Tinh toan luoi

B GIO DC V O TO TRNG I HC BCH KHOA H NI----------------o0o---------------

H NI 2006

NGUYN TH KIM TUYN CNG NGH THNG TIN 2004-2006

LUN VN THC S KHOA HCNGNH: CNG NGH THNG TIN

NGHIN CU TNG QUAN V TNH TON LI V CI T M HNH TH NGHIM

NGUYN TH KIM TUYN

H NI 10-2006

Lun vn thc s khoa hc

Nghin cu tng quan v tnh ton li v ci t m hnh th nghim

LI CM NTrong qu trnh tm hiu nghin cu hon thnh lun vn, ti gp khng t kh khn, nhng nhng lc nh vy, ti lun nhn c s ng vin, khch l ca thy gio, TS. Nguyn Kim Khnh. Thy gip ti rt nhiu trong qu trnh nghin cu, hng dn tn tnh trong cch thc v phng php nghin cu khoa hc cng nh h tr ti trong vic tm ti liu. c c nhng kt qu trong lun vn ny, ti xin gi li cm n su sc n thy gio, TS. Nguyn Kim Khnh khoa Cng ngh thng tin trng HBKHN. Ti cng xin gi li cm n n cc thy c v cc bn trn Trung tm tnh ton hiu nng cao, trng HBKHN. Cui cng ti xin cm n ng nghip, gia nh v cc bn ca ti nhng ngi lun bn cnh, ng vin v khch l ti c c kt qu nh ngy hm nay.

H Ni, ngy 05 thng 10 nm 2006 Tc gi

Nguyn Th Kim TuynLp Cao hc CNTT 2004-2006

Nguyn Th Kim Tuyn Lp Cao hc CNTT Kho 2004-2006 - i hc BKHN

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LI CAM OANTi l Nguyn Th Kim Tuyn, hc vin lp cao hc kho 2004-2006, chuyn ngnh Cng ngh thng tin. Ti xin cam oan bi lun vn "Nghin cu tng quan v tnh ton li v ci t m hnh th nghim" l do ti nghin cu, tm hiu di s hng dn ca thy gio TS. Nguyn Kim Khnh, khng phi s sao chp ca ngi khc. Ti xin chu trch nhim v li cam oan ny.

H Ni, ngy 05 thng 10 nm 2006 Tc gi

Nguyn Th Kim TuynLp Cao hc CNTT 2004-2006


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MC LCLI CM N ..........................................................................................................1 LI CAM OAN ....................................................................................................2 MC LC................................................................................................................3 DANH MC THUT NG ...................................................................................6 DANH MC HNH .................................................................................................8 LI NI U .........................................................................................................9 CHNG 1. TNH TON LI........................................................................10

1.1 Tng quan v Tnh ton li .............................................................. 101.1.1 Tnh ton li l g?..........................................................................10 1.1.2 So snh vi cc m hnh, cng ngh khc ........................................12 1.1.3 Phn loi mng li ..........................................................................13

1.2 Kin trc v thnh phn chnh ca h thng li............................... 151.2.1 Tng quan kin trc li...................................................................15 1.2.2 Cc thnh phn theo m hnh chc nng ..........................................18 1.2.3 Cc thnh phn theo m hnh vt l..................................................19

1.3. Cc chun cho tnh ton li ............................................................. 191.3.1 OGSA/OGSI l g? ...........................................................................20 1.3.2 Chun OGSI .....................................................................................20 1.3.3 Chun OGSA....................................................................................22

1.4 Cc thnh phn chnh trong m hnh chc nng ca li .................. 241.4.1 Bo mt.............................................................................................241.4.1.1 C ch bo mt trong mi trng li..............................................25 1.4.1.2 Cc chnh sch bo mt trong mi trng li.................................25 1.4.1.3 H tng an ninh mng li GSI (Grid Security Infrastructure) ........26

1.4.2 Qun l ti nguyn li ....................................................................271.4.2.1 Nhng thch thc trong qun l ti nguyn li ..............................27 1.4.2.2 H qun tr ti nguyn GRAM ..........................................................29

1.4.3 Qun l d liu .................................................................................301.4.3.1 Giao thc truyn tp tin mng li GridFTP ....................................30 1.4.3.2 Dch v nh v bn sao RLS ............................................................33

1.4.4 Lp lch trong mi trng li .........................................................36 1.4.5 Grid Portal ........................................................................................381.4.5.1 Cc yu cu i vi Grid Portal ........................................................39 1.4.5.2 Chuyn ti cc Job trong Grid Portal ................................................39Nguyn Th Kim Tuyn Lp Cao hc CNTT Kho 2004-2006 - i hc BKHN

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1.4.6 Gim st li ....................................................................................401.4.6.1 Quy trnh gim st.............................................................................41 1.4.6.2 Yu cu i vi mt h thng gim st li .....................................41 1.4.6.3 Kin trc b gim st li GMA (Grid Monitoring Architecture) ...42 1.4.6.4 Phn loi cc h thng gim st li................................................43

1.5 Kt chng.......................................................................................... 44CHNG 2. TNG QUAN V GLOBUS .........................................................45

2.1 Tng quan kin trc chung ca GT .................................................... 452.1.1 Cc chc nng chnh ca GT ............................................................45 2.1.2 Cc c trng ca GT4 .....................................................................46 2.1.3 Tm lc v kin trc ca GT4 ........................................................48

2.2 Kin trc hng dch v ..................................................................... 482.2.1 GT4, cc h thng phn tn, cc dch v Web ..................................48 2.2.2 C s h tng v ng dng hng dch v........................................49 2.2.3 Kin trc hng dch v (Service Oriented Architecture-SOA) .......50

2.3 Kin trc GT4 ..................................................................................... 512.3.1 Kin trc tng quan ..........................................................................51 2.3.2 Trin khai dch v Web trn GT4 .....................................................53

2.4 Qun l thc thi trong GT4 ................................................................ 542.4.1 Tng quan v GT4 GRAM ...............................................................55 2.4.2 Lnh globusrun-ws ...........................................................................56 2.4.3 Cch thc hot ng ca GT4 GRAM..............................................60 2.4.4 Cu hnh v qun tr GT4 GRAM.....................................................62

2.5 Qun l d liu trong GT4 ................................................................. 632.5.1 Tng quan v qun l d liu trong GT4 ..........................................63 2.5.2 Di chuyn d liu..............................................................................63 2.5.3 To bn sao d liu...........................................................................64

2.6 Theo di v pht hin ......................................................................... 652.6.1 H thng theo di v pht hin - MDS4 ...........................................65 2.6.2 B gp (aggregator) v ngun thng tin ...........................................66 2.6.3 Ngun thng tin v vic ng k ......................................................67

2.7 Kt chng.......................................................................................... 67CHNG 3. CC K THUT LI HIN C TRIN KHAI VIT NAM .......................................................................................................................68

3.1 Desktop Grids ..................................................................................... 683.1.1 Tnh ton phn tn trong cc x nghip.............................................68Nguyn Th Kim Tuyn Lp Cao hc CNTT Kho 2004-2006 - i hc BKHN

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3.1.2 nh ngha Desktop Grid..................................................................69 3.1.3 Gi tr ca li Desktop Grid ...........................................................70 3.1.4 Cc phn t k thut chnh ...............................................................70 3.1.5 Cc kha cnh thc t cn xem xt....................................................72 3.1.6 Grid Server .......................................................................................73

3.2 Cluster Grids....................................................................................... 743.2.1 Kin trc li Cluster .......................................................................74 3.2.2 B phn mm li cluster ca Sun ...................................................75 3.2.3 Yu cu thit k ................................................................................78 3.2.4 Phn cng mng ...............................................................................79 3.2.5 Qun l mt Cluster Grid.................................................................80

3.3 Kt ni Cluster vo Grid..................................................................... 813.3.1 S cn thit ca vic kt ni grid v cluster......................................82 3.3.2 Kt ni Globus-based Grid v PBS-based Cluster ............................823.3.2.1 GRAM...............................................................................................82 3.3.2.2 PBS....................................................................................................83 3.3.2.3 Cc yu cu i vi thnh phn kt ni ............................................87

3.4 Kt chng.......................................................................................... 90CHNG 4. TRIN KHAI TH NGHIM......................................................91

4.1 Lp bn thit k kin trc li............................................................ 91 4.2 Ci t mt Grid ................................................................................. 954.2.1 Cu hnh phn cng ca li ............................................................95 4.2.2 Yu cu trc khi ci t ..................................................................96 4.2.3 Ci t cho nt chnh ........................................................................96 4.2.4 Ci t cc nt tnh ton .................................................................101 4.2.5 ng b thi gian gia cc nt trong li ......................................102 4.2.6 Cu hnh cc dch v mc li .......................................................103

4.3 Kt ni mt Cluster vo Grid ........................................................... 1054.3.1 Cu hnh phn cng ........................................................................105 4.3.2 Cu hnh cluster-based PBS............................................................106 4.3.3 Cu hnh li da trn GT ..............................................................108

4.4 Kt chng........................................................................................ 109KT LUN V KIN NGH.............................................................................110 TI LIU THAM KHO...................................................................................111


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DANH MC THUT NGVit tt Ch gii Tnh ton li B cng c middleware h tr tnh ton li, cung cp mt s dch v trnh cng vic, qun l ti nguyn, h tng bo mt, cng nh h tr vic xy dng cc dch v li Web Service Dch v web mt kin trc pht trin bi W3C nhm cung cp cc chc nng cho ngi dng t xa Application Programming Giao din lp trnh ng dng, thng l mt tp cc hm Interface gip lp trnh vin d dng tng tc vi dch v hoc h thng. Community Dch v chng thc cng ng. Mt dch v bo mt Authorization Service trong mi trng li cho php dung ha gia chnh sch s dng ti nguyn ca cng ng ngi dng vi chnh sch s dng ti nguyn ca nhng nh cung cp Distributed Parallel H thng lu tr song song phn tn: k thut t chc Storage System mt tp cc a cng nm trn cc server kt ni vi nhau qua mng din rng, cung cp kh nng truy cp mc khi logic n nhng b d liu ln. Data Transfer Process Tin trnh qun l vic truy cp d liu thc s v truyn qua knh d liu trong kin trc GridFTP Grid Resource Allocation Dch v qun l v nh v ti nguyn li and Management Service Grid Telecontrol Protocol Giao thc iu khin li t xa File Transfer Protocol Giao thc truyn tp ni ting qua mng Globus eXtensible Giao din vo ra mc thp trong kin trc Globus Input/Ouput Grid Monitoring H thng gin st li Architecture Grid File Transfer GridFTP l m rng ca giao thc FTP, tch hp kh Protocol nng bo mt li, truyn d liu tt hn so vi FTP Grid Security C s h tng bo mt li trong kin trc ca Globus, Infrastructure h tr giy chng nhn theo chun X509 v dng h m cng khai. High Performance H thng qun l hiu qu hng trm terabyte ti Storage System petabyte c lu trn cng hoc bng t, liu thng xuyn c s dng s c lu trn a cng, cn d liu c tn sut s dng t hn s c lu trn bng t. Hypertext Transfer Giao thc truyn siu vn bn, c s dng truyn Protocol thng tin t cc my phc v www n cc trnh duyt. Lightweight Directory Giao thc c t cc k thut nh danh i tng, m Access Protocol hnh d liu, tm kim v ghi cc khon mc d liu. Logical File Name Tn logic ca mt thc th d liu trong li d liu, hm cha ni dung ca thc th d liu . Local Replica Catalogue Catalog nh v bn sao a phng, lu tr tp cc nh x bao gm hai trng: {tn logic ca thc th d liu, v tr vt l c th ca thc th } Trang 6 Tn y Grid Computing Globus Toolkit

API CAS

DPSS

DTP GRAM GTCP FTP Globus XIO GMA GridFTP GSI HPSS

HTTP LDAP LFN LRC




MCS MDS MPI OGSA OGSI PBS

Metadata Catalog Service Monitoring and Discovery Service Message Passing Interface Open Grid Service Architecture Open Grid Service Infrastructure Protable Batch System

Dch v siu d liu ca kin trc li d liu Globus, cho php gn cc i tng d liu vi mt s thuc tnh m t. Dch v theo di v nh v ti nguyn Giao din truyn thng ip, cch thc trao i thng tin gia cc tin trnh. Kin trc dch v li, nh ngha cc giao din chun v c ch hot ng ca dch v li H tng dch v li m L h thng phn ti v qun l ti nguyn rt mnh. c s dng ph bin trong cc h thng tnh ton song song. Cung cp kh nng khi to v lp lch cho vic thc thi v sp xp cc cng vic trn my trm. B thng dch giao thc, c nhim v qun l cc knh iu khin trong kin trc GridFTP. Dch v truyn file tin cy Lu cc thng tin ch mc cho dch v nh v bn sao, mi bn ghi bao gm {LFN, v con tr ti LRC tng ng} Dch v nh v bn sao trong kin trc li d liu Globus, cho php xc nh v tr ca cc bn sao ca thc th d liu trong li. Gi phng thc t xa, s dng trong Java khi chy RMI, cc i tng trong Java c th gi cc phng thc ca cc i tng xa ang chy trn mt my o khc. Ngn ng c t ti nguyn Giao thc t my phc v n my phc v h tr phn tn th in t Kin trc hng dch v Giao thc truy cp i tng t xa n gin, dng trong xy dng cc dch v web, lp tnh phn tn. Tp cng c h tr pht trin phn mm B mi gii ti nguyn lu tr: thc hin vic mi gii gia cc ng dng v cc ch ti nguyn lu tr, xc nh ti nguyn ph hp nht cho ng dng. Giao thc bo mt li Mi trng ngi dng Cc t chc o Ngn ng c t dch v web Framework a ra bi GT4 h tr kin trc lp trnh mi. L mt cch thc linh ng to ra cc nh dng thng tin v chia s c nh dng v d liu trn web Trang 7

PI RFT RLI RLS RMI

Protocol Interperter Reliable File Transfer Service Replica Location Index Replica Location Service Remote Method Invocation Resource Specification Language Simple Mail Transfer Protocol Service Oriented Architecture Simple Object Access Protocol Software Development Kit Storage Resource Broker Secure Socket Layer User Host Environment Virtual Organizations Web Service Deployment Descriptor Web Service Protocol Extensible Markup Language

RSL SMTP SOA SOAP SDK SRB SSL UHE VO WSDD/ WSDL WSRF XML




DANH MC HNHHnh 1-1 S pht trin t Networking n Grid Computing ...............................................11 Hnh 1-2 Kin trc phn tng li.......................................................................................15 Hnh 1-3 Cc thnh phn theo m hnh chc nng..............................................................18 Hnh 1-4 Mi quan h gia OGSA v OGSI.......................................................................21 Hnh 1-5 Bo mt mc giao vn..........................................................................................26 Hnh 1-6 Bo mt mc thng ip.......................................................................................26 Hnh 1-7 M hnh thng lng ti nguyn li ................................................................29 Hnh 1-8 Kin trc ca GridFTP .........................................................................................31 Hnh 1-9 ng ng truyn d liu DTP ............................................................................32 Hnh 1-10 Cng in t GridPortal .....................................................................................38 Hnh 1-11 Cc thnh phn ca kin trc GMA ...................................................................42 Hnh 2-1 Cc thnh phn trong kin trc dch v Web .......................................................49 Hnh 2-2 Cc thnh phn chc nng chnh trong ci t dch v Web ...............................49 Hnh 2-3 Cc thnh phn trong kin trc GT4 ....................................................................51 Hnh 2-4 GT4 Container tch hp cc dch v v cng c ..................................................53 Hnh 2-5 Bn cu hnh GT4 container.................................................................................53 Hnh 2-6 S dch chuyn trng thi .....................................................................................58 Hnh 2-7 Kin trc GRAM ..................................................................................................60 Hnh 3-1 Xp hng ca cc Desktop Grid trn 500 siu my tnh hng u.......................70 Hnh 3-2 Ba lp trong kin trc li cluster........................................................................74 Hnh 3-3 Ngn xp phn mm ca li Sun Cluster Grid...................................................75 Hnh 3-4 Lung cng vic trong Sun Grid Engine..............................................................76 Hnh 3-5 Cc thnh phn trong PBS....................................................................................85 Hnh 3-6 C ch hot ng ca PBS ...................................................................................86 Hnh 3-7 Hot ng ca Globus Scheduler Pbs ..................................................................90 Hnh 4-1 M hnh li c trin khai th nghim ............................................................96 Hnh 4-2 Topo mng trin khai kt ni Cluster vo li...................................................105


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LI NI UTrong nhng nm gn y rt nhiu thit b phn cng mnh phc v cho yu cu tnh ton hiu nng cao c to ra. Nhng, do nhu cu ca con ngi l khng gii hn nn h lun thy l cha , v th tnh ton li ra i nhm p ng nhu cu ny. Tuy nhin im chnh yu ca li khng phi l sc mnh tnh ton m l tnh thc tin, tnh thc tin ny th hin ch cc li tnh ton thng c to ra da trn vic tn dng cc ngun ti nguyn bnh thng, sn c m khng cn phi mua hoc to ra mt h tng phn cng mi. Do , tnh ton li ni ln nh mt phng tin tp hp ti nguyn tnh ton chi ph thp gii quyt nhng bi ton ln. Vit Nam, cng ngh li cn kh mi, ch c trin khai mt s t cc trung tm tnh ton ti vin nghin cu hoc cc trng i hc chuyn ngnh ln. V th, lun vn c vit vi mc ch nhm nghin cu l thuyt v tnh ton li, h tng cn thit cho li, xy dng mt mi trng tnh ton li phc v cho nhu cu nghin cu cc lnh vc chuyn su v li sau ny. Lun vn c chia lm 5 chng vi ni dung c th nh sau: Chng 1. Tng quan v tnh ton li, trnh by nhng vn chung nht v tnh ton li nh nh ngha, kin trc, cc thnh phn chnh Chng 2. Tng quan v Globus, trnh by chi tit v thnh phn nn tng ca tnh ton li l b cng c Globus Toolkit. Chng 3. Cc k thut li hin ang c trin khai nc ta, trnh by cc k thut li ang c mt s trung tm tnh ton nc ta trin khai nh Desktop Grid, Cluster Grid v Kt ni mt Cluster vo mt Grid thng qua PBS. Chng 4. Xy dng li th nghim, trnh by cc bc c bn thit k mt li. Ci t th nghim mt li ng thi thc hin kt ni mt cluster vo li. Phn Kt lun, trnh by tm tt kt qu t c v hng pht trin tip theo ca lun vn.Nguyn Th Kim Tuyn Lp Cao hc CNTT Kho 2004-2006 - i hc BKHN

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CHNG 1. TNH TON LI1.1 Tng quan v Tnh ton li1.1.1 Tnh ton li l g?nh ngha T trc n nay, mi t chc, c nhn ty theo cch quan nim v thc t xy dng h thng ca mnh m a ra nhng nh ngha khc nhau v li. Di quan im c nhn ca I.Foster v cc ng nghip th "Mt li l mt h thng c cc c trng nh ti nguyn c iu phi mt cch phi tp trung; s dng cc giao thc chun, m v a nng; cung cp cht lng dch v khng tm thng" - I. Fosters Three-Point Checklist (HPCWIRE - 22.07.2002) Cn di quan im ca mt s cng ty v lin minh pht trin li uy tn trn th gii th tnh ton li c nh ngha nh sau [2]: nh ngha ca Oracle: tnh ton li l vic lin kt nhiu my ch v thit b lu tr thnh mt siu my tnh nhm ti u ha c tnh u vit ca cc h thng my ch cng nh h thng ng dng, nh gim thiu n mc thp nht chi ph. nh ngha ca IBM: tnh ton li l mt mi trng tnh ton o. Mi trng ny cho php b tr song song, linh hot, chia s, tuyn la, tp hp cc ngun ti nguyn hn hp v mt a l, ty theo mc sn sng, hiu sut, chi ph ca cc ti nguyn tnh ton v yu cu v cht lng dch v ca ngi s dng. nh ngha ca lin minh in ton li: mi trng tnh ton li c hiu nh mt h tng kt ni h thng my tnh, h thng mng, h thng c s d liu c s hu v qun l bi nhiu t chc, c nhn nhm cung cp mi trng tnh ton o duy nht vi hiu nng cao cho ngi s dng. c ci nhn ton din v tnh ton li, lun vn xin php khng a ra mt nh ngha c th no, thay vo chng ta s xem xt khi nim tnh ton li theo mt s c im chung sau:Nguyn Th Kim Tuyn Lp Cao hc CNTT Kho 2004-2006 - i hc BKHN

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Kch thc ln: theo s lng ti nguyn v khong cch a l gia chng Phn tn: c tr ng k trong truyn d liu, ti nguyn tri di trn cc vng a l khc nhau ng: cc ti nguyn c th thay i khi ng dng ang c thc hin Hn tp: kin trc v tnh cht ca cc nt li c th l hon ton khc nhau. Ti nguyn li c th l cc my n hoc mng con khc nhau Vt qua phm vi mt t chc: c nhiu trm v cc chnh sch truy nhp c th khc nhau trn cc trm, tng th li s to ra mt t chc o thng nht C ch v chnh sch an ton bo mt phc tp. C ch qun l ti nguyn a dng, phc tp Lch s ra i Qu trnh ra i ca tnh ton li c th tm tt nh sau:

Hnh 1-1 S pht trin t Networking n Grid Computing

C s h tng truyn thng ca tnh ton li l mng Internet. Sau ny WWW ra i cui nhng nm 80 to ra mt cuc cch mng trong qu trnh tnh ton v chia s thng tin trn mng. Giao thc HTTP cng vi trnh duyt ngn ng HTML cung cp mt c ch cho php lin kt cc vn bn v truy cp cc thng tin trc tuyn, d dng v bt k u. Cng ngh XML c ra i vo nhng nm 1994, y l mt chun mi cho qu trnh trao i thng tin trn mng. Cng ngh quang hc cung cp cc dch v v kh nng kt ni nhanh, rng vi chi ph hp l. Tc mng gia nhng nm 1990 ln n 2.4Bbps. Thng lng ln l nhn t chnh thc y hnh thnh cng ngh tnh ton li. Vo nhng nm 1990, khi cc my tnh, my trm v mng tc cao cng vi cc thit b hin i khc ra i lm ny sinh nhu cu gp nhm cc my tnh thnh cc cluster dng cho cng vic tnh ton tc cao. S xut hin ca clusterNguyn Th Kim Tuyn Lp Cao hc CNTT Kho 2004-2006 - i hc BKHN

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chnh l mm mng ca h thng tnh ton ngang hng v cc li tnh ton sau ny. Li d liu c bt u nm 1999 vi Globus Tookit 2.0+. Giai on tip theo vi s ra i ca kin trc dch v li m rng (OGSA) vo nm 2001 v sn phm Globus Tookit 3.0. Giai on hin ti tnh t nhng nm 2003 n nay, c nh gi bi cc c gng chun ha cng ngh v giao thc tnh ton. Li ch ca Tnh ton li Cc li ch m tnh ton li mang li [2] bao gm: Kh nng khai thc cc ti nguyn nhn ri Cung cp kh nng x l song song Gip hp tc gia cc t chc Gip truy nhp ti nguyn khc nh ng truyn v cc phn mm t tin Gip cn bng trong s dng ti nguyn Mang li tin cy cao Phm vi ng dng Tnh ton li thng c s dng gii quyt cc bi ton khoa hc i hi kh nng tnh ton v thng lng cao nh m phng, thit k vi mch, chia s ni dung, truy nhp/thu cc phn mm/dch v t xa. Hoc cc bi ton i hi d liu ln, thi gian thc, phc v theo yu cu v cc bi ton tnh ton cng tc nh thit k cng tc, khai ph d liu, gio dc in t

1.1.2 So snh vi cc m hnh, cng ngh khcKhi so vi cluster, ngi ta thy tng trung gian ca c hai u a ra c ch truyn thng ip cho cc ng dng song song. Nh vy, v bn cht kin trc mc cao ca mt cluster l tng t nh ca mt li. Tuy nhin gia chng vn c nhng im khc bit quan trng nh: V mt phm vi, Clusters c t trong mt phng hoc mt to nh cn Grids li c th c t phn tn trn trn cc vng a l khc nhau Clusters c mt h qun tr duy nht, ngc li Grids c cc bin qun tr ko diNguyn Th Kim Tuyn Lp Cao hc CNTT Kho 2004-2006 - i hc BKHN

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Clusters ch ch tm n cc bi ton chuyn v tnh ton hiu nng. Cn Grids gii quyt cc bi ton tnh ton phn tn v chia s ti nguyn Clusters thng bao gm cc h thng con ng nht cn Grids li l s kt hp ca nhiu dng h thng con khc nhau Clusters thng c lng ti nguyn c nh nhng ti nguyn trn Grids thay i theo yu cu thc t v kh nng dng c ca ti nguyn Tuy c im khc bit nhng vn c th coi tnh ton phn cm nh mt trng hp c bit ca tnh ton li. Trn thc t Grid khng phi l mt cuc cch mng mi m thc cht n l bc tin trong cng ngh in ton phn tn. Ging nh Web, tnh ton li gim bt phc tp khi nhiu ngi cng khai thc mt nn hot ng thng nht n ch khc s h tr lin lc. Khi so vi mng ngang hng (P2P) th tnh ton li cng cho php ngi s dng chia s file v nhiu loi ti nguyn khc na. Ni chung, vi cc cng ngh o khc, grid ging ch cho php o ha cc ngun nhn lc CNTT nhng khc bit l grid cho php o ha nhng ngun ti nguyn tn mt v v cng rng ln.

1.1.3 Phn loi mng liLi thng c ci t nhiu dng khc theo ng dng c th hoc theo cu trc ca t chc o tham gia li hoc theo tnh cht ca ti nguyn c chia s. Sau y l mt s dng li [3]: Departmental Grids Cluster Grids: gm mt hoc nhiu h thng kt hp li nhm cung cp mt im truy xut n cho ngi dng. N ph hp cho cc ng dng yu cu hiu nng tnh ton v bng thng ln-

Infra Grids: do IBM xut nhm nh ngha mt li ti u vic s dng ti nguyn trong mt x nghip

Enterprise Grids Enterprise Grids: c trin khai trong cc cng ty ln c chi nhnh nhiu ni trn th gii c nhu cu chia s ti nguyn


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-

Intra Grids: ti nguyn chia s trong cc nhm khc nhau ca mt x nghip to thnh mt intra grid Campus Grids: cho php nhiu d n hoc nhiu b phn chia s ti nguyn tnh ton theo hng cng tc.

Extraprise Grids -

Extra Grids: cho php chia s ti nguyn vi cc i tc bn ngoi. Lin kt gia cc t chc ny c thit lp bng cc dch v tin cy. Partner Grids: l cc mng li gia cc t chc, cng ty, x nghip trong cng lnh vc m c nhu cu cng tc nhm thc hin d n chung

Global Grids -

Global Grids: cho php ngi dng khai thc cc ti nguyn bn ngoi. N cung cp sc mnh ca cc ti nguyn phn tn trn khp th gii. Inter Grids: cung cp kh nng chia s ti nguyn v lu tr thng qua Web Compute grids c thnh lp nhm mc tiu chia s ti nguyn tnh ton.

Compute Grids Desktop Grids: y l mng li tp hp sc mnh tnh ton ca cc my tnh bn. Cc mng li thuc dng ny ch yu chy trn nn Windows Server Grids: mt s tp on ln thng c cc ti nguyn my ch c qun l bi b phn IT nm ti nhiu a im khc nhau. H mun to Server Grids chia s nhng ti nguyn t gi ny-

High-Performance/Cluster Grids: mng li gm cc h thng dnh ring cho tnh ton nh cc siu my tnh hoc nhm my tnh hiu nng cao

Data Grids Ti nguyn ch yu c chia s trong mng li ny l d liu. N c xy dng nhm ti u cc thao tc hng d liu nh lu tr, truy xut, trao i. Utility Grids Utility grids l mng li bao gm cc ti nguyn tnh ton thng mi m c duy tr, qun l bi cc nh cung cp dch v.


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Service Grids: cung cp truy xut ti cc ti nguyn m c th c mua bi mt t chc

1.2 Kin trc v thnh phn chnh ca h thng li1.2.1 Tng quan kin trc liLi c xy dng trn nn tng kin trc m v phn tng. Trong mi tng ca li, cc thnh phn chia s nhng thuc tnh chung v c b sung nhng tnh nng mi m khng lm nh hng n cc tng khc [4]. Ta c th tng hp kin trc li thnh 5 tng nh sau:

Hnh 1-2 Kin trc phn tng li

Tng ch tc (Fabric layer) Bao gm cc ti nguyn cc b phn tn trn mng, chng b rng buc bi C ch qun l ti nguyn v C ch thm tra. Ngi ta phn ti nguyn ca tng ny thnh cc nhm chnh sau: Ti nguyn tnh ton: cho php kim sot, iu khin vic thc thi cng vic Ti nguyn lu tr: dng ly v/ti ln cc tp tin, cho php c mt phn tp tin hoc chn lc d liu t tp tin xa Ti nguyn mng: l mi trng mng truyn thng Cc kho m ngun: l ni qun l tt c cc loi ti nguyn v cc phin bn ca m ngun Tng kt ni (Connectivity layer)


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Tng ny ng vai tr rt quan trng, n gm cc giao thc xc thc v truyn thng. Truyn thng bao gm vic truyn thng tin, nh tuyn v t tn. Nhng giao thc ny tng t cc giao thc IP, TCP, UDP trong b giao thc TCP/IP v cc giao thc tng ng dng nh DNS, OSPF, RSVPVn bo mt c gii quyt bng gii php xc thc nh: C ch ng nhp mt ln (Single Sign On): cho php ngi dng ch cn ng nhp vo mng li mt ln duy nht cho tt c cc truy cp cc ti nguyn c php trong tng ch tc cho n khi kt thc ng nhp C ch y quyn (Delegation, Proxy): ngi dng c th y quyn truy cp ti nguyn hp php li cho mt chng trnh trong mt khong thi gian xc nh. Chng trnh ny cng c th y quyn c iu kin mt phn cc tp quyn ca n cho chng trnh con khc C ch tch hp a gii php bo mt a phng (Integration with various local security solutions): c ch bo mt mng li phi c kh nng giao tip trong vi cc c ch bo mt a phng m khng yu cu thay th ton b cc gii php bo mt hin c, nhng cn c c ch nh x bo mt trong cc mi trng cc b khc nhau C ch quan h tin tng da trn ngi dng (User-based Trust Relationships): ngi dng c th s dng cc loi ti nguyn c c t s kt hp ca nhiu nh cung cp khc nhau Tng ti nguyn (Resource layer) Tng ny c xy dng trn nn tng sn c ca tng kt ni. Nhng giao thc trong tng ti ny s gi cc chc nng trong tng ch tc truy cp v s dng cc loi ti nguyn cc b. N c hai loi giao thc chnh: Giao thc thng tin (Information protocol): cho php ly cc thng tin v cu trc, tnh trng ca mt loi ti nguyn no trong mng li Giao thc qun l (Management protocol): dng sp xp qun l th t cc truy cp n cc ti nguyn c chia s Tng kt hp (Collective layer)Nguyn Th Kim Tuyn Lp Cao hc CNTT Kho 2004-2006 - i hc BKHN

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Trong khi tng ti nguyn ch cho php truy cp n mt loi ti nguyn n th tng kt hp li cha cc giao thc v dch v cho php giao tip gia cc ti nguyn trong mng li. Tng ny bao gm cc dch v chnh nh sau: Cc dch v th mc (Directory Services): cho php tm hiu s tn ti cng nh thuc tnh ca cc nguyn nh loi ti nguyn, tnh kh dng Cc dch v cp pht chung, lp lch, mi gii (Co-allocation, Scheduling & Broker Services): cho php gi yu cu n mt hay nhiu my ch cho mc ch cp pht, lp lch v mi gii ti nguyn tng ng Cc dch v gim st v d bo (Monitoring and Diagnostic Services): cho php h thng h tr kim sot ti nguyn trong li Cc dch v nhn bn d liu (Data Replication Services): h tr vic qun l lu tr ti nguyn, gip vic truy cp ti nguyn li tr nn d dng hn Cc h h thng tr lp trnh li (Grid-enable Programming Systems): gm cc th vin lp trnh H thng qun l ti v mi trng cng tc (Workload Management System & Collaboration Framework): cung cp cc c t, qun l tnh ng b, a lung, a thnh phn trong cc tin trnh tnh ton Dch v tm kin phn mm (Software Discovery Service): h tr tm kim v la chn phn mm ci t v lm nn tng cho mng li Tng ng dng (Application layer) Tng ny bao gm cc ng dng c pht trin trn mi trng li nh: cc ng dng sinh hc, vy l, thin vn, ti chnh V nguyn tc, ngi s dng c th tng tc vi li thng qua tng ng dng mt cch trong sut m khng nhn bit c s c mt ca cc tng khc trong li.


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1.2.2 Cc thnh phn theo m hnh chc nng

Hnh 1-3 Cc thnh phn theo m hnh chc nng

Nhn t hnh trn ta thy v mt chc nng th li gm cc thnh phn sau: 1. Cng tng tc (Grid portal): l mt giao din cho php ngi dng s dng cc ng dng li, do li tr nn trong sut vi ngi dng. 2. Thnh phn bo mt (Security): l c ch m bo cc hot ng nh xc thc, cp quyn, bo mt-ton vn d liu v tnh sn sng ca d liu. 3. Chc nng an ninh nt (Node Security Function): chc nng ny chu trnh nhim xc thc v bo mt cho tng nt trong qu trnh giao tip gia n v cc thnh phn khc bn trong mng li. N ph thuc vo h iu hnh v cc h thng li c th, thng thy l c ch cp chng ch quyn truy cp. 4. B lp lch (Scheduler): l phn phi hp qu trnh thc thi ca nhiu cng vic song song. n gin, ngi s dng c th chn nt thch hp chy tc v, sau ch vic kch hot lnh nh tuyn cng vic ti nt chn. 5. Thnh phn mi gii (Broker): sau khi ngi dng c xc nhn quyn gia nhp vo mng li bi thnh phn an ninh nt, thnh phn ny s ch r ng dng ca ngi dng c s dng ti nguyn no v m bo ti nguyn c sn sng s dng theo tham s truyn vo. 6. Qun l, phn b ti nguyn (grid resource allocation manager, GRAM): cung cp dch v kch hot tng cng vic trn tng ti nguyn c th; kim tra trng thi cng vic; c kt qu khi cng vic kt thc. Cc thng tin ca thnh phn ny sau s c b lp lch s dng.


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7. Ti nguyn (Resource): ti nguyn li bao gm b x l, b lu tr, cc ng dng v cc thnh phn. 8. Qun l d liu (Data management): d liu c th nm ti nguyn, hoc l kt qu thc thi ca mt tc v no . Thnh phn qun l d liu phi m bo an ton v n nh trong qu trnh di chuyn d liu gia cc li. 9. Giao thc (Protocol): l thnh phn m bo lin kt cc thnh phn chc nng k trn c th hot ng v tng tc c vi nhau trong mng li.

1.2.3 Cc thnh phn theo m hnh vt lDa trn ti liu [3], cc thnh phn ca li theo m hnh vt l bao gm: 1. Thnh phn mng (Networks): mng ng vai tr l c s h tng truyn s liu v cc thng tin gim st cng vic gia cc im trong mng li. Bng thng mng l mt thuc tnh rt quan trng lin quan n hiu sut li. 2. Thnh phn tnh ton (Computation): c cung cp bi cc b x l trong li, chng a dng v tc , kin trc, nn tng phn mm v lu tr. 3. Thnh phn lu tr (Storage): d liu c th c lu tr phn tn trn nhiu thit b x l hoc mt mng SAN. Mi b x l thng cung cp mt dung lng lu tr nht nh. H thng file thng c dng l NFS, DFS hoc GPFS 4. Phn mm v bn quyn (Software and License): v phng din phn mm trong mi trng tnh ton li th mc n nh ca ng dng phn mm v bn quyn phn mm l hai vt cn c quan tm nht. 5. Cc thit b c bit: mt vi nt trn li c th c nhng thit b c bit, chng hn cc thit b qun s, y t, hay cc thit b chuyn dng khc.

1.3. Cc chun cho tnh ton liLi tnh ton thng gm mt tp cc ti nguyn khng ng nht. Mt ng dng li thng c nhiu thnh phn, dch v khc nhau. ng thi cc dch v ny li thng xuyn tng tc vi nhau. Cng nhiu dch v th s tng tc gia chng cng tng v rt d dn n tnh trng hn lon. Nu mi dch v s dng mt cch ring tng tc vi cc dch v khc th vn giao tip gia ccNguyn Th Kim Tuyn Lp Cao hc CNTT Kho 2004-2006 - i hc BKHN

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dch v li s rt phc tp. Do , cn thit l phi c chun nh ngha giao din giao tip chung cho cc dch v ny.

1.3.1 OGSA/OGSI l g?OGSA v OGSI [2] c Global Grid Forum (GGF) pht trin cho mc tiu chun ho. GGF nh ngha cc chun mng li trong phm vi cc trnh ng dng, cc m hnh lp trnh, qun tr d liu, bo mt, thc thi, lp lch v qun l ti nguyn. OGSA (Open Grid Services Architecture): nh ngha mt chun kin trc mi cho cc ng dng chy trn li. OGSA nh ngha dch v li l g, chng c kh nng g, v da trn nn cng ngh no. Nhng OGSA khng a ra c t chi tit v k thut cn trin khai mt dch v li. OGSI (Open Grid Services Infrastructure): nng v c t k thut cho cc khi nim c a ra trong OGSA. OGSI nh ngha cc c ch to mi, qun tr v trao i thng tin gia cc dch v li. Mt dch v li l dch v web thch ng vi tp hp cc quy c v giao din v cch p ng xc nh cch mt client tng tc vi mt li. c bit, OGSI cn nh ngha cc giao din chun v qui tc ca dch v li xy dng trn c s cc dch v web. Globus Toolkit l phn trin khai ca OGSI, n rt hu dng trong vic trin khai nhng g c c t bi. Grid Services l cc dch v li da trn nn tng Web Services v c m rng t Web Services.

1.3.2 Chun OGSIOGSI gii thiu mt m hnh tng tc cho cc dch v li. M hnh ny cung cp mt phng thc c nh bng cch a ra cc giao din dng trong pht hin, qun l vng i, trng thi, to-hu, thng bo s kin v qun l tham chiu.


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Hnh 1-4 Mi quan h gia OGSA v OGSI

1. Factory: l c ch (giao din) cung cp cch to cc dch v li mi. Cc Factory c th to ra nhiu th hin tm ca mt chc nng hn ch, chng hn mt b lp lch to mt dch v m t cch thc hin mt cng vic thng thng; hoc chng c th to ra cc dch v tn ti trong thi gian di nh vic nhn bn cc b mt tp d liu c s dng lin tc. 2. Life cycle: l c ch dng ngn cc dch v li truy cp n cc ti nguyn khng c yu cu. Cc dch v li c to vi vng i xc nh. 3. State managemen: mi dch v li u c mt trng thi. OGSI xc nh mt khung biu din cc trng thi v mt c ch kim duyt hoc sa i chng. OGSI cng quy nh s cc trng thi ti thiu m mi dch v li phi c. 4. Service groups: l tp cc dch v li c ch nh cho mt mc ch ring no . 5. Notification: cc dch v tng tc vi nhau thng qua c ch trao i thng ip trn cc li triu gi dch v. Thng tin trng thi c m hnh cho cc dch v li s thay i khi h thng chy. 6. Handle Map: dng cho cc vn nhn dng. Khi cc factory c s dng to ra mt th hin mi ca dch v li, Factory tr v nh danh ca th hin mi ny. nh danh ny l s kt hp ca Grid Service Handle (GSH) v mt Grid Service Reference (GSR). GSH cung cp tham chiu n nh danh ca dch v li cn GSR c th thay i theo thi gian sng ca cc dch v li. Cc ci t ca OGSI


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ng vai tr l phn ct li ca kin trc dch v li, OGSI cn phi c trin khai trn mt nn c h tr cc dch v Web. Thng th nh cung cp s ci t OGSI bng cch s dng trc tip cc thnh phn thc thi m m c sn ca Globus v sau tch hp n vi platform ca ring h nh Webspere, Weblogic... Mt s giao thc chun SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol): l c ch truyn thng c lp vi cu hnh nn v cc giao thc khc. N dng XML trao i thng tin trong mi trng phn tn. N h tr nhiu kiu trao i thng tin khc nhau bao nh: m hnh trao i thng tin sau khi gi th tc t xa hoc m hnh trao i thng tin trong mt c ch hng thng bo. SOAP thng c lp v giao thc, c lp v ngn ng, c lp v cu hnh v h iu hnh, h tr cc thng bo XML SOAP. UDDI (Universal Description Discoverry and Intergation): kho cha phn lu tr ca cc dch v Web. UDDI l phn nh dng m t dch v Web chun. Mt ng k UDDI c th cha siu d liu cho bt k kiu dch v no. UDDI cho php tm kim v khai thc cc dch v Web hiu qu hn. WSDL (Web Service Definition Language): ngn ng nh ngha cc dch v web. L ngn ng cung cp cch m t giao din c bit ca cc dch v web v cc API. WSDL c th c xem nh l ti liu c vit bng XML. XML (eXtensible Markup Language): ngn ng nh du m rng. L mt siu ngn ng, s dng m t ng ngha ca i tng v m t phn cu trc bn trong mt kiu m. WSIL (WS-Inspection Language): tn dng nh dng ca XML lm tng kh nng khai thc v tp hp nhng m t ca dch v web n gin v m rng hn. WSIL l c ch n gin khai thc dch v web, n l mt nh dng XML.

1.3.3 Chun OGSAOGSA xc nh phm vi cc nh dng dch v quan trng c yu cu h tr cho h thng mng li v cc ng dng trong lnh vc thng mi in t v khoa hc. N xc nh tp cc dch v nn tng thit yu cho cho rt nhiu trnh


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ng dng v cc h thng; xc nh cc chc nng c yu cu mc cao i vi mi quan h tng tc gia cc dch v li. Mc tiu ca OGSA l nh ngha cc phng thc v c ch chun cho vn c bn chung ca cc h thng li, chng hn nh cch giao tip gia cc dch v, thit lp nh danh, nh quyn truy cp, pht hin ti nguyn-dch v, thng bo li, v qun l tp cc dch v Cc thnh phn c bn ca OGSA C ba thnh phn chnh ca OGSA: C s h tng dch v li m OGSI: xy dng trn cc k thut dch v web v li, OGSI nh ngha c ch to, qun l v chuyn i thng tin gia cc dch v li. Cc dch v OGSA: xy dng trn cc c ch OGSI nh ngha cc giao din v cc hnh vi kt hp cho cc chc nng khng c h tr trc tip bi OGSI nh pht hin dch v, truy xut d liu, tch hp d liu Cc m hnh OGSA: h tr cc c t giao din bng cch nh ngha cc m hnh cho cc ti nguyn chung v cc kiu dch v. Cc dch v nn (Platform services) OGSA dng thut ng platform services ch nhng dch v cung cp cc chc nng c bn. Platform services (i) cung cp cc chc nng nn dng xy dng cc dch v li khc (ii) cung cp cc chc nng chung dng trong mt s cc dch v mc cao (iii) cung cp cc chc nng c thit k dng cho cc quan h m rng. Mt chc nng c cung cp bi mt dch v nn s c m t trong mt s cc dch v mc cao. Hin ti, tp cc dch v nn ca OGSA gm: OGSI: nh ngha cc dch v li v cc c ch nn to, qun l v trao i thng tin gia cc dch v WS-Agreement: cung cp mt tp giao din h tr vic iu chnh cc chnh sch, cc tho thun mc dch v, t trc CMM (Common Management Model): cung cp mt c s h tng c th qun l c cho cc ti nguyn trong OGSA. CMM nh ngha m hnh cNguyn Th Kim Tuyn Lp Cao hc CNTT Kho 2004-2006 - i hc BKHN

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x c s cho tt c cc ti nguyn v cc b qun l ti nguyn trong li, cng thm chc nng qun l cc mi quan h v qun l vng i OGSA Data Services (cc dch v d liu OGSA): cung cp cc chc nng c bn qun l d liu trong mt mi trng li Cc yu cu v mt chc nng -

Yu cu chc nng c bn: khm ph v mi gii; o c v tnh ton; chia s d liu; trin khai; t chc o; gim st; chnh sch Yu cu bo mt: bo mt a phn; gii php bo mt phm vi; xc thc, u quyn v cp quyn; m ho; chng thc Yu cu v qun l ti nguyn: ng nht cch cung cp, o ho ti nguyn, ti u vic s dng, c kh nng lp lch v cung cp bng thng ng, c kh nng truy cp theo l v truy cp tng tc, h tr qun l v gim st vic s dng, lp lch ng cho cc tc v, m bo cc ti nguyn c s dng nh nhau, c kh nng t trc ti nguyn, c c ch ghi li cc x l, v phi qun l c lung cng vic v phi nh gi c vic s dng ti nguyn lp ho n cho ngi dng

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Cc yu cu v c tnh ca h thng: phi c kh nng chu li, pht hin c him ho, t "chm sc sc khe" ca ti nguyn, gim st, theo di s tn cng, quy ry, qun l c cc ng dng k tha, c th "h thng ho" v "t ng ho" cc hot ng chun cho b qun tr, c kh nng khi to yu cu tng tc theo tho thun gia client v server v to nhm/tp cc dch v, cho php mt s dch v c k tha v s dng li cc dch v tn ti

1.4 Cc thnh phn chnh trong m hnh chc nng ca li1.4.1 Bo mtBo mt lun l mt thnh phn quan trng trong bt k h thng tnh ton no trong c mi trng li. Khi ngi s dng thc hin cng vic t xa trn h thng khc, h thng quan tm ti vic liu h thng c m bo c rngNguyn Th Kim Tuyn Lp Cao hc CNTT Kho 2004-2006 - i hc BKHN

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cng vic v d liu ca h khng b truy cp tri php. Cn nh cung cp dch v th li phi m bo ng dng li khng lm gin on cc ng dng ang chy trn my ngi dng hoc khng giao tip, truy cp vi cc d liu c nhn. 1.4.1.1 C ch bo mt trong mi trng li Cc thnh phn tham gia li li chu tc ng ca chnh sch cc b trong phm vi ca mi thc th tham gia li. gii quyt kh khn ny, c ch bo mt li cho php t chc o dng chung mt phn chnh sch vi cc t chc thc. Gii php ti chng cc chnh sch nh trn bt buc bo mt li phi m bo cc chc nng nh: h tr nhiu c ch bo mt khc nhau; khi to ng cc dch v; thit lp ng cc min chng thc tin tng. 1.4.1.2 Cc chnh sch bo mt trong mi trng li Sau y l cc chnh sch bo mt: Mi trng li bo mt a min: tp trung iu khin cc tng tc lin min, nh x hot ng lin min vi cc chnh sch bo mt a phng Hot ng li hn ch trong n min qun tr: cc hot ng a min phi tun theo chnh sch bo mt a phng trn min qun tr n Cc ch th ton cc v cc b u tn ti: ti mi min qun tr n u tn ti hai ch th trn Chng thc a phng: hot ng gia cc thc th trong cc min tin tng khc nhau i hi phi c chng thc a phng Mi i tng ton cc c nh x vo i tng cc b c coi nh chng qua chng thc a phng trn i tng cc b Tt c cc quyt nh iu khin c a ra u l cc b hay da trn c s ca i tng cc b C th dng chung tp giy chng nhn vi cc chng trnh thay mt cho cng mt tin trnh, chy trn cng mt ch th trong cng mt min tin tngFormatted: Bullets and Numbering


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Nghin cu tng quan v tnh ton li v ci t m hnh th nghimFormatted: Bullets and Numbering

1.4.1.3 H tng an ninh mng li GSI (Grid Security Infrastructure) GSI l c ch cho php xc thc v truyn thng an ton trn mng li. N cung cp mt s dch v nh: kh nng xc thc ln nhau, c ch ng nhp mt ln, c ch u quyn. GSI da trn cc cng ngh m kho cng khai (Public Key Infrastructure hay PKI), Chng th X.509 (Certificate), Nghi thc truyn thng bo mt (Secure Socket Layer hay SSL). Nhng chun cng nghip v bo mt trn c thm vo c ch ng nhp mt ln (SSO) v u quyn (Proxy) to nn nn tng bo mt vng chc ca mng li. Sau y l mt s c im ca GSI v cc ci t ng dng ca n. C s h tng kha cng khai Chng thc trong GSI l thao tc cung cp cho mi thc th mt tn nh danh duy nht bng cch a ra khi nim giy y quyn li, n l mt cp giy chng nhn v kha m ha (kha b mt). Trong mi trng PKI, mi thc th phi trao quyn s hu kha b mt ca mnh bo m s ton vn ca h thng. Bo mt mc thng ip v mc giao vn GSI cho php thc hin bo mt mc giao vn v mc thng ip. Nu chng ta s dng bo mt mc giao vn, ton b truyn thng c m ha. Nu s dng bo mt mc thng ip th ch ni dung ca thng ip SOAP c m ha.Formatted: Bullets and Numbering Formatted: Bullets and Numbering

Hnh 1-5 Bo mt mc giao vn

Hnh 1-6 Bo mt mc thng ip


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C hai mc bo mt ny u da trn kha cng khai, v do c th m bo tnh ton vn, ring t v kh nng chng thc. Thng th hi thoi an ton phi m bo ti thiu kh nng chng thc. Ton vn thng rt cn thit, nhng c th b qua. M ha c th c kch hot m bo tnh ring t. Giy y nhim Trong mi trng li, ngi s dng cn c chng thc nhiu ln trong khong thi gian tng i ngn. GSI gii quyt vn ny vi khi nim giy y nhim. Mi giy y nhim s hot ng thay mt ngi dng trong mt khong thi gian y quyn ngn hn. Giy y nhim c giy chng nhn v kha b mt ring ca n, c to ra bng cch k ln giy chng nhn di hn ca ngi dng. S y quyn Cc ng dng ca ngi dng c th thay mt h trong mi trng li. GSI cho php ngi dng y quyn giy y nhim ca mnh giao dch cc my t xa. Chng thc GSI h tr c ch cho php chuyn cc tn nh danh GSI ca ngi dng vo trong cc nh danh a phng (ti khon ca mt ngi dng Unix cc b). Vic chng thc cc nh danh GSI s chuyn v chng thc cc nh danh a phng, cng vi vic , cc chnh sch a ra cng nm trong phm vi cc b nh: quyn truy nhp file, dung lng a, tc CPU,...Formatted: Bullets and Numbering Formatted: Bullets and Numbering Formatted: Bullets and Numbering

1.4.2 Qun l ti nguyn li1.4.2.1 Nhng thch thc trong qun l ti nguyn li Xut pht t c trng ca ti nguyn li Li khng gi quyn iu khin tuyt i i vi ti nguyn, ta phi pht trin phng thc qun l trn cc vng khc nhau v ngun ti nguyn khng ng nht. Cc ti nguyn li l s khng ng nht, cc t chc khc nhau c cc chnh sch qun l ti nguyn khc nhau, v mc ch ca ngi dng ti nguyn


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li khc nhau hoc thm ch c th mu thun nhau. Hu ht cc ng dng yu cu s dng ng thi nhiu ti nguyn nhiu ni khc nhau hon thnh cng vic. Mt thch thc na i vi qun l ti nguyn l vn bo mt ti nguyn. V h thng li l phn tn c v a l v t chc. Cc t chc khc nhau c cc chnh sch v bo mt khc. Mt li c a dng ngun ti nguyn, mi ti nguyn li yu cu cc mc bo mt khc nhau. nh v ti nguyn li Khi c yu cu ca ngi dng, b qun l ti nguyn s tm ti nguyn t dch v ch mc (Index Service) sau nh v ti nguyn n mt s nt c th no trong li v ti cc nt ny th ti nguyn s c lp lch s dng. Khi mt ng dng ang chy, b qun l ti nguyn cn theo di trng thi ti nguyn v thng bo tr li cho b lp lch v h thng k ton. Khi c 2 yu cu c trnh n li cng lc th c 2 s cng c x l theo quy c hot ng ca hng i: khi mt ng dng yu cu s dng ti nguyn m hin ti ti nguyn ang phc v cho mt ng dng khc th n s c xp vo hng i cho n khi ti nguyn c s dng xong v sn sng phc v. Mi trng li phn tn v a l v ti nguyn li l khng ng nht, nn nh v ng ti nguyn, ta cn phi thit k mt h thng qun l ti nguyn ph hp v phi chuyn sang hng tip cn a tng v t chc ti nguyn phi tp trung. Vn thng lng ti nguyn li Qu trnh thng lng ti nguyn li da trn cc giao thc hay cc lut trong kinh doanh chuyn i cc lnh bun bn gia ngi s dng ti nguyn v cc nh cung cp ti nguyn. Hnh 1-7 minh ha cc giao thc thng lng m c hai pha mua v bn cn trong qu trnh mc c. u tin, pha khch hng kt ni vi nh cung cp. Sau khi nhn c gi ti nguyn, c hai bn bn v mua s tin hnh thng lng. Khi thng lng thnh cng, pha khch hng s yu cu ngng kt ni v s dng ti nguyn .


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Hnh 1-7 M hnh thng lng ti nguyn li

1.4.2.2 H qun tr ti nguyn GRAM GRAM l dch v c xy dng trn c ch bo mt GSI, n ng vai tr l b qun l, phn chia ti nguyn trong ton b h thng tnh ton li. Kin trc ca GRAM Kin trc bn ngoi: c th trnh mt cng vic ln mt host, ngi dng s thng qua cc API ca GRAM Client xc lp cc thng tin v ti nguyn m cng vic cn , ng thi to ra tin trnh mi. Nhng thng tin ny s c gi n Gatekeeper tng ng. Gatekeeper ny s xc thc nhng thng tin c gi n da vo c ch bo mt GSI. Nu tt c u hp l, Gatekeeper s to ra mt Jobmanager phc v cho job. Job manager s phn tch kch bn RSL do ngi s dng gi ti. Nhng kt qu phn tch c ngay lp tc c gi ti cc ngun ti nguyn cc b v tin hnh thc thi cng vic. Bn cnh , jobmanager cng s to ra cc tin trnh lm nhim v theo di v iu khin cng vic trong sut qu trnh x l. Trong lc cng vic ang thc thi hay thc thi xong, cc ngun ti nguyn cc b s phi thng xuyn cp nht thng tin ti nguyn v cho MDS. MDS sau sNguyn Th Kim Tuyn Lp Cao hc CNTT Kho 2004-2006 - i hc BKHN

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hin th nhng thng tin ny cho php ngi dng xem xt v la chn ngun ti nguyn no thch hp vi cng vic ca mnh. Kin trc bn trong: c th thc thi mt cng vic t xa, GRAM Gatekeeper phi c chy trn mt remote computer, lng nghe mt cng c quy nh trc; cng vic s c thc thi trn remote computer . Vic thc thi bt u khi ng dng ngi dng chy trn my cc b gi job request n remote computer. Request s mang cc thng tin v lnh thc thi, lung vo, lung xut cng nh cc thng tin v tn v cng giao tip ca remote computer. Request job s c x l bi GRAM Gatekeeper, t n s to ra mt job manager tng ng m cng vic yu cu. Lc , Jobmanager s theo di tnh trng thc thi job v chu trch nhim thng bo thng tin ca job cho ngi s dng.

1.4.3 Qun l d liuQun l d liu l mt phn quan trng trong tnh ton li n cho php truy nhp ti nguyn trn li vi khi lng ln hng giga-bytes thm ch hng terabytes d liu. Qun l d liu phi m bo c tnh an ton v n nh trong qu trnh di chuyn d liu gia cc nt trong mng li h tr qu trnh thc thi cc cng vic trong h thng tnh ton li. 1.4.3.1 Giao thc truyn tp tin mng li GridFTP GridFTP l giao thc truyn tp tin ging nh FTP [29] hay truyn d liu nh HTTP. y l giao thc c hiu nng cao, an ton v ng tin cy nht trn mng Internet hin nay. GridFTP c cc nh chuyn mn nh gi cao v n cung cp cc tnh nng c trng ph hp vi kin trc mng li nh: Bo mt theo chun GSI trn cc knh iu khin v knh truyn d liu To lp v qun l cc knh truyn d liu song song, cho php tng tc truyn d liu ti mc k lc. Trao i tng phn tp tin d liu, c bit hiu qu vi cc tp tin d liu c dung lng cc k ln.Nguyn Th Kim Tuyn Lp Cao hc CNTT Kho 2004-2006 - i hc BKHN

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Trao i d liu vi s tham gia ca pha th ba. y l nghi thc cho php chuyn tp tin trc tip t my ch ti my ch khi knh iu khin nm trn my ch th ba Xc thc cc knh truyn d liu Ti s dng cc knh truyn d liu v dn truyn cc lnh iu khin M rng t FTP GridFTP bao gm mt s chc nng trong giao thc FTP m rng v c chun ha nhng t c ci t trong cc h thng hin ti. Cc chc nng khc l cc chc nng mi so vi FTP nh: C s h tng bo mt li v h tr Kerberos iu khin bi i tc th ba Truyn d liu song song; phn on v tng phn T ng thng lng vng m TCP Truyn d liu tin cy v c kh nng khi ng li

Kin trc ca dch v GridFTP

Hnh 1-8 Kin trc ca GridFTP

B thng dch giao thc PI: Server PI c nhim v qun l knh iu khin, trao i thng tin vi my khch qua knh ny. my khch lin lc c vi my ch GridFTP, server PINguyn Th Kim Tuyn Lp Cao hc CNTT Kho 2004-2006 - i hc BKHN

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phi chy nh mt chng trnh thng tr, lun lng nghe cng no . Hoc mt dch v khc ca h thng phi lng nghe trn cng ny, v khi nhn c yu cu th s chuyn li gi ti Server PI. Tip , Client PI v Server PI ni chuyn vi nhau qua giao thc nh sn. Trong sut qu trnh truyn thng, Server PI ch quan tm ti vic xy dng m t cho qu trnh truyn d liu. Thi in ny, n khng lin h vi DTP hoc DTP c th cha chy. Khi nhn lnh yu cu hot ng lin quan ti DTP, Server PI gi bn m t qu trnh truyn cho DTP. DTP t thc hin truyn da vo bn m t ny. Khi bn m t c gi i, Server PI ch ng vai tr l tng chuyn tip cc thng tin trng thi. Tin trnh truyn d liu DTP: Bn thn DTP c cu to bi ba mun kt hp nh sau:

Hnh 1-9 ng ng truyn d liu DTP

1. M-un truy cp d liu: chu trch nhim c/ghi d liu ti ngun/ch. Giao din truy cp gm cc lnh gi, nhn, to, xa, i tn, tnh tng, kim tra. 2. M-un x l d liu: x l d liu pha my ch: nn, co dn, ghp ni cc tp. Hin ti chc nng x l d liu c ci t cng mun truy cp d liu. 3. M-un giao thc knh d liu: m nhim vic x l knh d liu, gm cc thao tc np/gi d liu. Mt my ch c th h tr nhiu knh truyn d liu. Bo mt trong GridFTP GridFTP cung cp vic chng thc an ton knh iu khin, m bo tnh ton vn v b mt cho knh d liu. C ch bo mt ca n xy dng trn nn GSI. Phin lm vic c thit lp khi my khch khi to kt ni TCP ti cng m my ch GridFTP server ang lng nghe. u tin din ra qu trnh chng thc. y l qu trnh bt tay ba bc. My khch trnh mt giy y nhim, giy ny


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cha thng tin v ngi dng i din cho my khch gm nh danh, kha cng khai, tn nh thm quyn My ch cng phi a ra mt giy chng nhn ring c cp bi nh thm quyn m my khch tin tng. Nu qu trnh kim tra thng tin trn cc giy chng nhn ny tht bi, lin kt khng c thit lp. Ngc li, giai on xc nh thm quyn din ra: xc nh quyn hn truy cp ca my khch i vi d liu trn my ch. iu ny c thc hin bng cch nh x my khch vi mt ngi dng a phng trn my ch. Quyn truy cp ca ngi dng a phng s tng ng vi quyn truy nhp ca my khch. Thng tin nh x c lu trn my ch trong mt tp grid-mapfile. Nu cha c thng tin nh x, tin trnh truyn d liu khng c hon thnh. Mc nh, knh iu khin c m ha bo m tnh ton vn. Ci t dch v GridFTP Ci GridFTP trn nt li cung cp dch v. Nt ny c gi l my ch GridFTP. Ci GridFTP Client ci trn my khch, thc hin gi yu cu ti my ch GridFTP truy xut d liu. thc hin chc nng truyn tp iu khin bi i tc th ba, hai nt li tham gia qu trnh truyn phi c ci t GridFTP Server. 1.4.3.2 Dch v nh v bn sao RLS Mc ch to bn sao l lm gim tr truy cp, tng tnh a phng ca d liu, tng hiu nng, kh nng m rng, v tnh chu li ca cc ng dng phn tn. H thng s dng bn sao cn c k thut xc nh v tr bn sao. Yu cu i vi mt dch v nh v bn sao RLS phi tha mn cc yu cu sau: Bn sao c tnh ch c: RLS ch qun l tp khng thay i hoc thay i khng thng xuyn, c nh danh duy nht di cc phin bn khc nhau Phm vi s dng: h thng phi c kh nng tri rng trn hng trm min, qun l khong 50 triu tp lgic v 500 triu bn sao vt l


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Hiu nng: h thng phi c kh nng h tr khong 1000 truy vn v 200 ln cp nht trn mt giy. Thi gian hi p trung bnh phi t hn 10 miligiy, v thi gian hi p truy vn trung bnh khng vt qu 5 giy

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Bo mt: RLS quan tm nhiu nht ti bo v tnh ring t v ton vn ca thng tin tn ti v v tr d liu Tnh nht qun: RLS khng h tr khung nhn nht qun hon ton i vi tt c bn sao Tnh tin cy: li xy ra mt min khng lm nh hng ti ton b hot ng ca h thng

Kin trc ca dch v nh v bn sao Kin trc ca dch v qun l bn sao phi m bo c yu cu thc thi trn mi trng phn tn cao. Trong kin trc RLS, my ch nh v bn sao cc b cho tng min c gi l LRC Local Replica Catalog. My ch thc hin nhim v nh ch mc cc LRC. Giao din truy xut ca ngi s dng c gi l RLI Replica Location Index. Thng qua RLI, ngui s dng c th tm n cc LRC mt cch d dng. LRC phc v ngui dng cc b trong t chc, cn RLI phc v ngi s dng trn phm vi ton b li. Nh vy, trn phm vi ton li d liu, dch v RLS c trin khai di dng mt tp cc LRC phn tn ti site a phng v mt s RLI nh ch mc cho cc LRC. Kho nh v bn sao cc b LRC LRC lu gi thng tin v cc bn sao ca mt t chc c th. LRC c mt s chc nng nh: V ni dung: lu tr nh x gia tn tp lgic bt k vi tn tp vt l V truy vn: p ng c cc truy vn: Cho mt LFN, tm tp cc PFN tng ng vi LFN , Cho mt PFN, tm tp LFN tng ng vi PFN V tnh ton vn cc b: qun l tnh ton vn gia ni dung ca tn lgic vi ni dung thc s c lu trn cc h thng lu tr V bo mt: thng tin trong LRC c th lin quan n iu khin truy cp, v th h tr k thut chng thc v xc nhn khi x l yu cu t xaNguyn Th Kim Tuyn Lp Cao hc CNTT Kho 2004-2006 - i hc BKHN

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V s lan truyn trng thi: LRC thng xuyn gi thng tin trng thi thng tin v s thay i cc nh x ti RLI, bng cch s dng thut ton lan truyn trng thi

Ch mc nh v bn sao RLI: LRC ch lu tr thng tin nh v bn sao ti cc t chc, ch phc v ngi s dng trong phm vi t chc . N khng h tr ngi dng truy vn nhiu t chc cng mt lc. Thng tin ch mc trong dch v nh v bn sao c lu di dng mt tp cc RLI, mi RLI bao gm tp bn ghi gm hai trng (LFN, con tr ti LRC). RLI c th nh ch mc cho RLI khc. Da trn k thut d tha, phn on, v trng thi mm, c th ch ra cc yu cu i vi mt nt ch mc nh v bn sao ton cc RLI nh sau: Truy cp t xa an ton: RLI phi h tr chng thc, xc nhn, tnh ton vn, tnh tin cy, v phi trin khai quyn iu khin truy cp cc b trn thng tin m n qun l Lan truyn trng thi: RLI phi c kh nng nhn thng tin m t trng thi do cc LRC gi n nh k Truy vn: RLI phi tr li truy vn ti bn sao ca mt LFN c th bng cch tr v v tr vt l ca LFN hoc thng bo rng LFN khng nm trong ch mc hin thi, trong trng hp khng tm thy Trng thi mm: RLI phi n nh thi gian ht hn i vi thng tin lu tr trong ch mc. Nu mt mc gn lin vi mt LRC khng nhn c thng tin trng thi cp nht t LRC trong khong thi gian n nh, RLI phi loi b mc Phc hi khi li xy ra: RLI khng c php cha thng tin trng thi bn vng v cc bn sao. N phi khi phc ni dung sau s c ch bng cch s dng cp nht trng thi ng t cc LRC Cc tham s c trng ca kin trc RLS c t mt phm vi rng ln kin trc ca RLS, ngi ta dng b su tham s (G, PL, PR, R, S, C). Bn tham s u tin (G, PL, PR, R) m t tnh phnNguyn Th Kim Tuyn Lp Cao hc CNTT Kho 2004-2006 - i hc BKHN

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tn ca thng tin bn sao. Hai tham s sau nh ngha cch thng tin c gi t LRC n RLI. Phn tip theo phn tch ngha tng tham s: G: S lng RLI trong h thng PL: c trng cho kiu phn nhm tn tp lgic trong RLI PR: c trng cho kiu phn nhm khng gian tn LRC R: Ni n mc d tha trong vic nh ch mc i vi mi tn tp lgic LFN S: Tn sut v cch thc cp nht thng tin t LRC n RLI C: Phng php nn thng tin trao i gia LRC v RLI

1.4.4 Lp lch trong mi trng liSau khi xc nh c ti nguyn cn thit ta phi lp lch trnh cc cng vic c thc thi. Nu cc cng vic l hon ton c lp th c th khng cn b lp lch. Nhng thng th ng dng i hi cn phi d tr ti nguyn no , hoc cc cng vic cn giao tip vi nhau. Do , cn c b lp lch phi hp cc cng vic. Lp lch trong li bao gm 3 giai on chnh [16]: Khm ph ti nguyn v a ra danh sch ti nguyn c th s dng c La chn ti nguyn ph hp nht i vi yu cu cng vic Thc thi cng vic Giai on 1: khai ph ti nguyn Xc nh xem ti nguyn no kh dng i vi ngi dng hin ti. Bc 1: Tm cc ti nguyn kh dng: xc nh tp ti nguyn m ngi dng c thm quyn truy nhp ti Bc 2: Xc nh yu cu ng dng: ngi dng phi nh ra mt tp cc yu cu ti thiu thc hin cng vic lc cc ti nguyn kh dng Bc 3: Loi b nhng ti nguyn khng p ng c yu cu ti thiu ca cng vic: cn c vo danh sch cc ti nguyn m ngi dng c quyn s dng v cn c vo kt qu phn tch yu cu cng vic bc hai, ta loi b tt c nhng ti nguyn khng p ng c nhng yu cu ti thiu caNguyn Th Kim Tuyn Lp Cao hc CNTT Kho 2004-2006 - i hc BKHN

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cng vic. n cui bc ny ngi s dng s c trong tay mt tp cc ti nguyn c th dng trin khai cng vic Giai on 2: La chn ti nguyn. Tin hnh thu thp cc thng tin lin quan ti cc yu cu cn li ca cng vic v la chn ra ti nguyn thch hp nht thc thi cng vic. Bc 1: thu thp thng tin ng: xc nh xem thng tin no sn c v ngi dng c th truy nhp n n nh th no Bc 2: La chn ti nguyn: sau khi c y thng tin v ti nguyn ngi dng s la chn nhng ti nguyn ph hp nht cho yu cu v mc ch ca h. Bc ny thng do b lp lch v qun l ti nguyn thay mt ngi dng m nhn t ng bng cch gii bi ton ti u Giai on 3: Thc thi cng vic. Tin hnh cc bc thc thi cng vic trn ti nguyn chn, gim st trng thi cng vic v gi kt qu li cho ngi s dng Bc 1: t trc ti nguyn (ty chn): c th s dng tt nht mt h thng no , mt phn hoc ton b ti nguyn phi c t trc Bc 2: trnh cng vic: sau khi chn c ti nguyn ng dng, cng vic cn phi c trnh ln ti nguyn thc hin bng cch chy mt dng lnh n hoc chy mt dy cc kch Bc 3: Cc cng vic chun b: trong bc ny pha ngi dng s lm cc cng vic cn thit ng dng c th chy c. V d: dng GridFTP chuyn cc file d liu cn thit n a im ni cng vic s chy Bc 4: Theo di tin : ty thuc vo ng dng v thi gian chy ca n m ngi dng c th mun theo di tin v c th s thay i nh ca h v vic cng vic s c thc hin u v nh th no Bc 5: Hon thnh cng vic: khi cng vic kt thc th cn phi bo cho ngi s dng bng mt hnh thc no


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Bc 6: Dn dp v kt thc: sau khi mt cng vic c thc hin xong, kt qu cng vic phi c gi li cho ngi trnh, ng thi cc file tm thi cng phi c xa i

1.4.5 Grid PortalH thng TTL ch cung cp cho ngi s dng mt tp hp cc dch v chung v kh nng khai thc cc ngun ti nguyn phn tn. N khng cung cp cc thnh phn giao din thn thin phc v ngi s dng. V vy, i hi cn phi c mt cng c cung cp cc thnh phn giao din phc v ngi s dng. Trc thc t , mt cng giao tip h thng Gird vi tn gi Grid Portal ra i.

Grid Services

Hnh 1-10 Cng in t GridPortal

Grid Portal l cng kt ni dch v gia ngi dng v nh cung cp dch v, c pht trin nh mt phn mm trn mng Intenet cung cp cc chc nng cn thit theo hng ngi dng. Vic s dng cng ngh Portal cho php to mi trng lm vic ring bit cho tng ngi dng, ng thi tch bit cc chc nng dch v ring bit t pha my ch v ti s dng cc thnh phn chc nng ca Web. Grid Portal c hnh thnh t hai khi nim cng (portal) khc nhau: Cng chuyn cho ng dng (Application Specific Portal) cung cp mt tp con cc thao tc truy cp Grid chuyn bit t bn trong mt ng dng, t cc min c bit. V Cng chuyn cho ngi dng (User Specific Portal) cung cp cc dch v ring lin quan cc site phc v cho mt tc v truyn thng no .Nguyn Th Kim Tuyn Lp Cao hc CNTT Kho 2004-2006 - i hc BKHN

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trin khai cng ngh GridPortal, chng ta c th s dng cng c pht trin GPDK (Grid Poratl Development Kits) [30]. 1.4.5.1 Cc yu cu i vi Grid Portal 1. Cc yu cu v an ton bo mt: hin ti, khi pht trin cc Grid Portal, mt s yu cu sau lin quan ti vn bo mt nh qun l giy y nhim li, giao tip vi c s h tng bo mt GSI thng qua Portal: Ngi dng phi c mt trnh duyt Web chun tip cn cc Grid Portal Ngi dng c th truy nhp ti nhng im m h khng c sn giy chng nhn Grid Ngi dng c th lm bt c iu g thng qua Grid Portal trong phm vi cho php ca giy y nhim 2. Qun l cc file t xa: ngi dng c th truy cp cc dch v th mc v file xa v c th s dng cc cng c phn loi, lp cc bn sao d liu. 3. Qun l cng vic thc hin t xa: ngi dng c th thc thi v quan st cc cng vic thc hin t xa, ng thi c th thc thi cc cng vic phc tp theo. 4. Truy cp cc dch v thng tin li: ngi dng c th tm kim, truy vn cc yu cu thng qua cc dch v lu tr thng tin ca ton b h thng li. 5. Giao din ng dng: cho php n i nn tng phc tp ca c s h tng li. Ngi dng tng tc vi li thng qua mt giao din thn thin. 1.4.5.2 Chuyn ti cc Job trong Grid Portal Mt h tng bo mt GSI m rng t phin bn ca SSH c th tng tc vi cc jobs c ti ln h thng Grid. Tt c cc jobs c ti ln s c b qun tr GRAM gi n cc Gatekeepers. Cc thnh phn chnh ca cng c GDPK dng chuyn ti cc job l JobBean, JobSubmissionBean v JobInfoBean. Bn cnh ba thnh phn chnh, GDPK cn cung cp hai thnh phn bean ph khc c lin quan n job l JobMonitorBean v JobHistoryBean. Truyn tp tin (File Tranfer)Nguyn Th Kim Tuyn Lp Cao hc CNTT Kho 2004-2006 - i hc BKHNFormatted: Bullets and Numbering

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Vic di chuyn tp tin hin nay c cung cp bi thnh phn FileTranferBean. N c hai dng: GSISCPTranferBean: c s dng i vi cc h thng c ci t GSISSH gip di chuyn file thng qua c ch GSI c m rng t scp GSIFPTTranferBean: ci t GSI m rng t FTP thun java v n c kh nng di chuyn file gia cc third-party khc nhau C hai dng trn u bo m an ton cho vic sao lu d liu t my ngun n my ch thng qua c ch xc thc user. H s ngi dng (User Profile) User profile hot ng da trn ba thnh phn bean sau : UserLoginBean: cung cp mt dch v la chn xc thc user trong qu trnh login vo Portal. N ch khi to username, password da vo cc file mt m lu tr tng ng trn web server to ra mt truy cp hp php UserAdminBean: cung cp kh nng sp xp vic x l tun t cho UserProfileBean v hp thc ha cc user profile c bo v bng password-

UserProfileBean: dng duy tr cc thng tin trc y v user nh thng tin xc thc, ti nguyn tnh ton, cc job submit trong qu kh UserProfileBean c khi to cng lc vi session theo di trong sut qu trnh user thao tc trn portal

1.4.6 Gim st liTrong mi trng li, nhu cu gim st cc ti nguyn l rt cn thit. Cc ti nguyn ca li lun trng thi ng, chng c th gia nhp vo li ri sau rt ra khi li vo bt k thi im no. Ngi dng phi c kh nng tm kim nhng ti nguyn mong mun v gim st cc ti nguyn . Ngoi vai tr cung cp thng tin cho ngi dng, h thng gim st li cn ng vai tr quan trng trong cc hot ng lp lch, nhn bn d liu, phn tch hiu nng, xy dng ng dng t iu chnh,...


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1.4.6.1 Quy trnh gim st Quy trnh gim st cc h phn tn thng bao gm bn bc nh sau: 1. Sinh cc s kin: b cm bin tin hnh o c trn cc thc th v m ha kt qu thu c theo mt lc cho trc. 2. X l cc s kin: cc s kin c x l theo tng ng dng c th. 3. Phn phi cc s kin: cc s kin c chuyn n cc bn quan tm. 4. Trnh din cc s kin: cc s kin c x l t ti mc tru tng cao, ngi dng rt ra c kt lun v trng thi ca h thng. Giai on ny thng c thc hin bi mt ng dng ha, hin th d liu tc thi theo thi gian thc hoc ly d liu t cc kho lu tr v hin th. 1.4.6.2 Yu cu i vi mt h thng gim st li Mt h thng gim st li phi tha mn c nhng yu cu sau y: Kh nng m rng: phi hot ng tt khi s lng ti nguyn v ngi dng tng ln tr x l nh: trong li, cc s kin lin tc c sinh ra vi tc cao v s lng ln, ng thi trnh tnh trng d liu b lc hu th h thng gim st phi c tc x l d liu cao nhm t c tr nh nht t xm phm n cc ti nguyn: thao tc o c din ra thng xuyn s tiu tn ng k cc ti nguyn. H thng gim st phi gi c mc tiu th ti nguyn ca mnh mc chp nhn c H tr nhiu m hnh truyn d liu: thng tin gim st bao gm cc s kin tnh v cc s kin ng nn n i hi cc chnh sch o c khc nhau nh o nh k hay o mi khi c yu cu Kh chuyn: cc ti nguyn trong li l rt khng ng nht, bi vy cc thnh phn ca h thng gim st phi c tnh kh chuyn cao Bo mt: h thng gim st phi h tr cc dch v bo mt nh iu khin truy nhp, chng thc, vn chuyn an ton cc thng tin gim st Kh nng ng b ha cao: bn nhn cn phi bit mi ca mt s kin,


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do h thng gim st phi c kh nng ng b ha cao gia cc thnh phn 1.4.6.3 Kin trc b gim st li GMA (Grid Monitoring Architecture) T chc li ton cu GGF (Global Grid Forum), xut mt kin trc chung cho cc h thng gim st li gi l kin trc GMA. tng ca GMA l tch bit thao tc tm kim d liu vi thao tc truyn d liu v xy dng cc thnh phn c kh nng hot ng trong theo cu trc phn cp.

Hnh 1-11 Cc thnh phn ca kin trc GMA

1. Dch v th mc (Directory Service): phc v vic m t v khm ph cc s kin. N lu tr thng tin v cc b sinh v b tiu th c kh nng tham gia tng tc. Bn chc nng ca mt dch v th mc l: Thm, Cp nht, Xa mt mc thng t th mc; Tm kim cc b sinh hay b tiu th da trn mt s tiu ch. 2. B sinh (Producer): l bt k thnh phn no s dng giao din sinh gi cc s kin ti mt b tiu th. Mt b sinh cung cp cc chc nng c bn nh: Bo tr bn ng k; Chp nhn truy vn; Chp nhn ng k; Chp nhn ngng ng k; nh v b tiu th; Thng bo; Khi to ng k; Khi to ngng ng k 3. B tiu th (Consumer): b tiu th l bt k thnh phn no ci t giao din tiu th nhn cc s kin t mt b sinh. Mt b tiu th c cc chc nng c bn nh: nh v b sinh; Khi to truy vn; Khi to ng k; Khi to ngng ng k; Bo tr bn ng k; Chp nhn thng bo; Chp nhn ng k; Chp nhn ngng ng k; nh v s s kin.Nguyn Th Kim Tuyn Lp Cao hc CNTT Kho 2004-2006 - i hc BKHN

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Cc tng tc vi dch v th mc Cc b sinh cng b s tn ti ca mnh nh cc mc thng tin trong dch v th mc. Nh , dch v th mc c dng nh v cc b sinh v b tiu th. Cc b tiu th s dng dch v th mc tm kim cc b sinh ph hp vi yu cu ca mnh, ngc li cc b sinh cng dng dch v th mc tm kim cc b tiu th ph hp. C b sinh ln b tiu th u c th ng vai tr khi to tng tc khi tm c i tc ph hp, khi cc thng bo iu khin v cc d liu gim st s c truyn trc tip gia ni sinh v ni nhn m khng lin quan n dch v th mc na. Cc tng tc gia B sinh v B tiu th Kin trc GMA h tr ba kiu giao tip gia b sinh v b tiu th. l: 1. Xut bn/ng k: kiu giao tip ny gm ba giai on. Giai on u tin, nt khi to (b sinh hoc b tiu th) lin h vi mt nt phc v v thng bo cc tp s kin m n quan tm. giai on hai, b sinh (nt khi to hoc nt phc v) gi cc s kin cho b tiu th. Giai on cui cng, b sinh hoc b tiu th chm dt tng tc bng cc thng bo iu khin. 2. Truy vn/tr li: trong kiu tng tc ny, nt khi to bt buc phi l mt b tiu th. Giai on mt l giai on thit lp tng t nh giai on mt ca tng tc xut bn/ng k. Tuy nhin trong giai on hai, tt c cc s kin c truyn mt ln duy nht ti b tiu th m khng c thng bo kt thc. 3. Thng bo: l kiu tng tc mt giai on, nt khi to l mt b sinh. B sinh s truyn tt c cc s kin ti b tiu th trong mt thng bo duy nht. 1.4.6.4 Phn loi cc h thng gim st li Cc h thng gim st c chia thnh bn mc nh sau: Mc 0 (Level 0): cc s kin c chuyn trc tip t b cm bin ti b tiu th theo mt trong hai ch online hoc offline. ch online, cc kt qu o c thng c truy nhp ti thng qua mt giao din web. ch offline, kt qu o c b cm bin ghi vo kho lu tr v sau c b tiu th ly ra. Mc 1 (Level 1): trong cc h thng loi ny, cc b cm bin c xy dngNguyn Th Kim Tuyn Lp Cao hc CNTT Kho 2004-2006 - i hc BKHN

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ring v nm trn cng mt my vi cc b sinh, hoc chng c tch hp vo trong cc b sinh. Trong c hai trng hp, cc s kin c truy nhp thng qua cc API ca b sinh. Mc 2 (Level 2): so vi cc h thng mc 1, cc h thng mc 2 c thm cc thnh phn trung gian. Cc chc nng c phn b trn c b sinh v thnh phn trung gian (c th nm trn my khc) thay v ch nm trn mt b sinh duy nht. Mc 3 (Level 3): cc h thng mc ny c tnh linh hot cao nh cc thnh phn trung gian c t chc theo cu trc phn cp. Mi thnh phn trung gian thu thp v x l cc s kin t cc thnh phn trung gian hay b sinh nm mc thp hn v sau gi chng ln cc thnh phn trung gian mc cao hn. Cc h thng mc 3 rt thch hp cho mi trng li. Mt h thng tiu biu thuc loi ny l Globus MDS.

1.5 Kt chngChng ny tm hiu c cc khi nim, cu trc, thnh phn ca mt li tnh ton. ng thi cng gii thiu v cc chun kin trc c dng trong tnh ton li v cc dch v chnh cn cung cp trong mt liQua ta thy rng, xy dng c mt li tnh ton ch da vo h tng phn cng l khng th, im quan trng trong li l c s h tng phn mm. Hin ti, c nhiu b cng c phn mm h tr cho vic trin khai mt li, trong b cng c ni ting nht v c s dng rng ri nht hin nay l Globus Toolkit. Chi tit v b cng c ny s c trnh by Chng 2 ca lun vn.


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CHNG 2. TNG QUAN V GLOBUSGlobus l mt h tng cung cp cc cng c phn mm xy dng tnh ton mng li v cc ng dng khc da trn cng ngh Grid mt cch d dng. Cc cng c ny c gi chung l Globus Toolkit (GT). N bao gm cc module cng c, mi cng c nh ngha mt giao din phc v cp cao v cung cp nhiu ton t cp thp c th thc hin c trn nhng mi trng khc nhau. Chng ny gii thiu ch yu l v phin bn 4 ca GT (GT4), n chnh thc c ban hnh thng t nm 2005 vi nhiu chc nng mi ca dch v Web nh: cc thnh phn, tnh tng thch vi cc chun, tnh tin li, v cht lng ti liu.

2.1 Tng quan kin trc chung ca GT2.1.1 Cc chc nng chnh ca GTV GT c coi l cng c nn dng xy dng li tnh ton, v vy ta s nghin cu kin trc ca GT bng cch nh x tng ng cc thnh phn chc nng chnh ca li sang cc thnh phn chc nng chnh ca GT [6] bao gm: nh v v cp pht ti nguyn: cung cp k thut dng cho cc ng dng i hi ti nguyn ngay lp tc hoc ti nguyn c t trc. y l chc nng bt buc phi c v ng dng khng th xc nh ng v tr ca ti nguyn cn thit nht l khi cc ti nguyn c sn b thay i Truyn thng: cung cp k thut truyn thng c bn, cho php thc thi hiu qu vic truyn t thng tin trn din rng bao gm vic truyn thng ip, gi th tc, phn phi b nhvi tin cy cao trn mt bng thng rng Thng nht thng tin phc v: cung cp k thut ng b thng tin v cu trc v trng thi thc ca h thng metasystem. Ngoi ra, n phi c thnh phn cung cp thng tin v h tr vic iu khin yu cu, truy cp thng tin Giao din xc thc: cung cp nhng k thut c bn v xc thc dng xc nhn tnh hp l ca ngi dng v ti nguyn


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To tin trnh hot ng: c s dng thc hin tnh ton trn ti nguyn c nh v v phn pht. N bao gm: thc thi s iu chnh, to ra mi trng thc thi, chuyn i s, kt hp vi tin trnh mi vo, qun l s kt thc v tin trnh shutdown Truy xut d liu: chu trch nhim truy xut d liu tc cao lu tr di dng cc tp tin

2.1.2 Cc c trng ca GT4Cc c ch v giao din c chun ho Trong mi trng tnh ton li, cc thnh phn thng tng tc vi nhau qua mng. Do cch xy dng h thng phn tn l khng ng nht nn cn thit phi th hin chun ho cc c ch x l cng vic chung. Vic chun ho trong mi trng li nhm mc ch: D dng xy dng v hiu cc thnh phn ring l D lin thng gia cc ci t khc nhau ca cng mt giao din D chia s cc thnh phn v pht trin cc cng c cho php dng li GT4 chn c ch dch v Web nh ngha giao din v cu trc cc thnh phn [6]. Cc dch v Web ny cung cp c ch mm do, m da trn XML m t, pht hin, v thc thi cc dch v t xa. Giao din dch v Web c GT4 dng cho hu ht cc thnh phn chnh, do cho php s dng cc c ch dch v Web chun m t cc giao din dch v GT4. Trong mt vi nm tr li y, nhiu phn mm c pht trin h tr trin khai nhiu thnh phn h thng phn tn c ci t giao din dch v Web. GT4 dng GT4 Web Services Containers trin khai v qun l cc dch v GT4 c vit bng nhiu ngn ng nh C, Java. Tuy nhin, ta cn ch l dch v Web thng khng ch trng vo hiu nng ca h thng. C s h tng ng dng ca ngi dng thng yu cu tng trung gian ca GT4 phi cung cp cc cng c duy tr v qun l c s h tng phn cng ca Grid. Cc khi nim hng dch v v cc c ch dch v Web c dng truy xut v qun lNguyn Th Kim Tuyn Lp Cao hc CNTT Kho 2004-2006 - i hc BKHN

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cc phn t h tng thng qua cc giao din ca chng. GT4 ci t cc giao din dch v Web : qun l cc ti nguyn tnh ton v theo di qu trnh hot ng ca cc ti nguyn ny (GRAM); qun l thit b o c (GTCP); v qun l vic truyn d liu tin cy (RFT). Ngoi ra, GT4 cn cung cp dch v GridFTP nhg cha c nh ngha giao din dch v Web. Pht hin v theo di Pht hin v theo di l 2 chc nng quan trng trong li. Vic pht hin ti nguyn hoc dch v ph hp vi yu cu l cn thit, trong khi vic theo di gip duy tr hot ng ca cc ti nguyn hoc dch v trong h thng. u tin, GT4 cung cp cc c ch chun gn kt cc thuc tnh ti nguyn da trn XML vi thc th mng v truy xut cc thuc tnh ny bng c ch ko-y. Cc c ch ny l nhng ci t ca c t WSRF v WSNotification c xy dng trong mi dch v v container ca GT4. Th hai, GT4 cung cp ba dch v kt [6] nhm thu thp thuc tnh trng thi t cc ngun thng tin ng k. Ba dch v ny ci t mt bn ng k (MDS-Index), mt b lu tr (MDSArchive), v mt b lc d liu hng s kin (MDSTrigger). Cui cng, i vi chc nng pht hin v theo di, GT4 cn cung cp cc giao din trnh duyt, cc lnh, v cc giao din dch v Web ngi dng truy vn v nhn thng tin. Bo mt Bo mt l yu t rt quan trng trong bt c h thng no, nht l i vi h thng phn tn gm nhiu ti nguyn v ngi s dng nm ri rc nhiu ni nh Grid. GT4 v cc cng c lin quan cung cp nn tng bo mt hon chnh khng ch i vi truyn thng trn mng m cn i vi cc ti nguyn v ngi dng. D liu Trong li, d liu thng rt ln v nm ri rc. V vy chng cn c qun l, tch hp li truy xut nhanh chng. GT4 c rt nhiu thnh phn h tr vn ny nh GridFTP, RLS, DAI (cung cp kh nng truy xut ti d liu XML v cc c s d liu quan h) [6]. Phi hpNguyn Th Kim Tuyn Lp Cao hc CNTT Kho 2004-2006 - i hc BKHN

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GT4 c nhiu cng c phi hp mc cao nh DAGman v MPICH-G2.

2.1.3 Tm lc v kin trc ca GT4Tm lc kin trc ca GT4 [6] gm: Kin trc hng dch v: gm nhiu dch v hon chnh (i km cc th vin chun) tng tc vi nhau qua cc giao thc chun ho Dch v h tng: gm cc dch v truy xut, theo di, qun l v iu khin cc phn t h tng Dch v Web: tun theo cc giao thc dch v Web c s dng rng ri v cc c ch m t, pht hin, truy xut, xc thc, phn quyn dch v GT4 Containers: gm cc thnh phn to nn GT4 container ni cha cc dch v Web vit bng Java, C v Python Bo mt: cho php thit lp mt h thng bo mt cao, m, v uyn chuyn nhm bo v thng tin, xc thc v phn quyn ngi dng, i din v y quyn Chun ho: c ci t theo cc chun c chp nhn rng ri, h tr to cc thnh phn m, d dng s dng li nh cc cng c chun Cng c lin quan: GT4 l tng trung gian cung cp nn tng tt nht cho cc ng dng li Hn ch: GT4 cn nhiu hn ch v hiu nng, tnh d s dng, v sc mnh

2.2 Kin trc hng dch vPhn ny s ni n cc khi nim c bn v dch v Web v vic s dng cng nh ci t chng trong GT4, nht l trong cc thnh phn li ca GT.

2.2.1 GT4, cc h thng phn tn, cc dch v WebGT4 gm cc phn mm ci t c ch dch v Web xy dng cc h thng phn tn, cc thng ny lun phi i u vi cc vn nh tr mng, s c cc b, tng tranh. Ngoi ra, cc thnh phn h thng c th nm ri rc trn cc vng a l khc nhau v c qun tr ring bit.


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Hnh 2-1 Cc thnh phn trong kin trc dch v Web

Mt dch v Web [27] l mt h thng phn mm c thit k h tr tng tc gia my vi my (machine-to-machine) trn mng, ni cch khc cho php cc phn mm d dng tng tc vi nhau theo mt chun thng nht. Mi dch v c mt giao din c m t theo khun dng, ngn ng chun (WSDL) gip ngi lp trnh v cc phn mm hoc dch v khc d dng phn tch v hiu c dch v cung cp ci g, nh th no. Thng ip c dng trao i gia cc dch v tun theo giao thc SOAP.

2.2.2 C s h tng v ng dng hng dch vCc cng ngh dch v Web-GT4 c th dng xy dng c c s h tng hng dch v v ng dng hng dch v. Cc ng dng hng dch v gm nhiu dch v giao dch vi nhau. C s h tng hng dch v gm cc dch v nn tng cung cp cc c ch qun l ti nguyn phn cng v phn mm phn tn. Ci t dch v Web xy dng mt ng dng hng dch v Web, ta cn phi ci t 2 phn l: Mi trng ch (container): m nhim cc chc nng trao i vi client bng thng ip SOAP, xc nh v gi dch v x l thng ip, qun l, iu hnh cc dch v Web. Ci t dch v Web: vit on m x l thng ip gi ti.

Hnh 2-2 Cc thnh phn chc nng chnh trong ci t dch v WebNguyn Th Kim Tuyn Lp Cao hc CNTT Kho 2004-2006 - i hc BKHN

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c t dch v Web y l cc c t dch v Web c ci t trong GT4 [6]: XML c dng trong dch v Web nh dng d liu chun, mm do v m rng. GT4 cho php XML xut d liu dng text v nh phn.SOAP 1.2 cung cp c ch chun, m rng v hng thnh phn ng gi

v trao i thng ip XML gia nh cung cp dch v v khch hng. SOAP c lp vi nghi thc truyn thng, tuy nhin thng thng HTTP c dng nh giao thc nn tng.WSDL 1.1 l mt ti liu XML m t dch v Web, bao gm cc qui c

gn kt chun gia SOAP vi cc giao thc nn khc.WS-Addressing nh ngha c ch nh a ch cho dch v web v thng

ip. N nh ngha cc phn t XML xc nh cc endpoint ca dch v Web v m bo phn bit cc endpoint ny trong thng ip.WS Resource Framework (WSRF) nh ngha c cu m v tng qut cho

vic m hnh ha v truy xut cc ti nguyn.WS-Notification nh ngha nn cho php ph bin thng tin gia cc dch v

Web. Ngoi ra GT4 cn bao gm mt s ci t m rng khc nh: GridFTP l m rng ca FTP; DAIS tun theo c t OGSA-DAIS ca din n li ton cu [6].

2.2.3 Kin trc hng dch v (Service Oriented Architecture-SOA)Kin trc hng dch v SOA l mt form ca kin trc cc h thng phn tn c cc c trng sau [6]: 1. Logical view: dch v l mt cch nhn logic, tru tng ca chng trnh, c s d liu, quy trnh nghip v 2. Message orientation: dch v c nh ngha theo thng ip trao i gia ngi cung cp v ngi yu cu ch khng phi v bn thn cc i tc. Cu trc bn trong ca i tc c tru tng ho trong kin trc SOA.


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3. Description orientation: dch v c m t nh siu d liu nhng d dng c x l bng my tnh. Cch thc s dng dch v v ng ngha ca n l ni dung chnh cn m t. 4. Granularity: dch v ch gm mt s t cc thao tc ng vi cc thng ip di v phc tp. 5. Network orientation: dch v c xu hng s dng mng my tnh. 6. Platform neutral: thng ip c trao i trn mt nn tng trung lp, c chun ho khun dng v c phn phi thng qua cc giao din. XML l la chn tt nht tho mn iu kin ny.

2.3 Kin trc GT42.3.1 Kin trc tng quanHnh sau m t kin trc ca GT4 bao gm cc dch v c ci t bn pha ch v cc th vin gn vi pha khch. GT4 cung cp cc thnh phn dch v Web (bn tri) v c thnh phn khng l dch v Web (bn phi) [6].

Hnh 2-3 Cc thnh phn trong kin trc GT4

Cc hnh hp trng trong phn "Client" ch cc ng dng hoc cng c truy xut n dch v GT4 hoc cc dch v c pht trin trn GT4. Cc dch v GT4 c nh ngha trc


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GT4 cung cp cc dch v Web c giao din, l: GRAM, RFT, y quyn, dch v theo di v pht hin ti nguyn (MDS-Index, MDS-Trigger), MDSArchive, dch v phn quyn trong cng ng, dch v tch hp v truy xut d liu (OGSA-DAI) v dch v iu khin thit b t xa (GTCP - Grid TeleControl Protocol) [6]. GRAM v MDS-Index tuy li thi nhng vn c cung cp trong GT4. Ba dch v GridFTP, RLS v MyProxy (kho u nhim th trc tuyn) tuy c ci t nhng cha c giao din dch v Web y . Ngoi ra GT4 cn cung cp cc th vin lin kt vi cc c ch xc thc v y quyn khc nh MD5, LDAP, Kerberos, cng nh th vin IO m rng (XIO) cho php truy xut nhiu giao thc vn chuyn c s. Ta c th s dng SimpleCA nh l mt c ch cp chng th gn nh. GT4 Containers GT4 ci t cc dch v Web quan trng cho ng dng li, mt s trong chng c chun ho nh WSRF, WS-Notification, v mt s ch c trong Globus nh GRAM, RFT. Cc dch v ny c th kt hp vi cc thnh phn khc (my phc v Web, my SOAP) to ra nhiu loi GT4 container khc nhau. Mt GT4 container [6] l mt thng ng cha cc dch v Web vi cc c trng sau: Ci t giao thc trao i thng ip SOAP trn nn HTTP cng nh c ch bo mt mc giao vn v mc thng ip WS-Sercurity cho qu trnh truyn thng Ci t cc dch v WS-Addressing, WSRF, v WS-Notification H tr ghi chp qua Log4j m ci t giao din lp trnh Jakarta Commons Logging API nh ngha ti nguyn dch v Web (WS-Resources) vi cc thuc tnh cung cp thng tin v cc dch v c trin khai trong container v cc thuc tnh ca container nh phin bn v thi im khi ng


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v th mt GT4 container c th cha cc dch v m giao din ca chng c nh ngha theo c t dch v Web c bn v cc dch v m giao din ca chng theo nn WSRF. Ngoi ra GT4 Java container cn c th cha cc dch v nng cp cung cp bi Globus nh GRAM, MDS, v RFT. Cc ng dng pha client c th s dng giao din ng k trong GT4 container n xc nh dch v no hin hu trong container, v truy xut giao din qun tr GT4 container thc hin cc chc nng qun tr c bn.

Hnh 2-4 GT4 Container tch hp cc dch v v cng c

GT4 h tr 3 ngn ng ci t dch v Web l Java, C, v Python:

Hnh 2-5 Bn cu hnh GT4 container

2.3.2 Trin khai dch v Web trn GT4Trin khai mt dch v Web bao gm cc cng vic ci t v khi to vic thc thi mt dch v Web trn mt my tnh c th hay ni r hn trn mt container. Bi v mt container dch v Web c th c cu hnh cho mt mc ch c th, nn vic trin khai dch v Web c th bao hm: 1. Trin khai dch v Web vo trong mt GT4 container. 2. Ti cc th vin b sung (WSRF) vo mt non-GT4 container, sau trin khai dch v Web vo container ny.


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3. Trin khai mt GT4 container mi, sau mi trin khai dch v Web hoc 4. Trin khai GT4 container v dch v Web ng thi. Gi phn mm GT4 cung cp cc cng c d dng thc hin cng vic ny trong cc mi trng khc nhau. Chng hn nh, trin khai dch v GT4 GRAM th cn: 1. Nu GT4 Java container c ci t, ta c th trin khai dch v GRAM mt cch trc tip. 2. Nu my phc v ci t Tomcat, nhng cha ci gi Globus no th ta cn trin khai cc dch v WSRF, WS-Notification, v sau l GRAM. 3. Nu cha c g th ta nn ci t gi GT4 hon chnh gm GT4 Java container v dch v Web GRAM. Gi ny c th ci t, cu hnh, v chy d dng.

2.4 Qun l thc thi trong GT4Cc cng vic lin quan ti qun l thc thi trong mi trng phn tn [6] thng l: to mt chng trnh chy nh mt dch v mng; phn b; chy mt chng trnh thc thi t xa; chy mt chng trnh song song trn cc my tnh phn tn; v chy mt tp cc cng vic khng thng xuyn trao i d liu vi nhau. Cc cng vic ny i hi phi cn n cc cng c qun l thc thi nh: khi to; theo di; qun l; lp lch v iu phi cc cng vic tnh ton t xa trong mi trng phn tn. GT4 cung cp gi "Qun l v cp pht ti nguyn li - GRAM" qun l thc thi. Thng thng GRAM c trin khai cng vi cc gi MyProxy v RFT nhm tng tnh bo mt, xc thc v trao i d liu. Gi GRAM gm 3 thnh phn chnh: B lp lch GRAM cho cc cm my trong mt mng cc b (Condor, OpenPBS, Torque, PBSPro, SGE, LSF). H thng cung cp cc giao din cho cc my tnh xa (OpenSSH) hoc ci t cc m hnh lp trnh song song khc nhau trong mi trng li bng cch dng GRAM phn b cc cng vic tnh ton ti cc my tnh t xa (Condor-G, DAGman, MPICHNguyn Th Kim Tuyn Lp Cao hc CNTT Kho 2004-2006 - i hc BKHN

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G2, GriPhyN VDS, Nimrod-G). Cui cng l B siu lp lch nh x cng vic ti cc nhm (CSF, Maui).

2.4.1 Tng quan v GT4 GRAM ngi dng xa thc thi mt chng trnh thng qua mt dch v Web, ta cn phi nh ngha v ci t mt dch v Web gm mt phng thc gi thc thi chng trnh t xa. Tuy nhin, ci t c ta phi gii quyt cc vn : 1. State: cng vic tnh ton c th thc hin cc thao tc nhp/xut trong khi chy lm nh hng ti trng thi ca ti nguyn tnh ton hoc h thng tp tin gn vi cng vic ny. 2. User executables: ngi dng c th cung cp chng trnh ca ring h gi thc thi t xa. 3. Staging of input and output: chng trnh thc thi, d liu vo/ra c th ln, xa, v/hoc c chia s vi cc li gi thc thi khc. V th, yu cu b tr d liu vo/ra l cn thit. 4. Streaming output: mt s chng trnh thc thi cn c kh nng cung cp kt qu kp thi cho ngi dng khi ang chy. 5. Control: ngi dng i khi cn ngng mt cng vic ang thc thi. 6. Scheduler: cc ti nguyn tnh ton ln thng chu s iu khin ca mt b lp lch cp pht ti nguyn theo cc chnh sch u tin mt cch ti u v hiu nng. 7. Monitoring: i vi mt s cng vic phc tp cn c theo di qu trnh thc thi v cc thao tc can thip kp thi nh pending, suspending, staging, H thng GRAM kt hp vi cc cng c qun l c c pht trin nhm gii quyt cc yu cu trn. GRAM cho php: thc thi mt chng trnh bt k; hon thnh cc thao tc tin cy; thc hin theo di cc trng thi; qun l y nhim th; b tr tp tin; tng tc vi cc b lp lch c. Mi cng vic khi c trnh s c: m

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