Thống Kê Sinh Học Phần Khái Quát

7/26/2019 Thng K Sinh Hc Phn Khi Qut

1/17

3/2/2012

1

Gii thiu v Thng k Sinh hc

Chng1

Ni dung

1. Mt s khi nim

2. D liu trong sinh hc

3. Gii thiu phn mm Minitab

02/03/2012 Thng K Sinh Hc - Bi Tn Anh 2


2/17

3/2/2012

2

Ni dung

1. Mt s khi nim




Thng k (Statistics)

C th c hiu theo hai ngha: Thng k l cc s liu c thu thp phn nh

cc hin tng kinh t - x hi, t nhin, k thut.

Thng k l h thng cc phng php c sdng m t cc hin tng kinh t - x hi, tnhin, k thut.



3/17

3/2/2012

3

Thng k (Statistics)

Thng k l h thng cc phng php dng thu thp, x l v phn tch cc con s (mtlng) ca cc hin tng tm hiu bn chtv tnh qui lut vn c ca chng (mt cht)trong iu kin thi gian v khng gian c th.


Thng k (Statistics)

Gm hai lnh vc: Thng k m t (Descriptive Statistics):

Thu thp s liu M t v trnh by s liu Tnh ton cc c trng o lng.

Thng k suy din (Inferential Statistics): c lng

Kim nh Phn tch mi lin h D on...



4/17

3/2/2012

4

Thng k Sinh hc (Biostatistics)

L khoa hc v s ng dng cc phng phpthng k gii quyt cc vn ca sinh hc.

Bao gm:b tr th nghim

thu thp d liu

trnh by v tm tt d liu

t cc d liu mu suy rng ra tng th.


Tng th (Population)

L mt tp hp mi phn t thun nht (theomt tiu chun no ) c quan tm nghincu trong mt lnh vc no .

Kch thc ca tng th (N) bao gm ton bs c th ca tng th.

Tng th c m t bi cc tham s(parameters).



5/17

3/2/2012

5

Mu (Sample)

L mt tp con c rt ra t tng th. S phn t nm trong mu c gi l c mu

(n).

Do c mu hu hn (n


6/17

3/2/2012

6

Ni dung

1. Mt s khi nim




Bin s

Cc i tng nghin cu c gi l cc nv quan st (observational units).

Trn n v ny, cc c tnh c quan sthoc o c c gi l cc bin s(variables).

Trong mi i tng nghin cu, cc gi tr sgn cho bin s c gi l cc bin (variate).



7/17

3/2/2012

7

D liu (Data)

D liu l g? Hy nu thm mt s th d v d liu.

Cc ngun d liu thu thp t u?


Cc loi thang o

Thang o nh danh (Nominal scale)

Thang o th hng (Ordinal scale)

Thang o khong (Interval scale)

Thang o t l (Ratio scale)



8/17

3/2/2012

8

Thang o nh danh

Dng ch cc thuc tnh, c m ho bicc con s dng phn loi i tng, giacc con s khng c gi tr hn km.

Th d: Gii tnh: 1 = n, 2 = nam.

Chiu cao cy: 1 = cao, 2 = thp

Hy nu thm mt s th d khc.


Thang o th hng

Dng ch cc th hng ca cc n v quanst.

S chnh lch gia cc biu hin khng nhtthit phi bng nhau.

Th d: c lng mc c hi ca cht aming i vi

cng nhn: 1 = thp, 2 = trung bnh, 3 = cao.

Hy nu thm mt s th d khc



9/17

3/2/2012

9

Thang o khong v Thang o t l

Dng khi cc bin c o nhng khongcch u nhau

Th d:Nhit tnh theo Celsius (thang o khong)

Chiu cao tnh theo cm (thang o t l).



Cc im khc bit gia hai loi thang o

thang o khong, gi tr zero mang tnh quic, trong khi thang o t l c gi tr zerotht. Th d chiu cao bng 0 cm ngha l khng c

chiu cao, trong khi nhit 00C khng c nghal khng c nhit .



10/17

3/2/2012

10


Cc im khc bit gia hai loi thang o Khi mt bin c o bng thang o khong,

t s gia hai gi tr khng c ngha, trongkhi mt bin c o bng thang o t l, t sgia hai gi tr l c ngha. Th d mt cy 140cm cao gp i cy 70cm

nhng mt l nung 3000C khng nng gp i lnung 1500C.


Cc loi bin sinh hc


Bin sinh hc

Bin nh lng

Bin lin tc

Bin ri rc

Bin nh tnh

Bin nh danh

Bin th hng


11/17

3/2/2012

11

Bin nh lng (Quantitative Variable)

L nhng bin m gi tr ca chng c thc biu hin di dng s v c th o c.

C hai loi bin nh lng: Bin lin tc (Continuous Variable)

Bin ri rc (Discrete Variable).


Bin lin tc

L bin c mt s gi tr xc nh nm giahai im c nh.

Chng hn gia hai chiu di 1,5 cm v 1,6 cmc v s cc gi tr c th o c.

Th d chiu cao cy (cm)

trng lng c th (kg)

pH ca t.



12/17

3/2/2012

12

Bin ri rc

L nhng bin ch c nhng gi tr xc nh,khng c cc gi tr trung gian.

Chng hn s t trong phn ph ca mt loicn trng c th l 4, 5 hoc 6 nhng khng

bao gi l 4,3 hoc 5 .

Th d: S lng l cy

S c th con trong mt la .


Bin nh tnh (Qualitative Variable)

L nhng bin m gi tr ca chng khng thbiu hin di dng s thc s nhng c thsp xp theo loi.

C hai loi: Bin th hng (Ranked Variable)

Bin nh danh (Nominal Variable)



13/17

3/2/2012

13

Bin th hng

L bin c nhiu trng thi, c th xp th ttheo mt cch no .

Th d: Chm im mc d ca b 1 = khng cn

can thip, 2 = cn can thip mt t, 3 = cn bc sth y

nh gi mc nghim trng ca bnh t 1 5...


Bin nh danh

L nhng bin khng th o c, xp hng nhngc th c biu hin v tnh cht.

Cn c gi l bin thuc tnh. Cc thuc tnh c th c hai trng thi hoc nhiu

trng thi. Th d:

Gii tnh: c hoc ci Mang thai: c hoc khng Mu hoa: trng, vng, Cc kiu gen: ng hp tri, d hp, ng hp ln



14/17

3/2/2012

14

ng v chnh xc

ng: gi tr tnh ton hoc o c gn vigi tr thc nht.

chnh xc: gi tr o c ca cc ln lp lign ging nhau nht.


ng v chnh xc

Th d: mt ci cn b lch nhng nhy c thcho ra s o khng ng nhng c chnhxc. Ngc li, mt ci cn khng nhy c thcho ra s o khng chnh xc.

Nu khng c s sai lch ca dng c o, chnh xc s dn n ng.

Cn tp trung hn vo chnh xc.



15/17

3/2/2012

15

Ni dung

1. Mt s khi nim




Cc thnh phn

1. Cc thanh: Tiu (Title Bar)

Trnh n (Menu Bar)

Cng c (Tool Bar)

Trng thi (Status Bar)



16/17

3/2/2012

16

Cc thnh phn

2. Cc ca s: Phin lm vic (Session): c th lu (save) dng

.TXT hoc RTF, sao chp (copy), ct (cut), dn(paste) vo word.

Bng tnh (Worksheet): nhp cc d liu dng s, dng text (-T), dng ngy

gi (-D)

Lu cc gi tr l hng s (K) hoc ma trn (M)




17/17

3/2/2012

17

Qun l D liu & Tnh ton


Stat > Basic Statistics > Graphical Summary


Documents

Thống Kê Sinh Học Phần Khái Quát