tieu luan Tổng Photpho

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GVHD: Th.s Phm Th Thanh Yn

MC LCM u...............................................................................................................2 Chng 1: Tng quan........................................................................................31. nh ngha..............................................................................................3 2. Phn loi.................................................................................................3 3. Cc hp cht quan trng ca photpho....................................................4 4. nh hng ca Photpho n mi trng sinh thi.................................5

Chng 2: Cc phng php phn tch tng photpho.......................................81. Phn tch tng photpho trong nc........................................................8 1.1. 1.2. 1.3. 1.4. 1.5.

Nguyn tc........................................................................................8 Ha cht v thit b...........................................................................8 Chun b mu....................................................................................9 Cch tin hnh..................................................................................10 Tnh ton kt qu..............................................................................12

2. Phn tch tng photpho trong t.............................................................12 2.1 Ly mu v x l mu............................................................................12 2.2. Cch tin hnh.......................................................................................13 Chng 3: X l photpho..................................................................................141. Nguyn tc x l Photpho......................................................................14 2. Cc bin php x l................................................................................14 3. Quy trnh cng ngh...............................................................................16

Kt lun..............................................................................................................19 Ti liu tham kho.............................................................................................20

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Tng photpho

GVHD: Th.s Phm Th Thanh Yn

M UPhotpho (t ting Hy Lp phosphoros, c ngha l "vt mang nh sng" v n cng l tn gi c i ca Sao Kim) c nh gi kim thut ngi c l Hennig Brand pht hin nm 1669 thng qua vic c cn nc tiu. Phtpho l nguyn t quan trng trong mi dng hnh s sng. C th chng ta trung bnh cha 1 kg P. Vi s lng , nh my dim c th sn xut c hng trm bao dim. V nu trn tri t khng c P th cng khng c mt ngn c no c th mc ln c. Mc d photpho l mt dng cht cn thit cho tt c cc dng sng nhng mt lng c bn cht ha hc ny c th gy nhim cht lng nc cc sng, h v vng ven bin. Nng photpho cao trong h thy sinh thng lin quan ti cc hot ng ca con ngi cc khu vc xung quanh nh pht trin nng thn v thnh th. Tuy nhin, nhng nh hng ca n n nay vn cha c khc phc hon ton. Tm hiu r ch tiu ny s cho php pht trin, thc hin v tin hnh cc chin dch qun l gi tr nhm gim thiu nhim mi trng. Sau qu trnh tm hiu v nghin cu, nhm chng em hon thnh bi tiu lun v tng photpho, mt ch tiu quan trng khng th thiu trong phn tch mi trng, sau y em xin trnh by bi tiu lun ny.

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GVHD: Th.s Phm Th Thanh Yn

Chng I.TNG QUAN1.nh ngha Phtpho (P) l mt nguyn t c nhiu trong t nhin di dng qung. sinh vt, Photpho c vai tr quan trng, c nhiu trong xng ng vt di dng canxi phtphate, trong no, lng trng, di dng hp hu c. Photpho l mt kim, nguyn t lng 31, t trng 1.83, im nng chy 94o

C, im si 278 oC, khng tan trong nc, tan trong dung mi hu c. L mt cht Tng lng photpho bao gm ortho photphat (PO 3 ) , polyphotphat (hai 4

rn, d gy nhit thng, mm, d un.

phn t axit orthophosphoric c ngng t thnh mt phn t ) v cc hp cht photpho hu c trong ortho photphat lun chim t l cao nht. Photphat c th dng ha tan, keo hay rn. Trc khi phn tch cn xc nh dng tn ti ca Photpho. Nu ch xc nh orthophotphat (mc ch kim sot qu trnh kt ta Photpho) th mu cn c lc trc khi phn tch. Tuy nhin nu phn tch Photpho tng (kim sot gii hn thi) th mu phi c ng nht v sau c thy phn.2.Phn loi:

Phtpho tn ti di ba dng th hnh c bn c mu: trng, v en. Cc dng th hnh khc cng c th tn ti, ph bin nht l pht pho trng v pht pho .

Photpho trng l cht ha hc c mu vng m, c mi cay nng, c

kh nng gy chy v t bc chy nhit thng. Photpho trng l cht c s dng rng ri trong lnh vc qun s, c bit l ch to bom.

Phtpho l mt dng th hnh ca phtpho nhng l cht tr,

khng c cc hot tnh c bit nh ca P trng. Phtpho c ch to t phtpho trng v c xem l an ton. Phtpho l tng i n nh v thng3

Tiu lun mi trng

Tng photpho

GVHD: Th.s Phm Th Thanh Yn

hoa p sut 1 atm v 170 C nhng chy do va chm hay nhit do ma st. Photpho ch yu c dng trong cng nghip dim, ch to pho hoa, pho lnh,

Th hnh Photpho en tn ti v c cu trc tng t nh graphit

cc nguyn t c sp xp trong cc lp theo tm lc gic v c tnh dn in. 3.Cc hp cht quan trng ca Photpho 3.1. Axit Photphoric (H3PO4) Axit photphoric (H3PO4) cn gi l axit orthophotphoric, l mt cht lng, trong snh, tan trong nc v cn. Phn t lng : 98; t trng : 1,83; im nng chy : 42,3 oC; im si : 213oC Axit photphoric l mt axit tng i mnh, c dng nhiu trong cng nghip phn bn superphotphate. N c dng lm sch b mt kim loi trc khi sn, nu c ln tp cht c th sinh ra hir, t c th to ra mt kh cc c l PH3 Nu b axit bn vo da hoc mt th ngay tc khc phi ra vi nhiu nc ti ngun gn nht trc khi a nn nhn i cp cu. 3.2. Photpho pentaoxit (P2O5) Cn gi l anhirit photphoric, photphoric pentaoxit, l mt bt trng, chy ra trong khng kh, tan trong H2SO4, phn hy mnh m trong nc. Phn t lng : 142; t trng 2,39; im nng chy 569 oC c dng trong tng hp hu c lm tc nhn kh nc. N c tc dng n mn i vi mt, nim mc, da. Ht phi hi photpho pentaoxit c th b ph phi. 3.3.Photphin (PH3) L cht kh khng mu, tinh khit khng mi (mi ti khi to thnh t photphua). T trng 1,175; si -87,4 oC; nng chy -132,5 oC. Rt t tan trong nc, tan nhiu trong cn v ete. N c th ha lng v chy vi ngn la mu xanh sng.

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Tng photpho

GVHD: Th.s Phm Th Thanh Yn

Rt c, tc dng ln h thn kinh trung ng gy hn m. Gy kch ng phn da h, nim mc mt, ng h hp, gy xut huyt phi. 3.4. Photpho triclorua (PCl3) L cht lng khng mu, bc khi, tan trong dung mi hu c. N phn hy trong nc, gii phng nhiu nhit. c dng sn xut photpho pentaclorua (PCl5) l tc nhn clo ha Photpho triclorua l mt cht cc k n mn khi m. Nu un nng s to thnh PH3. Phn ng mnh vi kim. Photpho triclorua l mt cht gy chy, n Tnh cht nguy him nh PCl5 nn khi tip xc phi rt thn trng d phng. 4.nh hng ca Photpho n mi trng sinh thi 4.1.Ngun sinh ra Photpho :

Trong t nhin : ma, tuyt tan, l lt Sn xut ha cht, phn bn, thuc bo v thc vt, bom n. Cht thi, cc cht bi tit ca ng vt, k c xc cht ca chng Trong bn thi ca h thng x l nc thi.Sn xut nng nghip bn thuc tr su, thc n d tha trong sn xut ng

nghip

4.2. nh hng tt: Photpho v c trong dng phtphat PO43- ng mt vai tr quan trng trong cc phn t sinh hc nh ADN v ARN trong n to thnh mt phn ca cu trc ct ty ca cc phn t ny. Photpho l mt nguyn t rt ph bin trong t nhin. bt k ni no cng c lng nh Photpho. Do nu Photpho trn tri t mt i th trn tri t hon ton khng c s sng. bt k ni no cng c lng nh Photpho. Nu trn tri

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GVHD: Th.s Phm Th Thanh Yn

t khng c Photpho th cng khng c mt ngn c no c th mc ln c v phtpho trong phn bn gip cy trng hp th nguyn t ny t t. Photpho l cht dinh dng u tin cn thit cho s pht trin ca tho mc sng di nc. 4.3. nh hng xu: Mc d Photpho l mt dng cht cn thit cho tt c cc dng sng nhng mt lng c bn cht ha hc ny c th gy nhim cht lng nc cc sng, h v vng ven bin. Nng Photpho cao trong h thy sinh thng lin quan ti cc hot ng ca con ngi cc khu vc xung quanh nh pht trin nng thn v thnh th. Photpho theo nc thi sinh hot, sn xut v hot ng nng nghip x xung cc thy vc khng qua x l l nguyn nhn gy ra s nhim cho cc ngun nc. Vi cc mc x ln hay u ngun x c th lm cho ngun nc b ph dng (Eutrophication). Ph dng l hin tng thng gp trong cc h th, cc sng v knh dn nc thi. Biu hin ph dng ca cc h th l nng cht dinh dng N, P cao, t l P/N cao do s tch lu tng i P so vi N, s ym kh v mi trng kh ca lp nc y thu vc, s pht trin mnh m ca to v n hoa to, s km a dng ca cc sinh vt nc, c bit l c, nc c mu xanh en hoc en, c mi khai thi do thot kh H2S v.v... Nguyn nhn gy ph dng l s thm nhp mt lng ln N, P t nc thi sinh hot ca cc khu dn c, s ng kn v thiu u ra ca mi trng h. S ph dng nc h th v cc sng knh dn nc thi gn cc thnh ph ln tr thnh hin tng ph bin hu ht cc nc trn th gii. Hin tng ph dng h th v knh thot nc thi tc ng tiu cc ti hot ng vn ho ca dn c th, lm bin i h sinh thi nc h, tng thm mc nhim khng kh ca th.

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GVHD: Th.s Phm Th Thanh Yn

VD: H Lan nm 1987, tng chi ph cho vic x l hin tng ph dng mt ti 760 triu Guider H Lan. Cn NaUy, cc cht c do to to ra gy thit hi hn 10 triu USD cho ngnh cng nghip nui c hi nm 1988. Ngoi vic gy nhng nh hng to ln cho mi trng Photpho cn l ngun gy ung th tim tng ngi. Trong cc c cht mi trng th Photpho c nhc n nh l mt c cht nguy him ln cho con ngi, nht l c dn sng trong nhng th c ngun nc nhim hoc dn c nhng vng nng thn cha tip cn c vi ngun nc sch m bo.

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GVHD: Th.s Phm Th Thanh Yn

Chng II.PHN TCH TNG PHOTPHO1.Phn tch tng Photpho trong nc ( theo TCVN 6202 : 1996) 1.1.Nguyn tc Phn ng xy ra gia ion octophotphat v dung dch axit cha molipdat v ion antimon s to ra phc cht amoni photphomolipdat mu vng PO 3 + 3(NH4) + + 12(MoO4) 2 + 21H+ (NH4)3H4[P(Mo2O7)6] + 10H2O 4 2 Kh phc cht bng axit ascobic to thnh phc Molipden mu xanh m. o hp th quang ca dung dch s xc nh c nng octophotphat. 1.2.Thit b v ho cht : 1.2.1.Thit b: Ph k (my quang ph) , loi lng knh, loi ghi, hoc lc, c kh nng t c cc cuvet dy t 10mm n 50 mm. Ch : ph k cn c chn la thch hp o hp th trong vng nhn thy v gn vng hng ngoi ca my quang ph. Bc sng nhy nht l 880 nm, vi nhy cn thit c th o 700nm 10 ng nghim sch, kh, c cng ng knh , dy, v cht lng thu tinh trong sut. nh s th t ng nghim t 1 10. Dng c thu tinh dng pht trin mu cn trng vi dung dch NaOH loi tr cc phc cht c mu thng bm thnh mng mng trn thnh dng c 1.2.2.Pha ho cht:

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GVHD: Th.s Phm Th Thanh Yn

H2SO4 30% : cho 700ml nc vo bnh nh mc 1l,thm t t 300ml H2SO4 m c, lc u Axit ascorbic nng 100g/l : ho tan 10g tinh th axit ascorbic C6H8O6 trong 100ml nc, khuy k. Bo qun dung dch trong l thu tinh nu nu, gi lnh. Molipdat : ha tan 13g amoni heptamolipdat tetrahydrat [(NH4)6Mo7O24.4H2O] trong 100ml nc .Ha tan 0,35g antimony kali tatrat hemyhydrat K(SbO)C4H6O6.1/2H2O trong 100ml nc. Cho dung dch molipdat vo 300ml dung dch H2SO4 9 M, khuy u, thm dung dch tatrat, trn k Dung dch K2S2O8: Ho tan 5g K2S2O8 vo 100ml nc ct Dung dch chun 50 mg/l : Sy kh vi gam kali dyhydrogen photphat ti khi lng khng i 105 oC. Ha tan 0,2197g KH2PO4 trong 800 ml nc ct trong bnh nh mc 1l. Thm 10ml H2SO4 4,5M, thm nc ti vch. Bo qun trong l thy tinh nt kn, trong t lnh 1.3.Ly mu v chun b mu 1.3.1.Ly mu Ly mu vo l Polietylen, PVC, tt nht l l thu tinh, trong trng hp nng Photphat thp, nht thit phi dung l thu tinh 1.3.2.Chun b mu Thm 1 ml axit H2SO4 30% cho mi 100ml mu th. axit ca dung dch cn phi tng ng pH = 1. Gi trong ch mt, trong bng ti ti khi phn tch

1.4.Tin hnh

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GVHD: Th.s Phm Th Thanh Yn

Mu Nc 4ml K2S2O8

1ml H2SO4

Bnh nn

un si 30ph

Gi th tch

Lm ngui

Bnh nh mc

Nc Ht 10 ln t 1 n 10 ml

10 bnh nn 100ml 2ml molipdat o hp th quang

1ml C6H8O6

S qu trnh phn tch tng Photpho

1.4.1.Ph mu: bng Kali perodisunphat (K2S2O8) Dng pipet ly lng mu th ti a 40ml vo bnh nn 100ml ,thm nc n 40ml, thm 4ml dung dch K2S2O8 , un nh 30ph10

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Tng photpho

GVHD: Th.s Phm Th Thanh Yn

Gi th tch 25-50 ml, lm ngui, chnh pH n 3 10 ,chuyn sang bnh nh mc 50ml, thm nc n khong 40ml. CH :

Thng thng 30ph l v c ho mu hp cht Photpho, nhng

mt vi axit poliphotphoric cn ti 90 ph thu phn, c th thay i bng cch v c ho mu trong ni hp 30 ph, nhit 115 - 120oC ( c th dng ni p sut nu n)

S c mt ca mui Asen gy nhiu cho qu trnh phn tch Photpho.

Asen trong mu b oxi ho thnh asenat nh hng n qu trnh phn tch. Nu bit r hoc nghi ng c asen phi loi tr bng cch x l vi dung dch Na2SO3 ngay sau bc khong ho.Trong trng hp khong ho nc bin trong ni hp, loi tr Clo t do bng cch un si trc khi kh Asen bng Thiosunfat

Ngoi ra c th v c ha mu bng axit nitric

1.4.2.Chun b dy dung dch chun dng ng chun Ly bng pipet dy dung dch octophotphat chun 50 mg/l th tch t 1 n 10 ml cho vo 10 bnh nn 100ml , thm nc ct n 40ml 1.4.3.Pht trin mu Thm vo mi bnh 1ml axit ascorbic (C6H8O6) Sau 30 giy thm vo 2ml molipdat trong axit Thm nc ct ti vch 1.4.4. o ph (o hp th quang ) o hp th quang ca mi dung dch bc sng 410nm Nu s dng thiosunphat th phi tn hnh o ngay trong 10 pht nu khng dung dch s b nht mu dn ti kt qu sai lch 1.4.5.Dng ng chun V th hp th quang ca dung dch theo nng Photpho (mg/l) ca dy dung dch hiu chun Quan h gia nng v hp th quang l tuyn tnh 1.5.Tnh ton kt qu Nng Photpho tng tnh bng mg/l l11

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GVHD: Th.s Phm Th Thanh Yn

(mg/l)P =

( A Ao ) f .Vmax Vs

Trong : A l hp th quang ca mu th Ao l hp th quang ca mu trng f l dc ca ng chun Vmax l th tch lp nht ca mu th (40ml) Vs l th tch thc ca mu th Lm trn kt qu Nu (mg/l) P < 0,1 th ly chnh xc n 0,001mg/l Nu 0,1< (mg/l) P < 10 th ly chnh xc n 0,01 mg/l Nu (mg/l) P > 10 th ly chnh xc n 0,1 mg/l 2.Phn tch tng Photpho trong t 2.1.Ly mu v x l mu Mu t c gi trong giy, ti vi. Mu t ly v phi c hong kh ngay trong phng thong, hoc trong bng rm. Sau ng gi cn thn. X l mu phn tch : xc nh ch tiu ny chng ta phi x l mu t, a cc dng ca Photpho trong t v dng mui tan ca ion PO43- xc nh hm lng tng. C 2 cch phn hu mu xc nh hm lng tng :

Cch 1: Nung chy mt lng a = 5g mu t vi 10g hn hp kim

mnh ( Na2CO3 + KOH + Na2O2 : 1/2/2 ) 750 oC cho chy u v thm 10 pht na. Sau ho tan mu trong 100ml nc nng c NH4NO3 (1%) c pH = 8

Cch 2: Phn hu mt lng a = 5g mu t bng hn hp axit mnh (

HClO4 + H2SO4 + HNO3 ) trong bnh Kendan hay trong l vi sng. Ta c dung dch mu xc nh hm lng tng P trong t. 2.2.Cch tin hnh 2.2.1.Phng php chun trung ha12

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GVHD: Th.s Phm Th Thanh Yn

Ly chnh xc mt lng dung dch mu t (V=25ml) c x l trn, thm 5ml NH4NO3 5% v un si. Kt ta bng thuc th Amoni-Molipdat trong mi trng axit HNO3 6M. Sau khi lm mui, lc kt ta qua giy bng xanh v ra sch kt ta bng dung dch NH4NO3 1% n ht mi trng axit nc ra, v ra ln cui bng nc ct. Sau cho c kt ta v giy lc vo cc, thm 10ml dung dch fomalin ( chnh pH = 7), ho tan kt ta bng cch thm chnh xc 40ml dung dch NaOH 0,2M, thm ch th phenolphthalein, khuy u cho tan ht kt ta v chun lng NaOH d bng dung dch axit HCl 0,1M 2.2.2.Phng php so mu dng xanh Molipden Lm tng t nh phn tch tng Photpho trong nc 2.2.3. Phng php xc nh gin tip bng F-ASS Kt ta ion PO43- bng hn hp Manh theo phn ng sau trong mi trng kim yu (pH = 8 - 9) : PO43- + NH4+ Mg2+ = MH4MgPO4 Chng ta c th lm mt trong 2 cch

Cho chnh xc v c d thuc th kt ta MgCl2, sau xc nh

lng Mg d bng F_AAS, nh vy s bit ng lng Mg tc dng vi PO43-. T tnh hm lng PO43- theo phn ng trn.

Ly kt ta ra sch, ho tan trong HCl 10%, sau xc nh lng

Mg trong kt ta. T tnh hm lng PO43- theo phong trnh trn.

Chng III.BIN PHP X L1.Nguyn tc x l Photpho Tch loi Photpho trong cng ngh x l nc thi da trn nguyn tc hot ng ca vi sinh vt bio P, qu trnh tch loi Photpho trong mt h thng x l

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GVHD: Th.s Phm Th Thanh Yn

nc thi c th thc hin phi hp vi oxy ha BOD, vi kh hp cht nit theo cc phng n k thut khc nhau. Trong qu trnh x l vi sinh, lng Photpho hao ht t nc thi duy nht l lng c vi sinh vt hp thu xy dng t bo. Hm lng Photpho trong t bo chim khong 2% (1, - 2,5%) khi lng kh. Trong qu trnh x l hiu kh, mt s loi vi sinh vt c kh nng hp thu photphate cao hn mc bnh thng trong t bo vi sinh vt (2-7%), lng phtpho d c vi sinh vt d tr s dng sau. Trong iu kin ym kh, vi s c mt ca cht hu c, lng photphate d li c thi ra ngoi c th vi sinh di dng phtphate n. Mt vi loi to cng c kh nng tch tr mt lng photphate d so vi nhu cu ca t bo. 2.Cc phng php x l 2.1.Phng php sinh hc Nhiu loi vi sinh vt tham gia vo qu trnh hp thu tng tr - thi phtpho c quy chung v nhm vi sinh bio P. Loi vi sinh bio P pht trin trong iu kin vn hnh k tip chu trnh hiu kh ym kh. Trong iu kin hiu kh (qt tiu th O2 ha tan) vi sinh bio P tch ly phtphate trng ngng trong c th chng t phtphate n tn ti trong nc thi. C2H4O2 + 0,16 NH4+ + 1,2 O2 + 0,2 PO43- 0,16 C5H7NO2 + 1,2 CO2 + 0,2 (HPO3) + 0,44 OH- + 1,44 H2O. HPO3 l photphate dng trng ngng tn ti trong c th vi sinh vt. Trong iu kin thiu kh (khng c oxi, ch c mt nitrat) qu trnh tch ly phtpho xy ra: C2H4O2 + 0,16 NH4+ + 0,2 PO43- + 0,96 NO3- 0,16 C5H7NO2 + 1,2 CO2 + 0,2 (HPO3) + 1,4 OH- + 0,48 N2 + 0,96 H2O T phng trnh trn cho thy chng loi vi sinh tch ly photpho cng c kh nng kh nitrat Trong iu kin ym kh, vi sinh vt trn hp th cht hu c, phn hy phtphate trng ngng trong t bo v thi ra mi trng di dng phtphate n:14

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GVHD: Th.s Phm Th Thanh Yn

2C2H4O2 + (HPO3) + H2O (C2H4O2)2 + PO43- + 3 H+ (C2H4O2)2 l cht hu c tch ly trong c th vi sinh vt c hp thu t ngoi vo. 2.2.Phng php ha hc loi b photphat bng kt ta Cc hp cht orthophotphat b kt ta khi lng photphat kim loi ha tan km v s c mt ca cc ha cht to lng (mui st, nhm, vi sa). Cc mui ny lng xung v lu li trong bn thi. Cc cht to kt ta c th c cho vo qu trnh x l s b (trc kt ta), trong b kh kh (kt ta ng thi) hay ti b phn ng ph cui dng ca b hiu kh (sau kt ta). Hiu qu nht l ti qu trnh kt ta ng thi v tit kim chi ph nht. Do nhim i lng nn x l phtpho trong t t c quan tm. Tuy nhin, mt s k thut c s dng x l l: k thut bn nho, k thut tri t, k thut ng . Ngoi ra, c th s dng thc vt x l Photpho trong t. 2.3.Thu hi phophat t cht thi Nu nhng nm trc y cc hp cht nit l th phm chnh gy nhim nc ngm cc khu vc nng nghip, th ngy nay, vn nhim nc do cc hp cht photphat ang ni ln ngy cng r nt. Hin nay, kh nng gim pht thi Photphat trc tip ti cc trang tri sn xut nng nghip hoc kh nng loi tr Photphat dng sinh hc ra khi nc thi l rt hn ch. V vy, phng php kh thi duy nht gim lng photphat trong cc sng ngi l loi b Photphat ti cc nh my x l nc thi. Quy trnh x l v thu hi Photphat t nc thi khng nhng phi loi b mt cch hiu qu phn ln Photphat c trong m cn c th thu hi Photphat v chuyn n thnh dng sn phm thng mi b p mt phn chi ph x l nc thi. y l mt kh khn ln, v nng Photphat trong nc thi thng rt thp (c ppm). Tuy nhin, do Photphat c kh nng to mui khng tan vi mt s cation thng thng, nn ngi ta c th tch n ra khi nc ngay c nhng nng rt thp.15

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GVHD: Th.s Phm Th Thanh Yn

Hin nay H Lan, Italia v Nht Bn ngi ta ang vn hnh mt s nh my x l nc thi c kh nng thu hi Photphat. Phn ln cc nh my ny thu hi Photphat dng canxi photphat hoc struvit (magi amoni photphat (MgNH4PO4); cng c nh my p dng phng php kt ta st photphat. 3.Quy trnh cng ngh

Tang trng quay

Hai thit b lc loi rc kiu trng quay c mc ni tip vi nhau loi b rc c kch thc >1mm ra khi nc thi. Qu trnh iu ha nc thi B iu ha nhm iu ha h thng v cn bng nng cc cu t trong nc thi. H thng sc kh c b tr ti y kh mi hi v oxi ha mt phn cht hu c ( 10% COD) v amini (5% NH4+) trong nc thi. Nc thi t b iu ha c bm t ng ln b x l thiu kh. Qu trnh x l thiu kh B x l thiu kh c thit k mt b khuy trn nhm o trn u nc thi v vi sinh vt. B khuy trn ny hot ng t ng theo tn hiu giowne thi gian, ngha l 5 pht ng c khuy ng v ngh trong 5 pht. Ti tank thiu kh16

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xy ra qu trnh kh nitrat thnh nit bay vo kh quyn ( qu trnh hidrat hadenitrification), ng thi tank thiu kh cn ng vai tr l mt h chn lc vi sinh chng li bn ni do vi khun dng si gy ra. Nc sau b thiu kh s t ng chy sang b hiu kh. Qu trnh x l hiu kh Nc thi trc khi vo b x l hiu kh, nc c trn vi mt lng kim thch hp ( t bm nh lng ha cht) x l amoni v Photpho. Qu trnh hiu kh bao gm hai giai on trong hai b ni tip nhau. y mi tank hiu kh c lp cc a phn phi kh dng khuch tn nhm mc ch cung cp kh oxi cho qua trnh x l vi sinh ( oxi ha cht hu c v amoni). Ti y cc cht hu c cn li trong nc thi s c x l trit . Thit b thi c vn hnh lin tc nhm cung cp oxi cho sinh vt hiu kh hot ng. Trong iu kin thi kh lin tc, qun th vi sinh vt hiu kh tn ti trng thi l lng ( bn hot tnh) s phn hy cc hp cht hu c c trong nc thi thnh cc hp cht v c n gin nh CO2 v nc theo phn ng sau: Cht hu c + vi sinh vt hiu kh => H2O + CO2 + sinh khi mi Bn cnh , trong mi trng hiu kh vi khun hp th photphos cao hn mc bnh thng, photpho lc ny khng nhng ch cn cho vic tng hp, duy tr t bo v vn chuyn nng lng m cn c vi khun cha them mt lng d vo trong t bo s dng cacsc giai on tip theo. B lng ng Nc chy ra khi b hiu kh 2 c thu vo mng trn v t chy v thit b lng th cp. Trc khi c i sang b lng, nc c cp thm ha cht keo t tng cng qu trnh lng v loi b mt phn Photpho dng Photphat. Ti y xy ra qu trnh lng tch pha v gi li phn bn (vi sinh vt). Phn bn lng ny ch yu l vi sinh vt tri ra t b x l hiu kh v lc sinh hc. Bn b lng c bm hi lu mt phn tr li b thiu kh nh bm bn ( 1 d phng v mt hot ng). Lu lng bn hi lu ph thuc vo mt vi sinh trong b thiu kh.

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H thng x l nc thi sn xut ca cng ty thy sn Qung Ninh

KT LUNV phng din khoa hc, mi trng l mt lnh vc lin ngnh, a ngnh. Cn v phm vi nh hng ca n l mt trong nhng i tng mang tnh ton cu18

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r rt nht. nhim mi trng l mt tai ha v tai ha ny khng ca ring ai, m l chung ca tt c cc quc gia, ca ton nhn loi. V vy con ngi phi bo v mi trng m bo cht lng cuc sng v gii quyt hu qu ca chnh mnh. L th h tr ca t nc chng ta khng nhng lun bo v mi trng m cn phi l ngi i u, tuyn truyn, ph bin cho mi ngi v tm quan trng ca mi trng v nguy hi to ln ca nhim mi trng. T a ra cc bin php, nhng chng trnh hnh ng thch hp chng hn nh vic t chc cc bui hot ng v mi trng xanh sch p.Hy chung tay gp sc mi trng khng cn nhim. Sau qu trnh tm hiu v nghin cu chng em hon thnh bi tiu lun ny. Trong qu trnh tm hiu v nghin cu khng trnh khi sai st, knh mong c nhn xt v a ra li khuyn em c th hon thnh tt nhim v ca mnh.

TI LIU THAM KHO1. Bo co mi trng quc gia nm 2005.19

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2. Bo co mi trng quc gia nm 2010.3. Cc bin php x l nc thi ( T.s Nguyn Mnh Hng). 4. Tham lun: Cc vn nhim gy bc xc ca ngnh than ti Qung Ninh

(ti hi tho ngy 30/5/2009,Qung Ninh) 5. TCVN 6202 : 1996.

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