpg;gPl;ilAk;> kjpg;gPl;ilAk; ,yFthf epiwNtw;Wk; tifapy; Ie;J epajpfs;

Kd;nkhopag;gl;Ls;sd. ,tw;Ws; Kjy; %d;W epajpfSk; mt;tj; NjHr;rpfisf;

fl;bnaOg;Gtjp;y; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;s mwpT> kdg;ghq;F> jpwid mbg;gilahff;

182

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,uz;il tpUj;jp nra;tjw;fhf cjTfpd;wd. ,e;epajpfSld; njhlHGila elj;ij

khw;wq;fs; Ie;ijAk; khztHfspd; nraw;ghl;bd; NghJ ,dq;fz;L nfhs;s MrphpaHfs;

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kjpg;gPl;bd; fPo; cUthf;fg;gl;l elj;ijfis mstplTk; MrphpaH Kd;tu Ntz;L;k;.

kjpg;gPl;L Ntiyj;jpl;lj;ij mgptpUj;jp nra;tjhy; fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghl;il

tupthf;fyhk;. mjw;nfd nraw;ghl;Lj; njhlufj;jpd; (ACTIVITY CONTINUM) Clhf

kjpg;gPl;L tha;g;Gf;fs; gytw;iw Vw;gLj;j MrpupaUf;Fr; re;ju;g;gq;fs; cs;sd.

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Ntiyj;jpl;lj;ij mu;j;jKilajhf Mf;fyhk;. me;je;jr; nraw;ghl;Lj; njhFg;gpd;

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vd khztUf;F mwptpj;jy; mtrpakhFk;.

ghlnewpapd; %d;whk; gFjpapy; cj;Njr kjpg;gPl;Lg; Gs;spahfisAk; mjw;fhfj;

njupT nra;ag;gl;Ls;s kjp;g;gPl;Lf; fUtpfisAk; ,dq;fhz;gjw;Fj; jpl;lkplg;gl;Ls;sJ.

,t;thwhf nraw;ghl;bd; %yKk; mtw;wpilNaAk; kjpg;gPl;il ,Utpjkhf nra;tjdhy;

fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nray; xOq;if NkYk; tpupthf;fyhk;. khztu;fSf;F cw;rhfkhf

fw;wypy; <LglTk; mJ topNfhYk;.

khztHfSf;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fis cs;slf;fpa tifapy; fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy;

nrad;Kiwfis tpupthf;Fk; fUtpfisj; jahH nra;tJ mLj;j gbKiwahFk;.

xt;nthU nraw;ghl;bdJk; Muk;gj;jpy; ,f;fUtpfis khztHfSf;F mwpKfg;gLj;jy;

Mrphpahplk; vjph;ghHf;fg;gLk; kw;WnkhU gzpahFk;. ,jd;gb fw;wiyAk; fw;gpj;jiyAk;

tpupTgLj;Jtjw;fhf XH MrphpaH gad;gLj;jf; $ba rpy kjpg;gPl;Lg; Ngjq;fs;

gpd;tUkhW:-

n vz;zf;fUg; glk; (Concept Maps)

n RtHg; gj;jphpif (Wall News Papers)

n tpdh - tpil epfo;r;rp (Quizzes)

n tpdhtpilg; Gj;jfk; (Question and Answer Books)

n khztH nrayilTf; Nfhit (Portfolios)

n khztH Mf;fq;fspd; fz;fhl;rp (Exhibitions)

n tpthjk; (Debates)

n FOf; fye;Jiuahly; (Panel Discussions)

n fUj;juq;F (Seminars)

n cld; Ngr;R (Impromptu speechers)

n tfpghfNkw;wy; (Role Plays)

n ,yf;fpa tpkHrdk; (Presentation of Literature Reviews)

n fsE}y;> ,aw;if ehNsL> gapw;rpg; Gj;jfk;

(FieldBooks/ Nature Diaries)

n nra;Kiwg; ghPl;ir (Practical Tests)

n ,izaj;jsk;> fzpdp nkd;nghUs; gad;ghL

183

ghlj;jpl;lj;jpd; %d;whtJ gFjp fw;wy;-fw;gpj;jy; tpupTgLj;jy;; re;jHg;gq;fs;> mjw;fhf

njhpT nra;af; $ba fUtpfs; vd;gtw;iw mwpKfk; nra;tjw;fhfj; jpl;lkplg;gl;Ls;sJ.

,t;thW nraw;ghl;bd; NghJk;> mtw;Wf;fpiliaAk; fzpg;gPl;ilAk;> kjpg;gPl;ilAk;

,uz;L topfspYk; Nkw;nfhs;tjd; %yk; fw;wy;-fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiw NkYk;

tphptilAk;. khztu;fs; Mh;tj;JlDk; Cf;fj;JlDk; fw;wypy; <LgLtjw;Fk;

topNfhYk;.

mj;NjhL> tFg;giwapy; vOj;Jr;Nrhjidfs;> nraw;wp;l;lq;fs; Nghd;wtw;wpYk;

Mz;bWjpapy; elj;jg;gLk; ghlrhiy kl;l my;yJ tyakl;l vOj;Jg;guPl;irapYk;

khztiu <LgLj;jTk;.

NkYk; jtiz ,Wjpapy; kjpg;gpl Kd;du; toq;fg;gl;Ls;s fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy;

kjpg;gPl;Lf; fUtpfisg; gad;gLj;Jq;fs;. jtiz ,Wjpapy; guPl;ir tpdhj;jhSf;Fupa

fl;lhakhd tpdhnthd;W> fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; kjpg;gPl;Lf; fUtpfs; njhlu;Gilatifapy;

cs;slf;fg;gLtNj mjw;fhd fhuzkhFk;.

184

fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; kjpg;gPl;Lf; fUtpfw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; kjpg;gPl;Lf; fUtpfw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; kjpg;gPl;Lf; fUtpfw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; kjpg;gPl;Lf; fUtpfw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; kjpg;gPl;Lf; fUtp

1. kjpg;gPl;Lr; re;ju;g;gk; : Kjyhe;jtiz

2. cs;slq;Fk; Nju;r;rp : $l;L nraw;ghl;bd; %yk; r%ff; fhg;ig

cWjpnra;Jnfhs;s RWRWg;ghfg; gq;fspg;G

nra;thu;.

3. typAWj;jg;gLk;

Nju;r;rpkl;lk; : r%ff; fhg;gpd;NghJ jdpahspd; nghWg;Gf;fisAk;

flikfisAk; Mw;Wthu;.

r%ff; fhg;Gf;Fg; gq;fspg;G nra;Ak; gy;NtW

mikg;Gf;fis ,dq;fz;L mgpkhdkpf;fg;

gpui[ahf xw;Wikahf nraw;gLthu;.

4. kjpg;gPl;Lf; fUtpapd; jd;ik

(kjpg;gPl;L NtWghL) : xg;gil (rpW E}y; jahupj;jy;)

5. jutpUj;jp cs;sPL : nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk;

6. kjpg;gPl;Lf; fUtpapd;

Nehf;fq;fs; : r%ff; fhg;ig ,dq;fhz;ghu;.

r%ff; fhg;Gf;Fg; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak;

mikg;Gf;fisg; ngaupLthu;.

r%ff; fhg;ig Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhf <LgLj;jg;gl;Ls;s

nghwpKiwfs;> rl;l tpjpfs; cld; njhlu;Gila

egu;fspd; nghWg;Gf;fis ,dq;fz;L Mtd

nra;thu;.

$l;LwT ,af;fj;Jld; ,ize;J rftho;Tld;

$ba gpui[ahf ele;Jnfhs;thu;.

7. kjpg;gPl;ilr; nraw;gLj;Jtjw;fhd

Mrpupa mwpTWj;jy;fs; : tFg;G khztiu Vw;wthwhf MW FOf;fshf

tFf;fTk;.

xt;nthU FOTf;Fkhd nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuj;ijg;

ngw;Wf;nfhLf;fTk;.

khztu;fs; nraw;ghl;by; <LgLk; mNjNeuk;

Njitahd topfhl;liyr; nra;aTk;.

cupa fhyj;jpy; kjpg;gPl;il G+u;j;jp nra;aTk;.

khztiu kjpg;gPL nra;jthW gpukhzq;fspd;

mbg;gilapy; Gs;spfis toq;fTk;.

8. gpukhzq;fs; : Mrpupa mwpTWj;jYf;fika xg;gilf;fhd

jfty;fis NghJkhd tpjj;jpy; Nrfupj;jy;.

jfty;fspd; nghUj;jg;ghL.

ngw;w jfty;fis cupathW ml;ltizg;gLj;jy;.

cupa nraw;ghLfspy; nraw;ghl;Lld; ,izjy;.

xw;WikahfTk; xj;Jiog;GlDk; nraw;gLjy;.

185

9. gpd;D}l;lYk; Kd;D}l;lYk; : khztu; Nrfupj;j jfty;fspd; rpwg;Gf;fisAk;

gytPdq;fisAk; vLj;Jf; fhl;Ljy;.

NkYk; tpUj;jp nra;a Ntz;ba ,lq;fis

,dq;fz;Lnfhs;s ,lkspj;jy;.


Kjw;FO

rpWE}y; xd;iwj; jahupg;gjw;Fj; Njitahd Kjw;gf;fj;ij mikg;gJ cq;fs;


� Vida FOf;fSld; fye;Jiuahb ghl cs;slf;fk; gw;wpa tpsf;fnkhd;iwg;

ngw;Wf;nfhs;sTk;.

� Mrpupaupd; topfhl;lypd; mbg;gilapy; rpWE}Yf;F Vw;w jiyg;igAk; Kjw;gf;fj;Jf;Fg;

nghUj;jkhd glnkhd;iw cUthf;fTk;.

,uz;lhk; FO

� r%ff; fhg;ig tpsf;Fjy;.

� r%fj;Jf;Fk; jdpahSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd njhlu;ig tpgupj;jy; vd;gd cq;fSila


me;j tpguq;fSf:Fr; rk;ge;jg;gl;l jfty;fis glq;fspd; %yKk; ntspg;gLj;jTk;.

%d;whk; FO

r%ff; fhg;Gf;Fg; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak; mikg;Gf;fisg; ngaupLjy; cq;fs;FOTf;fhd

xg;gilahFk;.

� me;epWtdq;fspd; %yk; r%ff; fhg;Gf;fhf toq;fg;gLk; gq;fspg;G.

� me;je;j mikg;Gf;fspd; %yk; r%ff; fhg;gf;F Mw;wg;gLk; gzpfis ntw;wpfukhf;Fk;

nghUl;L ePq;fs; gq;fspg;G nra;af;$ba tpjj;ij tpsf;fTk;.

,e;j tpguq;fSf;fikthd jfty;fis glq;fspd; %yKk; ntspg;gLj;jTk;.

ehd;fhk; FO

� r%ff; fhg;ig Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhf gq;fspg;G nra;Ak; nghwpKiwfs;> rl;l tpjpfs; cld;

rk;ge;jg;gl;l jdpegu; nghWg;Gf;fisg; ngaupLjy; cq;fs; FOTf;fhd xg;gilahFk;.

� mg;nghwpKiwfs;> rl;l tpjpfs;> r%ff; fhg;Gf;Fg; gq;fspg;G nra;Ak; tpjq;fisAk;

cs;slf;fpa ml;ltiziaj; jahupj;jy;.

186

Ie;jhk; FO

$l;LwT ,af;fj;jpd;

� Nehf;fq;fs;

� $l;LwT rq;f tiffSk; mit %yk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sf;$ba Nritfs; njhlu;ghd

jfty;fis Kd;itj;jy;.


,jw;nfd glq;fs;> gltiuGfs;> vz;zf;fU> rpj;jpuq;fs; vd;gtwq;iwf; nfhz;L Mf;fG+u;tkhf

tplaq;fis Kd;itf;fTk;.

Mwhk; FO

ghlrhiy $l;LwT rq;fk; njhlu;ghf gpd;tUkhW $wg;gLk; cgjiyg;Gf;Fupajhd

tplaq;fisr; Nrfupj;jy; cq;fs; FOTf;fhd xg;gilahFk;.

� ghlrhiyf; $l;LwT mikg;gpd; Nehf;fq;fs;.

� ,jd; %yk; khztUf;F toq;fg;gLk; Nritfs;.

� mjd; ntw;wpfuj; jd;ikf;F ePq;fs; gq;fspg;G nra;a Ntz;ba tpjk;.

187


1. kjpg;gPl;Lr; re;ju;g;gk; : ,uz;lhe;jtiz

2. cs;slq;Fk; Nju;r;rp : 9.1.1 gy;NtW jdpahs; jpwikfis

ntspg;gLj;Jtu;.

9.1.2 NjitahdNghJ cWjpg;ghl;Lld;

nraw;gLtu;.

9.1.3 Nghl;bfukhd cyfpDs; rftho;it

Nkk;gLj;Jthu;.

9.1.4 tho;f;if re;ju;g;gq;fspd; rthy;fs;

kj;jpapy; tpisjpwdhd KbTfs; vLg;ghu;.

3. cs;slf;fg;gLk;

tplaj;njhFjp : Ratpsf;fj;Jld; nraw;gLjy;.

rupahd KbTfis vLj;jy;.

,lu;fis Kfhikj;Jtk; nra;jy;.


(kjpg;gPl;L NtWghL) : fsr; Rw;Wyh


Nehf;fq;fs; : tpisjpwdhd KbTfs; vLf;f itj;jy;.

rftho;Tg; gz;Gfis Nkk;gLj;jy;.

jdJ jpwikfs;> Mw;wy;fs; jhk; ele;Jnfhs;s

Ntz;ba tPr;rpd; msTfis ,dq;fhz itj;jy;.


Mrpupa mwpTWj;jy;fs; : ,f;fUtpia nraw;gLj;Jk; KOg;nghWg;igAk;

Muk;gj;jpypUe;Nj khztUf;F toq;fTk;.

fsr; Rw;Wyhtpdhy; cs;slf;fg;gLk; Nju;r;rpfs;

njhlu;ghff; fuprid nfhz;lthW Rw;Wyh nry;Yk;

jpdk;> ,lk;> Neuk;> nranyhOq;F> nfhz;Lnry;Yk;

nghUl;fs; Nghd;wd cs;slq;fpa jpllnkhd;iw

khztiuf; nfhz;Nl nra;tpf;fTk;.

,t;thwhd epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lj;jpd; Nehf;fq;fs;>

khztu;fs; mt;thwhd nray;fspdy; <LgLtjd;

Kf;fpaj;Jtk; gw;wp tpsf;fTk;.

Njitahd midj;Jg; gzpfisAk; Maj;jk;

nra;aTk; nraw;gLj;jy;.

cj;Njr jpl;lj;Jf;fika Rw;Wyhtpy; <LglTk;.

gzpfisg; ghfq;fshf;fp mtw;iw epiwNtw;W

khW FOf;fSf;F xg;gilf;fTk;.

188

7. kjpg;gPl;Lg; gpukhzq;fs; : mwpTWj;jy;fisg; gpd;gw;Wjy;

xw;Wikahfr; nraw;gLjy;

vjpu;ghuhj epfo;Tfs; Fwpj;Jf; ftdkhf ,Uj;jy;.

KOr; nraw;ghl;bdJk; epiwit vLj;Jf;fhl;Lk;

rpWE}y; (mwpf;if) jahupj;jy;.

fsr; Rw;Wyhit Kd;dpl;Lf; fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;l rpW

tpdhf;nfhj;Jf;fhd tpilfisg; ngWjy;.

khztuhy; jahupf;fg;gl Ntz;ba nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuj;Jf;F Vw;w gUkl;lhd xU

Fwpg;G

Rw;WyhTf;F Kd;du;

Rw;Wyh nry;Yk; ,lk;:

Rw;Wyh nry;Yk; ehs;:

cq;fSf;F tpsq;Fk; tpjkhf

,r;Rw;Wyhtpd; Nehf;fq;fs;:

Rw;Wyhtpdhy; ePq;fs; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s vjpu;gh;g;git:

Rw;Wyhtpd; gpd;du;

cz;ikahfNt Rw;Wyhtpd; %yk; ePq;fs; ngw;Wf;nfhz;l mDgtq;fs;

Rw;Wyhtpd; gpd;du; cq;fs; kdjpy; vOk; vz;zq;fis RUf;fkhf tpgupf;fTk;.

189


1. kjpg;gPl;Lr; re;ju;g;gk; : %d;whe;jtiz

2. cs;slq;Fk; Nju;r;rp : nghJ ed;ikf;Ff; fhuzkhf mikAk;

cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fspd; gzpfSf;F

Mjutspg;ghu;.

3. typAWj;jg;gLk;

Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs; : jkJ gpuNjrj;Jf;F cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fspdhy;

epfo;j;jg;gLk; Nritfs; gw;wp tprhupg;ghu;.

cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fspd; Nritfs; njhlu;ghd

nghJkf;fs; ngWg;Gf;fisAk; flikfisAk;

epiwNtw;Wthu;.

cs;Suhl;rp kd;wnkhd;wpd; Nritfid

tpidj;jpwDld; epiwNtw;Wtjw;F kf;fspd;

gq;fspg;gpy; cs;s Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij kjpg;ghu;.


(kjpg;gPl;L NtWghL) : Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs; cs;slq;Fk; tpjkhf

tpdhf;nfhj;njhd;iwj; jahupj;jy;.


Nehf;fq;fs; : cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fspd; Muk;gj;ijAk; guk;giyAk;

gw;wpj; Njbawpjy;.

cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fspd; Njitfs; gw;wp mwpar;

nra;jy;.

cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fSf;fhd cWg;gpdu;fis

njupTnra;Ak; tpjj;ijj; Njbawpjy;.

cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fspd; fl;likg;G mjpfhuq;fs;

kw;Wk; nraw;ghLfis tprhupj;jy;.

nghJkf;fs; gpujpepjpfspdJk; nghJkf;fspdJk;

nghWg;Gf;fisAk; flikfisAk; tprhupj;jy;.


Mrpupa mwpTWj;jy;fs; : khztiu Vw;wthW FOf;fshf;fTk;.

tpdhf;fis jahupg;gjw;fhf Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fSf;F

mika rk;ge;jg;gl;l ghfq;fis khztu;

FOf;fSf;F xg;gilf;fTk;.

tpdhf;fisj; jahupj;jy; kw;Wk; mtw;Wf;fhd

tpilfisj; jahupg;gjw;Fj; Njitahd

mwpTWj;jy;fis toq;fTk;.

tpdhf;fisj; jahupg;gjw;F re;ju;g;gj;ij toq;fTk;.

jahupf;fg;gl;l tpdhf;fisf; fye;Jiuahb

Vw;wthwhf jpUj;jpaikj;Jf; nfhs;sTk;.

vy;yh tpdhf;fisAk; xd;WNru;j;J tpdh - tpil

epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lk;> mwpTf;fsQ;rpak;> Nghl;b> vOj;Jg;

guPl;irf;fhd tpdh - tpilf;nfhj;Jf;Fj; Njitahd

re;ju;g;gq;fis gad;gLj;jTk;.

190

7. kjpg;gPl;Lg; gpukhzq;fs; : rk;ge;jg;gl;l Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fSf;F mika tpdh -

tpilfisj; jahupj;jy;.

jahupf;fg;gl;l tpdhf;fspd; NghJkhd jd;ik

jahupf;fg;gl;l tpdhf;fspd; juk;.

rk;ge;jg;gl;l gzpfspy; RWRWg;ghd gq;Nfw;G.

Neuj;ij cupathW gad;gLj;jYk; epiwTk;.

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