Tiêu chuẩn chiếu sáng ngoài trời

VEEPL

Chng VII. Tiu chun chiu sng

VII. TIU CHUN CHIU SNGDo cc h thng chiu sng tiu th nhiu nng lng nn hiu sut chiu sng l mc tiu ca nhiu chnh sch, lut v tiu chun phm vi quc t, quc gia v cc mc nh x khc v c phn theo 5 tiu ch c bn nh sau: Tiu chun v chnh sch nng lng mu cu khuyn khch s dng nhng thit b hiu sut cao thng qua cc hnh ng ca cc t chc hoc ca Chnh ph, th d nh s iu chnh v nh hng tiu th sn phm, cc chng trnh gio dc, t vn k thut, to ngun vn d n cc nghin cu. Cc chng trnh thit thc nhm khuyn khch s dng chiu sng hiu sut cao thng qua cc n lc tip th, nng cao kin thc, t vn k thut, h gi sn phm, thc y cc chng trnh mua bn vi cc nh sn xut. Tiu chun ng dng iu chnh hiu sut v cc c trng khc ca cc sn phm trn thc t nh bng n, chn lu c sn xut hoc bn trn th trng. Lut v tiu th nng lng trong cc ta nh thit lp mc ti thiu v hiu sut ca h thng chiu sng trong cc ta nh, bt buc hoc ng vin chin lc s dng cc b iu khin v thit lp phng php ha m bo s tun th. Chng trnh dn nhn sn phm nhm mc ch phn loi a phn cc sn phm hiu sut cao to iu kin thun tin thc y nhu cu i vi cc sn phm . Nhng chng trnh ny l cc sng kin ca cc t chc Chnh ph v t nhn. Ngoi nhng iu ni trn, cng nghip chiu sng cn b nh hng ca nhiu lut l, iu chnh v cc tiu chun khc. Th d: Lut xy dng, chng thit lp b tiu chun v xy dng v an ton i vi cc h thng in v h thng chiu sng. Cc quy tc s dng, chng quy nh qu trnh dn nhn, s dng v loi b cc sn phm c cha cc cht nguy him. Cc tiu chun cng nghip, nh cc tiu chun ca Vin tiu chun quc gia M (ANSI) v ca cc c quan bo him, nhng c quan ny thit lp cc yu cu i vi cc c trng ca sn phm, tng thch vi nhau v an ton. Nhng ngh, th d nh nhng khuyn co ca Hi k thut chiu sng Bc M (k hiu IESNA hoc IES), chng miu t nhng thc t tt c chp nhn trong thit k cc h thng chiu sng. Mt t hp ton b cc chnh sch, tiu chun, quy nh v khuyn co to ra mt hnh lang php l m cng nghip chiu sng tc ng v gy nh hng ln hot ng ca cc h thng chiu sng trong thc t.

145

VEEPL


Phn tip theo hn ch vic bn lun ch v cc tiu chun dng trong chiu sng ngoi tri.

VII.1 CHIU SNG NGOI TRI CHT LNG CAONi chung chiu sng ngoi tri c quy nh bi cc tham s sau: 1. Tiu chun thit k: Nhn chung cc cng s (ca qun, huyn, thnh ph v quc gia) chu thch nhim trong vic thit lp cc tiu chun thit k c p dng trong khun kh qun l ca h. Nhng tiu chun ny thay i trong phm vi rt rng t vic hy chiu sng nhng ni cn n s tun th lut php theo cc tiu chun ti thiu ca IES. Cc tiu chun thit k c th din t bi ri, chi hoc mt i lng tng t no y. Nhng tiu chun ring bit c th c thit lp cho chiu sng cc i l, cc ng dnh cho ngi i b hoc nhng khu vc cng cng khc. Nhng tiu chun ny da trn nhng tham s khc nhau v s thch ca cc c quan a phng s ra phng n quyt nh chiu cao lp t n, loi bng n v khong cch gia cc ct n. 2. Tiu chun nng lng: Ph thuc vo tiu chun thit k la chn, loi n v cng sut la chn, nhng yu cu v nng lng ca chiu sng cng cng s thay i trong khong rng ty vo cc d n. Nhng yu cu v nng lng v gi thnh tng i ca nng lng ca cc cng ty s ti c th tr thnh mt tham s quan trng quyt nh cc tiu chun thit k. 3. Cc c trng vt l: H thng chiu sng cht lng cao c tui th tng i s ph thuc vo cht lng ca cc thnh phn ca h thng, bao gm: Cc ct n sn xut ng tiu chun s c tui th khong 30-50 nm (bao gm cc mi hn, cc cng xon, cn n, lp ph chng gi ha v mt s ph kin khc). Cc b n, phi ch cc mi ni, cc cht, dong v cc nhng th cn khc cho qu trnh bo ng v v sinh. Cc b n cn phi c tui th nht nh, khong 15 nm trong iu kin mi trng khng kh xung quanh. 4. Cc c trng quang hc: Cht lng ca chiu sng ph thuc nhiu vo vic la chn ng phn b nh sng ln b mt nm ngang v thng ng, s qun l, iu khin la, vo s gim thiu s chiu ln sang nhau v s chiu tha ht ln tri. Ph mu ca ngun sng cng quan trng khi xem xt t mt gc khc. Ngi dn bnh thng, doanh thng, cng chc hoc nhng ngi khc thng mong mun c c ngun sng c hon mu tt.

146

VEEPL


5. iu khin vn hnh:: Nhiu h thng chiu sng cng cng loi c v mt vi h mi c iu khin bi kha thi gian. Nhng h ny c li im l bt tt nh sng ng lc quy nh khng ph thuc vo thi tit nh my, sng m v..v. Mt phng php hin i hn dng cm bin quang hin ang c s dng bt tt h thng chiu sng ng ph. Cc cm bin c gn ln tng b n ring r. Nhng b iu khin nh vy c nhiu loi. Mt u im u tin ca b iu khin dng cm bin quang m bo hot ng ca ton b h thng khng ph thuc vo trc trc ca mt hay vi b n. Mt u im khc na ca b iu khin kiu ny l chng t nhn bit c sng ca mi trng bin i theo iu kin ca ngoi cnh v s bt tt h thng chiu sng khi m t c ngng t. Mt nhc im ca b iu khin kiu ni trn l ngng t b t dch trong qu trnh hot ng khin tt mun vo bui sng v bt mun vo bui ti. m bo khng c hiu ng dch ngng th gi thnh ca h thng s cao hn. Nhng tham s ni trn v cht lng chung ca c h thng cn phi c xem xt khi thit k mt h thng chiu sng ng cht lng cao. 6. iu kin ca ngoi cnh: Cht lng ca mt h thng chiu sng thng b tc ng bi mt lot cc iu kin ngoi cnh m chng ta xem xt di y: S thng hng ca ng theo chiu ngang v chiu dc, Cy ci, bi cy, cc tn l, chng c th nh hng n hiu sut v hiu qu chiu sng. Ca s phng ng v nhng khu vc khc cn n s iu khin c bit ca thng lng nh sng. Nhiu tham s khc cn phi xem xt m bo chiu sng cht lng cao cho cc i l v cc ng b dng chng m khng gy tc ng xu. 7. Thm m hc: S xut hin ca vt cht vo ban ngy hay ban m thng gy ch v i khi gy cm xc. Xem xt thm m hc xc nh cht lng ca h thng chiu sng ng bao gm nhng nghin cu v hnh th cc thit b chiu sng v tnh i xng ca thit k. Nhng i tng vt l nh kiu dng, mu sc ca ct n; hnh dng, chiu cao v loi vt liu; chng loi v kch thc ca b n l nhng tham s nhy cm i vi x hi ni chung. Ngoi ra, i tng nghin cu cn l mu sc ca ngun sng, l s iu khin la, hiu qu iu khin nh sng cho cc mc ch s dng mong mun v s tn ti ca chiu sng xm ln nhng hin tng gi l nhim trong chiu sng.

147

VEEPL


8. Vn bo dng: Khi cc tham s trn c xem xt phc v cho vic la chn v lp t h thng chiu sng, th cng l lc m vic bo dng, vn hnh v sa cha di lu cng c bt u. m bo tui th lu di ca mt h thng chiu sng cht lng cao th vic bo dng trong thc t phi nhm mc ch lm mi li h thng ngn chn vic suy gim thng xuyn ko di ca cht lng phc v chiu sng. Nhng vn thc t l: Thay i tng im n, Thay i c nhm n, Lm sch cc b phn chiu v phn x, Sn ph cc ct n nu cn thit, Thay th nhng ct n b hng, nhng tm knh chn v nhng b n, Ta ct cy ci nu cn thit. Nhng vic cn quan tm to ra h thng chiu sng cht lng cao phi i km vi cc i hi ca chng trnh bo dng. Thng thng mt h thng chiu sng ng tt c xy dng nhng nhanh chng chu mi s phn nn ca dn chng v khng c ngun kinh ph bo dng hoc thiu nhng kinh nghim v cc th tc bo dng cn thit. 9. Thc thi trch nhim: Thng thng mi ngi hiu rng cc c quan dijch v cng cng khng chu trch nhim g i vi chiu sng nu h thng chiu sng khng c lp t. Nu h thng c lp t th cc c quan hu quan phi c trch nhim bo dng h thng lun t mc chiu sng thit k. Rt quan trng trong vic la chn cc tiu chun thch hp, thit k theo cc tiu chun v bo dng theo cc tiu chun . Sai lm trong cc khu ny s lm tng trch nhim ca cc c quan hu quan v h s kh khn trong vic chng minh h thng hnh chnh v kh nng qun l h thng chiu sng ca mnh. 10. Gi c: Cui cng, cht lng chiu sng bao gi cng i i vi gi c. Mi mt trong cc tham s trnh by trn s gp phn ca mnh vo gi thnh ca h thng. C hai loi gi c khc nhau, loi ny nh hng ln loi kia. Loi th nht l gi lp t. Ph thuc vo thit k la chn, vo kch thc, chng loi, kiu dng, kin trc, mu sc v vt liu ca ct n v b n m nh gi lp t. Th hai l gi thnh bo dng lu di h thng. Loi gi ny gm ba yu t: Gi thnh nng lng. Chi ph thay th cc phn t ca h thng. Cng lao ng thay th bng n, sa cha v lp t cc phn t b h hng ca h thng.

148

VEEPL


Nhng quyt nh trong giai on thit k v la chn cc thit b l nhng yu t chnh quyt nh c hai loi gi c ni trn. a phn, s h hng ca h thng chiu sng l do thiu ht kinh ph bo dng theo cc yu cu thit k ra thay th cc b phn h hng v cng lao ng bo tr h thng. C th thy rng mt h thng chiu sng cng cng cht lng cao i hi phi xem xt nhiu tham s t nhng quyt nh ban u, cc mc phc v v cc ngun kinh ph bo dng vn hnh h thng theo thit k.

VII.2 CC MC CHUN KHUYN CO CHO CHIU SNG NGOI TRIHip hi k thut chiu sng Bc M ra mt lot mc ca ri dnh cho chiu sng ngoi tri. Mt iu quan trng cn nhn mnh rng nhng gi tr ny ch l nhng ngh ch khng phi l nhng tiu chun. Cc mc chun thng do cc c quan c trng trch ca mi quc gia, ca mi x hi quyt nh. Trong nhiu ng dng chiu sng ngoi tri, nhiu tham s c nh hng v phi c xem xt, l cc vn : ti thiu la, chiu cao ct n v khong cch gia chng, gi ha ca h thng chiu sng v gi chi ph trong sut thi gian hot ng ca h thng, chiu sng nhng khu vc gy tranh chp (th d khu vc gia cc xe c hoc gia xe c v ngi i b), iu khin chiu sng khu vc li vo, yu cu pha trn cc h thng chiu sng gia cc khu vc nh , cng nghip, thng mi gn khu vc chiu sng v chng s ph hoi cc h thng chiu sng. Th d nu c la th li phi cn c ri ln hn chng li nh hng xu ca la. Nu khng c la th ch cn ri yu l c. iu cn thit nht l chiu sng ngoi tri phi c thc hin rt cn thn v xem xt mi tham s thch hp. Di y l bng tng kt ri (cho n v footcandles, nh rng 10.76 lx = 1 fc). chiu sng ngoi tri i tng ri trung bnh (fc) ng u (Tr. bnh/Ti thiu) 3/1 3/1 3/1 3/1 4/1 6/1

ng loi Class A ng loi Class B ng cao tc ng chnh ng vnh ai ng ni b

0.6 - 0.8 0.4 - 0.6 0.6 - 1.3 0.6 - 1.6 0.4 - 1.1 0.3 - 0.8

149

VEEPL


bi xe Mc Chiu sng/Hot ng ri trn b mt ngang (fc) Tr. bnh Mc cao Bi xe (BX) ca cc cuc thi u in kinh c ln. BX phc v cc s kin vn ha, x hi, BX ca cc trung tm mua bn ln, BX ca cc ca hng bn n nhanh. Mc trung bnh BX ca cc trung tm mua bn nh, BX phc v cc s kin vn ha,x hi, gii tr, Bi xe ca cng s, sn bay, bi gi xe thng v..v., Bi gi xe ca khu dn c, Bi xe ca bnh vin. Thp BX trc cc ca hng, Nh gi xe ca cng nhn, BX ca cc trung tm o to, cc nh th.IES cho rng mc thp thch hp cho nhng ni no c nhu cu gi an ninh vo mi thi im ti nhng ni c mt hot ng thp v ban m.

T s ng u

Mc ti thiu 0.9 4/1

3.6

2.4

0.6

4/1

8

0.20.

4/1

150

VEEPL


Nhng khuyn co dng cho cc mc chiu sng ngoi tri khc (ly n v footcandles): Bn ngoi cc ta nh Li vo Loi tch cc (dnh cho i b v/hoc xe c) Loi khng tch cc (Thng ng ca, t dng) Khu vc hot ng ca dn c Khu vc bao quanh ta nh Sn ga c hng hoc khng c hng Khu vc sau ca kho hng Loi tch cc Loi khng tch cc 5 1 5 1 20 20 1

Nhng i k nim v cc ta nh cn chiu sng pha Khu vc Khu vc Xung quanh ti xung quanh sng B mt sng B mt sng B mt ti va B mt ti Cc trm phc v ng n ng xe chy Cc trm bm Cc khu vc phc v Chiu sng cho cc ca hng bn l Mc ri ca nhng khu vc bao quanh Cao Ca hng bn theo thi v Ni pht hnh Ni qung co 10 30 Trung bnh 7 20 Thp 5 10 5 10 15 20 1.5 1.5 20 3 15 20 30 50 3 5 30 7

151

VEEPL


Ni trng by Ca hng s s Ni pht hnh Ni gi hng Ni trng by

60 10 50 75

40 7 30 50

20 5 20 35

IES cho rng ri ti nhng khu vc bn l ngoi tri khng vt qu 10 ln so vi ri ca nhng khu vc bao quanh n. Vic o c phi s snh vi d liu ca chiu sng ng.

VII.3 NHNG NGUN SNG KHUYN CO DNG CHO CHIU SNG NGOI TRIn si t tiu chun khng phi l ngun sng la chn dng trong chiu sng ngoi tri. n Quartz/halogen thng c dng chiu sng im v chiu sng pha. n hunh quang i khi c dng cho chiu sng ngoi tri. l nhng ngun sng di hu nh khng gy la. Thng lng c iu khin tuy khng tht tt nhng cng thch hp. n ny khng bao gi dng chiu sng ng. Nhng h thng dng n ny c r b thay bng nhng ngun sng hiu sut hn v d iu khin hn. S pht trin ca n hunh quang thu gn trong nhng nm gn y chc chn s khin nh sng hunh quang quay tr li trong cc ng dng chiu sng ngoi tri. n hi thy ngn (MV) c s dng nhiu nm chiu sng ngoi tri nht l chiu sng ng ph v chiu sng an ninh cc ng lng. Chng l th ngun sng ch yu cho nhng ng dng trong sut nhiu nm. l ngun sng phng in, sng chi, trng xanh v gaay cm gic lnh. Thng lng ca n ny thng suy gim vi thi gian, nhiu bng b hng rt nhanh. Vn chnh thng xy ra vi n ny l chng c lp vo cc cha n khng thch hp. Nhng n ny c thit k vo thi im khi in nng cn r v hiu sut nng lng cn cha quan trng i vi x hi. MV c hiu sut cao hn n si t m chng thay th nhng chng khng phi l loi ngun sng hiu sut theo tiu chun ngy nay. Chng dn dn s khng c dng trong nhiu ng dng chiu sng. S tit kim c nhiu chi ph khi thay th chng bng cc bng n v cha n c hiu sut cao hn. Tuy nhin vn quan st thy chng c dng rt nhiu do khng hiu bit hoc khng trong nhn thc. n Metal halide (MH) l ngun nh sng trng khc dng trong chiu sng ngoi tri. Chng c hiu sut cao hn n MV v hin l ngun sng c a chung thng c dng trong cc cha n hiu sut cao v c kh nng iu khin phn b nh sng hp l. Thng thy ngun sng ny trong cc bi xe v chng thng l nhng ngun nh sng trng nm trong cc cha n c

152

VEEPL


che chn rt cn thn. Khng may l cng sut ca loi n ny thng cao gy ra mi trng qu chiu sng. Chng l ngun sng theo c ch phng in c nh sng trng xanh v rt la mt nu khng c che chn cn thn. n Natri cao p (HPS) c hiu sut cao, cao hn nhng n ni trn. HPS cng l ngun sng theo c ch phng in v cng gy la nu khng c che chn tt trong cc cha n. Chng c mu vng v c hon mu khng tt lm. Nhiu cng s v trung tm thng mi thay th nhng n c bng loi n ny. Khng may l ch c bng n v chn lu l c thay th trong khi cha n vn l loi c, do vy lm cho chiu sng vn l ti: iu khin nh sng ti, hiu ng chiu ln ln, la v chiu rc ln tri. Ngoi ra nhiu ngi cn thay th n c bng HPS c cng sut gn tng t do vy khng tit kim c nng lng. Tt nhin l nhng HPS ny s cho thng lng nh sng hn v hiu sut pht sng ca chng cao nhng thng th phn thng lng pht thm ny li khng cn thit. Do vy vn l lng ph. Nu n c thng lng ng (ngha l dng HPS ng cng sut) c dng trong cc cha n hin i, hiu sut, chiu tp trung xung di (ta ni l nh sng c iu khin tuyt ho), m bo nh sng c dng ht khng tha, lc ny ta ni rng ta c mt ng dng chiu sng rt tt. n Natri p sut thp (LPS) l ngun sng c hiu sut cao nht c sng ch. l s la chn cho cc ng dng chiu sng nhng ch m vic tit kim nng lng l quan trng nht. LPS khng phi l ngun sng im nn thng khng gy la trong nhiu ng dng. l ngun di gn ging nh n hunh quang tuy khng di n nh vy. Chng c mu vng gn ging mu h phch nh ca cc n tn hiu giao thng. Chng khng hon mu nn khng dng c nhng ni m vic hon mu l quan trng nu khng c nh sng trng chiu thm vo. Di y l danh sch ca nhng n ni trn v nhng ng dng c th: LPS: Chiu sng quc l, ng i b v bi xe. Chiu sng an ninh nhng khu vc ngoi tri (Nhng ni m hon mu khng quan trng). Chiu sng an ninh trong cc to nh. HPS: Chiu sng cc sn th thao. Chiu sng cc ng chnh, mt s khu vc xe. Chiu sng an ninh mt s khu vc m cn n hon mu. MH:

153

VEEPL


Chiu sng trng by nhng ni m rt cn n hon mu. Chiu sng mt s sn th thao, nhng ni cn n hon mu. MV: Khng phi l ngun sng hiu sut, khng khuyn co s dng. Ch nn dng thay th nhng h thng c c cha n cn tt. n si t k c n ng thch anh: Hiu sut thp nhng c th dng cho nhng ng dng cng sut thp. n hunh quang thu gn: C th dng cho cc ng dng cng sut thp nh chiu sng trong nh. Nhn chung tt c cc cha n c che chn tt v lp t sao cho nh sng khng chiu ln trn so vi mt nm ngang chy qua im thp nht ca cha n. Nh vy la, chiu ln v nhim chiu sng ni chung s c gim thiu v nng lng s oc tit kim. LPS s c dng nhng ni c th. Cc b iu khin thi gian hoc dng cm bin chim ch c dng tt n khi khng cn thit.

VII.4 CI THIN VIC TIT KIM NNG LNG TRONG CNG NGH CHIU SNGVII.4.1 CI THIN NGUN SNG Bin php Dng n T8 trng bt RE80 thay n T8 RE70 lm tng thng l-ng ~5% v ci thin ch s hon mu CRI m khng cn tng cng sut. ng dng tiu biu Cho cc cha n hunh quang di 1.2m . Ni s dngNng lng tit kim/S tng gi thnh

Ca hng tit bn l, kim ph cng s, thuc vo tr-ng hc, vic thay bnh vin, th ny nh tr -c dng v..v. t hp vi vic chn ri v h s chn l-u mt cch ti

154

VEEPL


-u. Dng n Halogen IR PAR v MR IR thay n halogen bnh th-ng. Dng chn l-u in t cho n hunh quang thu gn thay cho chn l-u st t. Chiu sng xung t hc hoc chiu sng cc -ng hm. Cho cc cha n ca bng hunh quang thu gn dng chiu xung th-ng gn trn mt t-ng hoc treo trn t-ng. Cc cha n treo t-ng trang tr, n chm v n bn. Nhng khu vc chung ca cc to nh. Tit kim khong gn 25% nng l-ng/ 50% chi ph tng thm 10% - 15% nng l-ng tit kim/ 25% chi ph thm vo.

Cng s, tr-ng hc, bnh vin, trm x, nh tr, tin snh, hnh lang.

Dng n hunh quang thu gn thay n si t trong cc ng dng chiu sng chung.

Trm x, 50% - 75% hnh lang, tit kim tin snh, nng phng n, l-ng. phng khch, phng khm bnh. Ca hng, nhng ni cn chiu trng im. 50% - 75% tit kim nng l-ng.

Dng n Metal Cc cha n Halide thay chiu xung th n t hc, halogen. chiu trng im, chiu cc -ng hm. Dng t hp n v chn l-u khi ng nhanh thay th h thng c ca n MH.

n chm cao Ca hng, dng MH v tr-ng hc, nhng b n cng s. chiu t hc. Thay n MH 250 v 400 watt tiu chun bng MH 200 v 320 350

7 26% tit kim nng l-ng.

155

VEEPL


watt chn khi nhanh.

dng l-u ng

Dng T8 v Cc cha n Cc ca 20% - 35% chn l-u in di. hng, cng tit kim t thay T12 v s, tr-ng nng chn l-u st hc, bnh l-ng. t. vin, trm x, phng tr. Dng nh sng Cho cc to t nhin bng nh c phng cch nhn thm rng. nh sng t bu tri. Ca hng ~ 30% tit ln, khu kim nng vc chung l-ng. ca tr-ng hc, nh th thao, nh kho v..v. Tramk nh phng nhn, tm, lang. x, tr, bnh phng hnh 25% - 50% tit kim nng l-ng.

Dng n hunh quang bng di thay n hunh quang thu gn.

Nhng cha n dng bng thu gn qu kh treo trn t-ng v trn nh v nhng cha n cha 2-3 bng hunh quang thu gn.

Dng n PAR Cho cha n Trm x, ~30% tit 175 watt thay chiu xung nh tr, kim nng PAR 250 watt. v to phng tm. l-ng. nhit. Dng n hunh Cha quang di thay trong n si t. tm. n Trm x, ~75% tit nh phng tr, kim nng nh tm. l-ng.

VII.4.2 CI THIN HIU SUT CA CC B N

156

VEEPL


Bin php

ng dng tiu biu

Ni s dng

Nng lng tit kim/S tng gi thnh

S dng chn lu in t c h s chn lu ti u tinh chnh thng lng v ri. Ch tng thng thng mt h s chn lu bnh thng c s dng.

Trong cc cha n hunh quang ng di chiu sng thp hn hoc qu mc: Gim thng lng ca cha n c 3 hoc 4 bng dng h s chn lu thp hoc gim s bng n dng h s chn lu cao.

Ca hng, cng 0% - 20% tit s, trng hc, kim nng bnh vin, trm lng. x, nh tr. Tt c cc ni chiu sng bng n hunh quang bng di.

Dng s lng bng Trong tt c cc n ti u t cha n dng bng ri cn thit. n hunh quang ng di: dng cha cha 2/3 bng thay cho cha cha 3/4 bng. Dng nhng b n hiu sut c ci thin (hiu sut v h s s dng cao hn). Thay n un hnh ch U kp bng 2 n 3 n T8 v h s chn lu ti u. Thay cha n hiu sut thp (30 50%) ca n hunh quang thu gn bng loi c hiu sut cao hn (60 75%). Thay cc b n 2 bng bng cha n 1 bng c h s s dng cao

Ca hng, cng ~ 25% chi s, trng hc, ph thm vo. bnh vin, trm x, nh tr. Tt c nhng ni chiu sng bng n ng di. C hng, cng 25% thm chi s, trng hc, ph. bnh vin, trm x, nh tr. Tt c cc khu 30% - 45% vc chiu sng tit kim bng n hunh nng lng. quang ng di.

~ 50% tit kim nng lng.

S dng b n cng Thay n hunh Ca hng, cng 25 50% tit sut thp quang qun hnh s, bnh vin, kim nng

157

VEEPL


ch U kp bng n trng hc, trm lng. hunh quang thu x, phng tr, gn chiu sng hnh lang. ht xung hoc cho cc cha n treo tren b mt. Chn lu in t loi Dng chung chn Ca hng, cng 5 15% tit dy tng em lu cho cc cha s, trng hc, kim nng n cnh.. bnh vin, nh lng. tr, trm x. VII.4.3 CI THIN IU KHIN Bin php ng dng tiu biu Ni s dngNng lng tit kim/S tng gi thnh

Dng cc b iu Lm m chiu sng khin lm m. trong nh trong khong t hong hn n bnh minh.

Ca hng, cng ~ 30% tit s, bnh vin, kim nng trng hc, trm lng. x, phng tr. Tt c cc tng ca ca hng, khng gian ca cng s, hnh lang v nhng ch khc. Ca hng, cng s, bnh vin, trng hc, trm x, phng tr. Khu vc gia, hnh lang, pha ngoi. ~ 20% tit kim nng lng v 20% chi ph thm.

Thm vo b iu Bt tt nh sng ty khin cm bin thuc vo nh sng quang. ban ngy. Bin php ny khng dng c vi cc bng n HID

Thm b iu khin Bt tt n ty vo Ca hng, cng dng cm bin chim mt chim ch. s, bnh vin, ch. trng hc, trm x, phng tr. Tr s ring. Cu hnh li nhng iu khin mc Cng s vng chiu sng da chiu sng hoc bt

~ 20% tit kim nng lng v 20% chi ph thm.

158

VEEPL


trn kh nng tn tt nh sng ty dng nh sng ban thuc vo nh sng ngy v s phn b ban ngy. nh sng. Dng h thng qun l iu khin hoc dng chung vi h thng qun l nng lng ca chung ta nh.. iu khin t ng h thng chiu sng theo thi gian hoc theo cng sut. Ca hng, cng s, bnh vin, trng hc, trm x, phng tr.

VII.4.4 CI THIN CC NG DNG THIT K Bin php ng dng tiu biu Ni s dngNng lng tit kim/S tng gi thnh

Xc lp mc chiu Cho mc chiu sng sng ti u. thch hp ty vo cc ng dng v ngi s dng trnh chiu sng cao v thp qu mc v gim chiu sng tha.

Ca hng, s, bnh trng hc, x, phng Ni chung mi ni

cng vin, trm tr. l

15% - 25% tit kim nng lng v chi ph thm.

Ci thin cha n v Tng hoc gim Ca hng, cng 15% - 25% khong cch gia cc khong cch gia s, bnh vin, tit kim cha n. cc cha n (theo trng hc, trm nng lng. chiu dc v x, phng tr. ngang). Thm cc chiu sng Ci thin chiu sng Cng s, phng 5% - 15% tit cho cc hot ng c cho khu vc lm bnh nhn. kim nng th vic, c sch lng. gim mc chiu sng chung. Sn tng v trn Ci thin phn Cc nh kho. nh cho hp vi mu x ca hc phng ca nh sng. lm tt hn phn b ca nh sng. 5% - 10% tit kim nng lng.

159

VEEPL


Dng cc b n Gim vic qu sng Hnh lang ca 25% - 50% cng sut thp. mt s khu vc cng s. tit kim hn ch v nhng nng lng. khu vc lu thng. I.4.5 DANH SCH CC TIU CHUN DNG TRONG CHIU SNG CNG CNG Nhng tiu chun chnh thc hin ti M K hiu ANSI C78.41-2001 ANSI C78.1381-1998 ANSI C78.1384-1997 ANSI C78.1378-1996 ANSI C78.1376-1996 ANSI C78.1377-1996 ANSI C78.1379-1996 ANSI C78.1382-1996 ANSI C78.1375-1996 ANSI C78.1374-1996 ANSI C78.1372-1996 ANSI C78.42-1995 ANSI C78.380-1997 Cc phn t ca h thng chiu sng Low Pressure Sodium Lamps Electric Lamps-250 Watt, 70 Watt, M85 Metal Halide Lamps 150-Watt, M102 Single-Ended Metal-Halide Lamps 1500-Watt, M48 Single-Ended Metal Halide Lamps 1000-Watt, M47 Single-Ended Metal Halide Lamps 175-Watt, M57 Single-Ended Metal Halide Lamps 250W, 120V, S55 Self-Ballasted Mercury Lamps 100-Watt, M90 Single-Ended Metal Halide Lamps 400-Watt, M59 Single-Ended Metal Halide Lamps 50-Watt, M110 Single-Ended Metal-Halide Lamps 70-Watt, M98 Single-Ended Metal Halide Lamps Electric Lamps--Guidelines for High Pressure Sodium Lamps High-Intensity Discharge Lamps, Method of Designation

ANSI C78.1342-1990 An American National Standard for self-ballasted (R1995) mercury halide lamps ANSI C78.1340-1990 450W Self-Ballasted Mercury Lamps ANSI C78.1341-1990 750-Watt, 120-Volt Self-Ballasted Mercury Lamps (R1995) ANSI C78.386-1989 Mercury Lamps - Method of Measuring Characteristics (R1994)

160

VEEPL


ANSI C78.375-1997 ANSI C78.4-1995

Fluorescent Lamps-Guide for Electrical Measurements Fluorescent Lamps - Self-Supporting, Single Based Compact Types - Dimensional and Electrical Characteristics 18W, 24W, and 36W Single Ended Fluorescent LampsSpecifications 34-Watt, U-Shaped, 6 Inch Center T12 Rapid-Start Fluorescent Lamps Generic Designation System for Pin-Based Compact Fluorescent and T5 Twin Fluorescent Lamps American National Standard for Lamp Ballasts Fluorescent Adapters Specifications for the Chromaticity of Fluorescent Lamps For Lamp Ballast--Line Frequency Fluorescent Lamp Ballast High Intensity Discharge and Low Pressure Sodium Lamps, Ballasts and Transformers--Definitions High Frequency Fluorescent Lamp Ballasts For Ballasts--for High-Intensity-Discharge and LowPressure Sodium Lamps (Multiple-Supply Type)

ANSI C78.1a-1992 ANSI C78.1c-1994 LL 7-1999 ANSI C82.12-1999 ANSI C78.376-1996 ANSI C82.1-1997 ANSI C82.9-1996 ANSI C82.11-1993 ANSI C82.4-1992

ANSI C78.2-1991 Pre-Heat-Start Types - Dimensional and Electrical (R1996) (ANSI Characteristics copyright) ANSI C82.6-1985 Ballasts for High Intensity Discharge Lamps - Method of (R1996) Measurement ANSI C82.2-1984 Methods of Measurement: Fluorescent Lamp Ballasts (R1995) ANSI C82.3-1983 Reference Ballasts for Fluorescent Lamps (R1995) LE 5A-1999 LE 5B-1998 Procedure for Determining Luminaire Efficacy Ratings for Commercial, Non-Residential Downlight Luminaires Procedure for Determining Luminaire Efficacy Ratings for High-Intensity Discharge Industrial Luminaires

LE 5-1993 (Rev. 1, Procedure for Determining Luminaire Efficacy Ratings

161

VEEPL


1995)

for Fluorescent Luminaires

Nhng tiu chun chnh v cc b n thc hin mt s nc Vng United States Sn phm Fixtures Tiu chun UL 1598 Tiu Luminaires B ch

Stage studio

and UL 1573

Track lighting UL 1574 Portable luminaires Portable Electric Hand Lamps Fluorescent lamp ballasts HID lamp Ballasts Fixtures. UL 153 UL 298

Bi-National Standard (US & CAN). NEC article 410 applies Stage and NEC article 410 Studio Lighting applies Units Track Lighting NEC article 410 Systems applies Portable Electric Lamps Portable Electric Hand Lamps Fluorescent NEC applies lamp ballasts HID lamp NEC applies Ballasts Luminaires Bi-National Standard (US & CAN). Canadian Electrical Code applies, C22.2 No. 0. General Canadian Electrical Code applies, C22.2 Requirements for Luminaires No. 0. Portable Canadian Electrical Luminaires Code applies, C22.2 No. 0. Portable and Canadian Electrical Stationary Code applies, C22.2 Electric Signs No. 0. and Displays Stage and studio Canadian Electrical Luminaires Code applies, C22.2 No. 0.

UL 935 UL 1029 CAN/CSA C22.2 No. 250.0-00

Canada

Track lighting. C22.2 No. 9

Portable lumi- C22.2 No. 12 naires, hand held lamps. Electric signs C22.2 No. and lighted 207 displays. Stage and stu- C22.2 dio luminaires. 166 No.

162

VEEPL


Mexico

Ballasts for use C22.2 No. 74 with Fluorescent and HID lamps. Ancillary equipment, starters, holders. Luminaires NOM-003SCFI-2000, NOM-064SCFI-2000 (NOM-J521/1ANCE)

Equipment for Canadian Electrical Use With Code applies, C22.2 Electric No. 0. Discharge Lamps

Various standard titles

NOM mark required

International IEC "series" of standards table Region Europe Standard EN harmonized standards Title Luminaires Regulatory Notes Directives: LVD, 73/23/EEC; EMC, 89/336/EEC. Harmonizing with EU. Law No. 22/97 Harmonizing with EU. Hungarian Decree No. 31/1999 Harmonizing with EU. "B" Mark is mandatory until in EU. Act on Protection of Consumer Rights: Mandatory GOST Examination Certificate for regulated products. EMC testing is also required in cases. Mandatory safety + EMC

Czech Republic Hungary

CSN EN 60598 Luminaires harmonized standards MSZ EN 60598 Luminaires harmonized standards EN 60598 Luminaires harmonized standards

Poland

Russia

IEC 60598 Luminaires harmonized standards

Slovakia

IEC 60598 series

Luminaires

163

VEEPL


Slovenia

STN EN 60598 Luminaires harmonized standards

Mandatory safety + EMC. "SVN" mark mandatory Harmonized with IEC standards. MRA with EU Rules and Procedures for Certification of Electrical Equipment: Mandatory CCEE "Great Wall" Mark for regulated products DENAN (Electrical Appliance and Safety Control Law) Harmonized with IEC standards. MRA with EU Commodity Inspection Act: Mandatory BSMI lot inspection performed at the Taiwanese border. Resolution 92/98 similar to device directives Law No. 8078 Consumer Protection Law: General product safety requirement. Mandatory Certificate of Conformity for regulated products.

Australia

AS/NZS 60598 Luminaires harmonized standards IEC 60598 series Luminaires

China

India Japan

IEC 60598 series

Luminaires

New Zealand

IEC 60598 series

Luminaires

Taiwan

Various (UL, IEC)

-

Argentina

IEC series or IRAM

Luminaires

Brazil

IEC 60598 series

Luminaires

Saudi Arabia

IEC 60598 series, UL Luminaires standards on case by case basis.

164

VEEPL


Di y tc gi trch dn mt th d v cch thc son tho mt tiu chun chiu sng dng trong mt vng dn c. rng y khng phi l nh dng chun bin son nhng ti liu kiu ny. Nhng ti liu tng t dng Vit Nam xem trong ph lc A.I. TITLE MC-15 DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WORKS AND WASTE MANAGEMENT SUBTITLE 01 STREET LIGHTING STANDARDS CHAPTER 901 STREET LIGHTING STANDARDS SUBCHAPTER 1 GENERAL PROVISIONS 15-901-1 Title. The rules in this chapter shall be known as the "Street Lighting Standards" [Eff. 3/23/00] (Auth: HRS 46.15(13), (16)) (Imp: MCC 18.20.060) 15-901-2 Authority. The rules herein are established pursuant to sections 46-15 (13) and 46.15 (16) of the Hawaii Revised Statutes. [Eff. 3/23/00] (Auth: HRS 46.15(13), (16)) (Imp: MCC 18.20.060) 15-901-3 Purpose. These rules provide standards for outdoor lighting that, while providing a level of safety for vehicular and pedestrian traffic, do not excessively interfere with nighttime viewing and avoid glare and light trespass onto private property. These rules also encourage the conservation of electricity. [Eff. 3/23/00] (Auth: HRS 46.15(13), (16)) (Imp: MCC 18.20.060) 15-901-4 Construction. These rules should be read in conjunction with the provisions of Hawaii Revised Statutes, the charter of the county, and the Maui county code. In any conflict between the general provisions herein and any other provision, the more restrictive provision shall govern. [Eff. 3/23/00] (Auth: HRS 46.15(13), (16)) (Imp: MCC 18.20.060) 15-901-5 Definitions. For the purpose of these rules, unless it is plainly evident from the context that a different meaning is intended, certain words and phrases used herein are defined as follows:

"Agricultural" means areas designated agricultural by the State land use commission and/or zoned agricultural via county ordinance. "Director" means the director of the department of public works and waste management of the county of Maui, or a duly authorized designee. "Fully shielded" means that the outdoor light fixture is constructed so that all of the light emitted by the fixture is projected below the horizontal plane of the lowest point of the fixture.

165

VEEPL


"Glare" means the sensation produced by luminance within the visual field that is sufficiently greater that the luminance to which the eyes are adapted to cause annoyance, discomfort, or loss in visual performance and visibility. "Light trespass" is any form of artificial illumination emanating from a luminaire that penetrates other property other than its intended use. "Luminaire" means the complete lighting assembly, less the support assembly. "Partially shielded" means that the outdoor lighting fixture is constructed so that at least ninety per cent of the light emitted by the fixture is projected below the horizontal place of the lowest point of the fixture. "Rural" means areas designated rural by the State land use commission and/or zoned rural by county ordinance. "Urban" means areas designated urban by the State land use commission. [Eff. 3/23/00] (Auth: HRS 46.1S(13), (16)) (Imp: MCC 18.20.060)

15-901-6 Lamp standards.

(a) High pressure sodium lamps or other fixtures approved by the director shall be the only allowed lamp on public and/or private right-of-ways; however, existing lamps other than high pressure sodium lamps shall remain until they expire at which time they shall be replaced. (b) Specifically, mercury vapor lamps are expressly prohibited and all such lamps shall be removed within five years from the effective date of these rules. (c) For roadways within the rural or agricultural areas, the maximum allowable wattage shall be 10OW HPS for internal road intersections and 15OW HPS for intersections from a project with a major and/or minor collector road. (d) For roadways within the urban areas, the maximum allowable wattage shall be 15OW HPS for internal road intersections and 25OW HPS at intersections with a major or minor collector road. [Eff. 3/23/00] (Auth: HRS 46.15(13), (16)) (Imp: MCC 18.20.060)

15-901-7 Luminaire standards. Fully shielded luminaires shall be the only allowed fixture on public and/or private right-of -ways; however, existing fixtures other than fully shielded luminaires shall be replaced by the earlier of expiration or inoperability of the fixture or five years from the effective date of these rules. [Eff. 3/23/00] (Auth: HRS 46.15(13), (16)) (Imp: MCC 18.20.060)

166

VEEPL


15-901-8 Light standards (poles) .

(a) Free standing aluminum light standards and aluminum arms shall continue to be stocked and used for existing lighting within major collector roadways. (b) Any new subdivision or project that requires street lighting within public roadways, shall use light standards that are non-reflective, such as anodized bronze or any other light standard accepted by the director. Any unusual or project specific requests for non-standard lighting standards shall be reviewed and approved by the director after consultation with the utilities and applicant. (c) The maximum height of the light standard, measured from ground level directly below the luminaire to the bottom of the lamp itself, shall be twenty feet. Also, light standards are only required at intersecting streets. Any variation to this height standard will be reviewed and approved by the director. (d) Any unusual or project specific requests for non-standard lighting standards shall be reviewed and approved by the director after consultation with the utilities and applicant. [Eff. 3/23/00] (Auth: HRS 46.15(13), (16)) (Imp: MCC 18.20.060)

15-901-9 Installation, illumination, removal and alteration guidelines.

(a) The department may install, illuminate, remove or alter street lights for:o

(1) Locations where the nighttime accident rate exceeds those of the daylight hours; (2) Intersections, urban or rural, taking into consideration the layout of the intersection, traffic volumes, location of the intersection, concentration of pedestrians, roadside interferences and that channelized intersections and the roadway width may require more lighting; (3) Any significant change of the roadway alignment, long bridges, tunnels, or any structures that may be hazardous, such as curbs, piers, abutments, or culverts; (4) Locations along the highway where police reports show crimes are committed, such as theft, rape, and bodily harm cases; (5) Locations of a highway where traffic turning movements to and from roadside developments threaten public safety;

o

o

o

o

167

VEEPL


o

(6) Subdivision streets, provided that the street has been dedicated to the county and at least fifty per cent of the lots on the street are occupied.

(b) Street lights not needed shall be removed. [Eff 3/23/00] (Auth: MCC 12.17.030) (Imp: )

15-901-10 Severability. If any portion of the foregoing rules or the applicability thereof to any person, property or circumstance is held invalid for any reason, that invalidity shall not affect other provisions or applications which can be given effect without the invalid provision or application, and to this end these are declared to be severable." [Eff. 3/23/00] (Auth: HRS 46.lS(13), (16)) (Imp: MCC 18.20.060) ADOPTED this 18th day of October, 1999, at Wailuku, Maui, Hawaii. DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WORKS AND WASTE MANAGEMENT: By CHARLES JENCKS, Director JAMES H. APANA, JR. Mayor, County of Maui Approved this 6th day of January, 2000. APPROVED AS TOO FORM AND LEGALITY: HOWARD M. FUKUSHIMA Deputy Corporation Counsel County of Maui S:\CLERICAL\PJK\RUL\STLGTSTN Received this 13th day of March, 2000. CERTIFICATION I, CHARLES JENCKS, Director, Department Public Works and Waste Management, County of Maui, hereby certify: 1. That the foregoing is a full, true and correct copy of the Rules Pertaining to Street Lighting Standards for the County of Maui, which were adopted by the Department of Public Works and Waste Management on the 18th day of October, 1999, by affirmative vote of the proper majority following a public hearing on October 28th, 1999; and 2. That the notice of public hearing on the foregoing rules was published in the Hawaii State and County notices and the Maui News on the 18th day of October, 1999. COUNTY OF MAUI CHARLES JENCKS Director

168

Documents

Tiêu chuẩn chiếu sáng ngoài trời