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Three Stages of Memory Sensory Short-Term Long-Term

Three Stages of Memory Sensory Short-Term Long-Term

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Page 1: Three Stages of Memory Sensory Short-Term Long-Term

Three Stages of Memory

Sensory

Short-Term

Long-Term

Page 2: Three Stages of Memory Sensory Short-Term Long-Term

Stage Model of Memory

Long-term memory

Working orShort-term

Memory

Sensory

Input

Sensory Memory

AttentionEncoding

Retrieval

Maintenance Rehearsal

Page 3: Three Stages of Memory Sensory Short-Term Long-Term

Sensory Memory

• Function—holds information long enough to be processed for basic physical characteristics

• Capacity—large– can hold many items at once

• Duration—very brief retention of images– .3 sec for visual info– 2 sec for auditory info

Sensory

InputSensoryMemory

Page 4: Three Stages of Memory Sensory Short-Term Long-Term

Sensory Memory

• Sensory memory forms automatically, without attention or interpretation

• Attention is needed to transfer information to the next stage

Sensory

InputSensoryMemory

Page 5: Three Stages of Memory Sensory Short-Term Long-Term

Neisser's Selective Attention Test: Introduction

• At any particular moment, we focus our attention on just a few limited aspects of our experience.

• Ulric Neisser devised a test to demonstrate selective attention. A viewer sees images of three men in black shirts tossing a ball superimposed on images of three men in white shirts tossing a ball, and is instructed to press a key each time a black-shirted player passes the ball.

Page 6: Three Stages of Memory Sensory Short-Term Long-Term

Selective Attention: An Example• View the Neisser’s Selective Attention Test

basketball video clip below. Count the number of passes made. (click below to start)

•Did you notice the lady walk across the room with the umbrella? No! You were too busy watching & counting the passes.

Page 7: Three Stages of Memory Sensory Short-Term Long-Term

Sensory Memory or Working Memory

• Divided into two types:

iconic memory–visual information

echoic memory– auditory information

Sensory

InputSensoryMemory

Page 8: Three Stages of Memory Sensory Short-Term Long-Term

Types of Sensory Memory

• Iconic memory—brief memory of an image– A quick snapshot that lasts a fraction of second.– Eidetic memory is a photographic memory that

about 5% of children possess. Fades with time.

– George Sperling studied iconic memory

• Echoic memory —brief memory of a sound – Auditory sensory memories may last longer

than visual sensory memories (several seconds)

Page 9: Three Stages of Memory Sensory Short-Term Long-Term

Sperling’s Experiment• Presented matrix of letters for

1/20 of a second

• Report as many letters as possible

• Subjects recall only half of the letters

• Was this because subjects didn’t have enough time to

view entire matrix? No• How did Sperling know this?

Page 10: Three Stages of Memory Sensory Short-Term Long-Term

Sperling’s Experiment• Sperling showed people can see

and recall ALL the letters momentarily

• Sounded low, medium or high tone immediately after matrix disappeared– tone signaled 1 row to report

– recall was almost perfect

High

Medium

Low

Memory for image fades after 1-3 seconds or so, making report of entire display hard to do

Page 11: Three Stages of Memory Sensory Short-Term Long-Term

Short Term or Working Memory

Working orShort-term

Memory

Sensory

Input

Sensory Memory

Attention

Page 12: Three Stages of Memory Sensory Short-Term Long-Term

Working or Short-Term Memory• Function - conscious processing of information

– where information is actively worked on

• Capacity - limited (holds 7 +/- 2 items)

• Duration - brief storage (about 30 seconds)

• Code - often based on sound or speech even with visual inputs

Working orShort-term

Memory

Sensory

Input

Sensory Memory

Attention

Page 13: Three Stages of Memory Sensory Short-Term Long-Term

Working Memory Store

• What happens if you need to keep information in working memory longer than 30 seconds?

• To demonstrate, memorize the following phone number (presented one digit at a time)...

8 361975

Page 14: Three Stages of Memory Sensory Short-Term Long-Term

Working Memory Store

• What is the number?857-9163The number lasted in your working memory longer than 30 secondsSo, how were you able to remember the number?

Page 15: Three Stages of Memory Sensory Short-Term Long-Term

Maintenance Rehearsal

Working orShort-term

Memory

Sensory

Input

Sensory Memory

Attention

• Mental or verbal repetition of information Allows information to remain in working memory longer than the usual 30 seconds

Maintenance rehearsal

Page 16: Three Stages of Memory Sensory Short-Term Long-Term

You’ll want to limit Interference

• When new information appears in the short-term memory and takes the place of what was already there.

Page 17: Three Stages of Memory Sensory Short-Term Long-Term

Maintenance Rehearsal

• What happens if you can’t use maintenance rehearsal?• Memory decays quickly• To demonstrate, again memorize a phone number (presented one

digit at a time)– BUT, have to count backwards from 1,000 by sevens (i.e., 1000, 993,

986 … etc.)

6 490582

Page 18: Three Stages of Memory Sensory Short-Term Long-Term

Working Memory Store

• What is the number?628-5094Without rehearsal, memory fades

Page 19: Three Stages of Memory Sensory Short-Term Long-Term

Peterson’s STM Task• Test of memory for 3-

letter nonsense syllables

• Participants count backwards for a few seconds, then recall

• Without rehearsal, memory fades

Page 20: Three Stages of Memory Sensory Short-Term Long-Term

Primacy & Recency Effect

• When given a list of items to remember we are most likely to recall…

• The first few items (Primacy Effect)

• The last few items (Recency Effect)

• We’re most likely to forget the middle items.

Page 21: Three Stages of Memory Sensory Short-Term Long-Term

Ways to Improve STM: Chunking

• Grouping small bits of information into larger units of information– expands working memory load

• Which is easier to remember?– 4 8 3 7 9 2 5 1 6– 483 792 516

Page 22: Three Stages of Memory Sensory Short-Term Long-Term

Long Term MemoryLTM

Page 23: Three Stages of Memory Sensory Short-Term Long-Term

Long-Term Memory• Once information passes from sensory to

working memory, it can be encoded into long-term memory using maintenance or elaborative rehearsal

Long-term memory

Working orShort-term

Memory

Sensory

Input

Sensory Memory

AttentionEncoding

Retrieval

Maintenance Rehearsal

Page 24: Three Stages of Memory Sensory Short-Term Long-Term

Long-Term Memory• Function—organizes and stores information

• Unlimited capacity

• Duration—thought by some to be permanent

Long-term memory

Working orShort-term

Memory

Sensory

Input

Sensory Memory

AttentionEncoding

Retrieval

Maintenance Rehearsal

Page 25: Three Stages of Memory Sensory Short-Term Long-Term

Memory is a Reconstruction

• Memories are NOT perfect playbacks of past events.

• They can be influenced by new information and the way we view and organize the world (schemas).

Page 26: Three Stages of Memory Sensory Short-Term Long-Term

Clive Wearing--Living Without Memory: Introduction

• Studies of malfunctions of memory have helped researchers understand how we form (encode), store, and retrieve memories. Memories are recorded successively as sensory memory (the immediate initial stage), short-term memory (or working memory), and long-term memory.

• In one extreme type of memory deficit, caused by accident or disease, a person is unable to form new memories and lives in an eternal present.

• Clive Wearing, a world-renowned choir director and musical arranger, suffered brain damage following viral encephalitis, which destroyed both temporal lobes, the entire hippocampus, and much of the left frontal lobe. He lost his ability to form new memories. He has no memory of anything beyond the last minute or two.

Page 27: Three Stages of Memory Sensory Short-Term Long-Term

Clive and Deborah Wearing have one of their regular encounters, thirteen years after Clive suffered brain damage. Deborah describes Clive's repeated experience of waking up for the first time, as recorded in a diary.

Clive Wearing--Living Without Memory

Click on box or title to play.

Can also show (12:35) Segment #10 from The Mind: Psychology Teaching Modules (2nd edition).

If you’d like to view a more recent video of Clive click HERE. (5:54)

Page 28: Three Stages of Memory Sensory Short-Term Long-Term

Clive Wearing--Living Without Memory: Questions

1. Why does Wearing retains many memory-related abilities, such as speech, musical ability, and ability to recognize his wife.

2. What is the role of the hippocampus (totally destroyed in Wearing) in memory formation?