Title

Endocrine systemNervous systemImmune system

Signal transduction systems in multicellular organisms

CHAPTER 15Endocrine System

1.Endocrine glands2.Hypothalamus and pituitary gland3.Thyroid and parathyroid glands4.Adrenal glands5.Pancreas6.Other endocrine glands7.Homeostasis

pancreas

arteriole

liverinsulin

liver cell

b. Reception of insulin, a hormone

a. Reception of a neurotransmitter

axon ofnerve fiber

neurotransmitters

axon terminal

vesicle

Fig. 15.1 The action of neurotransmitter differs from that of a hormone.

心臓→大動脈→動脈→細動脈→毛細血管→静脈→大静脈→心臓

心臓→大動脈→動脈→細動脈→毛細血管→静脈→毛細血管→静脈→大静脈→心臓

門脈

腸管動脈→毛細血管→静脈→毛細血管→肝静脈→下大静脈

15.1 Endocrine glands

Common points: Different points:

structural transmitter method speed components substances

Nervous system neurons neurotransmitters axons & synapses rapidEndocrine system glands hormones blood streams slow

Portal vein

to use chemical signals (and the receptors) and maintain homeostasis.

Fig. 15.2 The endocrine system (　　　　　　　 )

Hypothalamus

Pituitary GlandPosterior pituitaryAnterior pituitary

Thyroid

Adrenal GlandAdrenal cortex

Parathyroids

Thymus

Pancreas

GonadsTestesOvaries

ovary (female)

testis(male)

parathyroid glands(posterior surface of thyroid)

Recently identified endocrine systems vessels (artery) 血管 heart 心臓 fat tissue 脂肪組織 stomach 胃

視床下部

下垂体（前葉、後葉）

甲状腺

副腎副腎皮質

副甲状腺

胸腺

膵臓

性腺（精巣、卵巣）

classical

Table 15.1

松果体

Hypothalamus Hypothalamic hormone-producing cellsposterior pituitary hormone-producing cells*

ACTHproducing cells

TSHproducing cells

Aderenal cortex

Thyroid

Pituitary

Lower endocrine systems

TRH

cortisol T3,T4

GHproducing cells

PRLproducing cells

LiverMammary

gland

(PRF)PIH

IGF-1

LH/FSHproducing cells

Gonads

sexhormones

ADH OT

Hypothalamus-pituitary-peripheral endocrine system

Releasing:Inhibiting:

#not included in posterior pituitary hormones

CRH

Whole body

GHRHGHIH

(Somatostatin)

GnRH(=LHRH)

whole body whole body sex organ etc bone etc

Exocrine versus Endocrine (p334)

Duct(s)

膵内分泌

Differences: with/without duct(s), cell polarity

Fig. 15.7 Negative feedback mechanism in the endocrine system.hypothalamus

anterior pituitary

target gland

target gland hormone(hormone 3)

Thyroxine, triiodothyronine

feedbackinhibits

release ofhormone 2

TSH

feedbackinhibits

release ofhormone 1

TRH

stimulating hormone(hormone 2)

TSH

releasing hormone(hormone 1)

TRH

Negative feedback (p335)

甲状腺ホルモンThyroid hormone

甲状腺刺激ホルモンThyroid stimulating hormoneThyrotropin

甲状腺刺激ホルモン放出ホルモンTSH-releasing hormone

Fig. 15.3 Hormones target specific cells.nontarget cell

receptors

capillary

hormone

target cells

Receptors (p336)

androgen

normal：男性への性の分化

androgen receptors

XY

XY

Fig. 15.3 Hormones target specific cells.

target cells without the receptor

capillary

Androgen insensitivity (p336)

XY

receptor abnormality：男性への性の分化異常

↓女性型

XY androgen

endocrine paracrine autocrine

e.g., prostaglandins and growth factors.Prostaglandins are produced, but not carried elsewhere in the bloodstream.

Local hormones (p336)

アドレナリン

アルドステロン

インスリン

The Action of Hormones (p337)

Peptide hormones　　ペプチドホルモン

Steroid hormones　　ステロイドホルモン

Amino acid-derived hormones　　アミノ酸誘導体ホルモン

Fig. 15.4 Action of a peptide hormone.capillary

receptor protein

3. cAMP activates an enzyme cascade.

glycogen

1. Hormone binds to a receptor in the plasma membrane.

2. Binding leads to activation of an enzyme that changes ATP to cyclic AMP.

cAMP(second messenger)

plasmamembrane

ATP

glucose(leaves celland goesto blood)

4. Many molecules of glycogen are broken down to glucose, which enters the bloodstream.

peptide hormone(first messenger)

activatedenzyme 親水性ホルモン

↓膜受容体

Fig. 15.5 Action of a steroid hormone and amino acid-derived hormones.

DNA

ribosome

protein

cytoplasm

1. Hormone diffuses through plasma membrane because it is lipid soluble.

2. Hormone binds to receptor inside nucleus.

steroidhormone

plasmamembrane

receptorprotein

mRNA

mRNA3. Hormone-receptor complex activates gene and synthesis of a specific mRNA molecule follows.

4. mRNA moves to ribosomes, and protein synthesis occurs.

nucleus

脂溶性ホルモン↓

核（細胞質）受容体＝転写因子

百聞は一見に如かずSeeing is believing百見は一触に如かずExperiencing is believing

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