iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis

socialur da politikur mecnierebaTa fakulteti

mariam toraZe

tician tabiZis publicistikaMA

Jurnalistikis doqtoris

akademiuri xarisxis mosapoveblad wardgenili

d i s e r t a c i a

naSromi Sesrulebulia iv.javaxiSvilis

saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi

samecniero xelmZRvanelebi -

filosofiis doqtori JurnalistikaSi,

profesori dali CikvilaZe;

filologiis doqtori,

profesori Tamaz jologua.

Tbilisi 2013

2

Sesavali

tician tabiZis saxeli mkiTxvelis cnobierebaSi asocirebulia mZafr

da elvare poeziasTan, modernistul-avangardistul mxatvrul ZiebebTan.

Mmagram farTo sazogadoeba naklebad interesdeba misi publicisturi Se-

moqmedebiT, romlis gacnobis gareSe SeuZlebeli iqneba tician tabiZis

personis srulyofilad danaxva.

iseTi rangis poetis daintereseba JurnalistikiT, rogoric tician

tabiZe iyo, mxolod moduri gataceba, cxadia, ar SeiZleboda yofiliyo.

misi publicisturi Semoqmedeba ar hgavs am sferoSi SemTxveviT

aRmoCenili adamianis trafaretul opusebs.

tician tabiZe, iseve rogorc sxvadasxva qveynis bevri gamoCenili

mwerali, JurnalistikaSi da publicistikaSi miizida sazogadoebrivi

azrovnebis am formisTvis niSandoblivma mkveTrma pirdapirobam, emoci-

urobam, polemikurobam.

simbolisturi Tu avangardistuli poeziis da publicistikis

Tanaarseboba tician tabiZis SemoqmedebaSi am pirovnebis farTo inte-

leqtualur SesaZleblobebsa da interesebze metyvelebs. Cans, rom tici-

an tabiZis talants TviTgamoxatvisTvis mravalferovani saSualebebi

sWirdeba.

tician tabiZis publicistika maxvili, emociuri da erudiciiT aR-

Wurvili azrovnebis produqtia. Ppublicisturi Janrebi gasaqans aZlevs

tician tabiZis aqtualur azrs, mis miswrafebas, Tavisufali fiqris

procesis Tanamonawile mkiTxvelic gaxados. tician tabiZis publicisti-

ka misi mkafio humanisturi msoflxedvis gamomJRavnebaa _ aq nebismieri

mosazreba, dakvirveba, informacia, faqti emsaxureba adamianisa da

sazogadoebis tkiviliani arsebobis warmoCenas.

aqtualoba

TanamedroveobaSi, CvenTanac da uxcoeTSic, mZafria interesi to-

talitarizmis epoqis, rogorc mZime istoriuli memkvidreobis mimarT. am

epoqis specifikis warmoCenas araerTi gamokvleva mieZRvna. gansakuTrebiT

aqtualuria im mwerlebis, poetebis, saerTod, Semoqmedi adamianebis

naazrevis - maT Soris publicisturis - kvleva, romlebic imsxverpla

3

sastikma epoqam da romelTa sicocxle xSir SemTxvevaSi swored am

naazrevs Seewira. mkiTxvelisTvis sainteresoa, raze fiqrobdnen da

msjelobdnen isini im mZime wlebSi.

me-20 saukunis dasawyisis presa zogadad, da konkretulad - tician

tabiZis publicistur-Jurnalisturi statiebi Tanamedrove Jurnalistikas

karnaxobs Tvalsawieris gafarToebas – dainteresebas adamianiT, misi be-

diT, misi Rirseuli arsebobiT, SromiT da SemoqmedebiT.

dRes aqtualuria tician tabiZis weris meTodologiis gacnoba, gaT-

valiswineba. Aamas isic gansazRvravs, rom avtori Tavis statiebSi war-

modgeba rogorc aqtiuri da avtoritetuli moqalaqe.

mecnieruli siaxle

naSromSi gamovlenili da Seswavlilia tician tabiZis raritetuli

publikaciebi – me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi gamomaval gazeTebSi _

,,barrikadi“, ,,rubikoni“, ,,baxtrioni“ da ,,saqarTvelo“ – dabeWdili saga-

zeTo statiebi, romlebic pirveli publikaciis Semdeg aRar gamoqveyne-

bula.

agreTve gaanalizebulia sxvadasxva akademiur gamocemebSi gamoqvey-

nebuli tician tabiZis publicisturi werilebi, rac, erTi mxriv, avsebs

misi Semoqmedebis Sesaxeb mkiTxvelis warmodgenas da, meore mxriv,

amdidrebs qarTuli Jurnalistikis istorias.

kvlevis mizani

kvlevis mizans warmoadgens tician tabiZis publicistikis Sinarsis

da Rirebulebis warmoCena, aqtualizacia da masSi areklili epoqis

problematikis gamokveTa.

kvlevis amocanebi

1. sabWoTa realobasTan tician tabiZis, rogorc publicistis,

adaptirebis fsiqologiuri motivebis gagebis cda

2. tician tabiZis publicisturi azrovnebis stilis zogierTi

Taviseburebis, azris gamoxatvis saxeobrivi da kompoziciuri

xerxebis ganxilva;

4

3. imis warmoCena, ras miiCnevda publicisti erovnuli identobisTvis

safrTxis Semqmnel epoqaSi yvelaze mniSvnelovnad qarTuli

cnobierebis SenarCunebisa da ganviTarebisTvis;

4. mweralTa da xelovanTa, agreTve studentobis socialuri

mdgomareobis, literaturisa da xelovnebis socialuri

funqcionirebis problemebis gamokveTa publicistis naazrevSi;

5. xelovnebisadmi miZRvnili statiebis specifikaze dakvirveba;

6. dakvirveba imaze, Tu ramdenad da rogor axerxebs Tavisufali

Semoqmedi totalitarul epoqaSi simarTlis gamoxatvas.

kvlevis meTodologia

kvlevisas gamoyenebulia dokumentis detaluri da imavdroulad

integrirebuli analizis meTodi; diskursis analizis meTodiT

dadgenilia tician tabiZis publicistikis Taviseburebebi; SedarebiTi

analizis meTodiT gamovlenilia paralelebi; kvlevis istoriuli

analizis meTodiT tician tabiZis publicistika ganxilulia misi epoqis

konteqstSi, agreTve Tanamedroveobis gadmosaxedidan.

naSromis struqtura

sakvalifikacio naSromi, Sesavlisa da daskvnis garda, Sedgeba eqvsi

Tavisagan. naSroms axlavs damowmebuli da gamoqveynebuli literaturis

sia.

pirveli Tavi eZRvneba sabWoTa realobasTan tician tabiZis

adaptaciis fsiqologiur motivebs; aqve warmodgenilia misi

publicisturi stilis da ostatobis zogadi daxasiaTeba.

Mmeore TavSi gaerTianebuli statiebi gamoxatavs tician tabiZis re-

fleqsias qarTul erovnul xasiaTze, saqarTvelos bedze, qarTul enaze.

Mmesame TavSi ganxilulia tician tabiZis raritetuli statiebi,

romlebic exeba qarTuli literaturuli cxovrebis organizebis rTul

5

problemebs, arsebiTad ki literaturis gadarCenis problemas sabWoTa

reJimis pirobebSi.

meoTxe TavSi saubaria im rariteuli statiebis Sesaxeb, romlebic

warmoadgens publicistis cdas, sazogadoebis da xelisuflebis yurad-

Reba mimarTos axalgazrda Taobis, kerZod, studentebis mwvave social-

uri problemebisaken.

mexuTe TavSi laparakia publicistur statiebze, romlebSic qarT-

vel xelovanTa mZime socialuri mdgomareobaa ganxiluli.

meeqvse TavSi msjelobis sagania tician tabiZis publicisturi

gamoxmaurebebi qarTuli Teatris, musikis, qandakebis, mxatvrobis

gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis mqone novatorul movlenebze.

I Tavi

publicistis SemoqmedebiTi individuloba epoqis

pirispir

epoqasTan adaptaciis fsiqologiuri motivebi

„... politikur ambebSi savsebiT naTlad ver verkveodi...

metismetad did xarks vuxdidiT arajansaR, bohemur artistizms, vqad-

agebdiT „xelovnebisTvis”...samma welma, romelmac ganvlo oqtombridan

saqarTveloSi sabWoTa xelisuflebis damyarebamde da siaxlovem axal-

gazrda bolSevik megobrebTan, romlebic saqarTveloSi iatakqveS mu-

Saobas eweodnen, SegnebaSi garkveuli sinaTle Seitana” “(tabiZe 1960: 23).

– sikvdilmisjilis Sewyalebis Txovnis intonaciiT aRbeWdili avtobio-

grafia misi avtoris – tician tabiZis „miwasTan dabrunebas“ amcnobda

sazogadoebas. am tragikuli Semobrunebis Semdeg bohemuri artistebi,

melanqoliuri pieroebi da aristokrati dendebi, imdroindeli

komunisturi nomenklaturis eniT rom vTqvaT, „mxatvruli inteligenciis

im saukeTeso warmomadgenlebad iqcnen, romelTac partiis brZnuli

politikis meoxebiT gadaWriT gawyvites kavSiri Zvel samyarosTan, aRi-

ares axali ideur – esTetikuri mrwamsi, aqtiurad Caebnen axali

6

cxovrebis mSeneblobaSi“ (saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi: 216). swored

am konteqstSi unda ganvixiloT tician tabiZis Jurnalisturi

moRvaweobis erTi aspeqti – sabWoTa publicisturi narkvevebis ciklis

Seqmna.

tician tabiZis poeturi msoflSegnebis mTavari Tviseba sicocxlis

siyvarulia _ „maS, gamarjveba, tkbilo sicocxlev!“ (qarTuli poezia:

564). magram sicocxlis winaSe aRtacebas Tan sdevda moaxloebuli sik-

vdilis umwvavesi winaTgrZnoba („jer ar momkvdara xom poezia, muzebi

ciskris karebs aReben, mxolod Cven sxva dro wamogvewia, albaT, Cvenc

male CagvaZaRleben“). Zaladobis, Tavisufali nebis uzurpirebis pirobeb-

Si, sikvdilis pirispir mdgomi poeti misi daZlevis, masze amaRlebis

Tu misgan gaqcevis aucileblobis winaSe aRmoCnda. tician tabiZis mier

am wlebSi Seqmnil narkvevebSi zogjer ufro yrud, zogjer ki yuris-

momWrelad gaismis sabWoTa propagandistuli paTetika, rac unda ganvix-

iloT rogorc Sinagani SfoTviT gamowveuli, gaucnobierebeli prevenci-

uli saSualeba, mimarTuli sicocxlisadmi muqaris Semcveli situaciis

aRsakveTad.

mosalodneli Tavdasxmis molodinSi, mZime moraluri presingis

pirobebSi individi uucxovdeba sakuTar Tavs, is mTlianad iTavisebs pi-

rovnebis im tips, romelsac mas sTavazobs sayovelTao Sabloni, gaurbis

Tavisuflebas da axdens arsebiTad Tavsmoxveul, magram moCvenebiTad ne-

bayoflobiT konformizacias. tician tabiZe narkvevebSi cdilobs mihyves

sabWoTa cxovrebis mdinarebas, aRfrTovandes sabWoTa aRmSeneblobiT da

daarwmunos sakuTari Tavi, rom aRmSenebloba namdvilia da bednierebis

momtani.

amasTan erTad, „aCrdilTa qveynidan“ dabrunebuli cisferyanwelis

Jurnalistur narkvevebSi gamovlinda realuri, nivTieri samyaros mona-

treba, romelSic garegnulad raRac TiTqos sasikeTod იcvleboda - „ax-

ali mcxeTa“, ,,axali kolxida”(tabiZe 1966, t.3: 31-37; 89-144) – „roca ixsne-

ba axali mcxeTa, roca safuZveli eyreba eris axal ekonomikur aRor-

Zinebas... unda ismodes axali gamarjvebis simRera Sromisa da Zmobis

kavSirisTvis, sabWoTa respublikebis SeduRebisa da saxalxo sax-

elmwifos ganmtkicebisTvis“ (tabiZe 1966, t.3: 35).

7

pirovnebis qvecnobieri samyaros Seswavlis gaRrmavebam Tanamedrove

fsiqologiaSi skefsisi gaaCina teqstis Riad mocemuli Sinaarsis mimarT

da gaamZafra interesi misi dafaruli plastebisadmi. Tu am rakursiT

ganvixilavT tician tabiZis narkvevebs, davinaxavT, rom frustraciisa da

sulieri gangaSis pirobebSi aRmoCenili pirovnebis fsiqikaSi (`viRaca

dadis xmalamowvdili...“) gaucnobiereblad erTveba ,,me”-s erT–erTi

damcavi meqanizmi – racionalizacia. am SemTxvevaSi teqstis avtors

eqmneba iluzia, rom is subieqturad gulwrfelia, sinamdvileSi ki Tavs

ityuebs da cru argumentaciis safuZvelze cdilobs Tavisi qcevis

namdvili xasiaTi dafaros racionalizaciiT (hieli, zigleri 1997:130-131).

tician tabiZis narkvevebis sabWoTa publicisturi paTosi TviTgadarCenis

instinqtis tragikul gamoZaxilad unda miviCnioT.

adamianis sulis gaxleCa sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi momxdari

gaxleCis epicentria, amitom, Tuki gvsurs ufro detaluri warmodgena

viqonioT siRrmiseul realobaze, saWiroa ufro dawvrilebiT

ganvixiloT ganxeTqileba adamianis sulSi (toinbi 1991). tician tabiZis

faqiz, miamitur da mgrZnobiare naturaSi sulis gaxleCa, rogorc Cans,

swored „miwasTan dabrunebam“ gamoiwvia – codvilobis gancda, zneobrivi

marcxis mtanjveli grZnoba dabada, mtkivneuli refleqsiisken,

TviTCaRrmavebis da TviTSefasebisken ubiZga. magram es rTuli sulieri

Sinaarsic kvlav sabWouri ideologiuri sqemebiT da kliSeebiT,

demonstraciuli sabWouri egzaltaciiT ifareba, romlis miRma mainc

igrZnoba sakuTar Tavze Zaldataneba. „oqtombris Semdeg araTu axali

adamianebi daibadnen, – oqtombris win dabadebuli xalxic xelmeored

daibada da moinaTla axali cecxliT da niaRvriT... da mec Cems Tavze

vakvirdebi am meore adamians, axal kacs, axali grZnobiT da STabeWd-

ilebiT” („tolstois dReebi“, tabiZe 1966, t.3: 9).

“axali cecxliT“ naTloba tician tabiZisTvis tragikulad

dasrulda.

8

tician tabiZis publicisturi azrovnebis stilis ramdenime Tavisebureba

tician tabiZis narkvevTa kompoziciuri mTlianoba, rogorc Cans,

SemTxveviTi da uneblie movlena ki ar aris, aramed sruliad gaazrebu-

lia da mizandasaxulad aris miRweuli. Txrobis saSualebebi – siuJe-

turi xazis dinamiuri ganviTareba an mSvidi, statikuri pasaJebi, per-

sonaJTa ganlageba, svla warsulidan momavlisken da bevri sxva ram

gvaZlevs safuZvels, vifiqroT, rom nawarmoebis kompoziciuri simwyobre

da gamarTuloba tician tabiZis mier publicistikaSi poeziidan, litera-

turidan “gadmonergili” mwerluri ostatobis komponentebia.

narkvevTa kompoziciaSi yuradRebas ipyrobs nawarmoebis siuJetis

wyoba, agreTve siuJetisgareTa elementebi – lirikuli wiaRsvlebi,

analitikuri gansja, STabeWdilebebi da teqstis Tanafardoba frag-

mentTan, avtoris teqstebis erTobliobasTan, konteqstisa da qveteqstis

gaazreba, avtoris Sinagani samyaros spontanuri gamovlinebebi da sxv.

aRsaniSnavia narkvevis fragmentisa da teqstis, anu nawilisa da mTelis

mimarTebaTa Sinagani Tavisufleba, TamaSebrivi silaRe.

Sepirispirebebze damyarebuli azrovnebis stili, rogorc Cans,

saerTod damaxasiaTebelia tician tabiZisTvis. misi narkvevebis kompozi-

ciur struqturaSi erTmaneTs kveTs polaruli wyvilebis Semcveli ara-

erTi laitmotivi, romlebic axlisa da Zvelis dapirispirebis Taviseburi

variaciebia.

es laitmotivebia sicocxle da sikvdili, ocneba da sinamdvile, sa-

kuTari da sxvisi, tyuili da marTali, miTi da realoba, buneba da civi-

lizacia, romantizmi da realizmi, suli da materia da sxv. isini

kompoziciis iseT msxvil komponentebSi arian SeWrilni, rogorebicaa

peizaJebi, portretebi, istoriuli CanarTebi, an Tavs iCenen ambis Txro-

basa Tu intimur lirikul wiaRsvlebSi.

tician tabiZisTvis ucxoa weris mxolod aRweriTi an gansjiTi

manera, is qmnis dauviwyar tropebs, saxeebs, saxeTa mTel sistemas. Tu

`Zveli”, rogorc wesi, istoriis sakuTrebaa, mkvdaria da dangreuli, `ax-

ali” – momavlis safuZvelia, sicocxlisa da aRmSeneblobis simboloa. es

9

ori cneba – sicocxle da Seneba – erTmaneTs ejaWveba avtoris

cnobierebaSi.

`Zvelisa” da `axlis” ZiriTad laitmotivs erwymis meore polaruli

wyvili – ngreva da Seneba: `ramdenadac avi da sastiki iyo stiqia dan-

grevisa, imdenad didia axla aSenebis paTosi” (tabiZe 1966 t.3: 217).

Tu davukvirdebiT da Tvals gavadevnebT mwerlis azris moZraobas

da ganwyobaTa cvlas, erT kanonzomierebas aRmovaCenT – aSkarad for-

mulirebul, garegnul laitmotivSi – `Zveli” da `axali” – gamosWvivis

narkvevis kompoziciis faruli, Sinagani laitmotivi – romantizmi da re-

alizmi, anu samyaros romantikuli, amaRlebuli, istoriaze orien-

tirebuli xedva da yofiT damZimebuli Tanamedrove sinamdvilis aRqma.

kidev erTi laitmotivi aris miTi da realoba. tician tabiZe ix-

senebs berZnebis mier Seqmnil miTs argonavtTa mogzaurobisa kolxidaSi

oqros verZis mosataceblad, magram ixsenebs imisTvis, rom axal rea-

lobasTan Seapirispiros: `dRes xalxi TviTon daeufla Tavis simdidres,

safuZveli eyreba eris axal ekonomikur aRorZinebas”(tabiZe 1966, t.3: 35).

erT-erTi laitmotivi, opoziciuri wyvili, peizaJSi ganfenili sik-

vdili da sicocxlea.

sikvdili Tavisi saSineli naturalizmiT iWreba tician tabiZiseul

peizaJebSi, romlebic mkveTri ferebiTa da xmebiT Semzaravi ki-

nokadrebiviT aRibeWdeba mkiTxvelis warmosaxvaSi – tbis `napiri

Seyvarebul mijnurTa nacvlad daumarxav auarebel aTasobiT ltolvils

xedavda da mgalobeli mefsalmune berebis magier tyidan gamovardnili

afTrebi da turebi Rmuodnen da leSiT ver ZRebodnen” (tabiZe 1966, t.3:

203).

peizaJebis xatvis Tavisebureba, iseve rogorc istoriuli su-

raTebisa, imaSi mdgomareobs, rom naxatSi organulad “ewereba” adamiani.

buneba adamianisagan gancalkevebulad, misagan mowyvetiT ki ar ganix-

ileba, aramed, istoriis msgavsad, adamianis beds, mis tkivils ireklavs _

`unda TvaliT naxoT es nafuzari, gaoxrebuli, gapartaxebuli da mospo-

bili midamo, rom gaigoT, Tu ra gadautania aq xalxs da gaikvirvoT, rom

kidev darCenila mosaxleoba”(tabiZe 1966 t.3: 199-200).

10

tician tabiZisTvis, rogorc poetisTvis, damaxasiaTebelia istori-

ul-miTologiuri xilvebi. amjeradac, samogzauro narkvevSic, real-

isturi dakvirvebebi amgvar xilvebSi gadaizrdeba, romelTac Tavisi

egzotikuri personaJebi hyavs. Aaq peizaJebi xan narkvevis ideis gamokveT-

as da gaxsnas emsaxureba, xan ki kompoziciis erT-erTi yvelaze efeqturi

elementiT _ qveteqstiT itvirTeba da qmnis axal laitmotivs _ opozi-

ciur wyvils “sxvisi – sakuTari”. velze „kolosiviT“ amomarTuli

“martodmarto” araratis danaxvisas mwerals axsendeba ,,sakuTari” myin-

vari(tabiZe 1966, t.3: 207).

Tu sevanis tbis suraTebi dinji, statikuri aRweris xerxiT aris

daxatuli, mSenebare erevnis urbanistuli peizaJi sxva – temperamentiani,

mZafrad dinamikuri stiliT warmoisaxeba. agreTve Tavs iCens dapirispir-

eba – buneba da civilizacia, sadac es ukanaskneli ganadgurebas uqadis

bunebis ulamazes landSaftebs.

aq gamoCndeba leninis fataluri figura. Pportreti, rogorc

kompoziciis erT–erTi umniSvnelovanesi elementi, ar rCeba tician ta-

biZis “arsenalis” miRma. avtori ostaturad axerxebs sul ramdenime fra-

ziT warmogvidginos eleqtrofikaciis ideafiqsiT Sepyrobili leninis

SemakrTobeli portreti. Lleninis nebiT ruseTis `quCebi yumbarebiT gad-

axnulia, yoveli saxli omis banakad aris gadaqceuli, inteligencia sab-

otaJs eweva da cxovreba damdgara”; lenini ki – `patara tanis adamiani,

romelic ijda arc ise maRal skamze, erTianad wasuli iyo inteleqtis

daZabvaSi”(tabiZe 1966, t.3: 31).

detalurad damuSavebuli, monumenturi portretebi am narkvevebSi ar

Cans. keTilganwyobiT moxazuli siluetebis saxiT gaielveben ovanes Tu-

maniani, mixeil javaxiSvili, delegaciis sxva wevrebi, agreTve is `usax-

elo” adamianebi, romelTa energia da sicocxlis wyurvili hqmnida am

epoqas.

am narkvevebSic yvelaze saintereso da mniSvnelovania tician ta-

biZis _ mxatvris, Semoqmedis _ sulieri cxovrebis anarekli, romelic aq

moCans. miuxedavad imisa, rom avtori Segnebulad Tavs aridebs sakuTari

personis xazgasmul demonstrirebas, misi erTgvarad gaorebuli Sinagani

samyaro mainc mkafiod xilulia.

11

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom tician tabiZis narkvevebis kompoziciis

mravalferovan, ostaturad gamoyenebul da urTierTSexamebul elemen-

tebs erT mTlianobad kravs publicistis mkafio Tu uCinari avtoport-

reti.

II Tavi

erovnuli problematikis amsaxveli statiebi

me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi sul ufro da ufro gamokveTili

xdeboda erovnuli „me“–s TaviseburebaTa gacnobierebis, gansazRvris

moTxovnileba. qarTveli avangardistebis maSindeli Taoba ar yofila

nacional–nihilisturad ganwyobili da kosmopolituri. am

TvalTaxedviT sainteresoa tician tabiZis publicisturi da eseisturi

naazrevi. gansakuTrebul yuradRebas imsaxurebs publicisturi werili

„qarTuli idea“ (gazeTi „saqarTvelo“ – 1917).

niSandoblivia, rom tician tabiZis erT–erTi pirveli statia erov-

nuli TviTSemecnebis problemas eZRvneba. es aris Tormeti arabeska, ro-

melic lirikul, Tavisufal gansjas emyareba. am, erTi SexedviT, usiste-

mo, qaotur, amave dros publicisturi emociurobiT damuxtul etiudebs

,,qarTuli ideis” Zieba amTlianebs.

unda iTqvas, rom saqarTvelos fenomeniT aseTi intensiuri

daintereseba, rogoric am eseSia gamovlenili, Sefasebebis aseTi

radikalizmi da TviTSemecnebis ase gamZafrebuli survili erTi arcTu

umniSvnelo mizeziTac iyo ganpirobebuli; kerZod, imiT, rom moskovSi

xuTi wliT saswavleblad wasuli ticiani swored 1917 wels Camodis

ruseTidan da, rogorc Cans, mas jer ar ganelebia sakuTari qveynis mona-

trebis grZnoba, romlis fonze ufro Rrmad da winaaRmdegobrivad war-

marTula misi msoflmxedvelobis momwifebis procesi.

saqarTvelos fenomenis gaazrebas tician tabiZe upirvelesad

misi istoriis gaazrebas ukavSirebs. „saqarTvelos aRorZineba maSin

daiwyeba, roca vnaxavT da SeviswavliT Cven kvals da istorias“, – wers

igi.

12

istoriis miseuli gaazrebis kvintesencia ki aseTia: „sisxlis mdi-

nare saqarTveloSi ar ari metafora“. xolo am fonze awmyo ase gamoi-

yureba: „omianobis dros Sin rCebodnen jabanebi da kutebi, romelTac

moaSenes dRevandeli qarTveloba, vaglax, ari zari da ubedureba. CvenSi

dadian Ciyviani kretinebi, dadian da arxeinad aniaveben eris didebas... ar

aris siwminde, rom sawamlavi ar gadaasxan; ar aris siwminde, imaT ar

gaaorgulon...”. am Sefasebis Semdeg Znelia xsnaze, momavalze

fiqri.Mmagram mainc statiis paTosis ganmsazRvrelia ara uimedoba, ara-

med swrafva istoriis tvirTis CamoSorebisken, swrafva axali istoriis

Seqmnisa da masSi erovnuli SemoqmedebiTi Zalebis ganxorcielebisken.

tician tabiZis gansjas me–20 saukunis dasawyisis inteleqtualuri

da emociuri atmosferos zegavlena emCneva: aq Tavs iCens qarTuli mesi-

anizmis idea.

avtoris cnobiereba erTianad aris moculi daRupvisa da gadarCenis

ideiT da swored mas ukavSirdeba erovnuli mesianizmi. „droa Cvenc

daviwyoT „TeTr sisxlze“ laparaki da keTilSobil saxelze... gavigoT,

rom saqarTvelo mowveulia msoflio msaxurebisTvis, rogorc mxedari,

da mxatvari... saqarTvelo mexuTe maxarobeli aris. saqarTvelosgan wmin-

da saxarebaSi mtkicdeba buneba qriste – mxatvrisa“, – es is ideologe-

mebia, romelTac adamiani (an eri) Txzavs, raTa fsiqikas CamoaSoros

saukuneebis manZilze daleqili arasrulfasovnebis gancda, moaxdinos

Tavisi sisustis da damcirebis kompensacia; amasTan, unda gaviT-

valiswinoT istoriuli pirobebi, romelmac warmoSva saqarTveloSi

aseTi ideologiuri tendenciebi – maTi aRmoceneba ukavSirdeba poli-

tikurad, moralurad damTrgunveli Zalisadmi winaaRmdegobis gawevis,

misi wnexisgan gaTavisuflebis, misTvis upiratesobis damtkicebis moTx-

ovnilebas.

„ar aris eri, romelsac hqondes didi istoria da romlis gulSi ar

gaexicinos mesianistur fiqrebs“ – ebraelebi, Zveli elinebi, germania,

mesame romi, kelturi safrangeTi, ruseTi, poloneTi – avtori ver faravs

amgvar ,,aRlumSi” saqarTvelos monawileobis survils da radgan mesian-

izmi Tavisi arsiT momavlis rwmenas, molodins ukavSirdeba, tician ta-

biZis mesianizmic imediania – „viyviroT xma maRla, viyviroT cremlebiT:–

13

saqarTvelo auRebeli ilionia... bevrjer fiqrobdnen aRebas da dangrevas

Wkua–eSmaki ulisebi, TiTqos egonaT kidec rom daangries, magram isev

sdgas, isev Sendeba: – axali ilioni...“

rogorc aRvniSneT, avtoris cnobiereba daRupvis SiSiT da amasTa-

nave gadarCenis ideiT aris moculi. daRupvis molodini am SemTxvevaSi

raRac fobia ki ar aris, aramed sruliad racionaluri SiSia, romelic

biZgs aZlevs, ganapirobebs da warmarTavs brZolas gadarCenisTvis. es

brZola ki male sisxlian msxverpls moiTxovda. atmosfero ukve avismo-

maswaveblad iwamleboda erTa Serwymis absurduli marqsistuli Te-

oriiT, rac pirovnebasa da ers srul nivelirebas, gaqrobas uqadda da

araras winaSe Zrwolis, sasowarkveTis mtanjvel gancdas badebda.

qarTuli mesianizmi arsebiTad politikuri neoromantizmi ufro iyo,

vidre Sovinizmi an nacionaluri SezRudulobisa da egoizmis gamovline-

ba.

im dros gavleniani filosofosis nicSes mier gamokveTilma „ze-

adamianis“ miTma, romelSic Zlieri pirovnebis kulti SeerTebulia

„momavlis adamianis“ romantikul ideasTan(danto: 2000), qarTul

cnobierebaSi Taviseburi metamorfoza ganicada – moxda „adamianis“

Canacvleba „eriT“, romelic ukan Camoitovebs mankier, sicruiT savse

Tanamedroveobas da ukeTesi momavlis perspeqtivas gaxsnis. „verc senma,

verc siRaribem da siberem ver gatexa qarTveli eri. is isev mravldeba,

isev esizmreba mzeTunaxavi... is inaxavs rasiul silamazis upiratesobas“’

– wers tician tabiZe.

am eseSi xan optimizmi Warbobs („dRes sxva Jamia... kidev Senaxulia

simamace, Cven unda gvjerodes imisi saswaulis“), xan ki Tanamedroveobis

kritika totalur gulgatexilobad warmogvidgeba („vaglax, ari zari da

ubedureba...“). erovnuli nihilizmi da erovnuli narcisizmi uneblieT

kvebavs erTmaneTs.

me–19 saukunis qarTulma patriotulma msoflmxedvelobam me–20

saukunis dasawyisSi nawilobriv daTmo poziciebi. sakuTari qveynisadmi

ilia WavWavaZiseuli realisturi, praqtikul moqmedebaze da praqtikul

Sedegebze orientirebuli damokidebuleba, pragmatul–racionalisturi

14

azrovnebis wesi rig SemTxvevebSi egzaltirebulma miTisqmnadobam

Secvala.

statias “qarTuli idea” erTgvarad avsebs tician tabiZis publikacia

“maniфesti azias”(gazeTi ,,barrikadi”, №1 – 18.10.1920.). statiis mixedviT,

qarTuli kultura midrekilia evropisken – `axali qveynis... da poeziis

meridiani parizia, da samxreTiT tfiliss eyrdnoba... qarTulma poeziam

samudamoT datova muxambazis gza~.

evropa manifestis avtorisTvis inteleqtis, analizis, mtkice nebis

primatia. saqarTvelo ki misTvis foladis samSobloa, rac Zlier nebisy-

ofas, gonebis primats unda niSnavdes: `foladis simtkiciT sWedda is

Tavis nebisyofas. es saswaulis winagrZnobaa... azri Cveni epoqis – fan-

tasmagoriaa foladis~.

tician tabiZis azriT, evropa aziaSi saqarTvelos gavliT Seva da

amiT saqarTvelo samsaxurs gauwevs evropas – iqneba misi kulturis erT-

gvari gamtari, misi ideebis damnergavi – evropis mowinave simagre, for-

posti aziaSi. EaRsaniSnavia, rom publicistis es mosazreba Zalian mniS-

vnelovani da aqtualuria dRevandeli saqarTvelosTvis.

tician tabiZis statia „omis Tema qarTul mwerlobaSi“ (tabiZe 1966,

t.2: 5-12) erTgvari ”sargeblis” naxvis - „ferfliT amdgari saqarTvelos“

xilvis molodinSia dawerili, 1915 wels. saqarTvelo I msoflio omSi

„aRmoCnda Careuli“ da avtoris gansja, Cafiqreba omis sakiTxebze am

omSi saqarTvelos monawileobiT, saqarTvelos gaTavisuflebisTvis misi

mniSvnelobiT aris ganpirobebuli.

saqarTvelos mier ,,meSCanuri WaobisTvis” TavisdaRweva tician ta-

biZis - avangardistis mZafri ltolvis sagania, magram, cxadia, veraviTari

novacia ver ganxorcieldeba Tavisuflebis – pirovnebisa Tu eris

Tavisufali nebis aRsrulebis SesaZleblobis gareSe. Tavisufleba

SemoqmedebiTi Zalaa, mxolod mas SeuZlia axali cxovrebis, axali

sazogadoebis, axali samyaros Seqmna.

yvelaze antihumanur movlenad statiaSi miCneulia araTavisufleba.

Aavtoris azriT, arsebobs omze, sikvdilze uaresi boroteba – monoba,

anu gamudmebuli kvdoma.

15

omis filosofiis Sesaxeb Zalian saintereso statias aqveynebs 1915

wels geronti qiqoZe – „axali epoqis dasawyisi“ (qiqoZe 1919: 5-10). avtori

miiCnevs, rom didi omebi cvlian kacobriobis msoflgancdas, samyaroze

warmodgenas. aseTi iyo makedonelis, napoleonis omebi, aseTia pirveli

msoflio omic. geronti qiqoZis azriT, am omis Sedegi iqneba is, rom Tu

manamde batonobda individualizmi, pragmatizmi da hedonizmi, omma

gaaZliera stoicizmi, idealizmi, patriotizmi, cxovrebis ufro serio-

zuli da tragikuli gageba: „guSin kidev Cveni filosofia pragmatuli

iyo, Cveni zneoba individualisturi da egoisturi... Cveni Tvalebi, yurebi

da xelebi xarbad eZebda siamovnebas... udides bednierebas individualur

keTildReobaSi vxedavdiT da fufuneba arsebobis uaRres pirobad migvaC-

nda...“(qiqoZe 1919: 9).

geronti qiqoZis fiqrebis qveteqsti saqarTvelos momavals

ukavSirdeba. is imedovnebs, rom omi ganamtkicebs qarTul patriotizms,

SezRudavs qarTul egocentrizms: ,,omi saukeTeso saSualebaa socialuri

SerCevisa. Tanaswor pirobebSi is xalxi imarjvebs, romlis wevrebi

nakleb egoizms iCenen da mets Tavganwirulebas did erovnuli miznebis

miRwevaSi, nakleb partikularizms da met disciplinas moqmedebasa da

brZolaSi. omi aRmzrdelic aris...“ (qiqoZe 1919: 10).

tician tabiZis imedic I msoflio oms tyuilubralod ar

ukavSirdeboda: am omma gamoiwvia sami imperiis daSla da, SeiZleba

iTqvas, rom saqarTvelos damoukideblobac misi Sedegi iyo. magram, meore

mxriv, msoflio omma gza gauxsna totalitarul moZraobebs – bolSe-

vizms, faSizms da saqarTvelos xanmokle damoukideblobac erT–erTma am

moZraobam imsxverpla. ase rom, msoflio omi, sabolood, totaluri bo-

roteba aRmoCnda. swored ase iazrebda am oms zogierTi evropeli

mwerali, magaliTad, herman hese.

rogorc cnobilia, hese Tavidanve SeewinaaRmdega I msoflio oms. 1914

wels gamoqveynda misi statia „o, megobrebo, nu gamagonebT am xmebs“ (hese

1987: 54-58), romelic dasaTaurebuli iyo reCitativis striqoniT beTho-

venis mecxre simfoniis finalidan. didi kompozitoris idealebis kval-

dakval, mwerali aRelvebul sazogadoebas Caagonebda: „siyvaruli siZu-

lvilze maRla dgas, mSvidoba ki omze ufro keTilSobiluria“ (hese 1987:

16

54). msgavsma mowodebebma da, saerTod, heses mTelma antisaomarma mxat-

vrulma publicistikam, romelic ibeWdeboda misi redaqtorobiT gamoma-

val gazeTSi „doiCe internirter caitung“, mTeli germanuli presis

aRSfoTeba gamoiwvia. humanisti mwerlisaTvis ar daiSures cnobili

iarliyebi – „samSoblos moRalate“, „naZirala“, „dezertiri“. yovelive

aman da pirvel rigSi ki TviT omma mwerlis cnobierebaSi mZime

msoflmxedvelobrivi krizisi gamoiwvia.

erTmaneTis Tanamedrove ori moazrovnis – germanelis da qarTvelis

urTierTsapirispiro damokidebuleba I msoflio omisadmi sruliad aSka-

raa. Ggansxvaveba maT poziciebs Soris ganpirobebulia saqarTvelos da

germaniis mdgomareobis gansxvavebiT. qarTveli publicisti moelis Tavi-

si qveynis gaTavisuflebas, germanelisTvis ki es problema ar arsebobs.

igi oms aRiqvams ara qveynis politikuri interesebis TvalTaxedviT, ara-

med humanisti individuumis poziciidan. tician tabiZec, cxadia, human-

istia, magram misTvis mTavari qveynis interesebia. hesesTvis omis saS-

ineleba axlos arsebuli realobaa, ticianisTvis – Soreuli (geo-

grafiuli azriTac). am Soreul realobas tician tabiZe poeturad war-

mosaxavs, poetur – heroikul saburvelSi xvevs. omis amgvari roman-

tizaciisTvis biZgis mimcemi ki mtkivneuli patriotuli grZnobaa.

1928 wels daiwera tician tabiZis werili `saliteraturo qarTu-

lisTvis” (tabiZe 1966, t.2: 285-295). cnobilia, rom am wlebSi qarTuli

sazogadoeba aqtiurad msjelobda am Temaze. tragikomikuria, rom

mweralTa kavSiris yrilobaze `Zveli literatori”, saqarTvelos

kompartiis erT-erTi lideri - filipe maxaraZe aRmoCnda saliteraturo

qarTulis dacvis avangardSi, romlis azriTac, qarTuli ena im

droisTvis metad Seryvnili da damaxinjebuli iyo. Ees sakiTxi

saqarTvelos kompartiis centraluri komitetis plenumzec ganuxilavT.

tician tabiZes statiaSi mohyavs aseTi citata: `amx. kaxiani Tavis

moxsenebebeSi ambobs: `...proletarul mwerlobaSiac jer kidev mraval

defeqts aqvs adgili. literatura kidev moikoWlebs, qarTuli ena, stili

aSkarad sustia (gaugebaria, ras niSnavs `literatura moikoWlebs”, al-

baT is ideologiurad „moikoWlebda”, mweralTa stilsac, rogorc Cans,

propagandistuli simZafre aklda – m.t). Cven, komunistebi, enis siwmin-

17

deze unda vzrunavdeT. lenini werda, rom diadi rusuli ena daamaxinjes

da Seryvnes, radganac masSi Seitanes mravali iseTi sityva, romelic

sruliad gaugebaria muSisa da glexisTvis. Cvenc aseve energiulad unda

vicavdeT qarTuli enis siwmindes”.

cxadi xdeba, rom qarTveli bolSevikebi qarTuli enis siwmindeze

“zrunvisas” imeorebdnen rusi bolSevikebis Setevas “masebs daSorebuli”

rusuli inetligenciis winaaRmdeg, e.w `elitaruli” enis da stilis

winaaRmdeg.

tician tabiZe xedavda, rom ”enis siwmindisTvis brZolis” keTilSo-

bili idea sinamdvileSi iyo mxolod niRabi, romlis ukan bolSevikuri

grimasa imaleboda. Aenaze zrunvis egidiT bolSevikebi cdilobdnen enis

gaprimitiulebas, viTomda gaxalxurebas, mwerlebis da moazrovneebis

individualur stilTa nivelirebas, usicocxlo da unificirebuli, ide-

ologizebuli enis damkvidrebas. Ees is fenomenia, romlic groteskulad

warmosaxa jorj oruelma romanSi ,,1984” (orueli: 2011).

Eenaze kontrolis dawesebis bolSevikuri mcdelobis sapirispirod

publicisti ayalibebs pozicias, rom ena daculi unda iyos ara xelisu-

flebis dekretebiT, aramed qarTvel mweralTa SemoqmedebiTi Zalisx-

meviT. is miiCnevs, rom namdvili enobrivi kulturis ganviTarebis stimu-

lad SeiZleba iqces klasikuri literaturis gamocema da populariza-

cia, anu qarTuli saliteraturo enis mdidari tradiciebis dacva da aT-

viseba.

tician tabiZes mxedvelobidan ar rCeba enis dabinZurebis, Selaxvis

kidev erTi forma – `Tbilisis yizilbaSuri dialeqti”. tician tabiZe,

rogorc esTeti, evropuli poeziisa da zogadad evropuli kulturis

Tayvanismcemeli, ver egueba aRmosavluri kulturis epigonobis recidi-

vebs Tanamedrove literaturaSi, romlebsac ukavSirdeba saliteraturo

qarTulis Seryvna vulgarizmebiT, mdare leqsikis da frazeologiis

moZaleba.

18

III Tavi

werilebi qarTuli literaturuli cxovrebis

organizebis Sesaxeb

im droisTvis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi sakiTxi, romelsac tician

tabiZe, rogorc Jurnalisti da publicisti, wamowevs wina planze, aris

saxelmwifos mier gamomcemlobis dafinanaseba da wignebis gamocemis saq-

mis gaaqtiureba, rac, misi TqmiT, iyo `katastroful mdgomareobaSi~.

statiaSi ,,saxelmwifo gamomcemloba” (gazeTi ,,baxtrioni”, №2 - 10.07.1922.)

igi msjelobs imis Sesaxeb, rom saxelmwifo TviTon ar uzrunvelyofda

wignis gamocemas da mindobili hqonda es saqme mecenatebis kerZo

iniciativisTvis, es ki gamoricxavda gegmazomier sagamomcemlo

politikas da gzas uxsnida mdare literaturas.

aSkara iyo, rom Tu sagamomcemlo saqme `saxelmwifoebrivi masStabiT

ar dadgeboda~, am saqmes gagrZeleba ar ewera. kerZo gamomcemeli, cxadia,

mogebas eZebda, magram didi perspeqtiva arc mas hqonda. tician tabiZe

sinanuliT wers: `Cveni eri mcirea statistikiT da rac unda didi ar

iyos mkiTxvelis procenti, mainc ver Seiqneba iseTi mdgomareoba, rom

gamocemas mogeba SeeZlos~.

werilis avtoris gansakuTrebul SeSfoTebas iwvevs is, rom im

droisTvis jer klasikosebic ar yofilan gamocemuli, sul ramdenime

wigni gamoucia “qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebel sazoga-

doebas”. werilidan vigebT, rom mweralTa kavSirs memorandumiT mi-

umarTavs maSindeli saxalxo ganaTlebis ministrisTvis, raTa `gamomcem-

lobas saxelmwifo xasiaTi miscemoda~, magram gasabWoebis Semdeg

`faqtiurad gamomcemloba srulebiT SeCerda, radgan umTavresi texniku-

ri saSualebani, rogorc qaRaldi da stambebia, gaiflanga~.

rogorc vxedavT, statia mniSvnelovan informacias Seicavs imis

Sesaxeb, rom saqarTveloSi sabWoTa reJimis damyarebis Semdeg mweralTa

kavSirs waerTva wignebis damoukideblad gamocemis ufleba da teqnikuri

SesaZleblobebi.

19

statiaSi tician tabiZe qarTuli mwerlobis stimulirebis umTavres

pirobad miiCnevs mwerlobis profesiad aRiarebas, rac imas niSnavs, rom

mwerlebi sxvadasxva, maTTvis Seuferebeli samuSaos Zebnas ki ar

daiwyebdnen da bankebSi Tu kooperativebSi ki aRar imuSavebdnen, aramed

TavianT ZiriTad, mudmiv saqmianobad CaTvlidnen mwerlobas, wignebis Se-

qmnas da gamocemas.

avtorisTvis mwerlobas unikaluri mniSvneloba aqvs umZimes isto-

riul pirobebSi eris gadarCenisTvis, misi sulieri cxovrebis

TviTmyofadobis SenarCunebisTvis. is grZnobs gulgrilobas Tu mizan-

mimarTul umoqmedobas saxelmwifos mxridan da amitom amTavrebs statias

mwvaved, mtkivneuli sityvebiT: `is krizisi, romelic dRes arsebobs, miva

Tavis logikur daskvnamde da saqarTveloSi warsulis xseneba ar iqneba~.

avtorisTvis yvelaze sagangaSo is aris, rom maSindeli saxelmwifo

gamomcemlobis xelmZRvaneli pirdapir acxadebda, aravisTvis saWiro ar

aris wignebis gamocema, mainc aravin waikiTxavso; `Tanac umatebda, rom

kavkasiaSi unda SemoRebul iqnas laTinuri Sriftio“ (“amas cinizmis

xasiaTi hqonda~ – dasZens tician tabiZe).

mwerlebis umoqmedo pensionerebad qceva da qarTuli anbanis laTi-

nuriT Secvlis iniciativa, cxadia, antagonizms badebda qarTvel inteli-

gencias, qarTvel mwerlebsa da mmarTvel Zalebs Soris. `daibada un-

dobloba~ – ase gamoxatavs inteligenciis protestis grZnobas tician

tabiZe. Ddasafasebelia im wlebSi gamoCenili misi publicisturi pir-

dapiroba da siTamame.

`mwerlobis profesia isev gaxda SimSilis profesia ... isev daiwyo am

profesiis datoveba da sxvagan Tavis Sefareba. saqarTvelosTvisac da

saxelmwifosTvisac metad ufro saWiroa, rom mwerlebi SerCnen mwer-

lobas... am TaviTve unda dafiqreba, rom erT dRes mwerloba ar darCes

fiqciaT. es iqneba didi ubedureba” – aseT mwvave Sefasebas aZlevs ti-

cian tabiZe saxelmwifos mxridan mwerlobis Seviwroebas da erovnuli

katastrofis rangSi ahyavs mwerlobis mosalodneli gaqroba.

statiiT ,,qarTuli Jurnali” (gazeTi ,,rubikoni”, №7 – 11.03.1923.) ti-

cian tabiZe xelisuflebisgan moiTxovda axali qarTuli Jurnalis

daarsebas. Ees unda yofiliyo literaturuli procesebisaTvis stimulis

20

mimcemi seriozuli da mniSvnelovani organo, romelic maqsimalurad

gaaaqtiurebda da Semdgom asaxavda imdroindel samwerlo cxovrebas.

werilis avtori, erTi mxriv, ewinaaRmdegeba usicocxlo, sqolasti-

kur azrovnebas, romelsac Tavi ver dauRwevia warsulis tyveobisgan,

magram, meore mxriv, arasaxarbielod esaxeba im eris xvedri, romelsac

warsuli ar gaaCnia. axali Jurnali, tician tabiZis azriT, iqneboda

qarTuli kulturis istoriis da Tanamedroveobis gamaerTianebeli

cocxali sivrce.

tician tabiZis publicistur werilebSi faqizad moxelTebuli

StrixebiT ikveTeba dro. is, rogorc wesi, mZimea, damTrgunveli. zogjer

TvalnaTliv Cans Cveni inteligenciis imdroindeli damamcirebeli da

gausaZlisi yofa. `qarTveli mwerlis profesia – aris profesia SimSi-

lis. es ase iyo winad da asea axlac... ar unda CamoTvla im magaliTebs,

roca qarTveli mwerlebi kvdebodnen ukidures gaWirvebaSi da sardafeb-

Si~ - vkiTxulobT statiaSi ,,saagarako saxli” (gazeTi ,,rubikoni”, №9 -

03.04.1923.).

werilis avtoris mizania, e. w. `kompetenturi organoebisgan~ –

profkavSirTa sabWosa da `qarTuli kulturis moyvarulTa sazoga-

doebisgan~ miaRwios mweralTaTvis saagarako saxlis aSenebas an rome-

lime ukve arsebuli Senobis gadmocemas, raTa mwerlebs mSvid pirobebSi

muSaobis saSualeba mieceT.

tician tabiZe gamoTqvams metad mniSvnelovan da dReisTvisac aq-

tualur azrs, romelic SeuTavsebelia yovelgvar diqtaturasTan,

avtoritaruli mmarTvelobis mier adamianis Tavisuflebis SezRudvasTan,

daTrgunvasTan. im epoqaSi, rodesac saxelmwifo `gaRmerTda~, sax-

elmwifom STanTqa yvelaferi, publicisti Tvlida, rom saxelmwifo ar

aris TviTmizani.

Msaxelmwifos rolis arnaxul gaZlierebaze me-20 saukunis kacobri-

obis cxovrebaSi msjelobs espaneli filosofosi Oortega-i-gaseti

naSromSi ,,masebis ajanyeba” da am tendenciis zust gamoxatulebad miiC-

nevs italiis diqtatoris – musolinis lozungs: ,,yvelaferi sax-

elmwifosTvis, araferi saxelmwifos miRma, araferi saxelmwifos

winaaRmdeg”(ortega-i-gaseti 1991: 150).

21

Eepoqis ZiriTadi tendenciis sapirispirod tician tabiZe fiqrobs,

rom saxelmwifos mizani sakuTari Tavis gaZliereba ki ar unda iyos,

aramed man adamianis SemoqmedebiT Zalebs unda Seuqmnas gamovlenis

pirobebi.

tician tabiZis logikiT, saxelmwifo unda emsaxurebodes kulturas,

adamianebis sulier ganviTarebas, maTi Tavisuflebis gafarToebas.

statiaSi ,,momavali sezoni” (gazeTi ,,rubikoni”, №14 – 25.08.1923.) ti-

cian tabiZe gakvirvebas gamoTqvams erTi ucnauri garemoebis gamo:

xelisufleba mzrunvelobas iCens xelovnebis sxvadasxva dargebis war-

momadgenlebisadmi da “sabedisweroT mxolod mwerlebi arian gamartox-

lebuli, erTad erTi mwerloba ganicdis dRes ukanasknel agonias”.

ismis bunebrivi SekiTxva – ratom anebivrebda sabWoTa saxelmwifo

operis momRerlebs, saerTod, musikosebs, dramatuli Teatris re-

Jisorebsa da msaxiobebs, Teatraluri studiebis dasebs, mxatvrebsa da

moqandakeebs da ar wyalobda mwerlebs, literatorebs?

Teatraluri da musikaluri xelovneba masaze zemoqmedebis ufro

efeqtur da efeqtian saSualebebs flobs, vidre mwerloba, da advilad

SeuZlia adamianebs Seuqmnas sazogado keTildReobis, bednieri cxovrebis

iluzia. xelovnebis es dargebi amTlianebs mravalricxovan mayureblebs

an msmenelebs - darbazSi erTad yofnisas maT uCndebaT solidarobis

grZnoba, euflebaT erTsulovneba – yvela erTad icinis, mxiarulobs an

iwmends cremls, yvela erTad ukravs taSs, gaismis koleqtiuri SeZax-

ilebi... sanaxaobrivi Tu saSemsruleblo xelovneba koleqtivisTvis aris

gankuTvnili da koleqtiur grZnobebs iwvevs. saxviTi xelovnebis nimuSe-

bic mTeli sazogadoebisTvis gamoifineba. L

literatura ki, ase vTqvaT, individualisturia. literaturasTan

mkiTxvelis urTierToba mTlianad da Rrmad intimuria, anu Ees ur-

TierToba mkiTxvelis ganmartoebas gulisxmobs. ufro zustad, es aris

ori adamianis, mkiTxvelis da mwerlis ganmartoeba, rodesac isini,

yvelasgan SeTqmulebiviT gancalkevebulni, erTad fiqroben, Tavisuflad

azrovneben. Tavisufali azri ki diqtaturis yvelaze saSiSi mteria.

amitom gasagebia, rom avtoritaristi da koleqtivizmis mqadagebeli

bolSevikebi mxars uWerdnen xelovnebis “koleqtivistur” formebs, lit-

22

eraturas ki ufro ufrTxodnen, radgan igi ganmartoebuli adamianis

idumali fiqris, azrovnebis sivrceSi ganifineba.…

publicisti akvirdeba literaturisadmi sabWoTa xelisuflebis aT-

valwunebuli damokidebulebis gamovlinebebs da gulistkiviliT lapa-

rakobs “mwerlobis zedmetobaze” saqarTveloSi.

IV Tavi

werilebi axalgazrda Taobis problematikaze

qarTveli studentobis – saqarTvelos momavali inteleqtualuri

Taobis bedi tician tabiZes, rogorc Jurnalists da publicists, gan-

sakuTrebulad aRelvebs.

tician tabiZis publicistur statiebs xSirad axasiaTebs mZafrad

TanamgrZnobeli toni. `mxolod is vinc akvirdeba tfiliss, SeamCnevs, rom

aCrdiliviT dadian qalaqSi mSieri studentebi, umetesoba imaTgani, jer

kidev provinciidan Camosuli, qalaqs ver SeCvevian da TavianT sardafeb-

Si da CardaxebSi Rafaven suls~ - wers is statiaSi ,,Cveni studen-

toba”(gazeTi ,,rubikoni”, №16 – 28.10.1923.).

erovnul tragediad miiCnevs werilis avtori, rom studentebi amgvar

pirobebSi cxovroben da surs miapyros sazogadoebis da xelisuflebis

yuradReba am mZime situacias.

TvalSisacemia is garemoeba, rom tician tabiZe ar uSindeba menSe-

vikuri xelisuflebis mier studentebis mimarT gaweuli daxmarebis

pozitiur Sefasebas da ar iSurebs komplimentebs mis mimarT. ufro met-

ic, is ramdenjerme xazgasmiT Seapirispirebs menSevikuri mTavrobis yur-

adRebas studentobisadmi sabWoTa mTavrobis mier studentTa siduxWiris

gulciv ignorirebasTan.

Aadvili ar iyo im wlebSi bolSevikebis Sesaxeb aseTi simarTlis

Tqma: `mmarTveli partia... exmareba pirvel yovlisa Tavis partiul

xalxs... partiuli organizaciebi uniSnaven stipendiebs Tavis uRaribess

wevrebs... asi aTasze meti axalgazrdoba rCeba skolis gareSe da sabWoTa

mTavroba, romelmac ganacxada, rom aT welSi erTi werakiTxvis

23

ucodinari ar unda iyos sakavSiro respublikaSio, ara Tu mozrdilTa

werakiTxvis ucodinarobis likvidacias ver asdis, iZulebulia bavSvebi

dastovos Skolis gareSe...~

tician tabiZis am werilSi warmoCndeba mniSvnelovani istoriuli

figura – beniamin (benia) CxikviSvili. rogorc cnobilia, me-20 saukunis

dasawyisis socialur-demokratiuli moZraobis erT-erT liders benia

CxikviSvils saqarTvelos demokratiul respublikaSi ekava Tbilisis

meris Tanamdeboba (1919–1920 wlebSi). beniamin CxikviSvili 1921 wels sab-

WoTa ruseTis mier saqarTvelos okupaciis Semdeg menSevikuri mTavrobis

sxva wevrebTan erTad wavida emigraciaSi, xolo 1923 wels dabrunda

saqarTveloSi, raTa monawileoba mieRo 1924 wlis agvistos ajanyebaSi. is

daapatimres, sulierad ver gatexes da sikvdiliT dasajes 1924 wels.

beniamin CxikviSvilis saxelis da Rvawlis keTilad xseneba tician ta-

biZis principulobis, simarTlis erTgulebis STambeWdav gamoxatulebad

unda miviCnioT.

axali – bolSevikuri drois Sesaxeb tician tabiZe wers, rom is

`yvelaze uwin studentebs da poetebs moeCvena Tavis grimasiT~. tician

tabiZe studentebsa da poetebs Soris sulier naTesaobas amCnevda - isini

miaCnda yvelaze daucvel, realobasTan mourgebel adamianebad sabWoTa

saqarTveloSi.

me-19 saukunis qarTveli 60-ianelebis cnobilma Sexedulebam poetis

sazogadoebrivi daniSnulebis Sesaxeb (“rom erisa moZme viyo Wmunvasa da

sixarulSi”-ilia WavWavaZe) mniSvnelovani zegavlena moaxdina TviT mod-

ernistul-avangardistuli orientaciis qarTvel mwerlebzec. tician ta-

biZis es statiac, mTel mis publicistikasTan erTad, mowmobs, rom

cisferyanweli poeti, romelic adreul axalgazrdobaSi sakmaod gaucx-

oebulad aRiqvamda TergdaleulTa memkvidreobas, mogvianebiT maT

msgavsad mimarTavs SemoqmedebiT Zalisxmevas mtkivneuli erovnul-

socialuri problemebis gaazrebisa da gadaWrisaken.

statiaSi ,,studentobis tradiciebi”(gazeTi ,,rubikoni”, №2 –

28.01.1923.) yovelive progresulis saTaved tician tabiZe universitets

miiCnevs. mas axsendeba ilia WavWavaZis `mgzavris werilebi”, romelic il-

ias maZiebeli, Tavisuflebismoyvare sulis manifestaciaa, oTxi studen-

24

turi wlis Semdeg samSobloSi dabrunebuli axalgazrda adamianis Tama-

mi fiqris gamxelaa: `universitetma Sehqmna ilia WavWavaZis `mgzavris

werilebi”.

Tbilisis universitetis daarsebas tician tabiZe yoveli qarTvel-

isTvis `meore Sobad” aRiqvams da unda daijeros, rom saqarTvelo am

dRes dResaswaulad aqcevs, anu mas surs saqarTveloSi damkvidrdes

codnis, ganaTlebis, Tavisufali da progresuli azris hegemonia.

Ppublicistis fiqriT, Cveni universitetis studentoba unda gaxdes

Tavisuflebis damamkvidrebeli mTavari Zala, rogorc es evropaSi

xdeboda xolme – `me vxedav bednieri qarTveli studentebis manifesta-

cias haidelbergis maSxalebiT, roca isini veris raionidan mivlen

rusTavelis ZeglTan, romelic unda aimarTos, rogorc meore universi-

teti”. igulisxmeba, rom rusTavelis humanizmiT unda yofiliyo

nasazrdoebi saqarTvelos Tavisuflebis Semoqmedi axalgazrda Taobis

cnobiereba.

saganmanaTleblo sferoSi seriozuli problemebi iqmneboda im

TvalsazrisiT, rom studentTa sazRvargareT saswavleblad gasagzavni

stipendiebis daniSvnisa da gacemis saqmeSi sruli qaosi iyo gamefebuli,

araviTari racionaluri da samarTliani sistema ar arsebobda.

`revoluciis Semdeg miswyda kargi iniciativa am saqmeSi” – wers ti-

cian tabiZe statiaSi ,,stipendiebi”(gazeTi ,,rubikoni”, №8 – 25.03.1923.).

cnobilia, rom sabWoTa xelisuflebam Sewyvita rogorc universitetis,

aseve calkeuli mecenatebis mier studentebis sazRvargareT

saswavleblad gagzavna, maTi dafinanseba da xelSewyoba.

`daviT sarajiSvili ar arCevda niWierebaSi aravis da daxmarebas

uwevda iseT pirebsac, romlis ideologias ar iziarebda…”. daviT saraj-

iSvilis, rogorc mecenatis, ideologiur miukerZoeblobaze, toleran-

tobaze tyuilubralod ar akeTebs aqcents tician tabiZe – misi statia

iwereba epoqaSi, rodesac adamianis Rirseba ukve swored ideologiuri

sazomebiT fasdeboda.…

publicisti Tamamad warmoaCens da amxels axal mankier movlenas –

bolSevikuri mTavroba studentebis sazRvargareT mivlenas ideologiuri

principiT axorcielebs, unda, rom evropaSi gamozardos Tavisi

25

msoflmxedvelobrivi “Svilobilebi” da amgvar xalxs Tavis axloblebsa

da naTesavebSi eZebs: `am SemTxvevaSi adgili hqonda Zalian did miker-

Zoebas, Cven maSinac agviniSnavs da dResac gavimeorebT, rom mTavrobam

amas Sexeda ara rogorc xalxis saqmes, aramed rogorc Tavis partiis

saqmes”.

Zalian Tanamedroved gaismis tician tabiZis araerTi mosazreba,

fraza, magaliTad, `es sakiTxi kuluarebSi gadawyda~. samwuxarod,

dResac saubrobs qarTuli media da sazogadoeba klanur mentalitetze,

proteqcionizmsa da nepotizmze Cvens qveyanaSi. rogorc werilidan

vxedavT, es mavne tendenciebi ar yofila tipuri revoluciamdeli

qarTuli cnobierebisTvis. swored sabWoTa xelisuflebis pirobebSi

dainerga amgvari mankiereba. komunisturma reJimma am mxrivac mZime mo-

raluri daRi daasva qarTul sazogadoebas, romlis “waSla” dResac

rTuli problemaa.

V Tavi

werilebi qarTvel xelovanTa socialuri problemebis

Sesaxeb

`qarTvel artistebsa da mwerlebisTvis didi xnis ausrulebeli oc-

neba iyo hqonodaT TavianTi saxli, sadac maT SesZlebodaT erTmaneTTan

urTierToba da saerTo saqmiT daintereseba. TiTqmis yvela kulturul

qveynebSi aris aseTi saxlebi da klubebi da metia laparaki imaze, rom

amas udidesi mniSvneloba hqonda TviTeul eris xelovnebis aRor-

ZinebaSi~ – es sityvebi, romlebsac vkiTxulobT statiaSi ,,xelovnebis

sasaxle” (gazeTi ,,baxtrioni”, №15 – 16.10.1922.), mkiTxvelisTvis sevdismo-

mgvrelia imis gamo, rom maTSi gamosWvivis demokratiuli cnobierebis

mqone adamianis swrafva Cveni kulturuli cxovrebis evropeizaciisken,

rac SeuZlebeli iyo bolSevikuri diqtaturis pirobebSi.

unda aRiniSnos, rom es e. w. `nep~-is wlebia, rodesac sul ramdenime

wliT Seiqmna sabWoTa sistemis erTgvari liberalizaciis iluzia da

26

albaT swored amitom gaxda SesaZlebeli apelacia `kulturul qveyneb-

ze~ – im Tavisufal da civilizebul sivrceze, romelsac Sinaganad

eltvodnen da romelsac akuTvnebdnen kidec sakuTar Tavs qarTveli

`cisferyanwelebi~.

statiaSi `fondi xelovnebisTvis~ (gazeTi ,,baxtrioni”, №12 -

25.09.1922.) gamokveTilia avtoris principuli pozicia - mxolod

konkretuli adamianebis kerZo iniciativis meSveobiT SeuZlebelia

Tanamedrove xelovnebis gadarCena da, miT ufro, ganviTareba; Aaq

aucilebelia saxelmwifomac ikisros pasuxismgebloba. avtors aucile-

blad miaCnia `xelovnebis fondis~ Seqmna.

unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom jer ar damdgara is dro, rodesac

SemoqmedebiTi kavSirebi mTlianad moeqca mmarTveli reJimis,

komunisturi partiis diqtatis wnexqveS da Camoyalibda am reJimis erT-

erT Zlier instrumentad, SemoqmedebiTi Tavisuflebis daTrgunvis

iaraRad da romelmac 1937 wlis represiebis dros umZimesi roli

Seasrula swored am xelovani adamianebis ganadgurebaSi.

xazgasmas saWiroebs erTi garemoeba _ tician tabiZe imas ki ar iTx-

ovs, rom saxelmwifom Tavis kmayofaze aiyvanos qarTveli xelovanebi, ar-

Cinos isini. avtoris survilia, xelovanebs SeeqmnaT iseTi pirobebi,

rodesac maT eqnebaT saSualeba, Tavisuflad ganaviTaron sakuTari

SemoqmedebiTi potenciali, icxovron da imuSaon Rirseulad _ sax-

elmwifosgan is moiTxovs ara wyalobas, aramed SemoqmedebiTi Sromis

xelSewyobas da adekvatur anazRaurebas.

am dros sabWoTa saxelmwifos jer bolomde ar gamouCenia Tavisi

namdvili saxe, jer ar damdgara is dro, rodesac materialuri anaz-

Raurebis safasurad moiTxoven ideologiur morCilebas, faqtobrivad,

monobas; jer kidev SesaZlebelia, poets gulubryvilod egonos, rom sab-

WoTa saxelmwifosgan uangaro daxmarebas miiRebs.

sainteresoa, rom am werilSi tician tabiZe arsebiTad wamoWris

masobrivi komerciuli xelovnebis problemas, romelic dRes kidev ufro

aqtualuri gaxda. is msjelobs, ra gavlena moaxdina e.w. `nep”-ma -

ekonomikaSi axali politikis gatarebam _ Tanamedrove kulturaze, xe-

27

lovnebaze da aRniSnavs, rom moxda maTi komercializacia, daqvemdebare-

ba, damorCileba masobrivi gemovnebisadmi.

tician tabiZe e.w. `nep”-is mier motanil, damkvidrebul xelovnebas

aRiqvams rogorc aReb-micemobis, wvrilburJuaziuli urTierTobebis

Tanmdev xelovnebis surogats. es `xelovneba~ saRdeba, iyideba, radgan

“momxmareblis” - farTo masebis gemovnebas akmayofilebs; iwyeba es-

Tetikuri gemovnebis degradireba, xelovnebis aRqmisTvis saWiro faqiz

mgrZnobelobas nTqavs nepmanuri fsiqologia, `nep”-is diqtati: `nepo”-m

moiTxova Tavis Janri xelovnebis da dRes mxolod kabares stilis xe-

lovnebas aqvs gasavali. xelovnebisTvis es yvelaze ufro saSiSaria, amas

SeuZlia xelovnebas sruliad daukargos Rirseba~.

meore saSiSroeba, romelic imdroindel qarTul xelovnebas emuqre-

boda, tician tabiZis azriT, iyo proletaruli kulturis (pro-

letkultis) moZaleba. rogorc cnobilia, es iyo Zaladoba xelovnebis

mimarT, romelic emsaxureboda xelovnebis mkveTr ideologizebas,

misTvis sworxazovani tendenciurobis Tavsmoxvevas (totalitarizmi da

literaturuli diskursi: 2010).

proletkultis ideologia eyrdnoboda `klasobrivi kulturis~

cnebas, romelic gulisxmobda, rom xelovnebis nebismier nawarmoebs unda

gamoexata erTaderTi klasis _ proletariatis _ interesebi da

msoflmxedveloba. proletariats esaWiroeboda sakuTari kulturis Seqm-

na, romelic plakaturad da paTetikurad gamosaxavda mSromelTa masebis

yoveldRiur standartizebul Sromas da yofas. `Cven uSualod

vuaxlovdebiT raRac marTlac axal kombinirebul xelovnebas, sadac

ukana planze aRmoCndebian wminda adamianuri demonstraciebi, ubadruki

Tanamedrove farisevluri saxiobani da kameruli musika. Cven mivemar-

TebiT saganTa aqamde arnaxuli obieqturi demonstraciisken, meqanizebu-

li brbosa da sulisSemZvreli Ria grandiozulobisken, romelic ar

cnobs arafers intimursa da liriuls~ (gastevi: 1919) – werda pro-

letkultis erT-erTi mTavari ideologi gastevi. es arsebiTad mo-

aswavebda totalitaruli reJimis diqtatis damyarebas kulturaze.

amgvar viTarebaSi tician tabiZe werda im gamouval mdgomareobaze,

romelic seriozul xelovnebas eqmneboda: `am SemTxvevaSi loRikurad

28

iSleba winaaRmdegoba. erTi mxriv, proletaruli kultura iTxovs mxo-

lod Tavis klasiur xelovnebas, meore mxriv, `nepo~ kidev Tavis

surogats, namdvili xelovneba ki _ is maradi Rirebulebis Semqmneli _

orive SemTxvevaSi gariyuli rCeba~.

Aamgvarad, tician tabiZe analitikurad akvirdeba da warmoaCens or

momakvdinebel saSiSroebas, romelTa winaSe aRmoCnda Tanamedrove

qarTuli kultura, xelovneba. Oorive es tendencia - xelovnebis `gasas-

aRebel saqonlad” qcevac da xelovnebis ideologizacia, ideologiur

iaraRad qcevac kulturis gamasobrivebas gulisxmobda. im periodis sab-

WoeTSi realur safrTxes, cxadia, xelovnebis ideologizacia ufro war-

moadgenda. proletaruli xelovnebis – maskulturis nairsaxeobis – meS-

veobiT diqtatorul reJims unda waremarTa adamianTa erTgvarovan, mda-

bio, agresiul masad Camoyalibebis procesi.

Ggasagebia, rom tician tabiZe antipaTiurad ekideba yovelgvar

maskulturas, romelic farTo masebis gemovnebas da moTxovnilebebs

aris morgebuli da moklebulia azris, grZnobis siRrmes da sifaqizes,

formis simdidres da daxvewilobas, imas, rac warmoadgens namdvili xe-

lovnebis arss da ris winaSec qeds ixridnen cisferyanwelebi.

`saWiroa meti dafiqreba, rom surogatma ar gamoacxados Tavis gege-

monia, romelic samudamoT daRupavs xelovnebas~ _ daaskvnis avtori. sam-

wuxarod, tician tabiZis es erTgvari winaswarmetyveleba axda _

surogatma marTlac moipova hegemonuri mdgomareoba.

rogorc vigebT werilidan ,,specebis kuriozi”(gazeTi ,,rubikoni”,

№15 – 23.09.1923.), ucxoeTidan xelovnebis sxvadasxva dargis gansaviTare-

blad sagangebod mowveul specialistebs `specebs” uwodebdnen. am

`specebis” anazRaurebis Sefardebas qarTveli profesionalebis mizerul

anazRaurebasTan miiCnevs tician tabiZe kuriozulad.

tician tabiZe, cxadia, kmayofilebas gamoTqvams imis gamo, rom Rir-

seuli materialuri anazRaureba aqvT Tbilisis stumrebs, romelTac isev

Cveni qveynis ganviTarebaSi SehqondaT wvlili, magram mas aRaSfoTebs

qarTvel xelovanTa diskriminacia, rac arsebiTad iyo maTi Semoqmedebi-

Ti srulfasovnebis auRiarebloba, maTi damcireba.

29

rogorc Cans, xelisuflebas undoda qarTvel xelovanTaTvis

arasrulfasovnebis grZnoba Caenerga, raTa Semdeg ufro advilad ganex-

orcielebina dabeCavebuli adamianebiT manipulireba.

VI Tavi

werilebi xelovnebaze

tician tabiZis sayuradRebo werili „zaqaria faliaSvili” (tabiZe

1966, t.2: 103-107), ar figurirebs qarTuli saopero xelovnebis

klasikosis – zaqaria faliaSvilisadmi miZRvnil im fundamentur musik-

ismcodneobiT SromebSi, romlebic ibeWdeboda 1940–50-ian wlebSi – ti-

cian tabiZis reabilitaciamde. es xarvezi dRemde Seuvsebelia.

werili analitikur-publicisturi xasiaTisaa da masSi araerTi mniS-

vnelovani mosazreba da samarTliani Sefasebaa gamoTqmuli, romlebic

dRes aqsiomatur WeSmaritebebad aRiqmeba, magram Tavisi droisTvis orig-

inaluri iyo. tician tabiZis werili mniSvnelovania imiTac, rom fali-

aSvilis garda aq saubaria rogorc qarTuli xalxuri, aseve profesiuli

musikaluri Semoqmedebis Zireuli Taviseburebebis Sesaxebac. qarTuli

profesiuli musikis fesvebs tician tabiZe qarTul xalxur musikaSi

eZebs.

tician tabiZis msjelobis diapazoni farToa - rodesac igi sau-

brobs qarTuli xalxuri musikis individualur specifikaze, paralels

avlebs qarTul xalxur poeziasTan - ixsenebs yivCaRis Sexvedras

qarTvel vaJkacTan muxranis velze, anda vefxvisa da moymis leqss da

qarTuli folkloris nimuSebs puSkinisa da Sileris baladebs utolebs.

Aaseve originaluria paralelebi vagneris da skriabinis – poetis

sayvareli kompozitorebis – grandiozul qmnilebebTan – `nibe-

lungebTan” da `promeTes himnTan”. avtori, rogorc yovelTvis, avlens

qarTuli kulturis TviTmyofadobis gamokveTisken da misi evropuli

xasiaTis da donis warmoCenisken swrafvas.

30

tician tabiZis emociuri teqsti aRbeWdilia avtoris rafinirebuli

musikaluri alRoTi da iSviaTi musikaluri wvdomiT. amave dros werili

gamsWvalulia publicisturi mizandasaxulobiT - gauRvivdes qarTul

sazogadoebas erovnuli siamayis grZnoba da sakuTari Zalebis da Sesa-

Zleblobebis rwmena. Aamitom ambobs tician tabiZe, rom genia eris bed-

nierebaa.

Tavis kidev erT gamoCenil Tanamedroves _ reJisor kote marjaniS-

vils uZRvnis tician tabiZe statias _ `durujis deklaracia~ (tabiZe

1966, t.2: 300-307),

kote marjaniSvilis pirovnebaSi da SemoqmedebiT figuraSi tician

tabiZes xiblavs am adamianis `novatoris buneba~, misi daudgromeli xasi-

aTi. tician tabiZes miaCnda, rom poeziaSi, xelovnebaSi stiqiuroba, spon-

tanuroba aris mTavari sawyisi da igi marjaniSvilis SemoqmedebaSic am

sawyiss xedavs da afasebs.

Ppoets da publicists izidavs reJisorisTvis damaxasiaTebeli

`gaafTreba da Tavganwiruloba~, anu is, ramac `cisferyanwelTa~ or-

denis poetur amboxs misca impulsi da swored amgvari Tanxmiereba ga-

napirobebda tician tabiZis aRfrTovanebas kote marjaniSviliT.N

`cisferyanwelTa~ SemoqmedebiT kredos da poetur msoflaRqmas, es-

Tetikas exmianeba tician tabiZis msjeloba marjaniSvilis Teatraluri

koncefciis Sesaxeb _ `misTvis Teatri ar iyo erTi romelime Teatri,

misTvis mTeli qveyana iyo erTi uzarmazari Teatri~. uneblieT gagax-

sendeba tician tabiZis poeturi striqoni leqsidan `qaldeas balagani~ _

`Cemi samSoblo _ saqarTvelo _ sxva Teatria~(tabiZe 1982: 495).

`cisferyanwelebisTvisac~ da kote marjaniSvilisTvisac samyaro, adami-

anTa cxovreba warmodgeboda Teatrad – sanaxaobad, saxiobad, niRbebis

TamaSad...

kote marjaniSvilis brZolam Teatraluri rutinis winaaRmdeg,

Teatris ganaxlebisken misma swrafvam gamoxatuleba hpova 1924 wels mis

garSemo Semokrebili axalgazrduli Teatraluri koleqtivis _ `duru-

jis~ SeqmnaSi. korporacia `duruji~ miznad isaxavda Teatris Semoqmedeb-

iTi cxovrebis da organizaciuli formebis gardaqmnas. igi brZolas

ucxadebda Zvel, dromoWmul Teatralur stils.

31

kote marjaniSvilis modernistuli ideebi stiqioniviT daatyda Tavs

imdroindeli Tbilisis dune da provinciul Teatralur cxovrebas da

tician tabiZe enTuziazmiT, SeiZleba iTqvas, erTgvari TavganwirviT

daudga gverdiT kote marjaniSvils. `Teatri ar aris is, rac nacion-

aluri sircxvilia: erovnul tipad miviRoT naleqi kintoebisa da yara-

CoRelebisa?.. es aris marTla Tavis dasamareba. Cven, `cisferyanwelebma~,

pirvelad SemoviReT `arSin mal alanis~ warmodgenis dangreva aqac da

provinciaSic... es Cveni esTetikuri da erovnuli siamayis moTxovnileba

iyo~ _ werda tician tabiZe axali Teatraluri koncefciis mxar-

dasaWerad. ,,icavda ra ,,durujis” pozicias, tician tabiZe evropuli

Teatris pozicias icavda” – wers Teatrmcodne vasil kiknaZe (kiknaZe 2003:

527).

`duruji~ upirispirdeboda primitiul Sexedulebas, romelic

Teatrs mxolod da mxolod gasarTobis funqcias utovebda da am

ubadruki Sexedulebis nacvlad amkvidrebda Teatris misiis humanistur

gagebas, Teatris maRal moqalaqeobriv paToss, maRalmxatvrulobas,

sadResaswaulo bunebas. `xelovnebis mizani sul ubraloa _ mianiWos

adamianebs sixaruli, STaberos maT mxneoba~(guguSvili 1971: 5) _ kote

marjaniSvilis es sayovelTaod cnobili sityvebi daedo safuZvlad

qarTuli Teatris axal esTetikas. tician tabiZem savsebiT gaiziara mar-

janiSvilis mier Teatraluri rutinisTvis dapirispirebuli sinTezuri

Teatris principi.

statiaSi tician tabiZe Cvens winaSe warmodgeba rogorc publicisti

da moazrovne, romelic saqarTveloSi evropuli kulturuli standartis

damkvidrebas cdilobs, radgan swored evropaa dinamiuri da individu-

alisturi; evropuli kulturis moTxovnaa, rom yovel xelovans Tavisi

gamorCeuli xma, saxe hqondes; swored evropuli arCevania swrafva siax-

lis da progresisken, rac anaTesavebda kote marjaniSvilisa da

`cisferyanwelebis~ SemoqmedebiT kredos. `Zvelis dangreva da uaryofa

ar aris danaSauli, _ erovnuli aRorZineba swored amazea damokidebu-

li... qarTveli eri imiT aris gamarjvebuli, rom yovelTvis ganaxlebis

gzas adgas, Torem isedac grZeli istoria nacrad aqcevda~.

32

Zveli Taobis Teatralebis dapirispireba kote marjaniSvilTan,

agreTve korporacia `durujTan~, Zalian hgavs e.w. `mamaTa da SvilTa

brZolas~ XIX s. 60-70-ian wlebSi, romlis ZiriTadi arsi iyo cxovrebis

patriarqalur-feodaluri wesis, kulturis, mwerlobis gaqvavebuli

formebis damcveli `mamebis~ da cxovrebis, kulturis ganaxlebisken

mswrafveli axali Taobis _ `Svilebis~ _ Seurigebeli dapirispireba. es

dapirispireba umTavresad literaturis sferoSi gamovlinda, magram

arsebiTad, moicavda mTel socialur cxovrebas da kulturas.

Ntician tabiZis inteleqtualur - SemoqmedebiTi Ziebebis Semajame-

bel formulasaviT JRers misi sityvebi, romlebSic qarTuli kulturis

modernizaciis da universalizaciis aucileblobaa gamokveTili: ”nu

viqnebiT karCaketilebi: msoflio radiusiT gaimarTos xazi qarTuli xe-

lovnebis da maT Soris, Teatrisac~.

sayovelTaod cnobilia 1930-ian wlebSi rusTavelis TeatrTan da-

kavSirebuli politikuri peripetiebi, imdroindeli mmarTveli wreebis

(upirvelesad lavrenti berias) sabediswero daintereseba am TeatriT _

misi SemoqmedebiTi koleqtiviT, repertuariT, yoveldRiuri cxovrebiT.

,,axmetels da bevr durujels Zvirad daujdaT maSindeli damoukide-

bloba. ,,durujis” gverdiT verc partiuli ujredi da verc komkavSiri

veras gaawyobdnen. beria Tavis werilSi pirdapir faSistur organizacias

uwodebs maT, radgan isini ar scnobdnen zemdgom organoebs”- vkiTx-

ulobT vasil kiknaZis wignSi(kiknaZe 2003: 540). tician tabiZis statia

,,rusTavelis Teatri” (tabiZe 1966, t.2: 308-317), 1930 welsaa dawerili da aq

ukve igrZnoba represiebis moaxloeba.

marjaniSvilis da axmetelis oponentebi acxadebdnen: `marTalia,

moxda erTgvari formis gadaxaliseba, ganaxleba, magram yvelaferi es

xdeba ucxo meTodiT da sad aris qarTuli erovnuli Teatrio~. statiis

avtori publicisturi simarTliT warmoaCens, rogor ikvreboda wre mar-

janiSvilisa da axmetelis garSemo. cnobilia, rom am orma novatorma re-

Jisorma mTlianad daangria Zveli patriarqaluri Teatris gaxevebuli

principebi da Zlieri reJisoris `diqtatura~ ganaxorciela. rogorc ti-

cian tabiZe wers, sabWoTa ideologiis poziciebidan es Sefasda rogorc

`mavne gadaxra~. amitom tician tabiZis Ria mxardaWera reJisorebisadmi,

33

romelTac ukve `mavneblobaSi~ sdebdnen brals da romelTagan erTi _

kote marjaniSvili _ sul male, faqtobrivad, gaZevebuli iqneboda

qarTuli Teatridan, xolo meore _ sandro axmeteli - daxvretili,

statiis avtoris Tamam nabijad unda CaiTvalos. cxadia, sabWoTa Teatris

`meurveebs~ arc reJisorTa namdvili da SeubRalavi avtoriteti mosdio-

daT TvalSi da arc maTi novatoruli evropeistuli Teatraluri eqsper-

imentebi.

`Teatri pirispir miadga...wyeul sakiTxebs _ es sakiTxebia: reper-

tuarisa, erovnulobisa da revolucionurobisa~ - wers tician tabiZe.

cxadia, rom samive es `wyeuli~ sakiTxi ukavSirdeboda sabWoTa xelisu-

flebis mier Teatris propagandistul manqanad qcevas.

literaturas da xelovnebas _ kinos, mxatvrobas, musikas da gan-

sakuTrebiT Teatrs sabWoTa ideologia yovelTvis akisrebda propagan-

distis funqcias. rodesac kinoxelovneba masebze Zlier zegavlenas jer

kidev ver axdenda, ar arsebobda masobrivi propagandis iseTi Zlieri

saSualeba, rogoricaa televizia, Teatris propagandistuli roli gan-

sakuTrebuli iyo. Teatri uSualo kontaqtSi Sedis publikasTan, mas

gaaCnia iseTi Zlieri iaraRi, rogoricaa sityva. sityvis meSveobiT Sesa-

Zlebeli xdeboda uxeSi zemoqmedeba `koleqtiur qvecnobierze~ da masebi

ufro advilad dasamorCileblebi da advilad samarTavebi xdebodnen.

cxadia, rusTavelis Teatric unda Camdgariyo sabWoTa xelisu-

flebis samsaxurSi da moexdina masebis konsolidacia komunisturi

ideebis garSemo. TeatrSi repertuari ise unda yofiliyo SerCeuli, rom

masebSi ganemtkicebina revoluciuri ganwyoba, SemarTeba.

meore mxriv, TeatrSi idgmeboda gasarTobi, sruliad ugemovno war-

modgenebi, romlebic izidavda farTo masebs imiT, rom ukmayofilebda

maT sicilis primitiul fiziologiur moTxovnilebas.

Ggasagebia, rom rafinirebuli literaturuli gemovnebis mqone

`cisferyanwel~ poets aRizianebs da Trgunavs rusTavelis Teatris mi-

zanmimarTuli degradaciac, msaxiobTa TamaSis vulgaruli manerac, rep-

ertuaris simwirec da mayureblis inteleqtualuri krizisic. modernisti

SemoqmedisTvis esTetikurad miuRebelia rogorc fsevdopaTetikuri sce-

34

nuri siyalbe da xelovnuri heroikul-isteriuli stili, aseve saeWvo ge-

movnebis vodeviluri piesebi da msaxiobTa TamaSis Sesabamisi manera.

rogorc statiidan Cans, saxelmwifos mxridan Teatris mimarT tar-

deboda iseTi politika, rom repertuaris gaubraloebiT, gaprim-

itiulebiT xalxis farTo masebis mozidva gamxdariyo SesaZlebeli da

advilad moxerxebuliyo seriozuli cxovrebiseuli problemebis miC-

qmalva, mtkivneuli Temebis sazogadoebis yuradRebis miRma datoveba.

Tanamedrove qarTveli Teatrmcodneebi ar kamaToben imaze, rom

raoden paradoqsuladac ar unda mogveCvenos, speqtakli “cxvris wyaro”

erTdroulad iyo pirveli qarTuli sabWoTa speqtaklic, romelic revo-

luciuri paTosiT iyo gamsWvaluli da amave dros pirveli qarTuli

evropuli rangis speqtaklic.

tician tabiZis statiaSi ,,cxvris wyaro” qarTul scenaze”(gazeTi

,,baxtrioni”, №21 - 15.07.1922.) Cans, rom axalma speqtaklma daamarcxa is

nihilizmi, romelic sufevda imdroindel qarTul TeatrSi. Teatris `sik-

vdilze TviTon reJisorebi da artistebic laparakobdnen ase daJinebiT~.

swored amitom tician tabiZe am movlenas ganixilavs rogorc gan-

sakuTrebulad mniSvnelovan erovnul-patriotul aqts.

tician tabiZe, rogorc Teatraluri kritikosi da Jurnalisti,

ubralod ki ar aRwers Teatralur faqtebs, aramed Tavisi koncefciis,

esTetikis prizmaSi gaatarebs movlenebs da amitom mZafr STagonebas da

stiqiur Zalas moiTxovs qarTuli Teatrisagan.

`cisferyanwelebi” da maT Soris tician tabiZec Tavidan

upirispirdebodnen akaki wereTels, rodesac uaryofdnen klasikur lit-

eraturas rogorc modernistebi da avangardistebi; swored akaki miaC-

ndaT im poeziis gansaxierebad, romelic unda daeZliaT da gadaelaxaT.

gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom rodesac isini gamoCndnen qarTul poeziaSi, aq

akakis epigonebi iyvnen gabatonebulni da ufro isini iwvevdnen

“cisferyanwelebis” gaRizianebas, vidre uSualod TviTon akaki. TandaTan

“cisferyanwelebs” simwife moemataT da ufro daafases akaki wereTeli.

statiaSi ,,akakis Zegli” (gazeTi ,,baxtrioni” №24, - 24.07.1922.) iakob

nikolaZis mier Seqmnili akaki wereTlis qandakebis TbilisSi dadgmasTan

dakavSirebiT wamoWrilia mniSvnelovani problema – qveyanaSi ar idgme-

35

boda qarTvel istoriul pirovnebaTa da sazogado moRvaweTa Zeglebi,

akakis Zegli mxolod gamonaklisi iyo. samagierod, komunistebi Zalisxme-

vas ar aklebdnen qveyanaSi TavianTi beladebis da sxvadasxva warmomav-

lobis revolucionerebis Zeglebis dadgmas. Znelia sabWoTa cenzuris

pirobebSi warmoidgino ufro Ria da gulwrfeli saubari am Temaze: `Cven

araferi gvaqvs sawinaaRmdego, rom yovel quCaze idgnen Zeglebi Tundac

ucxoelebis, romelTac TavianTi sicocxle SeuwiravsT kacobriobisTvis,

magram Cven gvaqvs ufleba moviTxovoT, rom umravlesoba am Zeglebisa,

iyos qarTvelebis...”. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovnad miaCnia statiis avtors

vaJa fSavelas da SoTa rusTavelis monumenturi Zeglebis dadgma.

tician tabiZe mourideblad mijnavs erTmaneTisgan qarTvel xalxs

da sabWoTa xelisuflebas da ocnebobs, rusTavelis, rogorc eris

sakraluri simbolos, monumenti erma komunistebis daxmarebis gareSe aR-

marTos piedestalze.

totalitaruli reJimebi Zalian aqtiurad cdiloben Secvalon ama

Tu im qveynis kulturuli landSafti. amisTvis pirvel rigSi iyeneben

arqiteqturas, qandakebas, monumentur mxatvrobas. amis dasturia leninis,

stalinis, mao Ze dunis, sxva `beladebis” mravalricxovani Zeglebi

sxvadasxva qveyanaSi.

tician tabiZe ibrZoda imisTvis, rom qveyanas, qalaqs SenarCuneboda

qarTuli saxe. ra Tqma unda, komunisturi simbolikis `mewyers” igi ver

SeaCerebda, magram mas surda, qveyanaSi nacionaluri kulturuli sim-

bolikac yofiliyo. arsebiTad, es iyo Taviseburi brZola erovnuli

TviTmyofadobis dasacavad totalitaruli reJimis pirobebSi.

tician tabiZe vrcel statiaSi ,,niko firosmani” (tabiZe 1966, t.2: 142-

163) am ucnauri biografiis pirovnebis da mxatvris Sromas wilnayarad

miiCnevs ucnobi agiografi avtorebisTvis damaxasiaTebel qristianul

TavmdablobasTan da sakuTari pirovnebis da Rvawlis srul nive-

lirebasTan.

tician tabiZe amCnevs erTgvar gaucxoebas firosmansa da saqarTve-

los Soris, firosmansa da im dros Soris, rodesac mas mouwia cxovreba:

`TiTqos is windawin momzadebuli iyo ... fantastiurad daSoreboda Cvens

Tanamedroveobas”.

36

Ees sazogadoebisTvis ucxod darCenili adamiani tician tabiZes war-

moudgeba rogorc fantasmagoriuli, zRapruli Tu miTologiuri per-

sonaJi, romelic providencialuri Zalebis mier iyo movlenili amqveynad,

raTa Tavis TavSi moulodnelad ganexorcielebina eris SemoqmedebiTi

potenciali.

Aavtori xazgasmiT aRniSnavs, rom sanam 1916 wels berlinidan ar

Camovida mxatvari dimitri SevardnaZe da TbilisSi ar danerga xelovan-

Ta evropuli kluburi Tanacxovrebis stili, manam aq aravis gaxsenebia

niko firosmanis arseboba.

tician tabiZe ganixilavs mankier socialur movlenas -

saqarTveloSi xSirad gulgrilad zurgs aqceven uniWieres adamianebs,

xolo sikvdilis Semdeg legendad aqceven maT.

tician tabiZis werilSi striqonebs Soris ikiTxeba Tbiliseli

mxatvrebis erTgvari SiSi firosmanis auxsneli, gaugebari pirovnebis

mimarT. isini gaurbodnen firosmanTan Sexvedras – gaurbodnen sakuTar

Tavs da sindiss, radgan, TviTon materialuri keTildReobiT uzrun-

velyofilebs da socialurad aRiarebulebs, uWirdaT firosmanisTvis

Tvalis gasworeba.

tician tabiZe mZafrad aRwers niko firosmanis sikvdilisSemdgom

sazogadoebriv aJiotaJs, im RonisZiebaTa erTgvar isteriul kaskads,

romelTac axorcielebdnen mxatvrebi, Jurnalistebi, xelovnebaTmcod-

neebi da sxvebi firosmanis saxelis ukvdavsayofad, arsebiTad ki sakuTa-

ri Secdomis gamosasworeblad.

`mTeli saqarTvelos win saSinel siRaribesa da araadamianur tan-

jvaSi gardaicvala ostati... vin icis, ramden xans moundeba lodini

saqarTvelos, rom kidev amovardes aseTi uecari madani kulturisa da

Semoqmedebisa. aseTi bednierebiT buneba iSviaTad asaCuqrebs xalxs... niko

firosmanma aseT gamwarebaSi dalia suli da mas ver gauges misma

Tanamedroveebma“ - wers tician tabiZe. swored es Tema _ `mTeli

saqarTvelos win“ adamianis sikvdili, gaucxoeba firosmansa da mis

Tanamedroveebs Soris – aris am teqstis laitmotivi. tician tabiZis

werilSi TvalnaTliv Cans, erTi mxriv, samxatvro sazogadoebis sicive

da, meore mxriv, mTeli sociumis indiferentizmi, rac aRmoCnda kidec

37

Semoqmedi adamianis Tavis TavSi Caketvis da gaucxoebis mizezi. tician

tabiZe xatavs firosmanis portrets da warmoaCens sakuTar Sinagan

cxovrebaSi danTqmuli adamianis bunebas.

tician tabiZis statia `niko firosmani“ 1926 wels aris dawerili.

cnobilia, rom imdroindel evropul, amerikul, rusul, qarTul prozaSi

xSirad gvxvdeba fsiqoanalitikuri skolis mamamTavrebis – froidis,

iungis da sxvaTa ideebis anarekli. swored 20-ian wlebSi iwereboda

mixeil javaxiSvilis da sxva qarTveli mwerlebis fsiqologizmiT aR-

beWdili moTxrobebi da romanebi, romlebSic avtorebi mizanmimarTulad

cdilobdnen moexelTebinaT adamianis sulis mTeli sirTule, amoecnoT

adamianis sulieri cxovrebis kanonzomierebebi Tu ucnaurobebi,

idumaleba.

amgvar idumalebiT savse, ucnaur adamianad gamoiyureba mxatvari

niko firosmani tician tabiZis werilSi.

tician tabiZes dakvirvebuloba, faqizi, adamianis sulis siRrmeebSi

Camwvdomi intuicia aZlevda imis saSualebas, rom Seeqmna mxatvris real-

isturi, utyuari portreti.

pirovnebaze dakvirvebis, misi qcevis analizis tician tabiZiseul

meTodTan axlosaa cnobili fsiqologis karl gustav iungis (iungi:

1995) analitikuri fsiqologiis ZiriTadi principebi, pirovnebis sulieri

wyobis iungiseuli analizi. iungis Teoriis Tanaxmad, ori tendencia –

eqstraversia da introversia Tanaarsebobs adamianSi, magram maT Soris

romelime xdeba xolme dominanturi. eqstraverti moZravia, aqtiuri mo-

saubrea, advilad amyarebs urTierTobebs da ar uWirs adamianebTan Se-

gueba, Tanacxovreba. gareSe faqtorebi misTvis gadamwyvetia. introverti,

piriqiT _ asocialuria, CaZirulia sakuTari fiqrebis, grZnobebisa da

sulieri gamocdilebis samyaroSi; is midrekilia gansjisken, TavSekave-

bisken, ganmartoebisken, survili aqvs, ganeridos gareSe da ucxo

obieqtebs, misi interesebi fokusirebulia sakuTar Tavze.

tician tabiZis werilSi TiTqos gaTvaliswinebulia es

dakvirvebebi adamianTa fsiqotipebze, saerTod, misi Tanadrouli

fsiqologiis xedvis rakursebi. statiis mTavari personaJis fsiqikaSi

zemoTnaxsenebi ori tendencia ebrZvis erTmaneTs. Mmas xSirad ecvleba

38

xasiaTi – xan impulsuria, mSfoTvare, agresiuli, mometebulad agznebu-

lia, metwilad ki depresiulia, sakuTar TavSi Caketili, Cumi, arakontaq-

turi, arakomunikabeluri, axasiaTebs socialur urTierTobaTa simcire,

rigidulia, anu uWirs, xSirad ki saerTod ar SeuZlia Secvalos raime,

rac obieqturad moiTxovs Secvlas, radgan uZneldeba garemosTan ur-

TierTqmedeba.

tician tabiZe gansakuTrebulad miapyrobs yuradRebas firosmanis

bavSvobas - mzrunvelobasmoklebuli martoxela bavSvis cnobierebaSi

samudamod aRibeWda cxovrebis simkacre da es mis aracnobiersac, cxadia,

daasvamda daRs.

werilis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi mxatvruli maxasiaTebelia kon-

trasti. aq TvalSisacemia, erTi mxriv, sazogadoebis sulieri siduxWire,

xolo meore mxriv, mxatvris Sinagani keTilSobileba, swrafva TviTganx-

orcielebisken, muSaobis wyurvili, Semoqmedi adamianis bunebrivi survi-

li, iyos Tavisi xelovnebiT bednieri.

tician tabiZes prozaikosis niWierebiT aqvs aRbeWdili mis mimarT

mtruli da damTrgunveli Zalebis pirispir Tavis TavSi Caketili, sa-

kuTari SemoqmedebiT moculi adamianis SeboWiloba, erTi mxriv, da meore

mxriv, misi gaxsniloba keTilganwyobili adamianebis mimarT.

Aavtori aanalizebs niko firosmanis mier ganvlil SemoqmedebiT

gzas da misi naxatebis erTgvar prezentirebas axdens – axarisxebs maT

Tematur-Sinaarsobrivi da mxatvruli TvalsazrisiT. igi mkiTxvels

sTavazobs mxatvris tiloebis sistematizacias, komentirebul katalogs.

tician tabiZis empaTia statiis gmiris mimarT imdenad Rrmaa, rom

TiTqos sakuTar cxovrebad da sikvdilad ganicdis mxatvris cxovrebas

da sikvdils: “rodis mokvda, ra pirobebSi, an vin damarxa, es aravin

icis” – es sityvebi mZafri intuiciis mqone adamianis tragikuli winaT-

grZnobiT aris dawerili, romelic aseve gaqra 1937 wlis erT dRes.

tician tabiZe da sxva qarTveli inteligentebi axali, sabWoTa

xelisuflebis pirobebSi cdilobdnen, qarTul kulturaSi cxo-

velmyofeli sawyisebi aRmoeCinaT da gaeZlierebinaT. maTi mizani iyo,

rac SeiZleba srulad, mTeli simdidriT warmoeCinaT qarTuli kultu-

39

ra, raTa qarTvel xalxs Tavisi erovnuli TviTmyofadobis SenarCuneba

SeZleboda internacionaluri diqtaturis pirobebSi.

niko firosmanSi tician tabiZem da misma Tanamoazreebma dainaxes

qarTveli xalxis sulieri da SemoqmedebiTi Zala da dasaxes igi xalxis

niWis da energiis simbolod. maT firosmanSi - xalxis SvilSi, ,,ubralo”

kacSi, ara elitis, aramed demosis warmomadgenelSi - eris amouwuravi

SesaZleblobebi ganWvrites; Mmisi figura aRiqves imis imedismomcem niS-

nad, rom qarTuli demosi didi potencialis mqonea.

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom es iyo ilia WavWavaZis Tvalsazrisis

moSvelieba Znel droSi - Tvalsazrisis, rom qarTveli xalxis gad-

amrCenia misi elitis Sevseba da gadaxaliseba xalxis wiaRidan.

statia “qimerioni” (gazeTi ,,barrikadi”,M№5 – 22.01.1922.) dawerilia

erTgvari mxatvruli daudevrobiT, uceremonio TavisuflebiTa da artis-

tulobiT; teqsti datvirTulia dokumenturi informaciiT, portretebiT,

saxeebiTa da saxelebiT, landebiT, istoriuli eqskursebiT, politikuri

SefasebebiT, pikanturi Wornarevi komentarebiTa da paTetikuri fra-

zebiT. vis ar gadaawydebiT aq – ruseTis samoqalaqo oms gamoqceul in-

teligentebs, bohemur da gabedul Semoqmedebs, akademikos poets,

gretxenisTvalebian germanel qals, kolombinas kostiums da niRabs Se-

farebul qarTvel poets; aqve arian `Zveli kokotkebi... Julikebi, speku-

liantebi, mxatvrebi, Jonglerebi, poetebi... rembo, andrei beli...~. rogorc

TviTon tician tabiZe ityoda, `da yvelaferi ireva qimerebSi... da ar aqvs

daTvla am qimerebs~.

statiis kompoziciur wyobas SeiZleba vuwodoT organizebuli qaosi,

saidanac TandaTan amoizideba da gamokveTil saxes iZens kafe `qimerioni~

Tavisi istoriiT da bohemuri yoveldRiurobiT, – rogorc xelovnebis

nimuSi da rogorc xelovanTa savane.

ruseTis revoluciis da samoqalaqo omis aCrdili Tan sdevs am

werils – aq ixatebian rusi emigranti mxatvrebi – sergei sudeikini da

saveli sorini, `romelnic ruseTis samoqalaqo omma gadmoyara

saqarTveloSi”. swored am gamanadgurebeli omis suraTebis fonze iqmneba

kontrasti: TbilisSi adamianebi Tavisuflad cxovroben, qmnian, Tavs bed-

nierad grZnoben.

40

susxiani ruseTis mkacri peizaJebi tician tabiZis mier apokalipturi

poeturi saxeebiT aris gacocxlebuli: `ruseTi sami wlis win – es iyo

raRac фantasmagoria, marTla astraluri mtveri gayinuli siciviT

sTovda maSin ruseTSi; samoqalaqo omis ganadgureba, Crdilo poliusis

okeanis sicive, SimSili dasuli misteriamde~. rusuli zamTris ul-

mobel klimats statiaSi erTvis da amZafrebs daundobeli, sastiki

politikuri klimati: `sisxliani `Ceka~, rogorc egviptis sasjeli, gad-

mocvenili emigrantebi, rogorc landebi raRac ara adamianuri teroris

qveS mTeli Tavis arsebiT gamoTqvamen raRac gaumeorebels. bibliis

dauTvlel gamogonebul koSmarebSi albaT verc erTi ver miaRwevs am

teroramde~.

“aRTqmul qveynad” eCvenebodaT ruseTidan Camosulebs Tbili da

stumarTmoyvare, Tavisufali saqarTvelo. tician tabiZe ixsenebs, rom

`kulturuli adamianebi kocnidnen miwas Cveni Tvalis win tfilisSi da

stiroden, roca xedavden eleqtronis sinaTles, TiTqo saflavSi

gamoRviZebuli xalxi ver itevden haers da sinaTles~.

rus da qarTvel xelovanTa urTierTobebis warmodgeniT publicisti

cdilobs gviCvenos ori qveynis urTierTobis optimaluri formac da

Sinaarsic. Tavisufali, demokratiuli saqarTvelo yovelgvari kom-

pleqsis, resentimentis gareSe amyarebs kavSirs rusul kulturasTan.

kulturebi erTmaneTs amdidreben, avseben, kulturebs ara aqvT

sazRvrebi, kulturaSi ar arsebobs metropolia da kolonia. 1921 wels,

ukve okupaciis Semdeg daweril statiaSi tician tabiZe dagvanaxebs, rom

saqarTvelos da ruseTis urTierToba okupantis da okupirebulis ur-

TierToba ki ar unda iyos, aramed Tanaswori da Tavisufali, kulturis

Semoqmedi pirovnebebis Tanaziaroba. aseTi Tvalsazrisi dResac metad

aqtualuria. statiis qveteqstSi ikiTxeba, rom ruseTi SiSismomgvreli

saxiT ki ar unda evlinebodes saqarTvelos, aramed unda uCvenebdes mas

Tavis kulturul saxes, romelic uTuod pativiscemas imsaxurebs.

`qimerionSi~ gaielveben portretebi, ufro xSirad ki Strixebi

portretebisTvis, daaxloebiT ise, rogorc kinokamera gadaiRebda

msubuqi garbeniT kafe `qimerionis~ dabindul interierSi msxdom adami-

anebs. simbolisturi emociuri momnusxvelobiT qmnis tician tabiZe kafes

41

realuri Tu virtualuri stumrebis mxatvruli saxeebis fantasmagoriul

kaskads.

`qimerioni~ nostalgiuri grZnobiTaa dawerili. kafes atmosfero

Zvirfasi warsulis ganumeoreblobis gancdas utovebs mkiTxvels. es war-

suli poeturad zeaweulia.

werilis stili msubuqia, Tavisufali da amiT kafes ideas ireklavs.

Aamgvari stiliT ixateba daudevari, niWieri da bednieri adamianebis

Wreli, Tavisufali samyaro – kafe `qimerioni~.

“qimerionis” saxiT tician tabiZe qmnis Tavisuflebis apologias ax-

laddamyarebuli bolSevikuri reJimis pirobebSi.

daskvna

tician tabiZisTvis, rogorc publicistisTvis, organulia saWir-

boroto, mwvave sazogadoebrivi Temebisadmi, problemebisadmi mZafri in-

teresi. mas gansakuTrebulad aRuZravs cnobiswadils socialuri

cxovrebis dinamika. es imiTac aris ganpirobebuli, rom misTvis ax-

lobeli iyo samyaros Secvlis, ganaxlebis avangardistuli paTosi.

mniSvnelovania dakvirveba tician tabiZis zogierTi narkvevis sab-

WoTa publicistur paTosze, rac unda ganvixiloT represiuli reJimis

pirobebSi, sikvdilis safrTxis winaSe aRmoCenili pirovnebis TviTgadar-

Cenis instinqtis aracnobier tragikul gamoZaxilad, agreTve adamianis

Sinagani SfoTviT gamowveul, gaucnobierebel prevenciul saSualebad,

romelic mimarTulia sicocxlisadmi muqaris Semcveli situaciis aRsak-

veTad.

tician tabiZis publicisturi azrovnebis stilis ganxilvas efuZneba

daskvna, rom mis narkvevebSi kompoziciuri elementebis siuxve (port-

retebi, peizaJebi, lirikuli wiaRsvlebi, istoriuli eqskursebi,

sinamdvilis cocxali suraTebi da sxv.), narkvevTa kompoziciuri sim-

wyobre da gamarTuloba tician tabiZis mier publicistikaSi poeziidan,

literaturidan “gadmonergili” mwerluri ostatobis komponentebia.

42

tician tabiZisTvis ucxoa weris mxolod aRweriTi an gansjiTi

manera, is qmnis tropebs, saxeTa mTel sistemas. Mmisi narkvevebis

kompoziciis mravalferovan elementebs erT mTlianobad kravs publi-

cistis mkafio Tu uCinari avtoportreti.

tician tabiZis gansjas saqarTvelos Sesaxeb me–20 saukunis da-

sawyisis inteleqtualuri da emociuri atmosferos zegavlena emCneva. aq

Tavs iCens qarTuli mesianizmis idea. avtoris cnobiereba erTianad aris

moculi saqarTvelos daRupvisa da gadarCenis ideiT da swored mas

ukavSirdeba erovnuli mesianizmi.

qarTuli mesianizmi arsebiTad politikuri neoromantizmis gam-

ovlineba iyo da ara Sovinizmis an nacionaluri SezRudulobisa da ego-

izmisa. saqarTvelos xsnis gzis Ziebisas tician tabiZe mkveTrad am-

JRavnebs Tavis dasavlur kulturul-politikur orientacias. Mmisi

azriT, evropa aziaSi saqarTvelos gavliT Seva da amiT saqarTvelo sam-

saxurs gauwevs evropas – iqneba misi kulturis erTgvari gamtari, misi

ideebis damnergavi – evropis mowinave simagre, forposti aziaSi.

EaRsaniSnavia, rom publicistis aseTi geopolitikuri xedva dResac

Zalian mniSvnelovani da aqtualuria saqarTvelosTvis.

tician tabiZis sagangebo da pozitiuri msjeloba omis fenomenis

Sesaxeb cxadyofs, rom avtoris interesi am sakiTxisadmi pirvel msof-

lio omSi saqarTvelos monawileobiT, saqarTvelos gaTavisuflebisTvis

misi mniSvnelobiT aris ganpirobebuli. yvelaze antihumanur movlenad

statiaSi miCneulia araTavisufleba. avtoris azriT, arsebobs omze, sik-

vdilze uaresi boroteba – monoba, anu gamudmebuli kvdoma.

sabWoTa reJimis damyarebam saqarTveloSi ukve sruliad sxva erov-

nuli problemebi wamoWra publicistis winaSe. tician tabiZe gan-

sakuTrebiT mwvaved grZnobs qarTuli enis gadarCenis problemas. igi

xedavs, rom Aenaze zrunvis egidiT bolSevikebi cdilobdnen enis gaprim-

itiulebas, viTomda gaxalxurebas, mwerlebis da moazrovneebis individ-

ualur stilTa nivelirebas, usicocxlo da unificirebuli, ideolo-

gizebuli enis damkvidrebas. swored amitom, umZimes istoriul pirobebSi

eris gadarCenisTvis, misi sulieri cxovrebis TviTmyofadobis SenarCu-

nebisTvis avtori aucileblobad miiCnevs da daJinebiT moiTxovs qarTu-

43

li saxelmwifo gamomcemlobis arsebobas da literaturuli pro-

cesebisaTvis stimulis mimcemi seriozuli da mniSvnelovani organos -

axali Jurnalis daarsebas, romelic iqneboda qarTuli kulturis isto-

riis da Tanamedroveobis gamaerTianebeli cocxali sivrce.

mweralTa yofis da SemoqmedebiTi cxovrebis pirobebis

gaumjobesebis problemas tician tabiZe farTo planiT xedavs. publicis-

ti, Tavisi epoqis ZiriTadi tendenciis sapirispirod, miiCnevda, rom sax-

elmwifos mizani sakuTari Tavis gaZliereba ki ar unda iyos, aramed man

adamianis SemoqmedebiT Zalebs unda Seuqmnas gamovlenis pirobebi. tician

tabiZis logikiT, saxelmwifo unda emsaxurebodes kulturas, adamianebis

sulier ganviTarebas, maTi Tavisuflebis gafarToebas.

studentTa TemiT publicistis dainteresebis siRrmiseul motivad

warmoCndeba is, rom igi studentobas yvelaze Tavisuflebismoyvare da

sazogadoebaSi Tavisuflebis damamkvidrebel socialur jgufad miiCnevs.

studentebis cxovrebis mZime pirobebs tician tabiZe maT mimarT xelisu-

flebis gulgrilobiT da uyuradRebobiT xsnis. gansakuTrebiT mankier

movlenad igi saxavs xelisuflebis studentobisadmi damokidebulebis

diferencirebas imis mixedviT, ideologiurad ramdenad axloblebi arian

isini misTvis. Ppublicisti gamokveTs sabWoTa xelisuflebis sa-

ganmanaTleblo politikis mzakvrul mizans - mas surs, studenti axal-

gazrdoba Tavisi ideologiis adeptad aqcios.

studentobisadmi miZRvnili statiebi, tician tabiZis mTel publi-

cistikasTan erTad, mowmobs, rom cisferyanweli poeti, romelic adreul

axalgazrdobaSi sakmaod gaucxoebulad aRiqvamda TergdaleulTa

memkvidreobas, mogvianebiT maT msgavsad mimarTavs SemoqmedebiT Zalisxme-

vas mtkivneuli erovnul-socialuri problemebis gaazrebisa da gada-

Wrisaken.

qarTvel xelovanTa socialuri problemebis ganxilvisas vlindeba

publicistis - demokratiuli cnobierebis mqone adamianis - swrafva Cve-

ni kulturuli cxovrebis evropeizaciisken, rac SeuZlebeli iyo bol-

Sevikuri diqtaturis pirobebSi. tician tabiZe analitikurad akvirdeba

da warmoaCens or saSiSroebas, romelTa winaSe aRmoCnda Tanamedrove

qarTuli kultura, xelovneba _ xelovnebis komercializacia, misi

44

`gasasaRebel saqonlad” qcevac da xelovnebis ideologizacia, ideolo-

giur iaraRad qcevac kulturis gamasobrivebas gulisxmobda. im periodis

sabWoeTSi realur safrTxes, cxadia, xelovnebis ideologizacia ufro

warmoadgenda. proletaruli xelovnebis meSveobiT diqtatorul reJims

unda waremarTa adamianTa erTgvarovan, mdabio, agresiul masad Camoyal-

ibebis procesi.

xelovnebisadmi miZRvnil statiebSi avtori avlens qarTuli kul-

turis TviTmyofadobis gamokveTisken da misi evropuli xasiaTis da do-

nis warmoCenisken swrafvas.Mme-20 saukunis qarTuli klasikuri musikis

fuZemdeblis - zaqaria faliaSvilis Sesaxeb dawerili emociuri statia

gamsWvalulia publicisturi mizandasaxulobiT - gauRvivdes qarTul

sazogadoebas erovnuli siamayis grZnoba da sakuTari Zalebis da Sesa-

Zleblobebis rwmena. amitom ambobs tician tabiZe, rom genia eris bed-

nierebaa.

qarTuli Teatris reformatoris – kote marjaniSvilis tician ta-

biZiseul Sefasebas gansazRvravs is, rom misTvis poeziaSi, xelovnebaSi

mTavari sawyisi stiqiuroba, spontanurobaa da igi marjaniSvilis

SemoqmedebaSic am sawyiss xedavs da afasebs. poets da publicists izi-

davs reJisorisTvis damaxasiaTebeli `gaafTreba da Tavganwiruloba~, anu

is, ramac `cisferyanwelTa~ ordenis poetur amboxs misca impulsi da

swored amgvari Tanxmiereba ganapirobebda tician tabiZis aRfrTovanebas

kote marjaniSviliT. Teatrze msjelobisas tician tabiZe warmodgeba

rogorc publicisti da moazrovne, romelic saqarTveloSi evropuli

kulturuli standartis damkvidrebas cdilobs.

TbilisSi iakob nikolaZis mier akaki wereTlis qandakebis dadgmis

pozitiuri Sefasebis paralelurad tician tabiZe TvalnaTliv warmog-

vidgens, Tu rogor aqtiurad cdilobs totalitaruli reJimi, Secvalos

qveynis kulturuli landSafti. komunistebi Zalisxmevas ar aklebdnen

qveyanaSi TavianTi beladebis da sxvadasxva warmomavlobis revolucion-

erebis Zeglebis dadgmas. aseT viTarebaSi tician tabiZe, rogorc publi-

cisti, ibrZoda imisTvis, rom qveyanas, qalaqs SenarCuneboda qarTuli

saxe.

45

tician tabiZe, rogorc publicisti, cdilobs axali, sabWoTa

xelisuflebis pirobebSi qarTul kulturaSi aRmoaCinos da gaaZlieros

cxovelmyofeli sawyisebi. is eswrafis mTeli simdidriT warmoCndes

qarTuli kultura, raTa qarTvelma xalxma Tavisi erovnuli

TviTmyofadobis SenarCuneba SeZlos internacionaluri diqtaturis

pirobebSi. niko firosmanis pirovnebisa da mxatvrobisadmi miZRvnil

vrcel statiaSi es Semoqmedi dasaxulia qarTveli xalxis sulieri da

SemoqmedebiTi energiis simbolod. man firosmanSi _ xalxis SvilSi,

,,ubralo” kacSi eris amouwuravi SesaZleblobebi ganWvrita. SeiZleba

iTqvas, rom es iyo ilia WavWavaZis Tvalsazrisis moSvelieba Znel droSi

_ Tvalsazrisis, rom qarTveli xalxis gadamrCenia misi elitis Sevseba

da gadaxaliseba xalxis wiaRidan.

nostalgiuri grZnobiTaa dawerili tician tabiZis werili `qimeri-

oni~. kafes atmosfero Zvirfasi warsulis ganumeoreblobis gancdas

utovebs mkiTxvels. simbolisturi emociuri momnusxvelobiT qmnis tician

tabiZe kafes stumrebis mxatvruli saxeebis fantasmagoriul kaskads da

Tavisuflebis apologias axladdamyarebuli bolSevikuri reJimis piro-

bebSi. 1921 wels, ukve okupaciis Semdeg daweril statiaSi tician tabiZe

dagvanaxebs, rom ruseTis da saqarTvelos urTierToba okupantis da

okupirebulis urTierToba ki ar unda iyos, aramed Tanaswori da

Tavisufali, kulturis Semoqmedi pirovnebebis Tanaziaroba. aseTi

Tvalsazrisi dResac metad aqtualuria.

Jurnalistika, publicistika tician tabiZisTvis mimzidveli da

saintereso aRmoCnda imiT, rom aqac, iseve rogorc literaturaSi, Tumca

gansxvavebuli xerxebiT da rakursebiT, ixateba cxovreba. publicistikaSi

tician tabiZem aRmoaCina imis SesaZlebloba, rom moexelTebina dro,

cocxali Tanamedroveoba da mravalganzomilebiani sinamdvile mkveTrad

subieqturi interpretaciis sagnad eqcia. misTvis Ppublicistika am

sinamdvilis mtkivneul problemebSi garkvevis, sakuTari moqalaqeobrivi

poziciis da mrwamsis demonstrirebis da sazogadoebrivi azris

formirebaSi uSualo monawileobis saSualebaa. is principuli, amave

dros TanamgrZnobeli Jurnalisti da publicistia, amkvidrebs ”human-

46

isturi Jurnalistikis” principebs - gulwfelad interesdeba adamianis

bediT da mkacr epoqaSi adamianur keTilganwyobas da siTbos inarCunebs.

weris sada, Stampebisgan absoluturad dazRveuli stili, mkafiod

gamovlenili inteleqtualizmi, warmosaxvis cocxali unari, simarTlis-

moyvareoba tician tabiZis, rogorc publicistis, arsebiTi Tvisebebia. Ees

gamorCeuli poeti warmogvidgeba rogorc drois mZafri SegrZnebiT aR-

Wurvili, emociuri da gamWriaxi publicisti.

damowmebani:

gastevi 1919: Гастев, Алексей. О тенденциях пролетарской культуры. Пролетарская

культура. 1919. http://aptechka.agava.ru/statyi/teoriya/manifest/proletcult1.html

guguSvili 1971: guguSvili, eTer. qarTuli sabWoTa Teatri. Tbilisi: xe-

lovneba, 1971.

danto 2000: Данто, Артур. Ницше как философ. Москва: Идея-Пресс, 2000.

iungi 1995: Юнг К.Г. Психологические типы. Санкт-Петербург: Ювента”,/ Москва: Про-

гресс- Универс, 1995;

kiknaZe 2003: kiknaZe, vasil. qarTuli dramatuli Teatris istoria. t.1,

Tbilisi: saari, 2003.

ortega-i-gaseti 1991: Ортега- и- Гассет, Хосе. Дегуманизация искусства. Москва: Ра-

дуга, 1991.

orueli 2011: orueli, jorj. 1984. Tbilisi: palitra L, 2011.

saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi: t. 8. Tbilisi: sabWoTa saqarTvelo,

1970.

tabiZe 1960: tabiZe, tician. rCeuli. Tbilisi: sabWoTa saqarTvelo, 1960.

tabiZe 1966: tabiZe, tician. werilebi literaturasa da xelovnebaze.

samtomeuli. t. 2. Tbilisi:literatura da xelovneba, 1966.

tabiZe 1966: tabiZe, tician. narkvevebi, Targmanebi. samtomeuli. t. 3. Tbi-lisi: literatura da xelovneba, 1966. tabiZe 1982: qarTuli poezia: t. 8. Tbilisi: nakaduli, 1982.

toinbi 1991: Тойнби, Арнольд. Постижение истории. Москва: Прогресс, 1991. toraZe 2010: toraZe, gulbaT. Mmusikis samyaroSi. Tbilisi: musikaluri

fondi, 2010.

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totalitarizmi da literaturuli diskursi 2010: saerTaSoriso

samecniero konferencia. totalitarizmi da literaturuli diskursi. me-

20 saukunis gamocdileba. Mmasalebi. Tbilisi: literaturis institutis

gamomcemloba, 2010.

qiqoZe 1919: qiqoZe, geronti. erovnuli energia. Tbilisi: mTavrobis stamba,

1919.

heli, zigleri 1997: Хьелл Л., Зиглер Д. Теории личности. Санкт Петербург: Пи-

тер, 1997.

hese 1987: Гессе, Герман. Письма по кругу. Москва: Прогресс, 1987.

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