TIM 32269 Anirban Chowdhury

8/9/2019 TIM 32269 Anirban Chowdhury

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Anirban Chowdhury

SIBM, MBA-II, Operations

Roll No. 32269

Technology & Innovation Assignment


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Anirban Chowdhury, 32269 Page 2

Q1. Innovating the Content for a News Paper

New-papers, one of the oldest forms of sharing information and also one of theoldest industries are facing a great threat from online information systems and 24X7news channels. The traditional readers are moving towards newer avenues to seekfor information in the shortest time possible. Newspaper executives around the worldare scrambling at a solution to the new marketplace.

Newspapers existed at a time when information was scarce. They performed the roleof aggregating news (as well as creating it), and distributing it to the public throughexpensive channels which could not be easily recreated.

In today's age, information is in abundance and is drowning out consumers - with adistribution environment that is now cheap. Further, the role of news aggregation canbe done more efficiently through online tools. However this has caused a problem -because in the value chain of online news, the aggregators are the ones that areable to monetise the content. Because people don't have time to read all the newsnow, they rely on aggregators that pull content from a variety of sources - and thenonly click on stories that capture their attention. These aggregators can placesponsored posts or advertisements alongside other articles, and so have found anew way to monetise content in the 'click economy'.

For a newspaper to be successful in the market and capturing the attention inpeoples mind two parameters takes absolutely pivotal role. It should provide a rich

content backed by a wonderful look-and-feel.Some Ideas that could possibly help newspaper to recapture the domination of theoverall information market by adding or modifying its content:

A four section daily paper with journalists and readers sharing and discussingnews together.

Section 1: a dynamic, definitive guide to local news featuring digests,analysis, listings, links, columns and audience contributions; excerptsand synopses of top content appearing elsewhere; and an annotated

guide to the top material concerning international, national, regionaland local news, sports, business and arts.Section 2, the most important local, national, and foreign news, fullyupdated and differentiated from earlier Web copy.Section 3, an in-depth package that changes every day, which wouldpresent serious, investigative, quality journalism, not availableanywhere else.Section 4, all the expected features from crosswords to comics, plusnew ones including reader creations.

There should be a well articulated editorial which will discuss about the recentburning issues from political, economic etc. and also letters to the editorcolumn basically to have a good feedback mechanism.


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An online information superstructure built around a double home page, withan easy toggle back and forth: one screen for an orderly display of news andother content, the other a portal-type screen offering a master index of anything useful and appropriate for your audience, with more choices, moreservices and a non-traditional license to experiment.

The newspaper should allow readers to customize their content. This is not anew concept online. Personalized home pages, email alerts, RSS are allcommonplace across the web, and if not already should be integrated into theonline channel for the newspaper. This will not only help them better understand what the readers are interested, and allow for better targetedadvertising, but will also make them better able to navigate the reams of content available.

Another breakthrough innovation can be digital newsstands that would allow auser to select from a menu, and have a custom paper printed off immediatelyon authentic newsprint (like a soda machine that spits out a newspaper). Plusadvertising and print layout would be defined on the fly by software. Further -give people a plastic 'remember me' card, so that they can use with other electronic newsstands, of which get updated every time they make a change(similar to an ATM). Once this is attained - next step is partnering with other news organizations to share/combine content. (Give me the wall street journalcombined with Boise local business in one paper!)

A new, more conversational tone, both online and in print, including staff andoutside blogs, behind-the-scenes essays from staff members and a higher proportion of analysis and explanation.

Archives and galleries with a more user-friendly format like Google or Yahoo!that cluster content by precinct, neighbourhood or topics. Searches that indexadvertising or searches programmed to answer questions such as where amovie is playing.

Expanded interactive guides to movies, shows, concerts, galleries and other arts, with amazon.com-like reader reviews and interaction.

Real-time online traffic and weather blogs.

Contests every day for the funniest, weirdest, most helpful or most outrageouslocal images, audio and video.

There should be a poll everyday asking the readers opinion.

Tournaments, online and in-print, pitting local individuals and teams againstone another in solving puzzles, predicting sports or election outcomes.

Online book clubs and discussion groups on local sports, religion,

relationships and more.


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Original uploaded programming, in which readers Web-cam their neighbourhood news, read political commentary, offer Leno-like stand-upcomedy bits on the news and debate key local issues.

A complaint forum, directed toward local government or business, in whicheditors or audience choose which questions have merit and pose them tolocal authorities.

A local records centre, providing agendas and minutes of every significantmeeting in your area; text or links to as many public records as feasible; andcompanys homemade community databases such as local sports stats, crimemaps, home values or restaurant menus.

Greater capitalization on the treasures of its archive; readers can develop anddownload scrapbooks featuring every article, photo or other mention of themselves and their families in your library; or publication and sale of specialin-depth or feature reports drawing on your archives and research capabilities.

A help-needed feature, a sort of super-classifieds, that lets readers posequestions, seek products, evaluate services and possibly engage intransactions from which you share the profits.

Moderated forums and advice segments for personal finance, health, traveland other subjects.

New products and revenue sources: frequent-visitor points, premium services(such as customized news delivery, conferences featuring star journalists, firstcrack at ads and coupons, local discounts), neighbourhood magazines, dailyauctions (lunch with the editor!), grants from nonprofits, vastly upgradedsearching services and search-related ads, customized magazine and book-length reports on key topics.

In addition to improving the delivery of news, computer andtelecommunications technology can improve the research and news gatheringprocess of newspapers. Unlike the one-to-many model where informationcame from the top, news on the internet bubbles up from the bottom andmeanders its way upward. The daily reality of the many-to-many model

means the journalist has a chance to rally know and interact with his/her audience that goes beyond traditional letters to the editor.

Staging regular creativity meetings throughout the news organization and inthe community.

Hosting an ongoing online suggestion box with prizes.

Announcing some cash prize to the readers to encourage them to designsomething breathtaking which can be implemented in a word newspaper should be connecting the readers thought process into making thenewspaper.


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To make the design of the newspaper to be attractive we should consider thefollowing factors:

Create hierarchy: Readers see at a glance what are the most importantstories on the page. Centerpieces anchor each page.

Create a Center of Visual Impact (CVI): More than 80 percent of readersclimb into the page through the lead image. Each page must have dominantart. Almost all pages will have lead art from the lead story or the centerpiece.CVI determines the news value of the page. If it is soft on page 1A, the entirepage will scream "soft news" to readers.

Organize: Because readers are in a hurry, information on the page must beorganized to avoid confusion. Make sure the design helps to highlight thequestions readers will have about this information.

Contrast : Successful pages will have vertical and horizontal elements. Therewill be dominant and secondary elements. There will be lead and dominantheadlines and secondary heads.

Color : Color should be used to inform, not as window dressing. Best use of color is in photos and graphics. Color also helps move the reader around apackage. Designers should have logic for use of color. Remember to userestraint.

Typography : The more typefaces used, the more disorganized it is toreaders. Editors are encouraged to spend more time on what headlines saythan trying to decide what typeface to use.

Surprise the reader : Each day we should give readers a surprise --a head,photo, story, page design or graphic -- that is so outstanding that they wouldpass it along for another person to read. Design can enhance that surprise.The secret: make it special.

Break the rules : Guidelines are made to be broken, but only for a validreason. If the rules are constantly broken, consistency goes out the window.That ruins the impact of a visual surprise because there is no benchmark to

compare the surprise to for readers. Page designers are encouraged to takerisks with the basics. Don't be so predictable as to be boring.

Consistency : Keep things in the same place each day so busy readers don'tspend too much time hunting for information rather than reading.

Make it fun : Seek the opinion of other staffers and don't have a thin skin.Simple yet dynamic design should result. Content is the most important part of page design. Remember the goal with design is to get readers into the bodycopy.


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Techn

Anirban Chowdhury, 32269

Q2. Evolution cycle

The pictorial representation

We will talk about the print

In todays society printers alarge part, taken for grantmachines, though, you bthroughout the years. Printour desktops today, not evthat if placed on a desktop,have greatly increased ocapabilities of the printers,printers and new printers: t

The most influential inventway back in the 1400s. Wand see how it has changautomatic machines thatprinters that we use todaprimitive machines, and h

logy & Innovation Assignment

f printing technology

of the evolution cycle looks like:

r technology evolution: then & now

re used by many people on a daily basisd by most. If you think back to the eagin to see how this amazing technolrs werent always the speedy little machen close. In the early days, these printit would break it in half! Not only that, ber the years along with the qualityand what could be the biggest differee price tag.

ion ever in the printing business was tll start our journey back in time with td from the early days of manual printie use today. From there, well look at, and see how they started as expenw they have evolved into the complete

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, and they are, inr ly days of thesegy has evolved

ines that sit uponrs were so larget printing speeds

of the print, thence between old

he printing presse printing press,g presses to thehe most popular ive, bulky, slow,opposite of that.


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Its quite amazing to see how a machine, such as the first laser printers designedspecifically for consumers, began as a machine which had a price tag of over

1,500 and printed only 8 pages per minute (ppm), to laser printers of today whichcost a fraction of that price and print up to 200 ppm.

Printing process

Gutenberg Printing Press: As I mentioned earlier, the printing press is considered tobe the most revolutionary invention in the history of the printing industry. It wasinvented in Germany by a goldsmith named Johann Gutenberg back in 1439. At thetime, this revolutionary invention greatly increased the speed at which books wereprinted. By todays standards, the process was still incredibly slow, though. Thesewooden machines had to be manually operated, and even the ink had to apply to thetext-blocks manually.

Steam Printing Press: The design of the printing press remained largely unchangeduntil the 1800s when a press made completely of cast iron was constructed. Thisnew press reduced the force required to print by approximately 90% while doublingthe size of the print size. Still, this new design was relatively slow only producingabout 250 prints per hour. It wasnt until 1814 that the first automatic printing presswas constructed, and this printing press greatly increased the efficiency at whichnewspapers and books were printed. This primitive press was powered by steam.


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Todays printing presses are fully-automatic, digital presses that are capable of nowonly printing an entire newspaper, but also folding it properly. They are capable of using seemingly endless varieties of fonts and colours. The fastest digital colour

press in the world is the Xeikon 8000, which is capable of producing 230 A4 ppm intrue 1200dpi image quality. This translates into about 8.5 million pages per month.

Dye-sublimation Printers

Dye-sublimation Printers: Dye-sublimation printers are common in producing photo-quality prints. The process works by transferring heat to a ribbon with 3 colouredpanels and a clear overcoat layer (cyan, magenta, yellow, overcoat layer). Theheated solid-state dye then turns into a gas, and it bonds to the printing material.

One of the first consumer Dye-sub printers that were created specifically to printphotos was the Fargo Foto-Fun Printer in the mid-1990s. This thing retailed for approximately , and it took a sluggish 2.5 minutes to print one photo at a maximumresolution of 203 dpi. An equivalent dye-sub printer of today will produce better quality photos (400 dpi+), is more than twice as fast as the original dye-sub printers(approximately 1 ppm), and you can get a compact model, such as the HiTi BS-ID400, for as little as 12. Quite a big difference in technology in a relatively shortperiod of time.

Photocopier

Xerox Model A: The first photocopiers were invented in the 1940s by a man namedChester Carlson. He and a team of researchers later patented the term xerography,


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which was the process used to create copies with the photocopier. The Xeroxcorporation was born, and the first ever Xerox machine was called the Model A,which was a manually operated commercial xerographic printer. The Model A wasdifficult to operate, and it required an incredible 39 step process to produce onecopy.

Xerox Model 914: It wasnt until 1959 that the first automatic photocopier wasinvented, the Xerox Model 914. The 914 could reproduce documents up to 9 x 14 hence the name Model 914. It took this huge machine about 15 seconds to warm upand make its first copy, and then 7 seconds between subsequent copies. The Model914 weighed a backbreaking 648 pounds, and its dimensions were 42 x 46 x 45.This huge machine was only able to manage 7 copies per minute, and it carried ahefty price tag of just under 15,000.

Xerox CC275: Todays photocopiers are digital rather than the older analog models.This has a couple of advantages including automatic image quality enhancement,and the ability to scan images once and then print out multiple copies instead of having to rescan the image each time a page is printed. Xerox now sells both B/W

and colour photocopiers, with the more expensive colour models ranging to over 10,500. The Xerox CC275 will copy up to 75 ppm, which equates to about 300,000pages per month. The first copy takes less than 3 seconds to be completed,compared to 15 seconds in the Model 914. New photocopiers are also much lighter than in the past, the CC275 only weighs about 300 pounds compared to over 600pounds in the model 914. Id say that Xerox copiers have come a long way in 50+years.


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Laser Printer

HP Laserjet: This type of printer is common in todays workplaces and is becomingincreasingly common in peoples homes as well. The reason that laser printers areso popular is because they produce high quality prints at a very rapid pace, andthese printers tend to have a relatively long life span. Laser printers werent alwayslighting quick, though. The first mass-produced desktop laser printer was the HP

LaserJet, which was released in March, 1984. While extremely innovative at thetime, this LaserJet doesnt quite live-up to todays laser printer standards. Thisprinter was capable of printing only about 8 ppm, and the print cartridge had to bereplaced every 3,000 prints. This prehistoric printer sold for an astounding 1,750back in 1984. The LaserJet was popular, though, and HP celebrated 50 million salesof this printer in 2000. The most innovative aspect of this printer was not its speed or printing ability, but its quiet operation which was very different from other noisypersonal printers on the market.

HP P1005 LaserJet: Today, the fastest laser printers can shoot-out 200 B/W ppm, or 100 colour ppm a far cry from the 8 ppm of the first LaserJet. Taking a look at amore comparable laser printer to the original LaserJet, we see that desktop laser printers have come a long way in 20+ years. The HP LaserJet P1005 desktop printer

is HPs smallest laser printer about half the size of the original LaserJet. Thiscompact little printer features a 266 MHz processor, 2 MB of memory, and can printpages at a rate of 14 A4 ppm almost twice that of the first-ever LaserJet. Thisprinter also has a longer duty cycle than the original at 8,000 printed pages. Thebiggest difference between then and now is the price. The P1005 outperforms theoriginal LaserJet in every way, and yet it has a retail price of only about 70.


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Fax (Facsimile) Machines

Telecopier 200: As we all know, fax machines are used to transmit copies of documents via the telephone network. Similar electronic transmission technologyhas been around since the mid to late 1800s in a crude form, but modern faxmachines date back to the 1970s. The first laser, plain-paper fax machine was theTelecopier 200, which was manufactured by Xerox Corporation in 1975. This bulkyfax machine could send standard A4 pages at 2, 3, 4, or 6 minute transmission timesthat were selected by the operator based upon how high the quality the operator wanted (ie: faster fax lower quality). At the 6-minute interval, this fax machine couldproduce prints with a resolution of 96 x 96 pixels. This analog fax machine worked byusing a laser and photoreceptor technique that was similar to how a laser printer functions. While this fax machine could do a sufficient job of sending faxes, its sizewas immense, and its transmissions were slow.

Xerox F110: Taking a look at an example of todays fax machines, the XeroxFaxCentre F110 is a 300 digital fax machine. This fax machine, like most today, notonly sends faxes, but it also scans documents, will make copies, and it can alsofunction as a printer. One of the biggest differences between old and new, is thehuge difference in size between the two machines. Where the Telecopier 200 wasalmost the size of an ATM machine, the F110 weighs only 7.25Kg. Another hugedifference between the two fax machines is the fax transmission time, which on theTelecopier 200 is a minimum of 2 minutes, and with the F110 its a blazing 3seconds per page. The laser technology is also far more advanced in todays faxmachines the F110 is capable of printing at 600 x 600, compared with a maximumof 96 x 96 in the first-ever laser fax machine.


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Inkjet Printers

HP DeskJet: Inkjet printers are the most common type of consumer printer on themarket today, and for good reason. They are inexpensive, produce quality imagery,and they are relatively speedy. The same cant be said for the original inkjets fromthe late 1970s and early 1980s, as these were slow and didnt produce very goodquality prints. One of the first mass-produced consumer inkjet printers was the HPDeskJet in 1988. The original DeskJet didnt print in colour, and it carried a heftyinitial price tag. This price seems expensive, but at the time it was the best value onthe market when compared to other inkjets. This printer was only capable of printing1-2 ppm, and although it was small in size, it still weighed in at a hefty 14 pounds.The original DeskJet was capable of printing at 300 dpi quality not great, comparedwith todays standards.

Todays DeskJets are head-and-shoulders above the originals in every aspect.Some DeskJets can be purchased new for less than 40 much cheaper than in1988. One such printer is the HP Deskjet D2530. This printer will print in both B/Wand colour, and it will print either type at speeds of up to 16 ppm. Its capable of printing up to 1200 dpi images in colour, and it will accept a variety of paper sizesincluding both 4 x 6 photo sized paper or standard A4. Theres also a huge sizedifference between the old and the new. Todays Deskjets weigh approximately 1/3 rd of the total weight of the original DeskJet.

Fine Art Digital Photo Printers

Digital Photo Printers: Fine art digital printing began back in 1991 in order to producehigh quality, large-sized photos such as posters and other artistic prints. Apioneering figure in this type of artistic expression was Graham Nash (left in thephoto), who was one of the founding members of the British rock band Crosby, Stills,

Nash, & Young. Nash Editions produced many of the bands large, artistic postersand prints during the 1990s and beyond.


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The first true digital fine art printer was the Iris Graphics Model 3047 in 1989, whichcarried an insane price tag of 40,000 and more. The printer was basically a large-scale inkjet printer that printed A0 sized paper (841mm x 1189mm). The desiredimage is stored on a 0.25 inch recording tape that is inserted into the tape reader onthe machine, and it is then printed out on paper process, and the inks that were usedwith the Iris machine had a very poor lifespan in terms of light fading stability oftentimes prints would start to fade within a couple of years. The Iris Graphics Model3047 now resides in the National Museum of American History.

New printers, such as the Epson Stylus Pro 9800, have revolutionised the digitalphoto printing industry. This 44 inch printer uses an 8-colour UltraChrome K3 ink,which provides for some of the highest quality prints anywhere in the world. The 1inch print head of the 9800 is twice as fast as previous models, and much faster thanthat when compared to the Iris. This printer is capable of producing large-scalecolour prints at 2880 x 1440 dpi. The price tag of this printer is far less than the IrisModel 3047 sold for, with a MSRP of approximately 4,500.

Its easy to see how printers have evolved throughout the years, and how theycontinue to increase their functionality while still managing to decrease in price year after year. Its hard to imagine where printing technology will be in 20 years! Newprinting technology is already being developed to produce the next generationprinters that are capable of printing 3-dimensional objects. It seems that printinginnovation will soon be taken to the next level so stay tuned.


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Q3. Learning from Guest lecture by Dr. Arvind Chinchure

Current profile : General Manager-Innovations & Head - IP at Reliance IndustriesLtd.Past profile :

Team Lead at Honeywell Technology Solutions, Inc.Team Lead at Intellevate (Now part of CPA Global)Lead Scientist at General Electric (GE) Global Research, Bangalore, India

Education: Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai (PhD in Physics) Hewas also a visiting Scientist at the University of Oxford, Rutherford AppletonLaboratory, Southampton University, Institute of Applied Physics (IAPD), Dresden,Max-Plank Institute, Stuttgart & Dresden, and Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), Zurich.Prior to joining RIL, he was leading a team of IP Analysts at Honeywell TechnologySolutions.Mr Chinchure, currently working at Reliance Innovation Leadership Centre (RILC)Pune, India. RILC was established to support the Reliance Innovation Council (RIC)headed by Dr. R. A. Mashelkar. The members of the innovation council includeNobel laureates, leading professors and management gurus like Profs. RobertGrubbs, C. K. Prahalad, Jean-Marie Lehn, George Whitesides, and Bill Hasaltine.

Contents of lecture:

The lecture was based mostly on the recent trends in the field of innovation and howvarious companies today are focusing more and more on providing innovativesolutions to the customer. Also, Dr. Aravind talked about how companies today aretrying to make innovation as their competitive edge and sustain longer in the era of

short product life cycles using latest technologies and innovation(a) Indias growing interest and advancement in the field of innovation(b) Developing innovation ecosystem to produce better leadership(c) Deploying best and next transformational innovative practices that will impact thecountry and the business(d) Using new technologies based on disruptive innovations to develop new businessmodels(e) Evolution of innovation : Idea generation phase to product creation

Apart from the above topics he also talked about Zero cost diagnostics by professor

George Whitesides who is a chemistry professor at Harvard University. Dr.Whitesides and his team have recently developed a prototype paper chip that iscapable of diagnosing multiple diseases simply with the application of a blood drop.The coin-sized piece of paper acts very much like a comic book sheet does. When adrop of blood is placed on the opposite side of the paper, it soaks up through thepaper and causes various diagnostic colours to show up on the tree in the front.The position and shade of the colours can tell someone if they have a host of diseases, ranging from HIV to malaria to tuberculosis to hepatitis to gastroenteritis.The best part is it costs about a penny, which is essential to diagnostic medicine inthird world countries.He also talked about various management & innovation gurus like WA Hasaltine,R.Grubbs JM Lehn, RA Mashelkar and G.Whitesides and their contribution in thisfield.

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TIM 32269 Anirban Chowdhury