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8/11/2019 Tindupi Pras Samaluna
1/19
Reading 11.5. Source: Adjudged est Paper during the FIRST INTERNATIONAL ,
SCIENTIFIC CONVENTION of.the Philippi'ne Society, or the Study
of
Nature (PSSN)
Community participation and biodiversity education to sus(aln
nature held
at Palawan State UniversityPuerto Princesa City, 2-4
. May 2007
TIN
Pi, P RAS, SAMALUNA:
THE SUBANUN SEASONS AND COMMUNITY SURVIVAL SJRATEGIES FOR
. BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION .
[ .
C
Sevidal Castro,
wayway S
Viloria,
Johanna E Hanasan, and Reymund
T
Bago
Paper Presenter: L. C. Sevidal Castro, Pli. D
. Professor __ . . _
Mindanao State University-lligar:i Institute of Tectmology
lligan City
Introduction
The Subanun in .the Mt. Malindang Natural Park are keen observers seasonal variations.
Their -identific13tion with the seasons is a product oflong years of relating with nature. The
Subanun seasonal calendar illustrates the types
of
seasons which a specific ar.ea
experiences over a period of time. The variations
in
seasons dictate the kind of activities
that members
of
the community execute in the process
of
interacting with the ecosystem.
The Subanun had nurtured their intricate coexistence
With
'the biophysical environment
which, on one hand, provides the resources vital for their
~ t i s t e r : i a n c e
on the other, limits
their activities. Nurturing this coexistence has been marked by laboriousness
of
work,
occurrence of poor harvests, lack of social services, and conditions of poor health. Their
belief system, closely tied to their concept
of
nature, provides a sense of security
in
facing
the
d l m a n d ~
and uncertaintie_
of
living and in o.vercoming the d_fficulties therein.
T_he present report briefly tackles thei r seasonal calendar,an important aspect of the
indi enous knowledges stems (IK ) and Subanun cultural system and institutio s
that put
order to the relationship between the communi y an the biophysical environment.
l ~ t l i
paper
are erive from es u y comp f t n V l a y 21)05 for he P 1lippines
Netherlands Biodiversity Research Program for Development in Mindanao: Foc4s on
fv1t
Malindang and its Immediate Environs _ BRP). Said study had been guided by a.conceptual
framework illustrated n the schematic diagram in Figure No. 1.]
A brief literature review
The literature
in
the Philippiri.es and elsewhere on indigenous knowledge systems and on
' the components thereof is not scant. A good number describe the importance
of
indigen0us
knowledge for natural resource management ahd sustainable development. There are
materials which examine, firstly, a number
of
perspectives of studies on indigenous
knowledge systems, resource use and sljstainable development, on traditional ~ n o w l e d g e
7
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\
,.
-
ge11der and coriser-Vatiop-rifbiologicaf anckultura{ diversity. A few others are studies on
l a n d ownership, use
:;ind
r n a n a g e m e n f
.
- .
- .
. -
.
n
perspectives
.
.,
Much
of ethnographic literaturereviewed tell
uslhat
in
r:nany
traditional territories
of
. indigenous peoples there is continuing deterioration of the natural. habitat of these peoples
ariq their culture. Such literature assert that the indigenous peoples have a wealth. of _ ,
traditional knowiedge and beiief systemswhose efficaciousness in maintaining biological
and cultural diversi ty is unquestionable. SeveraJ
of
these researches assert (hat
i t is
imperative for government bodies ana Civil society to:r.ec6gnize the essential connection
belween biological .afid _cultut'al diversity.
.
: : . , ,
:
..
' .
.
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I
I
I
I
I
I
\
\
I
I
I
I
p
0
I
i
Fig.
No.
1. Schematic diagram of the conceptual framework of the study entitled,
lodigenous-Knowledge Systems
nd
Modern Technology-Based Approaches:
Opportunities for Biodiversity Management and Conservation -n
Mt
Malindang
ndits
- Immediate Ef]virons '
.
-
- Contexts-
_ .. Gultoraf-
-
-
.-
.
,.,,.,..
.
, .
--
'
/ / . _ . _,/.. Landscape approaches >.,.
.
.,,..
:
, ,
r ~ s ; ;
-;
. ~ i e m \
I e , \
I
I
/
./
I
I
I .
0
p
h-
y
s
i
c
I
I
I
I
I
/
' /
/
I
I
Indigenous
knowledge
systems &
gender
differentia
tion in the
manage..:
ment
conserva-
. tion
of
critical
resources
:
\
Synergism
-
of
\
t ensure access to medical relief
in
case
of
. illnesses. This minimizes the compulsion to go into the forest to ~ x t r a c t herbal plants
whenever illness occurs. Extraction of herbal
r e s o u r ~ e s in
the forest
is
accompanied with
the Subanun's o b s ~ r v a n c e of respect for spirits in the forest. Although he act of
extracting herbals .in the forest
no
longer requires the performance of rituals, still .
an
i n d i v i d ~ a l must seek permission of the s p ~ r i t s before gathering herbal plants in the forest.
Activities during the p ras.
, Pagsilab in upland Lake Duminagat is done in April;
ih
upland Gandawan, in
January and February;
and
in
upland Mansawan,
in
March to April. Meanwhile,
[n
the
upland barangays of Small Potongan and lowland barangay of-Peniel, it is usually done
in
March.
In
Barangay Mamalad, pagsilab is absent.
_
etc., is
347
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: are g ~ o w n
y e a r - r o u n d
and are harvested at any timeof the year-for subsistence: However,
because of e n v i r o n m ~ n t a l changes which
ren
S o m ~
farmer.s usually plant '
cor:n --pugas --
in
February t6 avoid the January rains. Pugas of corn
is
also done in.that
monthto allow the plant to grow enough .towithstand .the strong wind
Jn
March.
Cornwhich are planted ahead, specifically in a r c h ~ a r e fertilized in this same month. '
Fishing is also done.
. Harvesting
of
mature crops is : also done during this . season.
In
Barangay
Mansawan, corn and kamote are harvested in December. fin 'those. sites growing cash
crops, cabbage is harvested
in
Barangay Lake.Duminagat in April. lnBarangay Gandawan,
.
.sibuyas and cabbage are harvested
in
Aprii, and
ba
,nanc;i
in
November.] ,
- - - --._ : . ' ~ ~ - ~ ; ' ~ ~ ~
- : ~
; . : ; ; ; , ~ - : ~ - - ~ ' ~ ' i . ..;. - ~ o r ' ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
In
October, _rllature crops are harve
St
ed (ani for u p l a rice; kali for r6otcrops) in -
~ S m a l l PotongaH: ,Harvested crops .like u13land rice .and corn are gradually readied for family
.
. .
'
348 .
.
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consumption: pounding in the case of riGe, and grinding for corn. Rice_ grains for -planting
are selected and readie_d for the _next cropping season.
0
:
In
,Barangay Mamalad, the
,-.
month of july marks the second- cropping se'ason
(pang.:llilaFig sa
ba--01)
for corn (to be harvested jn Octobet). Wetland_ ice -is'also
pl
_anted: in
this same month.
'
Fishing is also don_._ ' - '
3
ln 'Oclober, ~ e t l a n d rice and-corn are harvested: lr this same month, t h E { i n c i d e ~
of illness increases.
In Barangay Lake Duminagat, the month of December is marked by the dugmon, the
period of hibernation of- wild boars, and the ting-anak (birthing). Hunting wild .boa? is
' avoided
d ~ r i n g
this season. D ~ e r 1Nander around during this s_eason. c
It fa this same period when fishes "like kasili (eel) and paitari are _ound -in
abundance.
In
Barangay Gandawan and Barangay Mansawan, pahubas, a method in
fishing,_s un_dertaken in the months of April and February, r e ~ p e d i v e l y .
Activi ties cfuring thf gan'us
up
.
Not too
many
activities _are carried out
in
sararigay Lake
D u ~ i n a ' g a t
du-
rfr1g
this
season which occurs in July to August, except planting kamote, gabi, and k a n a k a ~ . In
Gandawan, this season happens in four consecutive months starting in May. and ending in.
August. Several activities are carried out in the same season. First, bung ay or weeding
out grasses including ifs roots (one of far:m maintenance activities) with .the use
of
-a tool
. called guna (trowel) is done-in May. -Second, planting kanaKa .in June [arid spring onions in
August, is also- undertaken].
In
the safTle season, ha Vestlng is done of kanaka -in June
(madkali og kanaka) and of kamote (magkali
og
kamote) in AUgust. [Harvesting is _done in .
May of spring onions (magsipak og si_buyas)fortho.se growing-tile ca.sh crop]. .
Occurr:iFTg in June in Small
Potongan,
gan'us .dupi s -the season
o(
panu-ig sa -
humay basakari, or the first cropping season of wetland rice. Gan'us
dupi
is, also h_arvest
time of wetland rice, marking, as such, the end of he second cropping season, pangulilang
(which started in the moi:ith
of
~ a n u a r y
. . Meanwhile,
in
Barangay Mamalad, gan'us
dupi
marks also the panu-ig for.wetland 'i"ice, and the secohd cropping (pangulilang sa ba-ol) for
upland
com and other
L P . l ~ n d
crops.
,-
' - ' '
< '
Rootcrops -ike kamote, g and kamanting ~ r e - planted during this time in Small
Potongan. Crop tare activities, specifically weeding I uprooting grasses io farm ots, : 're .
undertaken du.ring this r:nc:inth. Fishing, as well as, hunting activities are u n d e ~ k e n
in
this
season:_
Tile months
o
July ~ n d August constitute the
p_eriod
when wild boars become .quite
active, thus, becoming more visible than if ) other seasons. As earlier stated, no s1:1ch
seasonofgan Usi dupi'iJccurs in -upland Marisawan: -
>
Activities during the p'ras
g n ~ u s
.
.- . Unique to upland Small Potongan, p'ras -gan'us is the time for second cropping
(pangulilang) -for corn. Planted
in
-July; the corn is expected.tb be harvested
in
October or
November, or lft ithin 3 to4 months after planting. Significant during this se'ason are such
activities'as: harvesting. (kali) in July of footcrops, harvesting .(sangql) Jn August of corn
pll3Ated ,
in the par-lu-ig ( M a t c h ~ A p r i l ) and planting (pugas) of corn. Hunting starts in July
and 'ends in Augl,Jst.
349'
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Activities during the gan us.
.. , .
. .
During this season,
in
Lake Duininagat, only planting
of
rootcrops and tubers like
kamote, kanaka, and qabi, is 1mdertaken. Meanwhile, harvest .of corn (sanggl
og
mais) and
of
spring
o n i o ~ s
(magsipak
og
sibuyas)
is
undertaken in Mansawan in the month of July.
In
lowland_Peniel, the season involves harvesting in August of corn planted du ring _he panu-ig
thereby ending the first cropping season, and marking the start of the second cropping
(panqulilang). Undertaken in this same month is gathering of herbal plants to remedy
illnesses with which the residents are inflicted during this period. Crop c a r ~ activities, like
weeding or digging out
grasses_
(bunglay) and tasks for pest management are done
in
June.
Activities during the
p ras
gilat I
lugC ng
.
. Observed _onlY:in B a r ~ n g a y Mamalad, the season of p ras q(lat I lugong, is the time
when .farm activities are quite Jimlted. Only weeding I uprooting grasses (bunglay) can be
carried out.
ummary
On
the whole, the Subanun recognize two (2) general seasons obtaining
in
the study ,
sites, with a number of varying n t r m t t n t s e a s o n ~ There are, however, -distinct
differences among the study sites in terms
of
the time
of
occurrence and the length or
duration of the season. .
; .:.
...
The two
gen-eral
seasons are tindupi, or rainy I wet season, and p
ras
or sunny I dry
season. Several intermittent seasons oq;ur in the
a r ~ a
These are the samaluna, gan us
dup( p ras ganius, p ras qilat I luq6nq, and gan us,
There are certain periods when a specific type-
of
season occurs in three or- more
r:.esearch sites simultaneously. For example, tindupi occurs
in
the upland barangay of Small
Potongan and
in
the lowland barangays of Peniel and Mamalad
in
the months of November
till January . In other sites, the
s ~ a s o n
may occur
in
dissimilar months. For example, tindupi
in
the upland barangays of Lake Duminagat,
~ a n d a w a n
Mansawan,.occurs
in
months that
are not the same for the three.
In
Barangay Lake Duminagat, tindupi occurs in September
and again
in
November;
in
Gandawan, tindupi occurs in December; and in Mansawan,
in
October till November, then again in January and May. Tindupi occurs as early as in May
in
the upland barangay of Mansawan; in the upland barangays of Mansawan and Small
Potongan , as well as, in the lowla_
d
barangays of Peniel and Mamalad, tindupi p e ~ s i s t s till
the month
of
January since it commences.
in
September or Octob
er.
The season
of
p ras
o c c u ~ s
in four study sites simultaneously, in the consecutive
months of March and April, that
is
in the upland barangays of Mansawan and Small
Potongan, and in the lowland barangays of Peniel and Mamalad.
March
is
the month in which it occurs
in
.all study sites except in one, incidentally
also the barangay with the highest elevation, Lake Duminagat. -
The season o f p ras is experienced longer
in
- Barangay Peniel than
in
any of the
study sites. This occurs in five months of the year, first from February to May,
consecutively, then again
in
July.
3q
An
intermittent s e a s o n
c o m m o n
to all of the areas
is
the samaluna. The month of
October is the month
n
which s a m a l u n ~ occurs simultaneously
in
the highest number of
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- I
_ s t u d y s i t e s f o u r n a m e l y --in the upland barangays of Lake. Duminaga( G a n d a w a n a ~ d
Small Potoflgan, and
in
the lowlai1d barangay of Mamalad. .
" ' '
.
.
. . .
Gan'us
dUpl
happens . only
in
four study sites: the . upland barangays
of
La"e
D ~ m i n a g a t .Gandawan, Small P o ~ o n g a n and the lowland barangay of Mamalad. It occurs
the lpngest in the upland barangay of'Gandawan, from May t0At1gust. ,
. :
: I
,The rest
of
the intermittent seasons_are peculiar to respective areas: p'ras qan'us.
only in
the. upland barangay
o(Small
Potorigan
in
July and :Augast; gan'us,
in
upland -
_barangays
of
Lake Duminagat and Mansawan and in the lowlar:id barangay
of.
Peni$1. P'ras
-qilat
I
lugbngis known to occur otily ii) t h e ~ o w l a n d barangay
of
Mamah:id
in
May. .
Conclusion
k . : t
Fishing activities are undertak;n in the season of p'ras: Fishing during
the rainy
season is risky -as water. level rises. While -hunting may be done at a11y .time, many, .
Subanun, hqwever, -regardp'ras asthe_seaso)1 m:ost suitable for hunting: . . "' ' . _-
. Due t6 tn.e- need
foe
survival
of
their, families, farmers 'take.the
ris < in
carryjng
du
:some farming .activities at' any season, Ji)
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352
Guide Questions:
1.
2.
3.
4
What comprise the biophysical environment
of
the Subanun in the research sites described
in the artide? .
What constitute their adapiive strategies in their biophysical environment?
How do the seasonal calendars in the research sites reflect the; Subanun intricate co
existence with their biophysical environment? How do they maintain their biological and
cultural diversity?
How does the environment provide the bread.h of resources, as wel as, set the limits for the
. activities
in
theMt.Malindang
~ c o s y s t ~ m
Suggested Activities:
1. Visit a -community
ofindigenous
people. Take note of the different agricultural activities
during a season. Identify the practices, customs, etc., observed during that season in the
Conduct of the activity/ies in order to adapt to their ecosystem.
... t
2.
. Read stories or egends about ra i ligenous people. Describe what the stories reveal about
their adaptive strategies in relating with their environment. _ ;