M UMc d rt nhiu giao thc c a ra nhm p dng cho internet, nhng ch mt b giao thc ni bt c s dng rng ri nht cho lin mng. B giao thc l b giao thc internet TCP/IP (the TCP/IP Internet Protocols); nhiu chuyn gia gi n n gin l TCP/IP. TCP/IP l b giao thc u tin c pht trin s dng cho internet. TCP/IP bt u c nghin cu vo nhng nm 1970, xp x thi gian vi mng cc b c pht trin. Qun i M u t rt nhiu cng sc vo vic nghin cu b giao thc TCP/IP v lin mng thng qua t chc ARPA. Qun i M l mt trong nhng t chc u tin m c rt nhiu mng khc nhau. Do h cng l nhng t chc u tin nhn ra nhu cu cn thit c dch v ton mng. Vo gia nhng nm 1980, t chc khoa hc quc gia v mt vi c quan chnh ph ca M tip tc nghin cu pht trin giao thc TCP/IP v lin mng din rng nhm th ngim b giao thc ny. Hin nay chng ta ang sng trong mt mi trng cng ngh thng tin ht sc pht trin, mt mi trng my tnh ho vi nhu cu kt ni trao i d liu gia cc ngun ti nguyn thng tin bt tn. Khi nim bng n Internet t lu tr nn qu quen thuc. Vic nghin cu trn internet v giao thc TCP/IP t c nhng kt qu ng k. Lin mng tr thnh mt tng quan trng trong h thng mng hin i. Thc t chng minh b giao thc TCP/IP c ngha cc k quan trng v c ng dng ln trong thi i ngy nay - thi i ca internet. i vi n tt nghip c giao: Mng my tnh v giao thc TCP/IP v trc tnh hnh ti Vit Nam, em hiu r thm v mng my tnh. Vi s hng dn tn tnh ca TS. Nguyn Tin Dng , em hon thnh ng 1

vi yu cu c giao. Tuy nhin do nng lc bn thn v kinh nghim thc t khng nhiu nn n ny khng khi c nhiu thiu st. Em rt mong c kin ng gp ca cc thy v cc bn sinh vin n ca em ngy cng hon thin hn. Em xin chn thnh cm n! Sinh vin thc hin

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CHNG I GII THIU V MNG MY TNH1.1.

Cc li ch ca mng my tnh

1.1.1.

Mng to kh nng dng chung ti nguyn cho cc ngi dng:

Vn l lm cho cc ti nguyn trn mng nh chng trnh, d liu v thit b, c bit l cc thit b t tin, c th sn dng cho mi ngi trn mng m khng cn quan tm n v tr thc ca ti nguyn v ngi dng. V mt thit b, cc thit b cht lng cao thng t tin, chng thng c dng chung cho nhiu ngi nhm gim chi ph v d bo qun. V mt chng trnh v d liu, khi c dng chung, mi thay i s sn dng cho mi thnh vin trn mng ngay lp tc. iu ny th hin rt r ti cc ni nh ngn hng, cc i l bn v my bay...1.1.2.

Mng cho php nng cao tin cy:

Khi s dng mng, c th thc hin mt chng trnh ti nhiu my tnh khc nhau, nhiu thit b c th dng chung. iu ny tng tin cy trong cng vic v khi c my tnh hoc thit b b hng, cng vic vn c th tip tc vi cc my tnh hoc thit b khc trn mng trong khi ch sa cha. 1.1.3. Mng gip cho cng vic t hiu sut cao hn :

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Khi chng trnh v d liu dng chung trn mng, c th b qua mt s khu i chiu khng cn thit. Vic iu chnh chng trnh (nu c) cng tit kim thi gian hn do ch cn ci t li trn mt my. V mt t chc, vic sao chp d liu phng h tin li hn do c th giao cho ch mt ngi thay v mi ngi phi t sao chp phn ca mnh. 1.1.4. Tit kim chi ph:

Vic dng chung cc thit b ngoi vi cho php gim chi ph trang b tnh trn s ngi dng. V phn mm, nhiu nh sn xut phn mm cung cp c nhng n bn cho nhiu ngi dng, vi chi ph thp hn tnh trn mi ngi dng.1.1.5.

Tng cng tnh bo mt thng tin:

D liu c lu trn cc my phc v tp tin (file server) s c bo v tt hn so vi t ti cc my c nhn nh c ch bo mt ca cc h iu hnh mng.1.1.6.

Vic pht trin mng my tnh to ra nhiu ng dng mi:

Mt s ng dng c nh hng quan trng n ton x hi: kh nng truy xut cc chng trnh v d liu t xa, kh nng thng tin lin lc d dng v hiu qu, to mi trng giao tip thun li gia nhng ngi dng khc nhau, kh nng tm kim thng tin nhanh chng trn phm vi ton th gii,...1.2.

Cc m hnh mng my tnh

Mt my tnh trn mng c th thuc mt trong ba loi nh sau: My trm (Client): Khng cung cp ti nguyn m ch s dng ti nguyn t mng. My ch (Server): Cung cp ti nguyn v cc dch v cho cc my trn 4

mng. Peer : S dng ti nguyn v ng thi cng cung cp ti nguyn cho mng. Da vo cch m cc my tnh c ni vo mng cng nh cch m chng tng tc vi mng v vi nhau, mng my tnh c chia lm ba m hnh c bn nh sau: 1.2.1. M hnh trm ch (client server)

Cc my trm c ni vi cc my ch, nhn quyn truy nhp mng v ti nguyn mng t cc my ch. i vi Windows NT cc my c t chc thnh cc min (domain). An ninh trn cc domain c qun l bi mt s my ch c bit gi l domain controller. Trn domain c mt master domain controller c gi l PDC (Primary Domain Controller) v mt BDC (Backup Domain Controller) phng trng hp PDC gp s c.

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Hnh 1.1: M hnh trm ch (client server)

1.2.2.

M hnh ngang hng (peer to peer)

M hnh ny khng c my ch, cc my trn mng chia s ti nguyn khng ph thuc vo cc my khc trn mng. Mng ngang hng thng c t chc thnh cc nhm lm vic workgroup. M hnh ny khng c qu trnh ng nhp tp trung, nu ng nhp vo mng bn c th s dng tt c ti nguyn trn mng. Truy cp vo cc ti nguyn ph thuc vo ngi chia s cc ti nguyn , do vy bn c th phi bit mt khu c th truy nhp c ti cc ti nguyn c chia s.

Hnh 1.2: M hnh Peer-to peer 1.2.3. M hnh lai (hybrid)

M hnh ny l s kt hp gia Client-Server v Peer-to-Peer. Phn ln cc mng my tnh trn thc t thuc m hnh ny. Trong cc m hnh mng ni trn, mi m hnh c nhng u, nhc im ring i vi tng ch tiu nh gi nh: tnh bo mt thng tin, s ci t, kh nng m rng mng .....S so snh gia cc m hnh mng trn i vi mt s ch tiu nh gi ph bin c cho trong bng sau:

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Bng 1.1: Ch tiu nh gi cc m hnh mng M hnh mng Ch tiu nh gi

Client-Server C an ton v bo mt thng tin

Peer-to-Peer

Hybrid

an ton v bo an ton v mt km, ph bo mt cao gn nh

an ton v tnh bo mt thng tin.

cao nht. Qun tr chnh quyn truy

mng c th iu thuc vo mc truy nhp thng tin. Kh ci t. i hi c my ch,

nhp c chia s. Client-Server. D ci t. Khng cn my Kh ci t. Nh ClientServer.

Kh nng ci t. i hi v phn cng v phn mm.

h iu hnh mng ch, h iu hnh v cc phn cng b mng, phn cng sung. Phi c qun tr mng. C. Cao.

Qun tr mng. X l v lu tr tp trung. Chi ph ci t.

b sung rt t. Khng cn c qun Nh Clienttr mng. Khng. Thp. Server. Khng. Cao.

Trong m hnh mng c my ch (server) khng phi mi my ch u hot ng nh nhau m chng c dnh ring thc hin nhng nhim v chuyn bit nhm h tr cc my trm trn mng, mt my ch c th thc hin ton b cc nhim v ny hoc cng c th c mt s my ch s thc 7

hin mt nhim v ring bit no , v d nh: Web server, FTP server, File server, Printer server 1.3. Cc loi Topology ca mng my tnh Thut ng kin trc mng my tnh ch s sp xp cc trm cui c gn vo mng. Cc kin trc thng dng l hnh sao (star), bus, vng (ring). 1.3.1. Mng dng hnh sao (Star topology)

Hnh 1.3: Mng Star

Mng dng hnh sao bao gm mt trung tm v cc nt thng tin. Cc nt thng tin l cc trm u cui, cc my tnh v cc thit b khc ca mng. Trung tm ca mng iu phi mi hot ng trong mng vi cc chc nng c bn l: Xc nh cp a ch gi v nhn c php chim tuyn thng tin lin Cho php theo di v x l sai trong qu trnh trao i thng tin. 8

lc vi nhau. -

-

Thng bo cc trng thi ca mng Cc u im ca mng hnh sao:

-

Hot ng theo nguyn l ni song song nn nu c thit b no mt Cu trc mng n gin v cc thut ton iu khin n nh. Mng c th m rng hoc thu hp tu theo yu cu ca ngi s dng.

nt thng tin b hng th mng vn hot ng bnh thng. -

Tuy nhin mng hnh sao cng tn ti nhng nhc im:-

Kh nng m rng mng hon ton ph thuc vo kh nng ca trung Mng yu cu ni c lp ring r tng thit b cc nt thng tin n Nhn chung, mng dng hnh sao cho php ni cc my tnh vo mt b

tm. Khi trung tm c s c th ton mng ngng hot ng. trung tm. Khong cch t my n trung tm rt hn ch (100m). tp trung (HUB) bng cp xon, gii php ny cho php ni trc tip my tnh vi HUB khng cn thng qua trc BUS, trnh c cc yu t gy ngng tr mng. Gn y, cng vi s pht trin ca switching hub, m hnh ny ngy cng tr nn ph bin v chim a s cc mng mi lp.

1.3.2.

Mng hnh tuyn (Bus Topology)

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Hnh 1.4: Mng Bus Theo cch b tr hnh lang cc ng nh hnh v th my ch cng nh tt c cc my tnh khc hoc cc nt u c ni v vi nhau trn mt trc ng dy cp chnh truyn ti tn hiu. Tt c cc nt u s dng chung ng dy cp chnh ny. Pha hai u dy cp c bt bi mt htit b gi l terminator. Cc tn hiu v gi d liu khi di chuyn ln hoc xung trong dy cp u mang theo a ch ca ni n.Loi hnh mng ny dng dy cp t nht, d lp t. Tuy vy cng c nhng bt li l s c s n tc giao thng khi di chuyn d liu vi lu lng ln v khi c s hng hc on no th rt kh pht hin, mt s ngng trn ng dy sa cha s ngng ton b h thng. 1.3.3. Mng dng vng (Ring Topology)

Hnh 1.5: Mng Ring Mng dng ny, b tr theo dng xoay vng, ng dy cp c thit k thnh mt vng trn khp kn, tn hiu chy quanh theo mt chiu no . Cc 10

nt truyn tn hiu cho nhau mi thi im ch c mt nt m thi. D liu truyn i phi c km theo a ch c th ca mi trm tip nhn. Mng dng vng c thun li l c th ni rng ra xa, tng ng dy cn thit t hn so vi hai kiu trn. Nhc im l ng dy phi khp kn, nu b ngt mt ni no th ton b h thng cng b ngng. Ngoi 3 dng cu hnh k trn cn c mt s dng khc bin tng t 3 dng ny nh mng dng cy, mng dng hnh sao-vng, mng dng hn hp. v.v 1.3.4. Mng dng kt hp

Hnh 1.6: Mng kt hp Kt hp hnh sao v tuyn (Star/Bus Topology) Cu hnh mng dng ny c b phn tch tn hiu (spitter) gi vai tr thit b trung tm, h thng dy cp mng c th chn hoc Ring Topology hoc Linear Bus Topology. Li im ca cu hnh ny l mng c th gm nhiu nhm lm vic cch xa nhau, ARCNET l mng dng kt hp Star/Bus Topology. Cu hnh 11

dng ny a li s uyn chuyn trong vic b tr ng dy tng thch d dng i vi bt c ton nh no. Kt hp hnh sao v vng (Star/Ring Topology) Cu hnh dng kt hp Star/Ring Topology, c mt th bi lin lc (Token) c chuyn vng quanh mt ci HUB trung tm. Mi trm lm vic (workstation) c ni vi HUB l cu ni gia cc trm lm vic v tng khong cch cn thit. 1.4. Cc thit b mng 1.4.1. My ch (Server)

Hnh 1.7: My ch Mt my tnh hay mt thit b trn mng, n qun l ti nguyn ca mng. V d nh, mt my dch v tp tin l mt my tnh hoc l mt thit b chuyn dng lu tr cc tp tin. Bt k ngi s dng no trn mng cng c th lu tr cc tp tin trn my ch.

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Mt my dch v in l mt my tnh, n qun l mt hoc nhiu my in, v mt my dch v mng l mt my tnh qun l cc lung thng tin trn mng. Mt my dch v c s d liu l mt h thng my tnh x l truy vn c s d liu. My ch thng l nhng my chuyn dng, ngha l chng khng thc hin nhim v no khc bn cnh cc nhim v dch v ca chng. Tuy nhin, trn cc h iu hnh a x l, mt my tnh c th x l vi chng trnh cng mt lc. Mt my ch trong trng hp ny c th yu cc chng trnh qun l ti nguyn hn l mt b my tnh trn vn. 1.4.2. Trm lm vic (Workstation)

Hnh 1.7: Workstation Mt my tnh dnh cho c nhn s dng nhng c cu hnh mnh hn, chy nhanh hn, v c nhiu kh nng hn mt my tnh c nhn thng dng. My trm ch yu dnh cho nhu cu s dng doanh nghip hay chuyn nghip (hn l dng cho nhu cu gia nh hay gii tr). N c thit k v cu hnh cho cc ng dng k thut (CAD/CAM), pht trin phn mm, cc kin trc 13

s, nh thit k ha,... hay bt c ai c nhu cu sc mnh in ton va phi, dung lng b nh RAM ln, v cc kh nng ha tng i cao cp. Hai h iu hnh thng c dng cho my trm l Unix v Windows NT. Workstation vn c pht trin v k thut cng thi v dnh cho cng i tng ca h iu hnh Unix. Nhng nh sn xut my trm thnh cng nht phi k ti Sun Microsystems, Hewlett-Packard, DEC v IBM. Ging nh my tnh c nhn, hu ht my trm l my tnh mt ngi s dng. Tuy nhin, c th ca my trm l c lin kt vi nhau thnh mt mng cc b LAN. 1.4.3. Card mng

Hnh 1.8: Card mng Card mng (network card), hay card giao tip mng (Network Interface Card), l mt bn mch cung cp kh nng truyn thng mng cho mt my tnh. N cn c gi l b thch nghi LAN (LAN adapter), c cm trong mt khe (slot) ca bn mch chnh v cung cp mt giao tip kt ni n mi 14

trng mng. Chng loi cc mng phi ph hp vi mi trng truyn v giao thc c s dng trn mng cc b. Card mng l thit b chu trch nhim: Chuyn i cc tn hiu my tnh ra cc tn hiu trn phng tin truyn Gi/nhn v kim sot lung d liu c truyn.

dn v ngc li.

1.4.4.

Cp mng

Hnh 1.9: Dy mng

1.4.5.

Repeater

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Hnh 1.10: Repeater Repeater hay cn gi l b lp, l mt thit b in t c hai cng: cng vo (IN) v cng ra (OUT). N c chc nng b suy hao tn hiu bng cch chuyn tip tt c cc tn hiu in n t cng vo ti cng ra sau khi khuych i. B lp c s dng, c tch hp trong a s cc h thng vin thng. V d: Cc LAN lin kt vi nhau qua b lp tr thnh mt LAN ln hn. Tuy nhin, b lp ch c kh nng lin kt cc LAN c cng mt chun cng ngh. Trong k thut vin thng, b lp lm vic tng th nht ca m hnh OSI - tng vt l. 1.4.6. Hub

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Hnh 1.11: Hub Hub c coi l mt Repeater c nhiu cng. Mt Hub c t 4 n 24 cng v c th cn nhiu hn. Trong phn ln cc trng hp, Hub c s dng trong cc mng 10BASE-T hay 100BASE-T. Khi cu hnh mng l hnh sao (Star topology), Hub ng vai tr l trung tm ca mng. Vi mt Hub, khi thng tin vo t mt cng v s c a n tt c cc cng khc. Hub c 2 loi l Active Hub v Smart Hub. Active Hub l loi Hub c dng ph bin, cn c cp ngun khi hot ng, c s dng khuch i tn hiu n v cho tn hiu ra nhng cng cn li, m bo mc tn hiu cn thit. Smart Hub (Intelligent Hub) c chc nng tng t nh Active Hub, nhng c tch hp thm chip c kh nng t ng d li - rt hu ch trong trng hp d tm v pht hin li trong mng. 1.4.7. Bridge

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Hnh 1.12: Bridge Bridge l thit b mng thuc lp 2 ca m hnh OSI (Data Link Layer). Bridge c s dng ghp ni 2 mng to thnh mt mng ln duy nht. Bridge c s dng ph bin lm cu ni gia hai mng Ethernet. Bridge quan st cc gi tin (packet) trn mi mng. Khi thy mt gi tin t mt my tnh thuc mng ny chuyn ti mt my tnh trn mng khc, Bridge s sao chp v gi gi tin ny ti mng ch. u im ca Bridge l hot ng trong sut, cc my tnh thuc cc mng khc nhau vn c th gi cc thng tin vi nhau n gin m khng cn bit c s can thip ca Bridge. Mt Bridge c th x l c nhiu lu thng trn mng nh Novell, Banyan cng nh l a ch IP cng mt lc. Nhc im ca Bridge l ch kt ni nhng mng cng loi v s dng Bridge cho nhng mng hot ng nhanh s kh khn nu chng khng nm gn nhau v mt vt l. 1.4.8. Switch

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Hnh 1.13: Switch Switch i khi c m t nh l mt Bridge c nhiu cng. Trong khi mt Bridge ch c 2 cng lin kt c 2 segment mng vi nhau, th Switch li c kh nng kt ni c nhiu segment li vi nhau tu thuc vo s cng (port) trn Switch. Cng ging nh Bridge, Switch cng hc thng tin ca mng thng qua cc gi tin (packet) m n nhn c t cc my trong mng. Switch s dng cc thng tin ny xy dng ln bng Switch, bng ny cung cp thng tin gip cc gi thng tin n ng a ch. Ngy nay, trong cc giao tip d liu, Switch thng c 2 chc nng chnh l chuyn cc khung d liu t ngun n ch, v xy dng cc bng Switch. Switch hot ng tc cao hn nhiu so vi Repeater v c th cung cp nhiu chc nng hn nh kh nng to mng LAN o (VLAN).1.4.9.

Router

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Hnh 1.14: Router Router l thit b mng lp 3 ca m hnh OSI (Network Layer). Router kt ni hai hay nhiu mng IP vi nhau. Cc my tnh trn mng phi nhn thc c s tham gia ca mt router, nhng i vi cc mng IP th mt trong nhng quy tc ca IP l mi my tnh kt ni mng u c th giao tip c vi router. u im ca Router: V mt vt l, Router c th kt ni vi cc loi mng khc li vi nhau, t nhng Ethernet cc b tc cao cho n ng dy in thoi ng di c tc chm. Nhc im ca Router: Router chm hn Bridge v chng i hi nhiu tnh ton hn tm ra cch dn ng cho cc gi tin, c bit khi cc mng kt ni vi nhau khng cng tc . Mt mng hot ng nhanh c th pht cc gi tin nhanh hn nhiu so vi mt mng chm v c th gy ra s nghn mng. Do , Router c th yu cu my tnh gi cc gi tin n chm hn. Mt vn khc l cc Router c c im chuyn bit theo giao thc - tc l, cch mt my tnh kt ni mng giao tip vi mt router IP th s khc bit 20

vi cch n giao tip vi mt router Novell hay DECnet. Hin nay vn ny c gii quyt bi mt mng bit ng dn ca mi loi mng c bit n. Tt c cc router thng mi u c th x l nhiu loi giao thc, thng vi chi ph ph thm cho mi giao thc. 1.5. Cc h iu hnh mng thng dng H iu hnh mng (Network Operating System hay NOS) cng tng t nh cc h iu hnh cho cc my trm, n cung cp cc chc nng c bn phc v cho cc chng trnh ng dng. Tuy nhin, khc vi cc h iu hnh cho cc my trm NOS cung cp cc phc v v mng nh dng chung tp, my in, qun l ti khon ngi dng .... Do cc my trm da vo cc dch v c cung cp bi my ch, mt NOS c thit k tt s cung cp c ch bo v cng nh kh nng a nhim iu ny gip trnh c cc li ng tic xy ra. Xt v mt k thut th s khc nhau gia my trm v my ch ph thuc vo phn mm c ci t trn . Mt mng yu cu hai loi phn mm sau: Phn mm trm (Client Softwave): Mc ch ca phn mm loi ny l lm cho cc phc v tr nn kh dng i vi ngi s dng khng k phc v l phc v c cung cp bi mng hay c cung cp bi chnh my trm , iu ny cho php cc phn mm ng dng c th c vit c lp vi mi trng v khng ph thuc vo cc yu t vt l. Client Softwave nhn cc yu cu t ngi s dng, nu yu cu c cung cp bi cc phn mm h thng trn my trm th n s gi yu cu cho h iu hnh trn my trm thc hin, nu cc yu cu c cung cp bi mng n s gi yu cu cho my ch yu cu dch v. Client Softwave cn c gi l Requester (v n yu cu dch v t my ch hoc my trm) hoc Redirector (v n nh hng li yu cu trn mng).

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Phn mm cho my ch (Server Softwave): My ch tn ti ch n gin l nhm tho mn cc yu cu ca cc my trm, do my ch thc s lu tr phn ln d liu ca ton mng n thng cung cp cc v tr thun li thc hin cc nhim v nh: Qun l ti khon ngi dng: NOS yu cu mi ngi s dng khi ng nhp vo mng phi c ti khon ng (bao gm tn v mt khu truy nhp). Sau khi ng nhp vo mng ngi dng c quyn s dng cc ti nguyn ca mng tu thuc vo quyn truy nhp ca mnh cho n khi ri khi mng. Cc ti khon ngi dng c t chc thnh c s d liu v c qun l bi ngi qun tr mng (l ngi c quyn thm, bt, sa i cc ti khon ngi s dng ). Bo v an ninh trn mng: Do my ch bit c nhng ngi ng nhp vo mng n c th qun l cc ti nguyn m mi ngi s dng c quyn truy nhp. Ngi qun tr mng c th gn cc quyn truy nhp i vi cc ti nguyn khc nhau cho nhng ngi s dng khc nhau, iu ny cho php ngi s dng lu tr cc thng tin c nhn cng nh cc thng tin nhy cm trn mng trnh s nhm ng ca ngi khc. Central licensing: Theo lut bn quyn th mi bn ng k ch c s dng cho mt ngi s dng, iu ny s gy kh khn c v mt ti chnh cng nh qu trnh ci t cho nhiu ngi trong cng t chc hoc cng ty cng s dng mt phn mm no . Tuy nhin vi centralizing licensing phn mm c ci t ln my ch cho php mi ngi cng s dng mt cch nht qun. Bo v d liu: Do nhng d liu quan trng nht thng c lu tr trn my ch nn n thng c ci t c ch bo v d liu rt cht ch, bo v d liu cp n cc phng tin bo v s ton vn ca thng tin c lu tr trn my ch. 22

Cc h iu hnh mng c thit k h tr cc tnh nng a nhim v a x l (Multitasking and Multiprocessing): V my ch thng phi p ng mt khi lng rt ln cc yu cu t cc my trm nn n cn c tc rt nhanh v c th thc hin nhiu nhim v cng lc. Multitasking: L k thut thc thi nhiu nhim v cng lc ch s dng mt CPU, thc t th CPU khng th x l nhiu hn mt tin trnh cng lc, tuy nhin CPU c t chc phn chia thi thc hin nhiu tin trnh, qu trnh chuyn i gia cc tin trnh rt nhanh to cm gic cc tin trnh c x l ng thi. Multiprocessing: L k thut s dng nhiu CPU x l mt hoc nhiu tin trnh, NOS s thc hin vic phn chia nhim v cho tng CPU cng nh qun l qu trnh thc hin ca tng CPU. Multiuser: L k thut c th cho nhiu ngi s dng cng truy cp vo mt thi im. Cc h iu hnh mng ph bin hin nay bao gm: Microsoft Windows: Windows NT 3.51, NT 4.0, 2000, XP,2003 v .NET. Novell NetWare : NetWare3.12, IntraNetWare 4.11, NetWare 5.0 v 5.1. Linux : Red Hat, Caldera, SuSE, Debian, v Slackware. UNIX : HP-UX, Sun Solaris, BSD, SCO, v AIX.

CHNG II M HNH OSI2.1. Cac tng OSI

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Da vo cc nguyn tc trn, m hnh OSI c chia lm 7 tng, mi tng ch thc hin mt chc nng l nhn d liu t tng bn trn chuyn giao xung cho tng bn di v ngc li. Khi i n mt tng mi gi tin s c ng thm mt phn u khc v c xem nh l gi tin ca tng mi, cng vic trn s tip din cho ti khi gi tin c truyn ln ng dy mng n bn nhn.

Hnh 2.1: M hnh 7 lp OSI. Tng vt l (Physical) : Chc nng chnh l truyn ti chui bit t u cui ny n u cui khc. Cc thut ng lin quan nh c tnh in, tc , mi trng truyn dn, mode truyn ti, chun kt ni..

24

Tng lin kt d liu (Data link) : Chc nng chnh l cung cp kh nng truyn d liu tin cy qua mi trng truyn dn. Cc thut ng lin quan nh n v d liu khung, a ch MAC, iu khin li, iu khin lung2.1.1.

Tng mng (Network) :

Cung cp mt kt ni v kh nng chn ng gia cc host trong mi trng lin mng. Cc thut ng lin quan bao gm gi tin, tuyn, bng nh tuyn, giao thc nh tuyn, a ch IP.. Tng giao vn (Transport) : Cung cp chc nng to, gim st, gii phng mt kt ni o kh dng t u cui n u cui, phn b cc phn mnh n cc ng dng. Cc thut ng lin quan nh phn mnh v ti hp lung d liu, gim st li, khi phc li.2.1.2.

Tng phin (Session) :

Thc hin chc nng thit lp, qun l, gii phng phin thng tin gia hai host, ng b ha vic hi thoi ca qu trnh trnh din v qun l vic trao i thng tin. Cc thut ng lin quan nh iu khn hi thoi, im ng b Tng trnh din (Presentation) : Cung cp kh nng m ha thng tin ca lp ng dng sao cho thng tin ny hon ton c th c c ti u cn li. Cc thut ng lin quan nh khun dng d liu, chuyn i d liu, nn d liu, m ha d liu.. Tng ng dng (Application) : Cung cp ng dng trc tip cho ngi ng dng s dng dch v mng. Cc thut ng lin quan nh truyn file, th in t.. 25

2.2. Nhng vn v OSI Bn thn OSI khng phi l mt kin trc mng bi v n khng ch ra chnh xc cc dch v v cc nghi thc c s dng trong mi tng. M hnh ny ch ra mi tng cn thc hin nhim v g. ISO a ra tiu chun cho tng tng, nhng cc tiu chun ny khng phi l mt b phn ca m hnh tham chiu. M hnh OSI ra i sau khi cc giao thc TCP/IP c s dng rng ri, nhiu cng ty a ra sn phm TCP/IP, v vy m hnh OSI c s dng trong thc t nh l chun l thuyt. Trong m hnh OSI mt s chc nng nh iu chnh thng lng, kim tra li xut hin lp li trong mt s tng. iu ny c nguyn nhn do m hnh OSI c chia lm nhiu tng khc nhau, mi tng ng vi mt i tng c lp (c d liu v cc phng thc ring ca n, c lp vi cc i tng khc). M hnh OSI khng c cc dch v v giao thc khng hng kt ni mc d hu ht cc mng u c s dng. M hnh qu phc tp cho vic ci t lm cho OSI kh c th ng dng rng ri trong thc t.

CHNG III GIAO THC TCP/IP3.1. Gii thiu giao thc TCP/IP

26

Vo cui nhng nm 1960 v u 1970, Trung tm nghin cu cp cap (Advanced Research Projects Agency ARPA) thuc b quc phng M (Department of Defence DoD) c giao trch nhim pht trin mng ARPNET. Mng ARPANET bao gm mng ca nhng t chc qun i, cc trng i hc v cc t chc nghin cu v c dng h tr cho nhng d n nghin cu khoa hc v qun i. Nm 1984, DoD chia ARPANET ra thnh 2 phn: ARPANET s dng cho nghin cu khoa hc v MILNET s dng cho qun i. u nhng nm 1980, mt b giao thc mi c a ra lm giao thc chun cho mng ARPANET v cc mng ca DoD mang tn DARPA Internet protocol suit, thng c gi l b giao thc TCP/IP hay cn gi tt l TCP/IP. Nm 1987, t chc nghin cu quc gia Hoa K (National Science Foundation NSF) ti tr cho vic kt ni 6 trung tm siu my tnh trn ton lin bang li vi nhau thnh mt mng vi tn gi NSFNET. V mt vt l, mng ny kt ni 13 im lm vic bng ng in thoi cao tc c gi l NSFNET backbone. Khong 8 ng backbone c xy dng. NSFNET c m rng vi hng chc mng a phng kt ni vo n v kt ni vo mng Internet ca DARPA. C NSFNET v cc mng con ca n u s dng b giao thc TCP/IP.

TCP/IP c mt s u im sau: Giao thc chun m sn sng pht trin c lp vi phn cng v h iu hnh. TCP/IP l giao thc l tng cho vic hp nht phn cng v phn mm khc nhau, ngay c khi truyn thng trn Internet. S c lp rnh mch vi cc phn cng vt l ca mng cho php TCP/IP hp nht cc mng khc 27

nhau. TCP/IP c th chy trn mng Ethernet, mng Token ring, mng quay s (Dial-up line), mng X.25, mng o v mi loi mi trng vt l truyn thng. Mt s a ch dng chung cho php mi thit b TCP/IP c duy nht mt a ch trn mng ngay c khi l mng ton cu Internet. Tiu chun ha mc cao ca giao thc ph hp vi ch li ca dch v ngi dng. c tch hp vo h iu hnh UNIX, h tr mi hnh clientserver, m hnh mng bnh ng, h tr k thut dn ng ng. DARPA h tr vic nghin cu kt ni nhiu loi mng khc nhau thnh mt mng ton cu Internet. Ngoi vic s dng cho tt c cc my trn Internet, TCP/IP cn c s dng trong mng ni b ca mt s t chc chnh ph hoc thng mi, nhng mng ny gi l Intranet. TCP/IP va c th kt ni mt s lng ln cc my tnh (150.000 my trn nc M, Chu u, Chu ) li c th ch kt ni hai my tnh trong phng lm vic. 3.2. Cc lp giao thc TCP/IP

TCP/IP gm 4 tng nh sau :

Hnh 3.1: Cu trc cc tng trong TCP/IP. 28

3.2.1.

Tng ng dng :

L phn giao tip vi ngi dng cung cp cc dch v trn mng. Lp ng dng cho php vic truy xut cc dch v hin din trn ton mng TCP/IP. 3.2.1.1. Dch v tn min (Domain Name Server DNS)

Mi my tnh, thit b mng tham gia vo mng Internet u giao tip vi nhau bng a ch IP (Internet Protocol) . thun tin cho vic s dng v d nh ta dng tn (domain name) xc nh thit b . H thng tn min (Domain Name System) c s dng nh x tn min thnh a ch IP. V vy, khi mun lin h ti cc my, chng ch cn s dng chui k t d nh (domain name) nh: www.microsoft.com, www.ibm.com..., thay v s dng a ch IP l mt dy s di kh nh. Ban u, khi DNS cha ra i, ngi ta s dng mt file tn Host.txt, file ny s lu thng tin v tn host v a ch ca host ca tt c cc my trong mng, file ny c lu tt c cc my chng c th truy xut n my khc trong mng. Khi , nu c bt k s thay i v tn host, a ch IP ca host th ta phi cp nht li ton b cc file Host.txt trn tt c cc my. Do vy n nm 1984 Paul Mockpetris thuc vin USCs Information Sciences Institute pht trin mt h thng qun l tn min mi ly tn l H thng tn min Domain Name. H thng tn min ny cng s dng mt file tn host.txt, lu thng tn ca tt c cc my trong mng, nhng ch c t trn my lm my ch tn min (DNS). Khi , cc Client trong mng mun truy xut n cc Client khc, th n ch vic hi DNS. Nh vy, mc ch ca DNS l:-

Phn gii a tn my thnh a ch IP v ngc li. Phn gii tn domain.

29

3.2.1.2.

ng nhp t xa (Telnet)

TELNET (vit tt ca TELecommunication NETwork cng c th l TErminal NETwork hay TELetype NETwork) l mt giao thc mng (network protocol) c dng trn cc kt ni vi Internet hoc cc kt ni ti mng my tnh cc b LAN. Ti liu ca IETF, STD 8, (cn c gi l RFC 854 v RFC 855) c ni rng: Mc ch ca giao thc TELNET l cung cp mt phng tin truyn thng chung chung, c tnh lng truyn, dng rng 8 bit, nh hng byte. TELNET thng c dng cung cp nhng phin giao dch ng nhp, gia cc my trn mng Internet, dng dng lnh c tnh nh hng ngi dng. Tn ca n c ngun gc t hai ch ting Anh "telephone network" (mng in thoi), v chng trnh phn mm c thit k, to cm gic nh mt thit b cui c gn vo mt my tnh khc. i vi s m rng ca giao thc, ch "telnet" cn m ch n mt chng trnh ng dng, phn ngi dng ca giao thc - hay cn gi l trnh khch (clients). Trong bao nhiu nm qua, TELNET vn c ci t sn trong hu ht cc h iu hnh Unix, song vi s tin trin gn y ca mnh, SSH(Secure Shell) tr nn mt giao thc c u th hn trong vic truy cp t xa, cho cc my dng h iu hnh c nn tng l Unix. SSH cng c ci t sn cho hu ht cc loi my vi tnh. Trn rt nhiu h thng, chng trnh ng dng "telnet" cn c dng trong nhng phin giao dch tng tc TCP dng s ng (interactive raw-TCP sessions), v cn c dng thng ni vi nhng dch v trn cc my ch POP3, m khng cn n nhng trnh khch chuyn dng. Cm t ting Anh "to telnet" cn c dng nh l mt ng t, c ngha l "thnh lp" hoc "s dng", mt kt ni dng giao thcTELNET, nh trong cu "To change your password, telnet to

30

the server and run the password command" - ( i mt khu ca mnh, telnet vo my ch v chy dng lnh password).

3.2.1.3.

Th in t (Electronic Mail)

Email l mt phng tin thng tin rt nhanh. Mt mu thng tin (th t) c th c gi i dng m ho hay dng thng thng v c chuyn qua cc mng my tnh c bit l mng Internet. N c th chuyn mu thng tin t mt my ngun ti mt hay rt nhiu my nhn trong cng lc. Ngy nay, email chng nhng c th truyn gi c ch, n cn c th truyn c cc dng thng tin khc nh hnh nh, m thanh, phim, v c bit cc phn mm th in t kiu mi cn c th hin th cc email dng sng ng tng thch vi kiu tp HTML.

3.2.1.4.

Truyn tp (File Transfer Protocol FTP)

FTP (vit tt ca ting Anh File Transfer Protocol, "Giao thc truyn tp tin") thng c dng trao i tp tin qua mng li truyn thng dng giao thc TCP/IP (chng hn nh Internet - mng ngoi b - hoc intranet mng ni b). Hot ng ca FTP cn c hai my tnh, mt my ch v mt my khch). My ch FTP, dng chy phn mm cung cp dch v FTP, gi l trnh ch, lng nghe yu cu v dch v ca cc my tnh khc trn mng li. My khch chy phn mm FTP dnh cho ngi s dng dch v, gi l trnh khch, th khi u mt lin kt vi my ch. Mt khi hai my lin kt vi nhau, my khch c th x l mt s thao tc v tp tin, nh ti tp tin ln my ch, ti tp tin t my ch xung my ca mnh, i tn ca tp tin, hoc xa tp tin my ch v.v. V giao thc FTP l mt giao thc chun cng khai, cho nn bt c mt cng ty phn mm no, hay mt lp trnh vin no cng c th vit trnh ch FTP hoc trnh khch FTP. Hu nh bt c 31

mt nn tng h iu hnh my tnh no cng h tr giao thc FTP. iu ny cho php tt c cc my tnh kt ni vi mt mng li c nn TCP/IP, x l tp tin trn mt my tnh khc trn cng mt mng li vi mnh, bt k my tnh y dng h iu hnh no (nu cc my tnh y u cho php s truy cp ca cc my tnh khc, dng giao thc FTP). Hin nay trn th trng c rt nhiu cc trnh khch v trnh ch FTP, v phn ng cc trnh ng dng ny cho php ngi dng c ly t do, khng mt tin. 3.2.1.5. Nhm tin (News groups)

Dch v nhm tin cho php ngi s dng c th tham gia vo cc din n hi tho trn mng v mt ch no . Cc ch trn dch v c t chc thnh cc nhm tin. Trong mt nhm tin c th c cc nhm tin nh hn. Cc nhm tin ny c t chc theo m hnh phn cp vi mt s nhm tin cp cao nht. Ngi s dng tham gia dch v c th c tin v gi tin t cc nhm tin c lu trn mt server no trn h thng dch v. Cc server ny li c ni vi nhau trn mng v chng cp nht cc tin t khp ni trn th gii. Nh c cu ny m bt k ai bt c u c th tham gia vo bt c din n tranh lun no trn mng. Trn Internet, h thng cc im tham gia vo dch v ny c ni thnh mt h thng lu v chuyn tin gi l USENET. USENET l mt h thng bng tin in t trn phm vi ton th gii vi lu lng thng tin hng ngy trn USENET ln n 530MB d liu vi 130.000 bn tin. Tham gia s dng dch v ny, ngi s dng c th vit v tr li cc bn tin (posting) ln cc nhm tin trn h thng.

32

USENET l mng lu tr v chuyn tip tin. Cc im trn USENET nhn v lu tr cc bn tin. Cc im trn USENET thc hin trao i tin vi cc a im ln cn Cc ng ni c thc hin c thc hin qua cc ng in thoi (dial-up) hoc qua Internet. Tin c sp xp theo cc nhm tin (newsgroups). Nhm tin chnh l tp hp cc bn tin c cng chung mt ti tranh lun. Tin c t chc theo m hnh phn cp tin t mt ngi gi c th n tt c mi ngi s dng dch v. Bn thn mi nhm tin li c th cha cc nhm tin nh hn. 3.2.1.6. Tm kim tp (Archie)

Archie l mt dch v ca Internet cho php tm kim theo ch s (Index) cc tp kh dng trn cc server cng cng ca mng. Bn c th yu cu Archie tm cc tp c cha cc xu vn bn no hoc cha mt k t no . Archie s tr li bng tn cc tp tha mn yu cu ca bn v ch ra tn ca cc server cha tp . 3.2.1.7. Tra cu thng tin theo thc n (Gopher)

Dch v ny cho pheps tra cu thng tin theo ch da trn h thng thc n (menu) m khng cn thit phi bit n a ch IP tng ng. Gopher hot ng theo phng thc khch-ch, ngha l phi c 2 chng trnh: Gopher client v Gopher server. Bn c th la chn 1 chng trnh client ny c cu hnh trc vi a ch IP ca 1 Gopher server no . Tm kim thng tin theo ch s (WAIS) 3.2.1.8. Siu vn bn (WWW)

WWW da trn k thut biu din thng tin c tn gi l siu vn bn (hypertext), trong t c chn trong vn bn c th c m rng bt k lc no cung cp cc thng tin y hn v t . S m rng y 33

c hiu theo ngha l chng c cc lin kt link ti cc ti liu khc c th l vn bn, m thanh hoc hn hp.3.2.2.

Tng truyn ti (Transport) :

Nhim v chnh ca tng truyn ti l cung cp ng thng tin gia cc trnh ng dng. Tng truyn ti phn chia dng d liu cn truyn i thnh cc n v d liu nh hn (gi d liu) v chuyn chng cng vi a ch ch n tng thp hn thc hin qu trnh phn phi d liu trong mng.3.2.3.

Tng Internet (Internet Layer) :

X l cc tin trnh thng tin gia cc mng khc nhau. Tng Internet s thc hin cc chc nng thit lp ng i gia cc mng cng nh thc hin vic phn phi cc gi d liu trn mng.3.2.4.

Tng giao tip mng (Network Interface Layer) :

L tng giao tip gia cc cu trc lun l bn trn vi cc kt ni vt l bn di, tng giao tip mng c nhim v tip nhn cc gi d liu t lp Internet.

S tng quan gia OSI v h giao thc TCP/IP :

Bng 3.1: So snh m hnh OSI v TCP/IP

34

3.4. Potocol v cu trc cc gi tin 3.4.1. Giao thc TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) 3.4.1.1. Gii thiu TCP l mt giao thc iu khin c lin kt (connection - oriented), ngha l cn phi thit lp lin kt (logic) gia mt cp thc th TCP trc khi chng trao i d liu vi nhau. TCP cung cp dch v tng truyn dn c tin cy cao, TCP bao gm iu khin lung v pht hin li. Tc gi c th tng hay gim ph thuc mc ti ca mng.

Khun dng ca mt TCP segment :

35

Hnh 3.2: Khun dng ca mt TCP segment 3.4.1.2. Th tc kt ni TCP :

36

Hnh 3.3: Th tc thit lp tuyn.

u tin mt host khi ng cu ni bng cch gi mt gi ch ra s tun t khi ng x ca n, vi mt bit no trong phn header c t trng thi ch ra yu cu kt ni. Bc 2, host khc nhn gi ny ghi li s tun t x, phc p bng mt bo nhn x+1, v bao hm c ch s tun t khi ng y ring ca n. Ch s bo nhn x+1 c ngha l n nhn tt c cc gi c s tun t x n v ang mong nhn gi c s tun t x+1. 3.4.2. Giao thc UDP (User Data Protocol) : UDP l mt giao thc phi kt ni (connectionless protocol) m bo truyn thng end-to-end ca d liu. UDP khng c chc nng thit lp v gii phng kt ni, khng cung cp c ch bo nhn, khng sp xp tun t cc n v d liu n v c th dnn tnh trng d liu mt hoc trng d liu m khng c thng bo cho ngi gi. Khun dng ca mt UDP datagram :

Hnh 3.4: Khun dng ca UDP datagram.

37

3.4.3. Giao thc IP IP l mt giao thc lin lc khng kt ni (connectionless), c ngha l n khng cn c giai on thit lp v hy b kt ni, n nhn d liu t tng cao hn, sau gn thm mt header ri chuyn xung tng thp hn. Dch v quan trng nht ca IP l gi cc gi tin n ch mt cch chnh xc. Mo u ca gi IP :

Hnh 3.5: Tiu ca IP v.4

3.4.4. Giao thc ARP (Address Resolution Protocol)

38

Hnh 3.6: Giao thc chuyn i a ch ARP. Giao thc ARP c dng phn gii cc a ch mng. Trc khi gi mt IP datagram, IP cn c a ch phn cng (cn gi l a MAC) ca trm ch. ARP c dng ly a ch phn cng ca ch khi bit a ch IP ch. 3.4.5. Giao thc RARP (Reverse Address Resolution Protocol) RARP l giao thc phn gii a ch ngc, chuyn i a ch MAC thnh a ch IP, RARP c s dng xc nh a ch IP khi my khi ng.

39

Hnh 3.7: Giao thc RARP

40

3.4.6. Giao thc ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol)

Hnh 3.8: nh dng bn tin ICMP.

ICMP l giao thc thng bo iu khin Internet c s dng gi cho ni pht cc thng bo lin quan n gi tin. ICMP c s dng thng bo li, khng c chc nng sa li.Nu gi tin IP c phn chia thnh cc gi nh hn th khi xy ra li, ICMP ch thng bo li ca phn on u tin. ICMP khng thng bo vi cc gi tin khng c cc a ch IP ngun, cc gi tin c a ch IP ch c pht ng lot (multicast) hay a ch qung b (broadcast).

41

a ch IP Mc ch ca giao thc IP l truyn mt gi tin qua mt tp cc mng lin kt vi nhau. Vic truyn thc hin c bng vic chuyn cc gi tin t mt thc th trong lin mng ti thc th kia cho ti khi gi tin ti ch. Thc th ni y c th l mt trm my tnh hay mt gateway. Cc gi tin IP c truyn t thc th ny n thc th kia nh vo a ch lin mng IP (IP Internet). Do , mt trong nhng vn quan trng nht ca giao thc IP l a ch. a ch IP l a ch lp mng, c s dng nh danh cc my trm (host) trong lin mng. a ch IP c di 32 bit vi IPv4 v 48 bit vi IPv6. N c th biu din di dng thp phn, bt phn, thp lc phn, v nh phn. C hai cch cp pht a ch IP ph thuc vo cch thc kt ni mng. Nu mng kt ni vo mng Internet, a ch mng c xc nhn bi NIC (Network Information Center). Nu mng khng kt ni vi mng Internet, nh qun tr mng s cp pht a ch IP cho mng ny. V c bn, khun dng a ch IP gm hai phn: NET ID + HOST ID-

Phn NET ID cho php nh tuyn gi tin n mng ch trong

mi trng lin mng. Phn ny do t chc ARIN (American Registry for Internet Numbers) cp cho nh qun tr.-

Phn HOST ID cho php nh tuyn n HOST c th trong mt

mng. Phn ny do nh qun tr mng quy hoch cho cc HOST trong mng ca h.

a ch IP

42

a ch IP gm 4 phn, mi phn mt byte (mt octet), chng thng c biu din di dng thp phn c ngn cch. a ch IP c chia lm 5 lp A,B,C,D,E, cu trc cc lp khc nhau :

Hnh 3.9: Phn lp trong a ch IP.

Lp A : Cho php nh danh ti 126 mng vi 16 triu host trn mi trm. Lp ny dnh cho cc mng vi s trm cc ln. Lp B : Cho php nh danh ti 16384 mng vi ti a 65534 host trn mi mng. Trong a ch lp B, hai byte dng nh ngha a ch mng v hai byte sau dng nh ngha a ch trm. Lp ny dng cho cc cng ty c va, nhng cng ty c s lng my tnh tng i ln. Lp C : Cho php nh danh khong 2 triu mng vi ti a 254 host trn mi mng. Lp ny dng cho cc mng c t trm. Lp D : c dng gi cc IP datagram ti mt nhm cc host trong lin mng. Lp D c nh ngha cho truyn a hng, trong lp ny khng c a ch mng v a ch trm. Lp E : c dng d phng cho cc mc ch c bit. 43

S a ch ho nh danh cc trm trong lin mng c gi l a ch IP. Mc ch ca a ch IP l nh danh duy nht cho mt host bt k trong lin mng. Cc di a ch lp A, B, C c s dng cho gn cc phn t mi trng lin mng. Di a ch lp D c s dng vo mc ch multicast. Di a ch lp E c s dng vo mc ch nghin cu. Cc bit u tin ca byte u tin c dng nh danh lp a ch: 0 lp A, 10 - lp B, 110 - lp C, 1110 - lp D, 11110 - lp E. a ch lp A c bit u tin l 0. a ch lp A c subnetmask mc nh l 255.0.0.0. Di a ch lp u tin 0.0.0.0 s dng vo mc ch Default network v Default route. Di a ch cui cng 127.0.0.0/8 s dng vo mc ch loopback. Tt c cc a ch IP ca lp A dng 8 bit u tin nh danh phn mng ca a ch. Ba octet cn li c th dng cho phn host ca a ch. Mi mng dng mt a ch lp A c th gn 16.777.214 a ch host kh dng. Cc a ch lp A lun c gi tr nm trong khong t 0 n 126 trong octet u tin. a ch lp B c hai bit u tin l 10. a ch lp B c subnetmask mc nh l 255.255.0.0. Tt c a ch ca lp B dng 16 bit u tin nh danh phn mng ca a ch. Hai octet cn li dng cho phn host ca a ch. Mi mng dng a ch lp B c th gn 65.534 a ch host kh dng. Cc a ch IP lp B lun c gi tr nm trong khong 128 n 191 trong octet u tin. a ch lp C c 3 bit u tin l 110. a ch lp C c subnetmask mc nh l 255.255.255.0. Tt c a ch ca lp B dng 24 bit u tin nh danh phn mng ca a ch. Octet cn li dng cho phn host ca a ch. Mi mng dng a ch lp C c th gn 254 a ch host kh dng. Cc a 44

ch IP lp C lun c gi tr nm trong khong 192 n 223 trong octet u tin. a ch lp D dng gi IP Datagram ti mt nhm cc host trn mt mng. Tt c cc s ln hn 223 trong trng u l thuc lp D. Lp E d phng dng trong tng lai.

Mt s a ch c bit-

Loopback (Lp ngc): 127.x.x.x, vi x= 0-255. Bt k mt gi d

liu no c truyn i bi mt ng dng TCP/IP n a ch 127.x.x.x th gi d liu c truyn tr li ng dng m khng quan tm n mt thit b trung gian mng. Gi d liu sao chp ni truyn n b m trn cng mt my. a ch Loopback c ng dng kim tra nhanh phn mm TCP/IP c c cu hnh thch hp khng.-

Nu trong mt a ch IP, gi tr ca host cha tt c bit 0, y l a

ch mng. V d 137.53.0.0 l a ch mng lp B 137.53.-

Nu trong mt a ch IP, gi tr ca host cha tt c bit 1, y l a bi tt c cc node trn mng . V d, vi nhm mng B:

ch Broadcast c nh hng. Mt a ch Broadcast nh hng c nhn thy 137.53.255.255 l a ch Broadcast nh hng ca nhm.-

a ch IP 255.255.255.255 c gi l Local Broadcast hay

Limite Broadcast, c s dng trong cc mng LAN.-

a ch 0.0.0.0 s dng bng nh tuyn tr vo mng cho b

ch tuyn mc nh.

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CHNG IV PHN MM THIT K V M PHNG MNG BOSON NETSIMTM4.1. Phn mm thit k v m phng mng Boson NetsimTM 4.1.1 Tng qut v phn mm Boson NetsimTM . Boson NetsimTM l mt phn mm m phng mng cho php ngi dng thit k v xy dng nhng h thng mng v chy m phng trn my tnh. c rt nhiu chng trnh m phng mng nhng chng khng a ra cho ngi dng thy c r nhng g thc s ang din ra trong mng. Cng ngh gi o ca Boson cho php to ra nhng gi mng ring r c nh tuyn v chuyn mch thng qua mng m phng, cho php phn mm Netsim xy dng nn nhng bng nh tuyn o ring bit cho mi giao thc mng khc nhau thay v phi xy dng m phng c mt mng thc. Chnh cng ngh ny cho php nhng ngi dng c th c th pht trin c nhiu nhng tng thit k ca mnh. Chng ch Cisco CCNATM l mt kt qu m nhiu ngi mun t c khi s dng chng trnh ny. Phn mm Netssim c y ni dung ca CCNAICND(640 811) AND CCNAINTRO (641821)/ ICNDTM 2.0.

Nhng bi lab ny s hng dn cho ngi dng c th cu hnh cho router v switch trong nhiu bi cnh khc nhau. Sau khi hon thnh 1 bi lab, ngi dng c th t xy dng nhng lab theo yu cu ca ring mnh. Vi 46

tnh kh thi trong vic hng dn v cho php t xy dng, thit k mng, phn mm Netsim thc s c hiu qu hn vic s dng cc router v switch thc, n cho php ngi dng vn thc thi c mng m khng cn phi c thit b thc t. Chng ch Cisco CCNPTM l mt chng ch tip theo ca CCNATM. Netsim cng c rt nhiu cc ch im trong chng trnh CCNATM nh ISDN, Catalyst 5002, Fast Ethernet, Routing, Switching, Access.Phn mm Boson Network DesignerTM cho php ngi dng c th thit k v hoch nh cho mt mng. Vi rt nhiu cng c h tr, ngi dng c th cu hnh cho Router, lu cu hnh v ti chng ln router thc. Cc giao thc nh tuyn b sung l mt trong nhng yu cu tng i kh m ngi dng c th gp phi., phn mm ny s cho php ngi dng c th to ra mt ng dn o hoc kim tr mng v so snh nhng im khc bit trong kt qu thu c trc khi thc thi cc giao thc nh EIGRP, RIP hay OSPF. Khi trong mng ca bn xy ra s c, bn c th to mt phin bn o mng ca bn bng chng trnh Boson Network DesignerTM v gii quyt cc s c m khng cn phi tho g h thng. Phn mm Netsim l mt phn mm linh hot v hu ch cho php bn thc hin nhng m phng mng vi nhiu d liu khc nhau ng thi x l cc s c xy ra trong h thng mng. 4.1.2 Giao din ca chng trnh. Sau khi ci t phn mm, bn cho chy chng trnh. Trc khi chy chng trnh chnh, Boson Lab Navigator s cho php bn la chn cc lab theo mun sau khi chn c 1 lab thch hp, bn chn Load Lab. Chng trnh NetSim chnh s hin ra. 47

Hnh 4.1: Thanh cng c Menu File New netmap: To 1 topo mi qua chng trnh Network Designer. Load Netmap: Cho php np 1 topo thit k sn. Hin th ra 1 hp thoi tm n file c. Paste Real Router Configs: Cho php t 1 on vn bn v cu hnh ca thit b cu hnh thit b Load Single Device Config(Merge): Lu gi cu hnh hin hnh v cho php np cc cu hnh c trc .. Load Single device configs(overwrite): Cho php np nhanh cc cu hnh c lu gi to thi im c lu trc . 48

Save Single Devices config: Lu gi cu hnh ca 1 thit b di dng file .Rtf Save Multi Devices Config: Cho php lu gi nhanh cu hnh ca cc thit b hin hnh. Print: Cho php in ni dung trn mn hnh hin hnh. Exit: Thot khi chng trnh.

Thanh cng c Menu Modes: Beginner Mode: Giao din WiW hin th cho php vo eRouter.T mn hnh ny ta c th vo cc Router khc nhanh chng bng cc phm tt. F1 tng ng Router1. F2 tng ng Router 2 Advanced Mode(Telnet): M cc Router, Switch, Station theo giao tip Telnet. kt ni ti 1 thit b khc ta c th dng t hp phm tt Ctrl + Q. Toolbar/Remote Control: Cho php m cc thit b nhanh chng thng qua 1 bng iu khin. Chc nng v mi ty chn trong thanh cng c tool: Check for updates: Tm kim nhng Version mi nht t t nh sn xut qua trang Web www. boson. com Updates web Page: Kt ni ti trang ch tm nhng thng tin cp nhp, cc bi thc hnh mi.. Avaible Commands: Cho php tm cc lnh v cc sn phm hin c ca Cisco Grape my lab: Tin ch kim tra cc bi lab c. Change Default telnet: Cung cp c tnh cho php chn cc ty ng dng Telnet telnet vo cc thit b.

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Cc ty chn trong thanh Ordering: Cc chc nng lin quan n bn quyn phn mm. C th l Buy now, Enter Repair Key, Thanh you for Purchasing, Remove Restration, hay cc ty chn ting trong Languge. Netsim h tr cc ngn ng nh l: English, Spanish, Japanse. 4.1.3 Cc lnh c bn ca Boson NesimTM.

LNH Enable Disable Logout Config terminal Config memory Config network Interface

MIU T Chuyn sang ch quyn Chuyn t ch c quyn sang ch ngi dng Thot Chuyn vo ch cu hnh v thay i cu hnh ang chy hin thi Chuyn cu hnh khi ng vo cu hnh ang chy Chuyn cu hnh lu tr host tftp vo cu hnh ang chy Chuyn vo ch cu hnh cho thit b kt ni

Chuyn vo ch cu hnh thit b kt ni ti Interface fastethernet 0/0 cng FastEthernet Line console 0 Router rip ? Show history Chuyn vo ch console Chuyn vo ch cu hnh cho ruoter a ra danh sch cc lnh a ra danh sch cc lnh va c s dng

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Show terminal Tab Show version Enable password Exec timeout Line vty Line aux Interface serial 0/0 Shutdown No shutdown Ip address Clock rate

a ra danh sch hin trng cc thit b Chuyn du nhc n u dng Chuyn du nhc n cui dng Li li 1 k t Tin 1 k t Tin 1 t Xa 1 dng Xa 1 t Thot khi ch c quyn Kt thc 1 cu lnh Ch ra s liu thng k ca router Thit lp mt khu b mt Thit lp thi gian dng v i cho 1 kt ni Chuyn vo ch cu hnh cho kt ni VTY (telnet) Chuyn vo ch h tr vic cu hnh cho cc thit b kt ni Chuyn vo ch cu hnh cho thit b ni tip Chuyn mt thit b kt ni vo ch khng c kim sot M 1 kt ni vi thit b Thit lp a ch IP To xung dao ng cho thit b DCE

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Bandwidth Hostname Description Ping telnet Show controllers

Thit lp di tn cho thit b ni tip Thit lp tn cho router Thit lp m t cho 1 thit b Kim tra kt ni IP Kim tra kt ni IP v dng cu hnh cho router Ch ra trng thi ca DTE v DCE

4.2 Cc module ca phn mm Boson NetSimTM Phn mm Boson NetSimTM gm c 2 module chnh l: Boson NetSimTM Boson Network DesignerTM 4.2.1 Boson NetSim Phn mm NetSim cung cp cc bi LAB v LAN/WAN/Internet vi 3 loi LAB ch yu: Stand Alone LABs Cho php ngi dng thc hin nhng bi lab n thun, mang tnh thc hnh vi nhng cu lnh c bn v n gin cho tng ch khc nhau. Cc bi lab cng l c lp vi nhau. Sequential LABs a ra cho ngi dng nhng bi lab mang tnh tun t. Tc l ngi dng s phi thc hin tun t tng bi lab mt, xong bi trc, mi c load bi tip theo. Scenario LABs Bao gm nhng bi lab c bn vi mc ch gii thiu vi ngi dng v cng ngh mt cch n gin nht. Nhng bi lab ny c thit k a ra cho bn thy c y nhng c php lnh c bn cn thit thc thi. 52

c th thc hin c nhng bi lab ny th a ch ip v subnet s c xc nh nh nhau cho tt c cc thit b trong ton b cc bi lab. iu ny gip cho ngi dng s tp trung c vo nhng cu lnh mi trong tng bi lab. Nhng bi lab ny c thit k thc hin mt cch c lp. iu c ngha l ngi dng c th lm bt k mt bi lab no, khng cn theo tun t. Tt nht l ngi dng nn load cc bi lab t lab navigator, hon thnh bi lab, grade lab, sau mi load bi lab tip theo. Nh vy ngi dng s phi lp cc cu lnh ca mnh cho nhng thit b nh nhau trong cc bi lab. 4.2.1.1 Stand Alone Labs 4.2.1.1.1 Cc lab c trong module : 1. Connecting to a Router 2. Introduction to the Basic User Interface. 3. Introduction to Basic Show Commands. Show version Show cdp Show clock Show flash Show history Show host Show interfaces Show Potocols Show Sessions Show Terminal Show User Show Frame-relay Show isdn Show ntp Show running-config Show startup-config Show access-lists

Thng tin CDP Hin th h thng ng h Hin th thng tin b nh Hin th cc lnh thc hin Hin th IP domain-name, tn server v cc cng giao tip Trng thi cc cng giao tip v cu hnh Kch hot cc giao thc nh tuyn mng Thng tin v kt ni t xa Telnet Hin th cu hnh cc tham s u cui Thng tin Frame-relay Thng tin ISDN Thi gian giao thc mng Cu hnh hot ng hin thi Cu hnh khi ng Danh sch truy nhp 53

Show configuration Show ip Show arp

Thng tin IP Bng ARP

4. CDP 5. Extended Basics : Tng quan v cu hnh cho mt s phm vi c bn ca router. Trong bi lab ny cp n vn thit lp mt khu cho ch c quyn. Vi cu lnh enable password dng thit lp c mt khu cho vic truy nhp vo ch c quyn, iu ny rt quan trng v ch c quyn cho php thay i cu hnh. Vi cu lnh enable secret password 6. Banner MOTD (Message of the Day): Thit lp biu ng MOTD. Biu ng ny s xut hin mi khi nhp vo router. Biu ng ny cng c dng hin th thng tin v router hoc hin th nhng tin nhn cnh bo. 7. Copy Command: 8. Introduction to Interfaces 9. Gii thiu v IP (Internet ProtocolGiao thc Internet): a ch IP rt n gin cu hnh trong router Cisco. Mc d vic tnh ton a ch IP, subnet v host c th phc tp hn. C php t a ch IP cho cc giao tip l ip address ipaddress a ch mask. Bi lab ny cng a ra cch thc PING (Packet Inter Net Groper), cho php ngi dng kim tra kt ni 1 cch c bn nht. C php cho lnh ny l : ping ipaddress. Ping l mt cng c kim tra ph bin nht, n s dng giao thc ICMP(Internet Control Message Protocol) lin lc vi cc router khc.

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10. ARP 11. Creating a Host table 12. Static Routers. 13. RIP RIP (Routing Information Protocol) l mt giao thc nh tuyn theo vect khong cch c s dng rng ri trao i thng tin nh tuyn. RIP s dng vic m s hop quyt nh ng truyn tt nht gia 2 location. S lng hop ti a cho mi con ng truyn gi tin theo phng thc RIP l 15. Trong mt mng RIP, mi router qung b ton b bng RIP ca n ti cc router ln cn 30s/ln. Khi cc router nhn c cc bng thng tin RIP t cc router ln cn, chng s s dng thng tin cp nht bng nh tuyn ca mnh v sau gi bng cp nht ny ti cc ln cn. Qu trnh ny c lp bi mi router v kt qu l cc trng thi c cp n ging nh trong mt mng hi t, trong tt c cc router u c nh dnh trong giao thc lin mng. RIP phin bn 1 khng cha a ch subnet trong bng nh tuyn cp nht cn phin bn 2 th c cha a ch subnet. Lnh router rip dng khi ng RIP. Lnh network network number dng khai bo nhng cng giao tip no ca router c php chy trn RIP , t RIP s bt u gi v nhn thng tin cp nht trn cc cng tng ng ca RIP cp nht thng tin nh tuyn theo chu k. Lnh show ip route dng xem nhng ng i m router hc c t cc router RIP ln cn c c ci t vo bng nh tuyn hay khng. 14. Troubleshooting RIP. Lnh debug ip rip: tm li trong hot ng cp nht ca RIP 15.IGRP IGRP (Interior Gateway Routing Protocol) l mt giao thc nh tuyn ni v nh tuyn theo vecto khong cch, la chn ng i bng cch so snh 55

vecto khong cch. Router chy giao thc nh tuyn theo vect khong cch thc hin bng nh tuyn theo nh k cho cc router ln cn. Da vo thng tin cp nht, router s xc nh c mng mi v cp nht s c v ng truyn trn mng. IGRP thc hin cp nht theo chu k 90 giy/ln v ch gi thng tin cp nht trong mt h ring. IGRP quyt nh chn ng da vo bng thng v tr ca cc ng lin kt trong mng. Lnh route igrp : Lnh debug igrp: 16.PPP with CHAP Authentication Trong bi lab ny, ta s i vo tm hiu phng thc ng gi PPP v cch thc m bo kt ni vi s thm nh quyn CHAP. PPP (Point to Point Protocol) l mt giao thc kt ni gia 2 my tnh qua cng Serial. PPP s dng giao thc Internet (IP) nn i khi n c xem nh 1 dng ca giao thc TCP/IP. Trong m hnh OSI, PPP nm lp 2 (datalink-layer). PPP l mt giao thc kp c th c s dng trong nhiu mi trng vt l nh cp xon hay cp quang hoc trong truyn thng v tinh. N s dng phng thc ng gi HDLC ng gi gi tin. CHAP (ChallengeHandshake Authentication Protocol) l mt th tc c tnh bo mt cho vic kt ni vo h thng hn l phng thc PAP (Password Authentication Procedure). CHAP lm vic nh sau: Sau khi kt ni c thit lp, server s gi 1 thng ip th thch cho bn yu cu kt ni. Bn yu cu kt ni s a ra mt gi tr. Nu gi tr ny ng vi thng ip th thch ban u th thng tin xc minh c xc nhn, cn nu khc th kt ni s b xo ngay. Cu hnh PPP v CHAP cho Router: Cu lnh enable PPP l: encapsulation ppp Ppp authentication chap. Router s yu cu vic xc minh qua kt ni bng username (ng 56

vi hostname) v chap password (ng vi enable password). Thit lp bng cu lnh username Router password enable password. 17. Connectivity test with Traceroute 18. Saving your Configuration Hng dn cch sao lu cu hnh router. Trn Cisco router v switch, tp tin cu hnh hot ng c trn RAM v ni khi ng cu hnh l NVRAM. Khi b mt tp tin cu hnh th ta phi c tp tin cu hnh khi ng d phng. Mt trong nhng ni ta c th lu d phng tp tin cu hnh l TFTP server.Chng ta dng lnh copy runningconfig tftp sao chp tp tin cu hnh ln TFTP server. Trong bi Lab ny, chng ta thc hin sao lu tp tin cu hnh t router 4 ln PC 1. Sau khi cu hnh cho router 4, chng ta s thit lp a ch IP cho PC1 bng lnh winipcfg, chng trnh s cho php ta thay i a ch IP, subnet v default gateway cho PC1. Thc hin ping t PC1 ti router 4. T router 4, thc hin sao lu cu hnh ln TFTP server trn PC1 bng lnh copy runningconfig tftp. tin hnh nhp a ch IP ca TFTPserver v tn file cu hnh m chng ta s ct trn server. Sau khi thc hin sao lu thnh cng, ta c th check li bng lnh show tftpconfigs trn PC1. 19. Loading Router Configurations Bi lab ny hng dn cch np cu hnh vo router. Khi c file cu hnh c sao lu trn TFTP server, ta c th np li cu hnh cho router bng cch copy ngc li file cu hnh t FTFP server v Router bng lnh copy tftp runningconfig, sau nhp a ch IP ca TFTP server v tn file sao lu. 20. Copying and Pasting Configurations. 21.ISDN : Intergrated Services Digital Network. 22. IPX IPX (Internetwork Packet eXchange) c pht trin bi Novell vo gia nhng nm 80 v l nn tng cho giao thc XNS c pht trin bi 57

Xerox. Giao thc IPX c dng ph bin hn giao thc LAN vo cui nhng nm 80 u 90. IPX gm c 80 bit a ch, trong 32 bit u ch ra a ch mng v 48 bit sau ch a ch nt mng. a ch mng c chn bi qun tr mng, cn a ch nt mng c ly t a ch MAC ca cng giao tip. a ch IPX c vit di dng m hexa : network.node.node.node. C 3 giao thc nh tuyn IPX l IPX RIP,IPX EIGRP v NLSP. 23. Introduce to the Switch Gii thiu chung v switch 1900 vi mt s lnh c bn. Switch l mt thit b hot ng lp 2 trong m hnh OSI, cung cp kt ni imim gia 2 thit b mng vi nhau v khng gy ra xung t. Switch c cha y cc thit b phn cng ging nh 1 PC bao gm CPU, RAM v IOS. Mt switch c th hot ng theo nhng cch ging nh 1 router. C th kt ni qua cc cng giao tip, telnet vi n qua a ch IP v.v Switch s dng 1 s lnh m router s dng. 24. Introduction to Basic Switch Commands 25. Introduction to Frame Relay 26. Frame Relay Hub and Spoke Topology 27. Frame Relay Full Mesh Topology. 28. Standard Access Lists 29. Verify Standard Access Lists. 30. Extended Access Lists 31. Verify Standard Access Lists. 32. Named Access Control Lists. 33. Advanced Extended Access Lists M rng danh sch truy cp cho cc b lc vi nhng dng khc nhau ca mng truyn ti:-

Network to Network Host to Host. 58

-

Network to Host.

34. Introduction to Telnet 35. Introduction to VLANS 36. Virtual Trungking Protocol (VTP) Bi lab ny s gii thiu v:-

Cu hnh VLAN trn switch Cataalyst 2950 Gn VLAN ti a cng Cu hnh giao thc VTP thit lp kt ni gia my ch v my trm Thit lp mt ng trung k gia 2 switch truyn ti vlan. Kim tra cu hnh

37. OSPF Single Area Configuration and Testing Tin hnh cu hnh cho cc Router vi a ch IP v giao thc nh tuyn OSPF n vng.. 4.2.1.1.2 Ni dung thc hin mt bi lab trong Stand Alone Labs Trong mng, vic nh tuyn cho vic truyn ti cc gi tin sao cho hiu qu nht, trnh c tr trn ng truyn l mt vic ht sc quan trng. nh tuyn, ni cch khc l vic tm ra ng truyn t mng ny n mng khc, l qu trnh router thc hin chuyn gi d liu ti mng ch da theo a ch. lm c iu ny, cc router phi c thng tin v ng i ti cc mng khc. Thng tin v nhng con ng ny c th c cp nht t ng t router khc hoc l do ngi qun tr mng t ch nh cho router. C rt nhiu cc giao thc nh tuyn khc nhau ph hp vi tng yu cu khc nhau i vi tng loi mng m ngi qun tr mng c th la chn nh RIP, IGRP, EIGRP. Trong module Stand Alone Labs c mt s bi lab v nh tuyn, y, em a ra bi lab thc hin nh tuyn RIP v x l s c xy ra trong nh tuyn RIP (Lab 13 v Lab 14 ). RIP l giao thc nh tuyn ng vi nh tuyn ng, router c th t ng cp nht v thay i vic nh tuyn theo s thay i ca h thng 59

mng theo vect khong cch c s dng rng ri. mc d RIP khng c nhng kh nng v c im ti u nh nhng gio thc nh tuyn khc nhng n da trn nhng chun m v s dng nn vn c cc nh qun tr mng a dng. Do RIP l mt giao thc tt ngi hc v mng bc u lm quen. Bc 1 : Load bi Lab 13RIP t Boson Lab Navigator. Trong bi lab ny c 3 Router c s dng : Router 1, Router 2 v Router 4. Ta thc hin cu hnh i ch IP cho cc giao tip trn router. Chn Router 1 t menu eRouter: Router>enable Router# configuration terminal Enter configuration command, one per line. End with CNL/Z Router(config)# hostname Router1 Router1(config)#interface Ethernet0 Router1(configif)#ip address 10.1.1.1 255.255.255.0 Router1(configif)#no shutdown %LINK3UPDOWN: Interface Ethernet0, changed state to up Router1(configif)#exit Router1(config)#interface Serial0 Router1(configif)#ip address 172.16.10.1 255.255.255.0 Router1(configif)#no shutdown %LINK3UPDOWN: Interface Serial0, changed state to up %LINK3UPDOWN: Interface Serial0, changed state to down %LINK5UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Serial0, changed state to down Router1(configif)#exit Router1(config)#

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Chn Router 2 t menu eRouter: Router>enable Router# configuration terminal Enter configuration command, one per line. End with CNL/Z Router(config)# hostname Router2 Router2(config)#interface Ethernet0 Router2(configif)#ip address 10.1.1.2 255.255.255.0 Router2(configif)#no shutdown %LINK3UPDOWN: Interface Ethernet0, changed state to up Router2(configif)#exit Chn Router 4 t menu eRouter: Router>enable Router# configuration terminal Enter configuration command, one per line. End with CNL/Z Router(config)# hostname Router4 Router4(config)#interface Serial0 Router4(configif)#ip address 172.16.10.2 255.255.255.0 Router4(configif)#no shutdown %LINK3UPDOWN: Interface Serial0, changed state to up %LINK3UPDOWN: Interface Serial0, changed state to down Router4(configif)#exit Router4(config)# Bc 2 : Tin hnh ping cc kt ni trc tip t cc giao tip trn router n cc router ln cn. Router1#ping 10.1.1.2 Type escape sequence to abort. Sending 5, 100byte ICMP Echos to 10.1.1.2, timeout is 2 seconds: 61

!!!!! Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), roundtrip min/avg/max = 1/2/4 ms Router1#ping 172.16.10.2 Type escape sequence to abort. Sending 5, 100byte ICMP Echos to 172.16.10.2, timeout is 2 seconds: !!!!! Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), roundtrip min/avg/max = 1/2/4 ms Bc 3 : Sau khi chng ta thit lp a ch IP thnh cng v kt ni cc giao tip, ta chuyn vo cu hnh RIP nh mt giao thc nh tuyn cho mng m ta la chn. Ti Router 1 Router1# configure terminal Router1(config)# router rip Router1(configrouter)#network 10.0.0.0 Router1(configrouter)#network 172.16.0.0 Ti Router 2 Router1# configure terminal Router1(config)# router rip Router1(configrouter)#network 10.0.0.0 Ti Router 3 Router1# configure terminal Router1(config)# router rip Router1(configrouter)#network 172.16.0.0 Bc 4 : By gi chng ta c RIP chy trn c 3 Router, quay v ch c quyn, tin hnh ping ti cc ng truynn khng trc tip ca cc router ln cn. Vi Router 2 tin hnh ping ti giao tip Serial0 ca 62

Router4 vi a ch IP l 172.16.10.2, v Router4 tin hnh ping ti giao tip Ethernet0 ca Router2 vi a ch IP l 10.1.1.2 Router2#ping 172.16.10.2 Type escape sequence to abort. Sending 5, 100byte ICMP Echos to 172.16.10.2, timeout is 2 seconds: !!!!! Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), roundtrip min/avg/max = 1/2/4 ms Router4#ping 10.1.1.2 Type escape sequence to abort. Sending 5, 100byte ICMP Echos to 10.1.1.2, timeout is 2 seconds: !!!!! Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), roundtrip min/avg/max = 1/2/4 ms Bc 5 : Sau khi ping ti cc Router thnh cng, kim tra bng nh tuyn trn cc Router, ta dng lnh show ip route

Hnh 4.2: Show iprouter Kim tra thng tin v giao thc nh tuyn IP trn cc router dng lnh 63

show ip protocols

Hnh 4.3: Show ip protocols Nh vy chng ta tin hnh xong vic cu hnh nh tuyn RIP cho cc Router. Sau y l cch thc x l s c v hot ng cp nht ca RIP mt cch c bn nht trong bi Lab 14Troubleshooting RIP. Hu ht cc li cu hnh RIP u do khai bo sai cu lnh network hoc subnet khng lin tc. Lnh c tc dng nht trong vic tm li ca RIP trong hot ng cp nht l lnh debug ip rip. Lnh ny s cho php hin th cc thng tin nh tuyn m RIP gi v nhn.

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Hnh 4.4: Debug ip rip

4.2.1.2 Sequential Labs 4.2.1.2.1 Gii thiu v Sequential Labs Modul ny c cha nhng lab hng dn l c s trong phn mm Boson NetSim. Dng switch Cataalyst 1900, 2950, v 5000 c dng rng ri trong m phng. NetSSim cng h tr nhiu giao thc nh tuyn nh RIP, EIRGP, IGRP v OSPF. N cng h tr cc giao thc LAN/WAN khcas nhau nh PPP/CHAP, ISDN v Frame Relay. Nhng bi tp trong Sequential Labs ch yu cu phn mm NetSSim, khng yu cu truy nhp vo bt k mt router ngoi hoc switch no khc. Mc d NetSim h tr v hu ch nhng khng phi tt c cc cu lnh IOS u c thc trn router hoc switch thc. Tt c cc cu lnh c dng trong lab hng dn u h tr m phng. Sequential Labs c 20 bi Lab : 1. Basic Router Configuration 65

2. Advanced Router Configuration 3. CDP. 4. Telnet 5. TFTP 6. RIP 7. IGRP 8. EIGRP 9. OSPF 10. Catalyst 1900 Switch Configuration. 11. VLANs and Trunking (1900 Switches). 12. Catalyst 2950 Switch Configuration 13. VLANs and Trunking (2950 Switches) 14. IP AccessLists 15. NAT&PAT 16. PPP&CHAP 17. ISDN BRIBRI using Legacy DDR 18. ISDN BRIBRI using Dialer Profiles 19. ISDN PRI using Legancy DDR 20. Frame Relay.

4.2.1.2.2 Thc hnh mt bi Lab trong Sequential Labs Trong Cisco router v switch, tp tin cu hnh hot ng c trn RAM v ni khi ng cu hnh l NVRAM. Khi b mt tp tin cu hnh th ta phi c tp tin cu hnh khi ng d phng. Mt trong nhng ni ta c th lu d phng tp tin cu hnh l TFTP server. Vn ny c cp n trong bi Lab 5TFTP Bc 1 : Tin hnh load Lab5TFTP t Boson Lab Navigator . Trong bi 66

Lab ny, yu cu t ra l thc hin sao lu cu hnh PC l TFTP Server, sau sao lu cu hnh t Router1 ln TFTP Router. Chn Router 4 t eRouter, thc hin cu hnh cho Router4. Router>enable Router# configuration terminal Enter configuration command, one per line. End with CNL/Z Router(config)# hostname Quy Quy(config)#interface Ethernet0 Quy(configif)#ip address 24.37.1.1 255.255.255.0 Quy(configif)#no shutdown %LINK3UPDOWN: Interface Ethernet0, changed state to up

Bc 2 : Sau khi cu hnh xong cho Router1, kim tra cu hnh hin thi bng lnh show runningconfig: Bc 3 : Tin hnh cu hnh TFTP server cho PC1. Chn PC1 t eStations. Ci t a ch IP, subnet v default gateway cho PC1. y ta chn a ch IP cho PC gi nh l Sau tin hnh ping t PC1 ti Router1. 24.37.1.252 255.255.255.0 v default gateway l 24.37.1.1 (a ch IP cng Ethernet0 ca Router1).

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Hnh 4.5: Ping t PC1 ti Router1. Bc 4 : T ch c quyn ca Router1, ta tin hnh copy cu hnh hin thi ln TFTP server trn PC1.

Hnh 4.6: Copy cu hnh hin thi ln TFTP server trn PC1 Trn PC1, ta c th kim tra cu hnh c lu tr trn TFTP server:

Hnh 4.7: Kim tra cu hnh hin thi Bc 5 : Thc hin load file cu hnh t TFTP server np vo NVRAM ca Router. Phi m bo NVRAM ca Router l rng bng lnh show

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startupconfig, xo file hin thi nu c bng lnh erase startupconfig. Load file cu hnh t TFTP server:

Hnh 4.8: Load cu hnh

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4.2.1.3 Scenario Labs 4.2.1.3.1 Ni dung Scenario Labs Mc ch ca h thng cc bi lab trong Module Scenario Labs gii thiu cho bn v k thut 1 cch hon chnh nht, khng c sai st. Cc bi lab ny c thit k ch ra cho bn thy c gii hn s cc lnh cn thit c dng trong k thut mng v khng bao hm cc lnh m rng s t chi bn. lm mt cch c hiu qu nht th a ch ip v subnet trong ton b cc bi lab c vit theo cng mt cch nh nhau. iu ny gip bn s tp trung c vo cc lnh mi s xut hin trong tng lab. Cc lab c thit k c th lm vic mt cch c lp vi cc lab khc. iu c ngha l bn c th lm bt k lab no bn mun m khng cn phi theo th t. Mt cch lm s dng cc lab l laod lab t Lab Navigator, hon thnh lab, grade yourself v sau load lab tip theo. Cu hnh cho tt c cc thit b c th c lu li. Nu bn gp phi trc trc vi lab, c th s dng chc nng Grade Me xc nh cu lnh b thiu. Scenario Labs c 26 bi Lab, bao gm: 1. Setting up Serial Interfaces 2. CDP 3. IP Addressing 4. Static Routes 5. Defalut Routers 6. RIP Routers 7. IGRP Routers 8. Using Loopback Interfaces 9. RIP v2 Routers 10. CHAP and RIP

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11. Standard AccessLists with RIP 12. Extended AccessLists wuth RIP 13. EIGRP Routers 14. OSPF Routers 15. Static NAT 16. Many to One NAT 17. NAT Pool 18. Telnet 19. 2950 IP Address 20. 2950 Trunk 21. 2950 Trungk (Dynamic) 22. 2950 VLANs 23. 2950 Deleting VLANs 24. 2950 VTP 25. 2950 VTP with Client 26. 2950 Telnet. 4.2.1.3.2 Thc hnh vi Scenario Labs Mt c tnh quan trng ca mng chuyn mch Ethernet l mng LAN o (VLAN). VLAN l mt nhm logic cc thit b mng hoc cc user. Vi VLAN, mng c kh nng pht trin, bo mt v qun l tt hn v router trong cu trc VLAN c th ngn cc gi tin broadcast v qun l dng lu lng mng. Scenario Labs trong phn mm NetSim c a ra 2 bi Lab gii thiu v VLAN trn dng switch Catalyst 2950 (Lab 22 v Lab 23). Lab 222950 VLANs, mt yu cu c a ra l thit k 1 VLAN dng switch 2950 vi 2 switch 2950 v 2 PC. Bc 1 : Load Lab 22 2950 VLANs t Boson Lab Navigator. Chn SW1 t eSwitch, tin hnh cu hnh cho SW1. 71

Switch>enable Switch#vlan database Switch(vlan)#vlan 10 VLAN 10 added: Name: VLAN0010 Switch(vlan)# vlan 100 VLAN 10 added: Name: VLAN00100 Switch(vlan)# exit APPLY completed Exiting Switch#configuration terminal Switch(config)#hostname Switch1 Switch1(config)#interface fastethernet0/2 Switch1(configif)#switchport access vlan 10 Switch1(configif)#exit Switch1(config)#interface fastethernet0/3 Switch1(configif)#switchport access vlan 10 Switch1(config)#exit Switch1(config)#interface fastethernet0/4 Switch1(configif)#switchport access vlan 10 Switch1(configif)#exit Cu hnh cho SW2 Switch>enable Switch#conf t Switch(config)#hostname Switch2. Cu hnh cho PC1 C:>winipcfg IP address : 192.168.100.1 255.255.255.0 Cu hnh cho PC2 C:>winipcfg IP address : 192.168.100.2 55.255.255.0

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Kim tra kt qu

Hnh 4.9: Kim tra kt qu

Bc 2 : Xo VLAN Xo mt VLAN trn switch cng ging nh mt dng lnh xo trong cu

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hnh router. To VLAN bng lnh no th dng dng ca cu lnh xo VLAN. Switch1(config)#interface fastethernet0/2 Switch1(configif)#no switchport access vlan 10 Switch1(configif)#exit Switch1(config)#interface fastethernet0/3 Switch1(configif)#no switchport access vlan 10 Switch1(config)#exit Switch1(config)#interface fastethernet0/4 Switch1(configif)#no switchport access vlan 10 Switch1(configif)#exit Kim tra kt qu:

Hnh 4.10: Kim tra kt qu

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4.2. Phn mm m phng v thit k mng Boson Network DesignerTM 4.2.1 Gii thiu v phn mm Boson Network DesignerTM Phn mm Boson Network Designer cho php bn thit k cc topo mng ring ca mnh sau cu hnh chng bng phn mm Boson NetSim. Topo l dng vt l ca mng v khng lin quan ti thit b hoc cu hnh mng v bn s thc hin vic trn NetSim. Cch duy nht thm hoc bt i cc thit b trong mng m phng l s dng Boson Network Designer . Phin bn Boson Network Designer v.6.0 beta cho php m phng 44 loi Router thuc series 800, 1000, 1600, 1700, 2500, 2600, 3600, 4500; 3 loi Switch thuc series 1912, 2950, 3550; cc kt ni c bn: Ethernet, Serial, ISDN v PC. Kt ni Fast Ethernet khng c trong list cc kt ni, nu cc thit b c kt ni cho Fast Ethernet th chng c th t truy cp. Frame Relays l kt ni imim qua cng Serial nn chng phi c chn trong loi kt ni Serial. Thng tin v thit b bao gm loi thit b (Device Model), cc cng (Available Ports) v cc khe chc nng (Slot Options) c hin th trong hp thoi thng tin thit b (Device Information Box). Cc thng tin ny s xut hin trc khi bn a chng vo topo Netmap ca bn.

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Hnh 4.11: Giao din Boson Network DesignerTM Cch thc s dng chng trnh l draganddrop, ko v th nn rt n gin s dng. trnh s ln xn trong khi s dng, bn nn thit k v to mng ca mnh theo cc bc sau: 1. Load Boson Network Designer bng cch click vo New menu File. 2. To topo mng ca bn. 3. Kim tra cc kt ni vt l. 4. Lu NetMap Topology (c dng file .top). 5. Thot khi chng trnh Boson Network Designer v tr li chng trnh NetSim. 6. T menu File, chn Load Netmap. 7. Load file topo filename.top m bn khi to trc . 8. Tin hnh cu hnh cho cc thit b theo la chn ca bn m phng.

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4.2.2

Thc hnh thit k v m phng mt mng bng phn

mm Boson Network DesignerTM 4.2.2.1 Yu cu t ra l m phng mt mng c s khi nh trn hnh:

Hnh 4.12: S khi mng m phng

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Cc s liu cho mng trn nh sau: Tn thit b Model Switch1 Switch2 Router1 1912 1912 805 Serial0 Ethernet0 Serial0 Router2 2501 Serial1 Bri0 Ethernet0 Router3 2501 Serial0 Bri0 PC1 PC2 PC3 PC4 PC5 PC6 Ethernet0 Ethernet0 Ethernet0 Ethernet0 Ethernet0 Ethernet0 172.16.2.1/24 42.34.10.1/24 192.168.102.0/24 172.16.2.2/24 42.34.10.121/24 192.168.100.2/24 192.168.101.1/24 192.168.102.1/24 192.168.100.4/24 192.168.100.3/24 192.168.101.2/24 172.16.1.1/24 192.168.101.1 172.16.1.2/24 Cng giao tip dng n a ch IP Ethernet0/1 Ethernet0/1 Ethernet0 192.168.100.0/24 192.168.102.0/24 192.168.100.5/24

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4.2.2.2Thc hin a/ Load phn mm Boson Network DesignerTM, sau chn cc thit b Task pane, sau tin hnh t cc kt ni cho cc thit b cho hp l v ph hp ng vi yu cu mng t ra. Trong qu trnh i dy", c mt s im lu sau: Xc nh ng loi kt ni cho thit b, chn cc cng kt ni cho hp l. Khi to kt ni Serial cho cc thit b vi nhau s c 2 la chn l thc

hin kt ni PPP hoc kt ni Frame-Relay. Cn lu xc nh r thit b no l DCE v thit b no s ng vao tr l DTE ta a cu hnh clocking vo ng thit b, ng thi xc nh r gi tr DHCL cho tng thit b. l. Sau khi hon tt vic i dy, chng ta c mt topo mng m phng v mt vt l. Tin hnh lu tr file topo li di dng filename.top. b/ Sau khi c c mt topo, ta s tin hnh cu hnh cho thit b m phng bng phn mm Boson NetSimTM. Thc hin Load Net Map t menu File load topo mng m ta thit lp. Trong qu trnh cu hnh cho mng, ta c th s dng NetMap Viewer quan st topo mng thit k, xc nh chnh xc cc cng ni trn tng thit b v cc thng tin lin quan cng nh vic la chn cu hnh cho bt k mt thit b no . Di y l qu trnh cu hnh topo mng c xy dng t s khi trn bng phn mm m phng Boson NetSimTM. 79 Khi to kt ni ISDN cho cc thit b, ta cn la chn kiu ISDN cho hp

Hnh 4.13: Qu trnh cu hnh topo mng

Bc 1: Cu hnh cho Switch1 v cc kt ni vi Switch1: T NetMap Viewer, click chut phi, chn Configure, chng trnh s cho ta giao din NetSim thc hin cu hnh cho Switch1 >en #conf t Enter configuration command, one per line. End with CNL/Z (config)#hostname Switch1 Switch1(config)#interface Ethernet0/1 80

Switch1(config-if)#ip address 192.168.100.0 255.255.255.0 {Di a ch s dng.} Cu hnh cho cc PC kt ni vi Switch1 PC1 C:>winipcfg IP: 192.168.100.1 255.255.255.0 172.16.1.1 PC5 C:>winipcfg IP: 192.168.100.2 255.255.255.0 172.16.1.1 PC4 C:>winipcfg IP: 192.168.100.3 255.255.255.0 172.16.1.1 Sau khi cu hnh xong, tin hnh kim tra kt ni t tng PC ti Switch1 PC1 C:>ping 192.168.100.0 PC4 C:>ping 192.168.100.0 PC5 C:>ping 192.168.100.0

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Hnh 4.14: Kim tra kt ni Nh vy tin hnh cu hnh xong.

Bc 2: Cu hnh cho Router1 v cc kt ni vi Router1 Router1 c kt ni Ethernet vi Switch1 v Frame-Relay vi Router2. Cu hnh kt ni vi Switch.

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Cu hnh kt ni Frame-Relay ca Router 1 v Router2. Ti Router1 Router1#conf t Router1(config)#interface serial0 Router1(config-if)#ip address 172.16.1.1 255.255.255.0 Router1(config-if)#no shut Router1(config-if)#encapsulation frame-relay Router1(config-if)#frame-relay interface-dlci 102 Router1(config-if)#exit %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface Serial0, changed state to up %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Serial0, changed state to up 21:49:39: %FR-5-DLCICHANGE: Interface Serial0 DLCI 102 state changed to ACTIVE. Ti Router2 Router>en Router#conf t Enter configuration command, one per line. End with CNL/Z Router(config)#hostname Router2 Router2(config)#interface serial0 83

Router2(config-if)#ip address 172.16.1.2 255.255.255.0 Router2(config-if)#no shut Router2(config-if)#encapsulation frame-relay Router2(config-if)#frame-relay interface-dlci 201 Router2(config-if)#exit Kim tra cu hnh Frame-Relay

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Bc 3: Tin hnh thc hin cc kt ni cn li ca Router2 Kt ni PPP gia Rrouter2 v Router3, tip tc t cu hnh t Router2: Router2#conf t Router2(config)# interface serial1 Router2(config-if)# ip address 172.16.2.1 255.255.255.0 Router2(config-if)#encapsulation ppp Router2(config-if)# no shutdown.

Chn cu hnh cho Router3. Router>en Router#conf t Enter configuration command, one per line. End with CNL/Z Router(config)#hostname Router3 Router3#conf t Router3(config)# interface serial1 Router3(config-if)# ip address 172.16.2.2 255.255.255.0 Router3(config-if)#encapsulation ppp Router3(config-if)# no shutdown.

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Kim tra Router3#ping 172.16.2.1.

Cu hnh kt ni ISDN gia Router 2 v Router3. Router2#conf t Router2(config)#interface bri0 Router2(config-if)#ip address 42.34.10.1 255.255.255.0 Router2(config-if)#no shut %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface Bri0, changed state to up Router2(config-if)#isdn spid1 32177820010100 Router2(config-if)#isdn switch-type basic-ni Router2(config-if)#exit Router2(config)#exit Router2#show isdn status Global ISDN Switchtype = basic-ni ISDN BRO) interface Dsl 0, interface ISDN Switchtype = basic-ni Layer 1 Status: TESTING 86

Layer 2 Status: TEI = 64, Ces = 1, SAPI = 0, State =MULTI_FRAME_ESTABLISHED TEI 64, ces = 1, state = 5(init) Spid1 configured, no LDN, spid1 sent, spid1 valid Layer 3 status: 0 Active Layer 3 Call(s) Active dsl 0 CCBs = 0 The Free Channel Mask: 0x80000003 Number of L2 Discards = 0, L2 Session ID = 100 Total Allocated ISDN CCBs = 0 Router2# conf t Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z. Router2(config)#interface bri0 Router2(config-if)#dialer string 7782001 Router2(config-if)#dialer-list 1 protocol ip permit Router2(config)#interface bri0 Router2(config-if)#dialer-group1

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Ti Router 3 Router3#conf t Router3(config)#interface bri0 Router3(config-if)#ip address 42.34.10.121 255.255.255.0 Router3(config-if)#no shut %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface Bri0, changed state to up Router3(config-if)#isdn spid1 32177820010100 Router3(config-if)#isdn switch-type basic-ni Router3(config-if)#exit Router3(config)#exit Router3#show isdn status Global ISDN Switchtype = basic-ni ISDN BRO) interface Dsl 0, interface ISDN Switchtype = basic-ni Layer 1 Status: ACTIVE Layer 2 Status: TEI = 64, Ces = 1, SAPI = 0, State = MULTI_FRAME_ESTABLISHED 88

TEI 64, ces = 1, state = 5(init), state = 8 (established) Spid1 configured, no LDN, spid1 sent, spid1 valid Layer 3 status: 0 Active Layer 3 Call(s) Active dsl 0 CCBs = 0 The Free Channel Mask: 0x80000003 Number of L2 Discards = 0, L2 Session ID = 100 Total Allocated ISDN CCBs = 0 Router3# conf t Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z. Router3(config)#interface bri0 Router3(config-if)#dialer string 7782001 Router3(config-if)#dialer-list 1 protocol ip permit Router3(config)#interface bri0 Router3(config-if)#dialer-group1 Router3(config-if)#end

Kim tra kt ni.

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Bc4: Cu hnh cc kt ni vi Switch2 Switch2 c cc kt ni Ethernet vi Router2, PC2 v PC6 >en #conf t Enter configuration command, one per line. End with CNL/Z (config)#hostname Switch2 Switch2(config)#interface Ethernet0/1 Switch2(config-if)#ip address 192.168.101.0 255.255.255.0 {Di a ch s dng.} Cu hnh cho cc PC kt ni vi Switch1

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PC2 C:>winipcfg IP: 192.168.101.1 255.255.255.0 172.16.1.1 PC6 C:>winipcfg IP: 192.168.101.2 255.255.255.0 172.16.1.1 Sau khi cu hnh xong, tin hnh kim tra kt ni t tng PC ti Switch2 PC2 C:>ping 192.168.101.0 PC6 C:>ping 192.168.101.0 Bc 5: Cu hnh cho Router 3 Router 3 c cc kt ni PPP v ISDN vi Router 2 v kt ni Ethernet vi PC3 Router3#conf t Router3(config)#interface Ethernet0 Router3(config-if)#ip address 192.168.102.0 255.255.255.0 Router3(config-if)#no shutdown. PC3 C:>winipcfg IP: 192.168.102.1 255.255.255.0 172.16.1.1 91

C:>ping 192.168.102.0

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KT LUNSau mt thi gian nghin cu, n gii quyt c mt s vn sau: Tng quan v mng my tnh: Ch ra m hnh mng my tnh, li ch ca mng v cc thit b mng. Tng quan v OSI: Gii thiu v m hnh OSI: cc tng ca OSI v nhng vn thng gp v OSI. Giao thc TCP/IP: Khi qut v m hnh TCP/IP v chc nng cc lp, cc cng ngh lp truy cp mng. Phn mm m phng Boson NetSimTM: y l mt trong nhng phn mm m phng c s dng nhiu nht hin nay. Vi 2 module Boson NetSimTM v Boson Network DesignerTM ngi dng c th t thit k mt mng ca mnh, sau cu hnh cho chng hot ng. Tuy nhin, do s hn ch v kin thc n ca em vn cn nhiu thiu st, em rt mong nhn c s ng gp ca cc thy c v cc bn. Em xin gi li cm n chn thnh ti cc thy c trong khoa c bit TS. Nguyn Tin Dng - ngi nhit tnh hng dn em trong qu trnh thc hin n.

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Ti liu tham kho: [1]Andrew S.T., Computer Network, Prentice Hall, 1988 [2]Douglas E.C., Internetworking With TCP/IP, v.1, Prentice Hall, 1991. [3]Douglas E.C., Internetworking With TCP/IP, v.2, Prentice Hall, 1994 Cc t vit tt: OSI : (Open Systems Interconnection ) - M hnh kt ni h thng m TCP : (Transmission Control Protocol) - Giao thc iu khin IP :(Internet Address) - a ch IP

UDP :(User Data Protocol) - Giao thc phi kt ni ARP :(Address Resolution Protocol) - Giao thc chuyn i a ch RARP :(Reverse Address Resolution Protocol) - Giao thc phn gii a ch ngc ICMP : (Internet Control Message Protocol - Giao thc thng bo iu khin Internet IGRP : (Internet Gateway Routing Protocol) - Giao thc nh tuyn vect khong cch RTNR : (Real Time Network Routing) - nh tuyn mng thi gian thc OSPF : (Open Shortest Past First) - Giao thc m ng i ngn nht RIP : (Routing Information Protocol) Giao thc thng tin nh tuyn 94

BGP : (Border Gateway Protocol) - Giao thc hng kt ni EGP : (Exterior Gateway Protocol) - Giao thc giao tip LSAs (Link-state Advertisments) Giao thc nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt AS ( Autonomous System) - H thng t tr IS-IS (Intermediate System to Intermediate System). LSA- (Link State Advertisement) - Gi qung co trng thi lin kt

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