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portal* of PvtwlUMwit SfcuMKi ia th* oaapaig» of

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" i t a i ^ H a a u July a t , i 9 ^ t p. 10.

&rnm% 2, lf%f t p. 1.

<3n July 2i t 1^f | . f«a Cleurft vaa aeidlatM by Proatdmt £

XrtoMa to aoooood Jmtim Wwtpn^ oa. tha 5mpr«s# Court, Sho

s«it , long f i l led tjr Swan* Catholics, va® thua offarad to a

Pvoabyto*liui* A g2M«t i«aX of oyltleiaiR follow** tha awtjL-

a e t i « of fos CXavlu This s r i t ic is* aoanatad primarily fro»

Mag* groups as ih« CcwamjUt *artyv th* CM1 Aighta

Googroas, tha &Mrl««a Ccwnltt«« for tb* Rvotootloii of tha

Foraign Bora, awi slvilar oxunlMtlMst* fltta* groups m m

onuMttM m tho Attorney Qomttrftl'a U»t of siibtwiiir# or*

ga?tti»tf@a§f a l i s t vhioh purportadly «** 4tv&aod by f«§

CLorlu Otho? opposition ©aa® fro* tfc# tfoltod Hina *feyfeort«

vfoo had foraarly feoo& aooeoaafiill? proaootstod by Attomap

taml Clark*

Ojppoaltion to tho tppolfttMitt of ton d a r t cantarad oft

tha ahoygoa that t» » i anti-labor, a&tt»«lio&»

•a# t t t jamlly •a t l -o t r i l and parsooal right*. I t vm alao

chargad that* as Attorney Ganaral, ha had baan tha Instigator

of tha blacklist of subroralvo groups, ha had propoaod J,«sy**

alty oatha, and ha had advooatad virttopplag*? I t would ##«»

thftt tbasa ohargaa waro i m t f i l l y by tha wmbora

of tto# OoiMito %««»# of tha souroa, but othar orltlolafta wf«

mora important. 3«a*tor Toft of Ohio, for oxattplot viahad 6 I t a & & 2ls#&» July 29, 19^9, p. 1,

%b« York |ôoaj July 311 19^9, p« ^0| Anguat 7* t f ^ » f* Aufuat 19?1Wt P« t*

5

to question the Attorney General about his activities during 8

the investigations of the Kansas City vote frauds. Charges

over this matter ranged from "fraud" to injudicious selection 9

of employees.

In addition, the Attorney General was opposed by many

on what would seem to be purely partisan grounds, as a means

of opposing the President. Tom Clark was called a "second-10

rate political hack," and many other epithets of a like

caliber. However, from all of this criticism he emerged un-

scathed. As violent as this opposition seems, it was primarily

the product of a small but vocal minority. On August 18,

19^9j the appointment of Tom Clark to be an Associate Justice 1 1

was confirmed by the Senate, seventy-three to eight.

Following this action the New York Times expressed its

disapproval: The Supreme Court of the United States is and

ought to be the most deeply respected institution of the Federal Government. On its independence and integrity rest the precious rights of every citizen. Its members ought to be chosen for their proven judicial ability and temperament, and not merely for their political and social opinions or their amiable personalities. Unfortunately in the nomination and confirmation of Tom C. Clark to be O New York Times, August 13? 19^99 p. 6.

^See, for example, C. Herman Pritchett, Civil Liberties and the Vinson Court (Chicago, 195^)? P« 20.

^Harold L. Ickes, "Tom Clark Should Say 'No, Thanks,1" New Republic, CXXI (August 15, 19*+9), 11.

^New York Times, August 19, 19^9, p« 1 •

6

Associate Justice, too much emphasis has been placed on the latter qualities.

The Attorney General has been a loyal Demo-crat, faithful to Mr. Truman at a critical time, and an energetic administrator. None of his ac-tivities was such as to demonstrate the judicial temperament. The overwhelming vote of approval which the Senate gave him yesterday was largely the result of his personal popularity. We trust that if Mr. Truman should unhappily have to fill another vacancy in the Court, he will proceed in a less off-hand manner and with more canvassing of possible candidates—including those with ^ judicial experience—than he did in this case.

Thomas Campbell Clark, age forty-nine, married, with

two children, a Presbyterian, a Democrat, and a former

Attorney General, raised his hand and took the oath of office

as Associate Justice of the Supreme Court at the beginning

of the October term, 19l+9« He has now served on the nation's

highest tribunal for over fifteen years, and has been of

great importance in helping to overcome some of the most

difficult problems of this period. Tom Clark has certainly,

although not flamboyantly, made his mark on the American

system of jurisprudence.

Since his appointment to the Court Justice Clark has

consistently attempted to improve the legal system, off as

well as on the bench. He has taken part in a great number

1 of plans to increase the efficiency of the courts, J and has

"^New York Times, August 19? 19 +9? P» 16.

1 -'See, for example, The Journal of the American Judica-

ture Society, XLVII (July, 1962), concerning the Joint Com-mittee for the Effective Administration of Justice, Tom Clark, Chairman.

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ability to pwwrt* tteroagfa nvitton avfwiaat* ffil« ability

Is quit* ©tettaw la th* opto!*** of Mr* Juati** Cl»rl| but,

life* alX vrttor** tto» Justio* j»# »#»##« a dl*tlo*t

sat fwn&oaal *tylo»

ft# wm% atarloa# foatwo of Mr# ftatio* CXarU's «tyX*

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with a ptMQMMOda flavor* Xstattpio* of tM* f**tar* of tbo

Alalia*'* ityl* «P® alaoat tadltiat

Although tfc*r* av* tjaay to Mil a cat, drown-ing raoaitt* th* noet Uwm4* tfe# <3*wrt appli*a that «*th©4 to this ft by vtltriai iewi th* Fiaiiof* of Fact and Conclusions of kv* % ottvUmtta* to th** a diXatod oooftiat* tbo jti6§ot«t* of tfa* District Court *xtdath* Oegrt of App*aX& art iaMpf©rt«!iX*«1¥

E* iSifiiS,* 157 -* 5®^ (t£$8)»

m, M®

Justices ftfX® 1§ its

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allusion*t thu

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fft«4 toy a. kmn &«ase of honor uteAefcs Urn Jut tie# offem

I found

I ootiUta't pmmmim la tbe

..»p»23

& p0##f isss on#

#t Mi®

i»t Ufa? "» **•

352 V. S. »f32, %|5 (1997).

>• >•>« >>«j 7^ (1963)•

>• -V

10

latolllf«*ieo tad 96$l»t»tl9*ttoa utiioh mm aotually orUoat

la tha Juat&oo'a oplnleas*

a f-orttkt# ttluotrfttloft of ttilf vlfc pzovi&oti by & mm

vbleb wost v&oa tho 3of*loo to $wmi to »

ooaaeloatloa* obâotor his rightful olM9lfi«*tloa boootuo It#

Mi atalttod h|« vllUngna** to fight for tti* Kiagdos of W i

And although tfco «r*hor«l!,» wtti»»*»o» may fight In tli# kmmmmmi m mm not abla to attoitb owr iMttat t toa to tb* point of Mloviaf that tit# yardstick of tho Congress iaelnlgs within itffi tmeh sftritu®! wsr«. • » « m

Whoa • Miodo Islatid "otaootloiiftX oonoittaa* bogaa to "o*4trN

ooaaorohip of ha said* ''In «gr f i w tha Court

»hoti34 B&mlf diraot tha Cowtlasien to abandon it* 4oXtt»tona

of g r « ^ « r mmI lowo tlio Imwmmo of «M«r» to anforeonant

omotti»**2£

Thi» tvoaohiftt «l t « i eolloqulal «*• sotoly ***

of tut tapMrtft&t oo«pottoitt» of f©» Gl#rt fi stylo# In «461«

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briaf, boeanio ho I# ablo to oosMon groat ovguMat* tot#

ralativaly fa* pagas# Ititfet sucfe Jw t ints as Black and

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la tha «r tNM| of ton toaad to b##©t8® abf tmtt titi dull, Nr«

bustle# ©Lurls*# opinions maintain t *o*doteliltr «w4 iatarest

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!1

tin tm&# wMim ttNNmgsi mm** &t m§^*

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whllo ttalataliiltig * tplik#

&&»$lgkf g t w s i #ti i«i t In Z<r.\ Clark. H styl# of vrltia

i* Ms awa 9*««tl*il fcfcilltar* H® 1: not <9ttly »fei* to* a##

of tti# Own la *KftV*« slsar U&gnukg** "Shi* «•*• tiffing

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pattpw «Mt»lo&»tr«tt9n. wuld fist Cmir* to

•iteii# th* $g*8tl<63!* * • «*** Sitit tef eat »»•

fttepl* of the to tick's <**» pruotlcal ability*

Si# 9**fttt«*lStgr of dii*% ts ***<"> tvl te i t in hi*

iMll t? V* wcnr<» quickly t* th* h«*rt of tfci# ««#, to r«~

v*al tli# |ssi«« liifolipwl* fm ytotutimz briefly i l tut tei t#

tM* fae*t *f tH* + tf.t#f

ttmw M tfm r#j->r4ty l i t e mr imt 0*u3 or* fp l l i into Uk» iXticmt® hrtiiiag of tfc* <3&wt Mflcr, tH ilmt £«*• found In 1 iwfairif# #tn «i t«d ,-tat#., %«% Off!m te bo w t wwM1# tmgmt «f t w i mi Gsraoi I t f e twr of th* im»*jap& nmm nlmmm Mft«vt«& n*r *•

l® fit# «•#* *f J^Sa & a u &• &« , - H ^ v ^

^ 3*? 7, t-# | # h 388 (19W>. — ,

yh\*$viAl t* §ur, 1?€- ?J# % V?;% 519

2®3«0 7. &, 39? <W9).

12

Hr* Jtostte* Clark

Th* shor t of I t i a tha t i a th« pr*9*at t»«« tfc* 9*tit£<m*r* i i i a * t isr©1» th* 4l3*v*ti*n of th* t r i a l feat ft»ft«rt*6 * supposedly afc»©l*t* v t ^ t V i f i f t t t which w# hold tiiftt tlwjr did not

huSKf*#**

-1 e lns*ly r* la t*d i t * a of iaportan** In ^ su i t e s Clark1#

«tyl« If Ms a b i l i t y t * p&iso* #mSs cm* in I t * pvap*p p*r-

apaet ive . % th* tw« of a tm char t ?*nteac** Hi# Jaa t l c*

l a «fe£* to #x f l« t» th* h i s t o r i c a l b*ekgrou&£ f o r h i t opin-

ion*» This f u s s t t e a I t but «notii«f *pl*ote l a th* l@ag

tad ecattaM«4 §t»«ggl» MtswNm th* r a i l r o a d s «ai fsasjsttia®

barg* l ia*«*w3° & another eas* Clark d*olar*«S i « i r « fae*d ftgaia with *lusiw* quaatioaa of

&«£< va lua t ion i s utanHwr th* st*t*a mmMl *fl«9m**tiaeiM uadar

th* F i f t h Aa*ads*at wh*» i t took th* r*»?otid*nt* s tmmf# * • .-*1

Sfa* *l*Miits of praet ieal i fcy, tnwr l ty , hu*or, aad co l loquia l

too* sates Mr* Jtestle* Clark*» opinion* # t§ i i l f t«mi#

l a addi t ion to th*a* i t * m f « Clark o f t e n f inda i t

ha lp fu l to t hc j* Who dizagr** with Mm, Ui# coa-

4*m*t l aa eaa b* ac id , as wh*» h* el tod th* for**r works of

Ju«tia*» Husk and Frankfur te r to r*but t h * i r opinion* «3**

UsMl I t e flu* E* Sal ted H n H a # 3 ^ « 395 CifWJT

ffijaahliw* &>«>*« t i a i g tlittflafl. s t a tu s , 376 W. 375 im% )•

3 1 a a U s i i g j ^ t ^ p a U t a a &a& a t f f i X a

3&, | « Iftwt Haffigj^hir*. 3^f U* 5*3%* M7*

n

' Wmm «lmmfot Hkmt tfc* *t?U af ftr# *«•&«* Claries M# felUBf mtf«NNi%ft«B «f H»i§# «be *taafs«t ultfe fc&» «tif&«as, Mi s»n«t4«wa tela fcrawefcact 4 t * *r4

Ma **&3mwU& taws# tUttote tfaaaa **KxS*»i*# tr# Jfe»ue* Clark fcaa awlataa* Vm gfetteaapty ^M0U ««Mi#a tit* i*i elUsm 4&f*U«At lawiaa vfcicit tew 6mm6 tin &«*«•» canrt 1& swufi*

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•#**•* 10 ir,im>*itr •**! jtfhUcift mupmlm mmri tfc* Court*

tn«* *np mm mmlf ««*•*• * tfc» l**gtr awl fMMtaf « n u »

timt of Kbo o$$*mhhI **«• court0» 4mMtaut«

Sits eilnauf fetg«a to *•*» a atom of critic!**

tMP«N sugnifiiife tftt mthU mll» «f tan dt*r«» €«wrt* fttii

«rl4ts*M 4* t# urn**!

ksimMm *iiv»r#* ao& «0bfHctii* la tmttw* 4

fv««ta« ««tmjHwrwtii*» m m i j r e r i U c i m tarn e « i

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ttw C«rt mm emm into tomim* tmtolot v&tk Cm~ tfc* m* torn tut*** mar 0»«ipr*M«*»t

*«rta»m moA W i » » «9p*Mtf the Court** M U t a * » « •

mrtwr* «f tfc* v*r* fe|«biy mtU-ml*

ftm rn&mrmm if Mat* €kl«r tiiutpx* **MM th*

Court* l#M## offlelatU a bowl of powat *ftir,at

^w«x r*9w&f n^wm vtii a # £u*x«k* c w t , " iifidMiQ

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tr,:nUm2 yt&u* m» tertfe <Mbm a * m & tfaftm#*

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1%*T* WR'm M Ofltifel & * & « * » m C w r t , INK* «i & «&*&*& Uist** a:*: & r * * i 11* mm l a s t * * • * > t*i* fmymi M« vitb Um H»% Clm i f* j j & q m t e t # t j « i # i l i i f t i » M fern § § m m m $ M rtMM i t«Lt ItataBfolfcS i f # U

ttutyr ' *»*• m i # t # ^ » t t i t r & » G e m * * o f t * #

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m i o i r t l ; w a k t i m l ^ x l * * jpts&itire tow***

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ac<t t t t f*4 o i i t ':

&*X

1

Finally, like all Justices, Tom Clark has made some mistakes,

In all, however, his contribution has been of valuable sig-

nificance .

. mimm n • i m mm op fsss s s a w or est

-mfSftoS masm m Mmmtm..

^ 3atlia*»*a <x*e» tmmtfM tb*t /aerlcum

|H%« H**6 ft of tfe* * t *M* «ni *S#ti®#S «f ;

fflNNmwcit;ii4«fei' not 4ot« m% $mm<l fro# th* ftaropMa Jtif#

* * * mvIami ft»tiU*« of tb*

***** flwt, 4® tmA « i«w lral#** lata th*

Mtur*, mA vvtpo*** of ia th# t to lM •:*»**», for.

Hit .apron* Seayt h « th* r**?oii»itoltttir of ittfcM?r*ti«t '*&•

to**i« fr«**wwrk of *a*vi**a ^rwtmmU fi***ftt ?**?*

tor*«lbt e***t*r swuttur of tfc# «ol* of th* v tprMB* Court to

mm mufiem 3r»t*» «f flavMHMtatt f**» m tb*

ftMllM «f tli* Coort t*eonft« i»9*ir**0*<l Hit vmmImv*

of this tfHwuftl * » * of tfentr e * l * * t i * l «nd «r»

th*r«&8r far&ed te. th*i? **tl9n* to a gro«t«r «xt*at

t n « md tMmtofnv* **;>*et**« nt*t* tfeti do %*%*

pollap <S«ciaic>a*f ibiit wlthla tb* M t f JadiftUA

** t t lnt f 4o ntib* litV| »»*»§ to I n A M th* A# Iff# _

Ja«ti©* Ciaric rtCNiotly •t*t*A t i t *s»uid to* * ft©## w l in-

4**d lanacurou ttaa«gr»ut«ii*(it * * * to- any that Juifts

a*r«*» & * haaUOftn aaraaamU&hi I (»tv !«*%;» , 1888), 61«

n

m

m% lav# but mlf Bpplj it .** Ztoognitim ©f tbia

f#liW*wMag fastt ins t i tiialfltswf f«r Urn •vwlnftttea ©f

tht Jmiiettl iiiSJta»ptsF of * M a t i m o f Us# v & r * m C o u r t #

Iq wit® p9l%w *ki«fc i* of * b o t f l f U l aufcart a Jtafttio*

attwt fs©#t#3W tfct ability to s#t th« l«e«X *jr*U9 to it# W~

•fwttf** h* »»% pmmuhmi tfe* «feill.tgr te ufttarstwaA th» iMtaie

rol* of tfet Coon in Hit -'swiflfMit %#i«i6 ef

amt. Mr* ûiUet Cl**k has oftta mt thai i t It tt»

fraction of tfe* Cwirt a#t *» Hi# n,.&p9*NMi «gfeit«r «f tl»

tfe# #up«rri*3r ©f th* gs*e*ED*« t*l *ad

tfc# ptottftt«r «f iflttvt&iftl UNrti«», Th* Jtestitu maM#*#

soft peiata ®mt Hint I t if th# fwnotion of ttt« tosri t» f»e-

t##t th» iatftvi4«ftl w1«jr %?i# interposition af J»4ieiaX author-

ity featmn pelitioaX «r for*# ana! thiwt vfeoaa liberty

i t sight tfMftrep**11 £tm*« If* d*vfc a&t aalar po#sa**a«

tfc* ability to »«• a»I t© ti»# £©>«rt ia it* pvopw

fMtt**pft£tt*tf 1st aX*© Ims tti« ability to *tpl*in to 0>urt* >.

«ftt&9&»* Hit# is p s m of lit# §f«*tn>#ft v r h i p * Hit |7«»Uft

t» tb* Craft*

^tott CAavitt #Sh» -3mgiw»« Giwjrt *j. * .yoteotor of l*S'te#rt|r %ul«r tli# Ml# «f X*»t* ttunpifcai. itfn Jttttttl* 11*111 < ..tostr* tfit>* t i t

%©» Sluftc# •;'i*n4o* ft&jtfftta on, th# & » t ' i lutarpy#tj&~ %t«t ©f mit I I W l t ?9$})« 77m

^CX«ric# n'**z.%m«U>T of p. 17*

21

f h a t # * Immmwt wmtem mthods 1*7 which tti® Oovurt

oan as# i t s power fo r the protection, of the Sadlvldti«jU I t

wa» recently pointed out that i n t i l probabi l i ty the most

r ea l i s t i c aethod w l i # i nomewhere td tb ia the Xisi ted epeetftti

*te&4i f l a d i M i Black at eppeaite Al -

though not ttXwqrt v l th is i t t» t# Mr* fust ts# dji»ls#f?

a t t i tude toward the «#r#t§# of Judlolc i authority i t l a «wwi

but a»tto#r u t tes f t to d^liiMMtte a prerptr » l t f o r

tb« Court* Because f@m Clark i s m praet iaal w » f

hi» iix*l*p*adktttiftX philosophy i s pr imari ly a vtoogait ien of

the meed f o r adequate atf«gtui»d* fo r i a i l v t & t t i freedom •$«

pl ied wi th in t t » pr®?«r Jtttlteiai uni t ing tad eogntsiiiit of

tii# Xitttt« ttpon the Court* Si#*® eaa b» no doubt tint ?o»

Simple awwrogaiat® tha vaiue §tm&%W9 of t t » aytten and at -

tenpt* to prowst# i t * taale fouls w i th in tha inherent Xini ts

Khit i i Si® see* fo r j ud i c ia l action*

Tha fontttiaa of th* Oomrt» d«oia**e Kr. A s t ie# QjuAei

"can b# att*lftgi«ed to that of the tst#lr« that you provide ea

tha teNMl Bt explains!

fh® mpirn temp® law and ©Mar i n this b a l l patfc* Ha translate* tha pitched b a l l in to a a t r ike , a b a l l or an m%* I® dodgna pap bot t les . toe. m§ v e i l as othar Biasi lea, varbal tad solid* m hm

$to&mk ?» 9*th» "Tha 3apr«ss« Court mA tha Future of Jtadielal. A»ri«Wf;* ftalltiaal Salaqaa .anagyatftfo VCSft (Wm®bf 1961)1 22*

*GU*fct "Protector of U t e r i ? * * 9* 13*

'&H '

ia im s&oim of Hm ISM triaofo fuidt M o insii

XltU *i*ho&yt lyiic<a of fa* Jtwtio* f l«uritt f?t »

•14** a rattan* 4mj> into M « <s«sc«pttQ» of tb* »1«

ft la tfc* #f Owtrmtisti,

t»f| It S§ 4tsii #f Um ligptf# t» teNif

It i# duty of tfee Court so

$rJ#r to tte§ »*tiou« tar not $r&Mr %tt t*m» t&» first foft&i

** JM»

#*»&*)* JNMMMI MM* tfefta Hit Mftflp «S«Bfffc «f' % l*p& «?i#rtfi§

o# iM .wi.ss' 1a* haJMnonv aaJi ia?ofc«efc ftc&lnet

'tWrnam* ttrntrnv* 1® watw §3* tfeftt Unr mts m^m

*&wmil9 to tfet eome*®* of ftr&md xtfetyt t $i»

4Afg&ty #f mtk 4# t»#t %? a nytUtp «f Xw* 3hl« Is

|*t»ps tbt aost tapMrtwrt part <xf tt» %ttttmt#

twiiiNS %mw w O t m n t i law* « » oa4» * t t© ppcMttat

Us#

li»a Vwy t m m * 4&|#£tS6*&t weflM&% vim teat© W i f M ® l

rttfm* m& ftmimm* tm mi mtm mm imml? %km mmm f&

ttm p i M « of tetft* W&MK* An $mtim okumi #*14, ^mm,

fmomwr tuff*** a £?l«vou*» if « % fatal« blow vfctti th* pro-

«*m*i <*f Urn a&$ «r#ir « « toft # * *

?Mi-, i> "••

®$oo Ciark» "4 Fi«l»r»l fjroiw«Titor lock* at >»• Ci*ll m ^t»tut#o,M fia34Maja>« lii. :afll immh% 19*?)%

il I*

2$

Mr* Juatio# Clark wali not any rtlu* «* highly ma Is# would rat# tli® villa# of Xilwrtyt &at tana** he s##» Imr »« Um aost feaals mm» for pteitfttliig thin #ui# h# Is X#»« Iik»Iy to oonsl4«r probl««» m oonlHat« b«tw»*a th« liberty

of »«a and the s/st«s of l*v» For !#• imiAm Clarfc thtir#

eaa It# m liberty without law# An h* r®«@ntly st*t*&«

Gsaa of th* m*t Mmrtrnt &t marmramtnX is to isffoti th# ®iUmm jppotftotion tho»* vho noiaM s«i*d®rf Mtn or v»b hi»» tattamt this mtMtlfMi 10 p#rsoa can truly to® *tid to po»«#s»

Shin 1» Vm *o#t fmtlmmt®! asptet of Mr* Jastlco Claris* • attlttid* towurd UMrty* that vlttont Im tfctt* «»a lit as XllMNFtgr* This l*vt of w i t , %» an ld«aly a p«yf*ot #«t4« for sooiaty «M«b a© r#s01#ilfi sy»t«* can match. Btoaaa* of thin fact th«r# «w eftta teafliet# tatlvMiuJ, wight* and law CMS ord#r» Huns All# tint Jus tie# veuld advoeat# tl* vol# of i«t| ha *®nM oft#a find It to strife® devn facta of law «ad or<J#r vtdch interfere with tndlrldttal MM«y* 8#oaua* lav and &Mmt mm of thi* ldaalt bow* w«r} ttaa Jus tie© wttttd eavefttUy eatwidar nsgr tush atttoa*

£to*tia« th* Court aaanot iwrili I w and #?€«?» tomt «a&

only peofl&t utairtaMa for the uidfcnco of the Xowar «©tnrt«|

Mr* Justlca Clirtte thtofca that the 3upv«ni Omvt has "th# «t»ty

ciaricf "Fyet*otap of M^rty#1* p. 16#

at#

tf t2» wnsftt fet t® *«tiftj«

US® etttftK* local poUo*,*11 to *w*fe tto sml at # * *

Vr^ûtos»nia »o *ro*#efc tto bajlc towta or inuivluiKAU»

nsl §mm*lly t# jimftfi# rtt** far tfc# wsS msm «? «*tafr*

tZfcit lte:U«; In obviCMniy «e# of wfctta* #iA*iarS.a« *#wu*«

TGO Clark eoci*ia«rt* till* io b* tt# ftimrf function of 8*

Ccwt, ha ottsn vtziUs dttalmg -rfdUi ^

•x£Uia va«t» J*cisiorw« Por tiMf-Is, t» r#c#ntly b*&& «

glftMNfttt "MUvittC ^»fc t** »$ll i t CMNhMMtf W «*#

m%im today * * « »w13 3*iu46al2? t2U.a it Uw *«;tituiUi

r«» Clark 4«&#s towwi Hit fttRftUtt* of ife* Court» a«s f-rlaar/

awty tf tt# Cttixrt is to ttOntala a r/#t«te **»»£ qpctt $*&<&«&»

ly JmlM «lmti«»w* a&i a r*»i**t? fox «ba tt&« of iaw#

T&oggh tt»» mmm #f X$» *&} tMKi»r tfc» »«s teaic «Ig of tH»

•y*t«it ens Mst f*CM*6«

, mm vblcu tmm%^ &X* Jtuuc* cmMf» tmmm far tt» r.rcweotto of A<w ax*; orJfci 44 v*H a* any in vh'*'-» to* hb* w

'ttUiffuM i# &*t #t ^ n . n e * » l % a»* u w » *»6

tri«a us* jtatu .wet «**«« iu ssyaii » * m u & em^mmt tot

to «y**ch an* catki ct 4wl£« Si# ecrar** of ***»»* trials * 2fe*

lcWtaai godfi V. jpunxyy&, 172 ft s# 5&f 75* n^j)» t1i£30M<& OUtftHHii*. l¥/ H* ISit 1|i#

f » #• SO ^ ;l* C&6, 15 <t^),

TJ» ••iWM*

25

Cotivti M XKSMA har slmia tint thi< «ii aa

iakrfiraiM vith tha guarantaa of ftM&m of apvach* 'Map*

bustle# Ctark 41aaiat*&t

1 ragrat tiiat tha highest court la mm land hat today Mt thiao vial* into »%!«• <-fi#tltsAarl|r in mm ettt9o*t*~vti«* ytapaat for its# oourta, tha fear, mA thi lav* aa mil aa fo* ovftrly pro*

ia so wioh naadad in tha world

tttnia Hr« Jus tie* Clark »ga«t that Hts yranotlon of Iw

and ordar is tha most basic function of tha Court, md that

oaly W ti» promotion of this f#»l oan tha feiitie W&MBM of

tha ayatan b# proootad* 'tlthough tha Msio valua* of tha

ay*tin art and tbtr®f©r# ttaa Jtatiav has, en o6«Mloay

found ooafliot* b#tt»«fi law and ov6#? and tha saw taaio val-

uta of tii# «7*t«tt| h® would atyma* t&t ioportanca of lav «ad

twlmr a* tfe# prissaiff oaana of foraootiac tfa#§# baste

Tha a*oond function of tha mpirv is to int«rpr®t tha

fjifelmi ball| of tli# Oourtv to interst tha Cbrottttttioa*

Mr» $kmU$ m puftiaps tii# mm% imtim ©a

the Court, vnuld not y*ad into teastitiii&cwsil guarsntaa* «qr

oibaolttta i#©tiibitia»* Alaet tha JUstte«f ftttMM&ljr nyap**

thatie tavmyda law and ordar# voold raad m W m t broad govtm*

wmtal into th* Cooatitutlon* Thua Kr» Jtastiat Clart

vtnU4 interpret th* Conatltutloii to includa apmoifle tat not

abooluta guaranteat for individual freadota, and broad but not

ittlladtoA go*«snMtal

1%<§© f* S. *22f 671,

m

Ss# Mth&ft trtiiefe tfc* Mwltm ¥«tl4 lat«nwtt

Uhi l'j «4t#atiftXXy tbat of ^«l«aetag tt» cmnmU

of *9«i#tF *f«tftst th# SailifMitiijU Mi t of seara** i# §•»*»

«f*XXy ftftr&sftttd fcjr srf ef ttit tat i t

f«p aom Iap3tt«e# la tho <ui$« of My* Juntlct Clark

tee*u»« II is fttMtMMMtttl t& Mi ?bil'>«o?i*Qr. thast *** i&&»r~

Sfltttiac i«wim(i1 netiws, th* Jostle* want* 4*«td* if to#

M«4f «t *o«i#ty «r» *9ffiet«nt to wtmat pvotabX* t*«t*l«*»

tion* IMivttwI. fmd«s*

*a iMQrtiftftt ewftMtt* of this* b«I»ncit p*oe*f?*

it th« i*«ot cf emors&ip* Fivstf Hr* tattle* &*& t» aot

gnM#4 lay ftaqr »b«ol*ifc# ^«oodt ti# ntH *8*1?**

la thi* m»#a *» t&* -?f iti

mttaftt* MUt h* *U1 fttfcaapt to hmlmm th* o*td of *a-

«i«ty for *it*eifle 9to*«r»hi? *tatut*» «fftiost tt» lira its

«fel*h it my Ammm won ft«# spmneti ami fmm* ->%m t&®

«**4» «f »oei*ip **• »a** 99*s«iat in th* .feitise1^ 'Opiai«f

h* will ytphold ol4s3,i«f#iI Kt«t4t8$| t**w«ri#lyf vh«n thtjr if#

S* will »dr?cat* limltta* * >ci#ty* i p«w»e# Obviously,

%#wn -m h ft jihil3fivOt.gr J-; n-^lm Hitit At* ft***r&X apttpftttqr

f«r #ef*ta»*i*t# tim if m% m w<wvb*lssia# «ww*l«* «f

th» ot tb* Ctwt f^r tin* protection of IttAfrMftiftl tfm*

4.mm* fefffHiliii, Kr. ta«tlo« Clark h*» b**a nnoae th* »ost

*rd«at t#f#a§®» of IM&tMml®* rights -m th« Court in c«-

t*i& Fw* •xiifiplt, in tho*« *«*#» via*** Hi® right to

eotto»«X lft iavwlwd* Hjr* Juatie# £i«xk veuia *4vc<-at* nftt

©nXy WKîirin* t)* g ^ m m n m n t &> furalch d©un#*l for

«t tbw i*i»X itttli tat also raqaiJpJUifc that

«ows»*l ft* font****} all up to *®1

l a d M i a g tb»

flim® it* $t4#tie# • Clftflt n©tsM imfej#9t tho»« qvMvt&m*

vfclch tet#X»# mm%ltm%lmml f n a v t a t w t* a

to fern® till* bdutftitif p?d«wss la tit fellow*

art

t or irar ©f Xlt*?w« % *• M l *oa# tt

0s*t "to •tiiiMlfh $u<tb * feal-

ty TJiis Mian#*

jftt»tt«* C3Uvltf ## la

Ml Of

N M t a r t t btforv f»§#|si§ tg *&!&

la it'

• Vft&dtty «t tiwi *&t* <*f tht ps&lie

*t th* eXaiiMii vighi *f

s«®

^ % « a CdMrtu %h% ?mm »ae ttut Sw&ttf,* t» ot! C3#«#«i« 31 • n m * m

l7SUufc, "Pfatwtw of p. I#*

S$a n* *>• 6of #§,

Court| 1w»nwwmp» $fc*t Hits arOiiMuw* wm m% mmmti*

tttiWwmX r»*ty*iafc m fra*a-.w -MP »*3r * * * iTw Mr# «fa*tlc«

d a r k * i s « # i » i that t&ttio«gfe fjNHtfiosw *$*•<&

•aft ] * • * « tfji-ly to tfe* thea® r ight* ar» iwt *b»i!<Xat*»

I «t«Nt mnkm* fc* aom I n frnmartlftg S t l l t f * * H f b t , f f r *« ^f##eh—im% not hi* fy#«4»>n ->f *ru>nr?tity#

j y « aeHilJii d m * fr#«ta» of

'IHt® is a btftlc *«Ut** i« *>t ttat J*stl««* iai d»*lr«.t to j*ra-

tart tfcos* rights toy Urn a>n«tifc«Uw. H» I f »t*t

f i t t i n g %0 *<?e*rd to Uiomi rlgfcU « atw«3«t# i r * t t 4 « *

ht l» Cl«rfc w«ad Uw« uttusspt t > * t r l k » «a

•qffitofel# t»l«t»®s fe*t*MA tits » » i « s# soeit ly mtA tt» right®

at th« la&i**4t j* l I n *aeh «*««#, 1% I t %Mp®w%m% t-» iwfe# that

m w a l l look not 6n3y « t tb# tnd af «gt4U*af«£ twi

ai*v * t th» 3®t®» ampl-jy** to proart* ttm© »n4*.

a t i t of «««•* t t« to *#rr** to »h«v

thl* «i«®#si of Hi# yfctfcmftort « t * dwfc

w > t « th« af t j&l t j r ^rlnl^n Im th« <?**»• ' f ilaatSk

&f t * t S« JU&aa*1^ tnw f i r ing tfe* application a# f ru* sftnelt

«a£ tm** vmm&m* to «*»&<*& ptatajms* tfel* *?*»• th«

f i r s t m p m ^ r n ftMK the IjfofeMti, £ i i f t &aKBflgi&l&nL - $ m ± i a f

15rt«? Ktil«Si M JMtaPt i tfe»* w t t © a p le t«* * i w f i wwNOjr

*at»r t«ta i&t« . nasi #» «»tt w w «at t» tb« ps»i#eitixi

p. 70. S13VJ 0, j. k<K (\952U

m

uf Vrtm jM&iaMMt**4*- la In* fey&fafr ««*• tti* Court

d#cX*r*i that aa »tt»»pt top th* «tftt* of Mm ferk tc ««wer

notloa |klH9i \& * ftm&Mti of m* m m w »

st&tBtlwtel y*str*lat np«a tfc* fftttent «f tpMtth «oA pits»

Ftyttf Mf1* Justin oiwrk 4«el**»4 ttint nofcUa mm d*fflait*)jr pwrt#o*»a bjr th* ?-*3upt«4t£»th .tteatomti

Urn? #*pr**4 13«k <? hn imVL .v* *Yt*rt»in» -'-#;3o«If It#

4#tIniWNl that 14« tnJnxM *n*.loy«J -y th# ?tfct* of ittr York

v»» v**kj, And tmmimm tfc* <*r5i»vnr# floui£ ryat be upntiftd

In ftitJ ttiuuMNp* It Is tspsftsat la s#t# ttat tte® Jtatttta* l#ak»

ftet «t flit' *«ipl«y*4 by th# and a cofKt Hi

tti# m*i toofht* Jfeira, Kr. GUffc dNi<&«r*& th«fc it mi

m-% in this s*«# for to* Court to 4«tis$« M*h«th«r a

*U»t« stay ®mmm> aottcn sitrJsir « almly itsm atatttta

i#«i§f*s *al applied to piwtat t*«i ttMfvtat of ofe»«m

ftoWt jfollMdnt 4to# judicial jwlicy of aot autklag 4««tst«a#

toroatiar tiaw tlw mqmipmi by <&• -fjMrcifi*? ens«t Kr» *Taa tica Clark first «eaitim» th* »atr*od ir»«& logr tooiafcy to catwor

films, sat only *h«» tha «*the4 i* 6o«» fea wtmtem

tha p»f»ftt of tts# atatuta. Ha 4#el«#l that in thi» ©as# It

n** lisa»t#f*i#3, vfAathar or act th® r tata ctmSd 4an?or ftJiw If

a**? »Qw54t far th* ntttaxi »3

3SS» J. «. ?JfO 091 S3. a S3» 3. 6. W » JW.

30

®j« sftM etatuta •mt agala laro lv»4 l a U t X ( » t l o n l a

1959$ l u the i M i l e f f Mr. Just ice n t e w r t ,

f o r th« Gowrtf t h * t t h l « s t u n t s vm i a r s l i i l a i t s

m t i m W *# * **ata?wl»t ap<» th# frMdtaut o f 3j>««eh ami pr*s«

f u m a t e i r t i by to FeurtMKith mm though t t » basic

f t » e t i « i which gef f t t raMi t »g§ t t t t o $ww&t* f o r «oei«tgr w»#

a c t -pmtml&m ngmiatt "*a«r lUglo«i8* f t t a » but

^fesdrnt** oa t * . Xr« tet£«s« ClAVfct l a « « « j » j ! ! 3 | o?&aloft f

at*fc«d tha t h * w v S H t a i to s t v i k * torn th« lew b«o*u*« o f

i t s t » » n u # o f t i n a«thc4 •njdeywd mtkm then

Hi# tarts fteaght* Hr« to t ie# j o i o t d h f Kr«

toile* Iterlaa* thought t tx*t Mtb« Q&urt « # * moved too

w i f t S y I n iens c utatefe® Mitch i t tha product o f a

«t«34t»#JNti* «»£ oooacltt i t idttft e f f o r t on tins por t o f Saw York

to wwrt eoaatitt t t lof i f tX ©hjnetioss rsift«3 by t h i s Court*« 4»s t -

«lee* • . . . " 2 * Mr, to t i e * Clark v m thus v i X l i n g to *x«f»

el§# th« Court 's powor* l a * pos i t i ve tttaatr to p ro tec t ing tb»

r i g h t s o f froaKio® o f t p w e h «nft p*#s» ntULoU earns- l a t e mntmt

w i t h «ach etotorohip l i i i t l i mm i w a l i i not b#s«i»®

o f t h * «a£ sought, tat o f th# «*tfeoae employees.

j t o p l p j f > S s t t a l a fit Hut M » » i 3 x a t te SEtaiU- 35® Ui Si i W c i W f T *

0 . S» 6$t v ?0i-2#

11

til# ties# IttjefLitspi w l » » «tiia idUwl

** ' 4»ct4e><S, thsra w«ra iaa»r;vW In-

«tazic** «S»a tJ» Cbutt *tra0k 4w» sisfct r*gul*tia£

In Tina* ?ily >?mv>g»tl ?a« howw#r» tb« Courtt

$9MfcSitg Mr« Imstls# Simfe* g<H&a**$ tlisf motion pie-

tarts fisCtaitisJy could l# etnsoftft* f!*t itta&MW's vhloft tmA

b*wi in Hits c m wtr# a t t «t»il«sfig*i* but tb« pitta*

t i f f? -ialy Î t l t fwS a rTMro4t*hi$t «fslatt Iti#

tu tibial I fcy of f t J®. ©#s^yif!tr in *ny In thh f i r* to

f«t dtetatan Mm Smote ttpfetl* wmrt* em»wito£& *» prlfteljAt*

$mX*9im *&•* tltfeoagh mmtm t&$ey*4 ttm of NOW***

»4o» itf the thtst fights v*r* not

ffett> to tfftsfc* th«y Ml to fct MaoowI *t*ta*t tfc#

nttds sf &->al»tp«

Alttuwgfe «#stl#*rinf felt® m«fM»«i f i r t t t Mr#

ftttfclet Cltyfe ?tatUy t#p*#»*ttf tfct opiataa Hint motion fie*

team gcmlft to* c*ifc»aytd nat«r «« t i l 8 eaaifti«i$ *h*t» ttw ot#d*

*f s h i t t y 'Nttrstodtwtd ffteaw^ In thi« «*•«* tnd

hImhi tit# tUta*?* to ttnev* ws ®»4« pv»»«UMit to * altttfly €«•

ftatft mat vttttftiiKU 9m btltaelag fanctiea Aiaii

f# . *»$. *5fl *" «f, :s«k*fctr -Mfiif «»dl <U attafot^ Coofc.

"fttotnt ^feXin* i s OfcMtnt ^l&litttlan ts>6 V&Urn ''lefevt MkAortbipt -*•<•«« t <Jft>5t8,

2 % S *J. * V** *0*

Qmmmhlpt MmMzmkM „LM4 < ?rll f v/61 i# V>y I

I t

Kr* ^mUm a**k Mtunpu to nftly S» «j### u to f«ti

• *Mtf«t|? Mm p»*<a*9* ttt# pww tc #pNst#gi

tt» p&ftl a%»4«N§§ «?T saofc-wtUy" *«»Mw w t a i a

ttea**^ . Oatfc *wO* *tt*ap>« to Mm** «4» paww

«gwSa*t th# to«4* f«wil«Si» of tt»

©si# MmkS*9 tmvMm I# mff4ie% la attar e*«# i t tfc*a

»#M« S» Urn **•• ftlto** *** **• lutttet *!U®fc la « 4j»««at&at **lttlo& vrit tai fejr ©tltf

Jo*tie* "'mhhki* ftmm two ^wMms mi%M h#r# tilmmi to Chi*

Hat s wwr to am**©* swttoa p ic tw* vithlt» tfca iwaftn,## <#f «

*&««* *tatiiitt» W * $piMm p% %M&*vt,*A% immum f t *fatn

$m%* *fir« $m%tm &**%»*• s t i i M # twtjrtf ttw? tousle fanoUeei

of tfcft dMHTt i» tot it## of *

In tfels Mid oth#f la tftlu mm of th» lew* %fet«is #*» *mt« to «k§ la mm «wt»f*# v# ®t» fi#«i *tw tta meltttUtt «# *t#»* 'Isa-ii both to t^Hrlisulf tad tc *>*i#ty m * 0a» mmnmul mm **m» t» miutrmt* tit# btiiwttnf

M l « tfMMk «r» &»«*«• OUffe WlM h*r# th* Owm pit?*

Han* la K A .gi &» jppps& tt» rare*!**

tfewt «eol4 mttapt t® M m * tit# a»MU of t5* isifttvtftaftl

•tat*** to innum ## tb* m mil **

3° Mpi«y s®i ckKrtc» "fcwtftt rrtiMkM»t* ?• ît*

% ? a i , m f t f ^ K

% f § t* §» %9^ w «

^3j?0 5 9»

Uwm th» *%»*•*« Silt mm la or %a«* -st Qffive* 2h* mtt-n %f tsM® «pst3y "h«2l«tupK: If Htm pMAatom at s mgmim a^sit^Ki'lf 4**tfNMt for iKwaw

r*J ff%t Ocjrt tbtl Vii? a*$lr<n ®n ti» p*rt of th* >trt Qffi v« iaterfmtf vi'*h th# ?wj#ai tit *f <i m gu»rsat*«a i4 «*# f i f i t ;4a#ft&ae&t» if# Incite# Clmk #fi-

vehmnUy. a# wl tur« ti.nt*

Sk# aiifmt# •( v\uy9 atisplfe# •••Jsiar -. :ncra.f »i n*l • » * «MfttI»it th* Ttiftei tat*K - w f f l < a t> &* tb« v ?li'v; Ifijr^'At -Ii~~

{•ss mferar uf nfsiit «n4 §y«vt Xatf&nwr a? e« 9fts*s . «*4 ;«!#««» vL«tt* ;i>,v i» mf t*' • Ud:*«5i. '*

t tm !?• fmWm ei/tffc |sr*t&s%*it %&$mt a timtizim wkiefc* in hi* #piai,em'f i»i f i w wm&i t 6*vrt« >? fc%*

%& p&wi&t ?v* tr»* u«.mi',<* #f lift Wi nMeh tfc» C '4ifi h*i rW»44»a*iy I , tnt viC;t"?

tiit lafitSatt* fsowar of *!*•& «£iil#r«6 ty *ppr9?*iat®

M t&* wiM.« $f Mr* CMkffc* tim» tft» t»siu? fMryrfclAH* iyf i&# it *rt »» *» 'Wil** to 6tiptV*i*« ©it

prxw*, fc> snr?*fc!* Vm to**!? $M*i f>r *#d*ir fcs fail**, and iti vfurtttoc fcasX* gaI4#3 to %*t§fi «a3 twl&se© ttat la | lwa r»3#» b®twwirt th* y%fefej ia i t f i i i s i ml Um mma ' f to 'l«ty* fa tav^r

%?0 !?• hmt

''"Sausu Sis, j a^ i s ?*"*

3b

to this funotlen tho Court, with ntithft* the power

of the puree nor the «vord, m i ! depend p t a t r f i y ttpoa popu-

lar support far ill# #ftf©wiif»iwt of I ts decisions* Ba»ttst

the JMisietr 1* intrinsically ttoe «•**»«t l i w l of ! » » •

Stoat i t mmt papillaris# i t s goals mt Justify i t s u#tiifti#»

StMttis® tht Court i» m mplm9 i t mm% dodg* pop bottles.

Clotfe Maintain! that th* fewrt is t»«t pr©t«#t#4l ty «xplaa*»

tl#a of i t s aotiaa** and thi# tti« Justice attempts to previ4a*

f€» Claris mttims article* I© explain the methods of the

Court* 1® oft*a for m eaeh topios as tfew

B«9i«w Seurt 8«if#w»@tf th* vr i t i s t of epiai«a#f end to

Mteat day~to-day aotiona of tit# Court* The Jtotice y*att£#e

that i t is th* ftrndUoa of MMtare of th* Gowt to mM lav*

and for thin yaaeoa he attempta to explain axaetljr tow this

is tats* This is mm of th* Jta*tioavs greatest eotttfttoattooa

to the Aaeriaen £^rste« of Jurieprudonao*

fh® Court often baoove* iarolr*& in ooKfeVortrtltl altu*»

tioa* vbUh pwwu&t potalfel* 4«nt«r to the po**r which i t

poeeeeeaa* iittssk qpoa the Court ha* esanatad fro® eew>*l

*attro*»v froa a coalition of aareral groups *?iJleSi oppoaa epa-

cifio daoiaion* that the Cwrt tin# rand«ffed»3* of th* «oat

diff icul t urs&t ia thi# raspset if that of religion* 9t«e«c«

^Pnai FreuKi* rtst#ns Over the Jinmrioesi siaprwae Court," Mo&mim. IMW Sgmi.®Mf XXI 195>8)t 3**5»

3$

'Aipmm Sowt ims the Mfy i» net m §

Uti&t ixpm Urn Soort ims wctrcis#® it?. p#*#»rt la

ca wa Ir&oXvjtag; fcllgiwi* f » # i o s s&1 f»ts&Hslss«»«*Sf ®al tfeu*

lure wwit#d £o* lt»«lf p w t r>jN>kX#».9 ami c-ritieise#

Sfowrar* ttw Csatt w r t mPMe i . .I'nift t w , e % .«*< vlth*

«:it ahlftiaf £te £&»*t «3U#s fca tfc* •'-mrimm p*&p%*$

fr**d--c' *n<l a * t r**ltr. of *oa?tl wtl^nal l w ,

ii m «mmi th# prot^-tlâ 6fce Indfvl&jtal «w&6 4#fi»

ait*!? wigfe ts#**ia* t3*#si tt» H&te <*f #«e Kr« 3m%lm

CMk m mtt m for »»st a t e # «««&«*« i# tti# Court.

2te«r# *ir# ctiitfife for i lffioalftf # • - f th«

Cwart* i-Tln^ljJulljr, «a$6$ ii Willing fin# distinction:-- In

*«<& & pot*at£«liy «p l« f l¥# i m i t i o s U t i *taw*tg

«notIi.mnl f*o» ®»% ig»Fte«ri%f viwrthar tSity f i w

oa* edntv&ttaa •?? «ort»r t •-*, &» i s nftawi t i« «#»% f*iX to

tli# l®mm *t «£U ''m&aA* ttm to*& Ps pfoteat

ftmQm mA %* *wM wt&MfsUmm% Is irag*

mmt*$ 'W n» tmt Hint ifom* «g* imm$ &m *mt tnpwttwt of

al l tbm txr;i3 rmr*<\u»* -»f th* S i l l »r Rie*t». twurtt la

thl* aWMi Wi**® is l i t t l e J5rg«ni**4 support f«r 'St# C-Wfc's

imejUieti us e fstwtWNf to itefsstaa® ft* ISMa £* ftattA a t

fAft&ar vhieh ««rr## to immmm tli#

illisrai of th9 U of wUqo&tfttlon %

3?^? 9* -;* W

Wm ewHHslatttanft lusifliSwsi «at t f m

tsa&UiiOT oa ill# ftart of «t» mtA9W§ of th* Caort to pepi*

JUHtiU* thai* H i l l o a t a # eeofclJMtien «*f tsi»4s* fae tow Mis»*

'to# «ntl*« » # » of im& mtatoXMrnrnkt * 4#M»

cat* *jw highly Q<mpl3*t mrnMf «Ct»a ty Jo t t l e i#

v&o f f t t i to ti** issua* with. tta# t ac t a»e«*«*Ky l a

*«eb * «r**«

Kr* JmUL<m Cl*xk M a g s to tb# «r«« of jp«liit«t *a l a -

t*at«Iy pract ical ttadwstaoAlat ®£ tb« £ssy»t *

%inmm aanir# tr> protect tho InilwidiUiX1'. right'- t> rtlltliMKi

fvve&a&t th« A5,vt3t in solving th« problto*

often fell® CoaH* 3t» i«port«Mt «f h i t *p»

p^Mssti, «ic tûutXt M#i in hi* t « i ab i l i ty t» mtmti th«

to 4*v«lop Iti# 1®W| *a4 to w i t # §f#ittl«s#

I I tm# bMa tha* t t e of Ta« d «*fe fc>

w l t n llit «fc|0fltgr «flaioa la. Hi« iflbjBya. » m m M i

s$t»ng wista*** at pittite relation** m til# ywrt of th«

Gw&tJ*® IMt l» quit* probably %m% * fci« opiaioA «#«§» to

tw* *4bJ*?t f a r l«s* alsq*$tetiU»t mil ttiiiisl#?#Ma4inf ttun

l i u tefttfal l a M s * l f f l « u l t rtalft* me

^ *•* $m«mUr f C, <-*• SmriUmii, Cd**rft£« «f th» ttoited (a tea » w a t w- i rV ' i t i . t « « âl l t iaal ..ttagtarlir. J f l l &**<&* '

I » M a » .jm»4M3msA&. *•

E* a * r ^ , £ 4 Sa&Xat *X insHiXfe *96*Of p. ?.-•**.

3?

«*»« involved 2-tM© riding® la t&# pubXic

sc&aols af "«asv3rXv*i*ia> «ns#pfc uhm th* eteiXir»ri. w m

•sen**! <m r#<iu*»t of pusmts or go*r31iiAy» lb* X«ngu«c*

ftsplgfftci Ijj %*. Justice Clfttft la. thin long opinion I-3 %

sawtleas mumpl* »f #Fii#ttl<>af £«rt«tnJty uofe eo®~

p«r«bl* to Mr. Clarkf-s mgtitllf bri*f and X*aei£ 9^1*

fa# opinion te%gl»s in typical fsaMea, hrimtlf defining ttui

c&s# in its and «T«fy p®s»g# s»««$ «lt*r»

tit*re is « doftait* Met ©f fls#t0rle«l flourish** la

fhtt opiala&t * factor utetab armli fe* attrltatabla ts a

mntr* t<* pwfâi ©isqaotatiim ?*tfe*r th«a $ X»**fc ->? Utar*

try ability oa th* part 9? /astie*. thin Is not to Imply

that tit® Jutftie* failed #1 urr** hi •, v- ltisa ar itmgly «;$

idfijt etfoaytti** ti#T* ba*& Oa «h* «âtmyf lit tmy

«**•£*&!? analyst# iwiy 4tt*lX vhi«h touM ba loportttiit* 1%

w*9 r«e#atif pjial&td -nit tfcatf vfcat***? the rtaont 'uRbSKBSt

ptm&m€ r%v %m§ furor than Jgjausi. 1

tha $(rfi«#at •4fws#i If ifr* Juatle# SXtf% 1* feaaiaally

that I1U3,® rtaAlaga MQutrwl If tha agtat of to® a tat* art

prohlbitaa tt as tafellafcntnt of rtllgtoii fey tte first A«to&»

mn%i «ppli«i fey tfta ?«ra?fcHKktft to Hi# «tat#*t H# fturtftar

sff!»i that the Chriitiaa Bifela Is * atetarlaa i e®s«at not

i&atptafel* to all 4«*i»»ti9H«| that history ttaohaa not

fcoofta !• Pollalt, "Tha 3«pv«ftt Court, 1962* ?*rvar4» •û« r:ir«y«w la muse J4kooi§§

u inaraial t m SekUexi wcxra (i«v«ttte#3ff t%J)f i|»

<mijr ik f-vr roiigicia but also a for r«XlttaitJ

&«t la Us© l i f i i t -if elates%i^m a>h*ic«4

% re.prince.its "$*m mt&mty mtmu&X*** it® ftu»th#r §urgt»ti

% ''vtotaKiBft tietocan $o»-

*vmmt sii«! mt b *mlt of s*par«tioa» *

wshasitift JU ulsa fo* aactJwr mmms Ifer# th«

âsf|c« vt" tlS'fet *b%* %t> 'ssuknifcity »f wpinim—'mXf

m» Snntim 41<s<mt*</*3 fh* impart****# of tin**# fn<s trawi tM9fes

tfila « § # as * H||& :*iiitt in Mr* Mstim |®2fei.«l

aarrtwu

J u s t i c e ef th« swpntom Gmxt mztrnmril? do

in gnjg&lc im p»*fc Mr* Cinft h*«

fror* thin tmîtfm <m mm itt«a mm *hm

w*$ «0tttr3W?§X*i ay# »ntsh as tit# foafogmnft

cas«t ff,f,?m x* mai V r > o r fiM«e»a X» Mr. lust ier

tlfi„rk i s not asShrer*# to •septming l*i« v£«tts i s psfelie* Hits

tvm prmtim i s tmt *a©th*r lat!i©«ti«m of

t&« Jtt*ties*$ pT-mtt^sX trading r>? it*# and ©f

Ms fcs t s s i t t t&» iss'pir« to jwf>

0. :;• a0|« 1<r%«ii©# sttwurt* If!#

3«vl*!Kit '* w i s cov*r«£«t* p« f§*

^367 ;';* #*!« V*

o. i . 33S.

3f

th® «&«t emtvovml* ! y«aa«r*A W tfe»

Gecurt Is thl* hwmi J t %a#l f,» H»r« a y»«r iwfof*

tsb# '>dhmmm m m f it»«§#$•# *feo**t tt»# 9fr«*t tutld thftt a

p»itp» vri t t«» fcy tti« ftw T->rk fagtate $00X6 set fc# vtqalrtd

la f'Jfeitc setmls* Si# *•*«!£ v»s a p*&t itta»K of « i t l e | s »

nf atlas t th« Cowl1® dtclfiea*1^ la âguui of 1W Mr* to felt#

&m& spot* t® tfc« $MMw»nM«*lth îafe of 0«a Ffwwl»cO| •*»

ptainliig tli# Cmart1» views m tfe* «**# tad eoatfMlttK ttwst

th« i#elf»ida *hnd b*«n

Wm f se t that tern. Gtaxfe Willi pufelt^lf 6tfw«t this <t«-

ct»io?i of til® Court la m vay i«£ll»* that h# voul<J i t f w j

• I I ##eisi«i« la jtfKLie* th« Justie# tons tM* ôly la th*

nont sfwetoaXaJf «ru3 fcoatrewwliil. «»•©*# Shi* *»rar«rma of

tfe* ^pr*a* Cojwrt1 * a##i Is at»at# *«3tio»*l ffwrar i« *s «ttt~

ftuniiag «oftt!rltmtt<m of Kr* lustAe# Clarfc* *»§ c*m that

nnrts hi* *« • f i w l f l t f t i mn4 int*A*6ly pr»«ti«*l fastis##

*b*a, eottj&M wttfe th* *l«a*aU of *«lf»ff**tr*lat t« etus»m**

t*rl«fele of hi t ^ l lwophy thia ee&tvltMtlaii twines#* iwpvttvikt

# U# • * ***! » 1 t j

<TfXX&&y $ 'Vl&lXii - I -ifc® !<$»» + *ii@ ©ItSM'"®' v-jjr»ua ^tblie host i l i ty vhleh gv**t*d ^mml mmM hardly b*r* g 's*a i,... A <*•«<*£ -• xr;;ri.»o «, U>s> that la *jtt*rtag th« 3,1ft* «g«in«i o f f ic ia l ly *jwi>aowtf pro* f*»*issitf #£ **lAfiiott# f« l th tfef v®r« pa.ttiag tai# Otaajpt* * wttKfrlty »it#irsgfr • « • p#

f» fc s * a * Mifstt p» mim

KQ

Mmrnm of t h * t u f a r t i i f m af r e l i g t ou * to Mr*

Just ice 01ftfk| • » ! %mmm h i * ap9*d*Gii to th« f i * l d I s stowt-

ntuit ualqft t t i t | « mlrnM.mlf t w y to i# i#» i l is# h i« M A « f *

l a t h i s ar»o. S# t m M wt in ta tn t h f t th« Court want pr«vw>t

m i l «aftyoft«iM*ftte by g^wrnHMHit i n th« »r»* *»f r t l i g l a t t t fy«#»

*• • « th« C«»fc ba* no ch0ic#»*n!Mtii«r th« «n«r**9fe~

awat fe# ffKtU or Mui tonm*! th» f t r u t atadaant $r4hlb l t f t

«1X«W^ I t tans ««,sl*ifetiitl|f h t l i «c«iA«t fxnwr*

l a t i t * us** af £« &fl819ft»'' ' t i o w w , Xr# J a i t i e * CUrk

Mtfttljr j«4»#4 fatai* o t h t r wm^mm of lb# Court to nf i toM e«r»

t f t ia publ ic aebool yv&*fc**A f » f y « t s f o r

i ttatvuel&eiu i t # $wtt4tn 8toi§jUi#t *bo ipstat f o r th« «sa*

Jawrltgpp «f th»t c&4*«ly § « r t , hc» « i»«t g i w i teli-

«*t&etts tts»t &• *•§*•$# n i t p w i w i * vo t * * *^ * w t # which

irottld *pp#*r to b« wtvalljr i r i ?o tn io t tn t w i t h bi»

po#ft io& i a cu«« both %M n f t t r Mmsih* ' ta lat lag oat

tha t * * * a *vlt4to * f JkmclAtt* -pmttisis to

p l w t ^ t fu r the r c r i t i c i s m of the ?$*trt ftwtut to tmlafcor th«

A' fc*KW#a*ir <**nM/tojgi vfa «*i

^ f - n ;"V*?fc, sM tb$ U v , " g&.rollafr taw JSKtiUBX, JW «6$. ^ - . . * * 4 * m

y ' s * l if* 30$ ( i f 52 ) * 4 • &m j *« i& F# - r i f b t } "th« Higkt* of M«Jof l t i«* w d of

!'S^>:?ttlii th« 1 ^ 1 Ur% »t tii# "'mrmm Cwe%9* Tha ' —" — - a r t i w « m i l immb$ t96$r t t©8#

'3 'IMA-

M

0# SK>% Hr« s i t * H«t si## WtKffftM w *

s i f t to sirotoot t i » Ceort I s tltiU «•*•» *o « to «s«M»t *

pavlUm of *&l«k Is# i i i «M toelly ftw*«w*« or, **tSN9 m

m» mmlmm off tit# «i«*oft of m# |§ t af *e«m f

«Mwiar • ®§stt#t of nittmnfii n # tfwrt®* of «»*•

fcitttMW WMfcl ItttS td ttW jNWMKT 14tft* f t * f«Ot

wattS* t fwww«tt th*t i n foiioviotf «wmhh to# to tie# cit*k

v-ottcf cmtftj^toatiy -apstfiii po«a&fe3* cav*ractoat«l intoffo**-

« m in Uils ***©.

toy oa» of t&* sik9&9»*s te*i# ftoatioo* to bo

«fc* m>i** U $4A*& W boala mtm

$m gUgrfng Mm gm*. Mv* MsMm c*a*% torn e f M o«Dn*t»

etokl * m t * l *u lw I * fa l low t» ni* ooctafctoratl'tti

of toportanft «S 4f t f f tat l t mm^* ffet *o»t tuportoat of

tfenum «t«MM&« for t t * Owft'« tattoo* is Jttll«t§I wrtf*

vwttftKlafts

ttm Caa*t «mi i t oaijr at i u 3a* &ot*r of w l w Is too lapoptofttf isai %Km» Corari'e m i t i o f t I txMat lMt ty too wnrtif to p m l t tint MHJIf of too wwr »itttl»S# '#lf«*i>e*t«tftlAt «o«9t3# I t * Ooort to *»«<ab

eooftttnUoaftl mlnataaUy raft to fe» ofcMttp of 4i««9f»<ctfltt vitlJ l«ffielU(ita9H or •*» ams#J«ASI trifcfltt&M* A# m%mkrn,-M™ oosttWf vbotfcor oftttanol o* 9t*to»<

Ht« Jfcfeftt&O* ClMrtl fe*S tftfetft tti* fOoittOR la HOVtSml i f f *

to f f i i t ot*o*» iarototaiff Goagm*» t t * r»*i<t«ot# « d tfco

*tftt«»* H» * t i » tfcfttf f t e t f t&# ftftirt w» t <»*

M-2

unless there is a proper ease before It*

Court* a@ Is tha case with @11 federal courts, ha« a© Jurl®tl«tl@n to pronounce any statute, either of a State or of the tfoited States, void, because irreconcilable with the Constitution! except as It is called upon to adjudge the legal rights of litigants la actual controversies*??

The Justice mmtimms that the Court is "bomi tef two

r u l e s , first, "never to anticipate a quastlon of consti-

tutlonal lav in advance of the necessity of deciding it$ the

othar never to formulate a rula broader than is required by

tha praolsa facts to which it is to ba applied*tt57

Tha can# which involved the foregoing stateraaats was

Aathateag jl* of stataT an attempt by th* top

leaders of the Coaaaunist Party to have an act of Coogvtaa

declared uneoastitutlonal* Tha act in question provided a

basic restriction on tha right to travel abroad of those who

war® members of the Coasnmlst Party and who had w r M for

the wartbrow of the Baited States ©overwtaat* Mr. Justice

Goldberg| for the Court, held the statute in question uncon-

stitutional* Mr# Justice Clark, counseling judicial aelf-

rastraint, dissented* He declared that if a statute is oonstl*

tutlonal as applied to the individuals in question, then the

, , £» ligiliCT, Qt £ & & » 378 ih s. 500, 521 <196*0*

^378 H* S, 500, 522.

nimM no t etri&? I t .i~vn h* I t i s nly *v>t-

fitps i f t:- t!i"*s•=!<! Bight m%

ti*r« teo« f t » i i s t of th» gârty#^

•7jsk> Nw la tli« i » s &f fr**-5U*t -*f iwsv<*t*ttcn §#fv#f

to tn# *#lf«iNi8tr*liit which th« M i t i m vsuld

In th is tefsrtfutt mmm* la tfc« ease of flln&lc x.«

&l&Si£ jktiK99tt9£fcUU'^ 8 vsoan waa tftusjfuiwi flra® h«r Job

Iwmtts* sf her a f f l l i a t i a a Kith th# Sfijmaltft * a r t y . 3h*

uoi«f» to vfeleh tli# fcalongwi ch*£Utif«d tli# d&tttle»al m «

iNwie int«rf t r*»e« * l t b eoosttttttlotifti fr»#4o»» gtsftroatead

toy tit# ômrtMath Hr# 1mstie# CXwrfc ^ l i m m 4 th«

wptnlm of tin# feurt tAtloh •teeinifKi that t3i«9* m$ m> f M * m l

nimstlm involved, M t mmtj th« qiutfttlan of th» in terpra-

imtimi of tli#. imi&a soatrafrt* .*» tii# ^ n U « « 4<K*lara4t

*t tissaa fch* atmaphar* In tibials m opinion if. n r l t t a a say ,??» laytfeiTgmi tha t 'mrvacossftrily torwttl 9tat*g«at« a w ««!«* la a*»h a cast I t la our tint* to look bayo&l th* broad #*««p of fcb# i«ptis§& asKi £«tar«dta* fo r •mrmXm^ praci/*ly #w grattnd *>n whieh tfco jadgntftt ras t iu IM^ tsaan* ao «K»ro than that w« *v.&a f*e% tbA-i *n f ^ w a i %vmqt$Lm* 4t*« s»m«4 in tfcs opinion, Wtwx* i t that tha JttdfMiit r*at* aa aitaqtiata ntata gfwjR<3$»^

Jtif;™ tsxtmitv* to- dtoetrtnas of salf-Taîrftirit i«

s««a •« iy elaarlar in th?- ''SNtP »f fr$*»3-.*r. 3f as5>'.';.*latii?*f

causa tha Juatie# ttilntes that tfeaaa e«#-!s ±m"?Xm w i t t y * *

5& P« 1007

>;y35l S. <•- 292

^ 3 f i s# tt5!f a #

M*

>:f *tf»e altlmst# • t l a t ®f tar *«*• &t

$h* uwxld ttefe gir« fc« th» •"•tbt* ftrt&eib#*

of fifffri'stftt i- fercwS jK»gf to fr?r tli«

tonmt «»f gxttslblt €€#s»:«i5t. mimwmi©a#

•vaotSwr c*s* irarel'irlag fy«*doK of «*t9t4.«t£o* ilia**

tr^tea tho <ta»tle**s position t9tr«t£ th* r?l* of th*

i3»rf In iu&jftridwn satf tit* $nmmt fu i t i vhisfe «*»

JUstie* Cl&*k fc*# us#4 is In wAMi M* & the ea&« «r lUMdac x* &*mcitiE MSM-Mm £MT

^gaji Kr» I"!!®!!-?# fll#Fk fauna thst h* amiM not «$?*•

with tii# majority *?*$ d«)ilv«rtt<! * blt.tn? tiv.#nt» In thl*

«*«• th« Owtffc #t*% mwMm of tfe# *trtp $6oa£$ ht

sllovwd te #at»tt t4diti^mil M t e ? # t* th« Control 10**4

pmmmt to t t» of conviction, i»l«r tfet !ato»r-

twl i ^ w t t r *«*• I« his 41s»«at My* £t#yV ffVMjjM!

fei3 -\ •* ,>4.toritl 14* tw?r»X %si«i®lag:

of tb« m^4" "»f t*» v«* ;,*f the i^lirliftiali, hi»

6*sli*» t-« *vtmyt& «*, f %r ffe® n? th$

•tummmiitw9 #.%! hi*. n»i* -»f sp»e|ft?? stiffs*

Ofin of thn-m r>&m 1,«? th&t fcfc# C w t h**« <<-.3tf to

pVffirid* wtttl <*»*#** fc*tt<tisig of th9 *1ff-

tl-rn »>f its# «?sa.etn#3it;-j* *•«? 'h#

£• '** •'* 2?0Wf

'a* ^ H£f.

4$

roftaso* to put* » tho InportdAt qu«»tloaa routing to vt*$ of th# totppati swwAtp Act of 1950, « W u r t of life# C<m£ro*ai«A*l prvgrm to aonfent tn# imhmo* of mpm 3ommn1«»* Ml«f iac t f» t tfe# Coort b«9» 4aty to Kb*** <gu*«tiot*ftf I ®wmm% $®tm,

Thti# tti« Juatio# ftgft&n his M®** of tts# bfttlt

fwpcMvlfcUtty of tb» fiewrfc* I# pmwM® raOo* for th*

r*fulftti<m of an* co»l«tp« 14» *l»o p«*Ml«d

that its i* gttfcM mp» Isy tains tiiifi Hi

is «iso faidtd ly tii» rtii* Hint If 1% 1* foaaiH* *ad #»*

•trullf tm Court nftHriUI

lf*nt« iA«i thpjr ®il#ii f w i 4 # tw»i§ fttlt## f«r -$M®wmm%

m «o«l«tp« tfcua HP# lustttss ClftPfc ncwM argu* tl»«t niMWi

plftl&Uff* tiiiwttl*#* hep* no atfttttiaf to *§udli*ig» fwr t t t o -

•HA* tOt&Qtti of f9M9RMAt (a* ho JStfUttf la AathdllME) f tboa

tfco 0©wt #ts«tM not 5#®I4# umtti but feg *9*14 As®

art** tfaat iMmvmp to partus to a o#*a «t»tt't«i3Ly tunr*

staiutiAft feat jmi haaro failed to «•§* mm* ptiUtlvaljr alitor

SHroootiural PwiaiPMMntf tfa* C»upt should offt*i «r»t4 dalajr tsr

raaehtnf a tad thu# avoi* pr©bU«* for tha w«t

of go**rmm*U £« h« atata<2f th« "*<?ti<*a I* t * i » mmS?

for dalay * * ,

**35* 3* 1tS, 12?.

% f f sr. a* 115t i3N5«

hA

,? m m to th* Ctatrt** Icrfcgt *m0*vht%

Ifts^r,^ ®nA fir# Castles ?F»nfefa'r1»? splat***

c f*,l ?#lf-ill.t,!4f" tkm?% vhttffc fchst th®

m:s within tt»# •"*>#-? *r • * tm* -i^wsive ftlrltto.?

Control -v«t *»? In tim i^M^h Mr*

*?ll»ti<*> C1„.1}?1f, h«4 lf»#4r«4 **fe ft# J»

<*t th* **»4 t»iwn pl&tm* Kr* I m t t m Clark wot# tie

opinion tn thi* m8*f hat ammlr ema*m*6 1m «h«

op&nltm*

mi-# | th«% 1$ **• aurtrH *f th* function

©f tJt# Cosert in th# rmlm IftfllflWl fr»#d«i# i

tf»# fectrfc fremiti msi m m wipirt, tqr *w<*ridlms s thirds t*r

ttm m n t & t m m m ©f i » «ftft »r4«r» By tst»f»%te* the Co«#U~

tatimt tn **r»h » *a %*l«ae« thm pem*9 ©#

«f«.in«t th© pmmskN sa! *5 $cfcrv«# *t fcNfc Wilts*

©if and 4miMtmw «f tli# Q w t * ft* S m t t m |» «ttld*6 la $•*»

thi* fw-Hton Isy ft .*#t of bn^tr rules f iatlaiiaf t&§

•S«.C#ft «f |lfliet*i wUP-NfMMItWkiflt f M the «asdti^

fttftft&lAg Ifei-f e«yB## ftt ttMHI iMHNl t® b# 4#ef4«4 «llhwl <§#I,«y

to «nA |«rtf»iBt with * s«* «f twwie gtil4»s

f<ar ttetlr »il# vwiMr#to*nui3l«Nsr «*• *«l w m s i i a a oft

thin tele rol# of tlit Court in iwHrMuai tmm*

$««§ Is th« «o»t Ittpofiamt eltwrnt in tfe* ptsitaofhy of »f*

Jia*t&Q* Claris#

* % 1 -* 115| 12ft#

46, X» & 0 & B & 9* s* U

®?xv% Is i*t tin ajiljr institution tnfsg#4 la

th® gcwrasMHital h m m ^ T % f".r thf w s n ii %9

in «agr «? 11 :T iM JisttesH to

ros„ild«r his vivri ni tfc# 7-43 *-f th-f >:*rfc 1-t it", r*'* \tltmr*

to tfc* $th*r twr#a$f«i^ of t1?® £wnira&*nfc »nsS ta tit#

9to*ns« 0 1 « % r«8©uni«#» tSi# 90*91**

ttiljm b « t w m fiW#-rm«at«l tnlt#, bi^ «n*fi|r is of tea 4Mw»t<

to illaftln«tl!ig %h* fcasi* limits i*?d*.«3 gpoft %m Cmtt

th* prlttoipl** of m p t m t t m 0t p m o m m

CHAPTER III

THE SUPREME COURT AND CONGRESSIONAL POWERS

Fundamental to any understanding of the judicial re-

sponsibility is a definite comprehension of the role of the

Supreme Court in the American System of Government. Because

the Supreme Court can only function properly within the con-

text of the entire system, and not as a unit unto itself,

any attempt to delineate its appropriate role must necessar-

ily recognize that the Court is merely one component element

in the "broader context of the entire governmental structure,

its activity circumscribed by the appropriate province of

the other branches of the federal government and also by

that of the states. Only through such consideration can the

proper sphere for judicial activity be ascertained; only

through such determination can judicial performance adequate-

ly be evaluated.

Because the Supreme Court is one segment of the more

complex system, it is necessary to consider the proper spheres

of the other elements in the constitutional structure of

American government. For Mr. Justice Clark the proper sphere

of a legislature is to provide for the needs of society, by

acting within the political processes and unlimited by the

b8

I pvetotmw of tl»v* wi yt 1*» t*» Cmttt*' for tMs

It Is tb* fsnetlott of ®mgvm*t to "'qvii^kly pettefw

effufctfr* for f*th« ®mi i t If

tlMrtf^r* !»e«0}iafy ttmt ©smg**#* ®ti» tfe» tare*#*? poil^f

d#eifisns *n£ p w t J t tf\# b»«i^ for paMLi? mti^f*

fkstmw of tlw atthod* vhleh sues to perfow if®

pfoper fwietiott** the i«gi§X«ti0ft uhleh I t #n*cte bvoatfly

explains ill# purpose «f*t the n»th<vl» to b# tiplgyw! for th#

pvoMotlon of tli# dealretf goftl*t 'in a&poat every «n*6t»

nent tMm are gA?» to b»* f i l l ed mitigmltiw to be re-

•olveg* * » t?r* Jtotio* Claife »e#« i ly ttttfttt tbet i t

i t tt» Court yiiieh i s e a l M apea to nek* tt» finer and mot*

•imttmtm * • • '** aeeofAtag to tte* Justice tfedft

i s pert*?* the aoftt Important fumtloa of the Court in Its

relation* *ith wongreet.

See«tt$e 0wi(r9*» 4® eelMl upon to Mk« tin* broader

fttateaeate of policyt and because the Court Is eelltg qpoa

to tmk» th# finer «d^n»tnMitt« Rr. Jtiatiee dark would t»t

froa Cooflrens i i f f i e u l t •tMtfftMft to Hi# froffiltic of

%®s Cliii*, "ftiaAea Ttwichts m the Cteixrt9* Xatetprttft* tie® of lafiHrMmsl Sights, ' fiuute S « i * t I CF«I1, 1^3>* 7%

5Ihid«

^ 3 ^ * ?P!U2? i o ^ m a x> &tts& 360 ^ a* J%3» 09*5).

if t m Clark* "?ft» -;-«pre»e Cowt a* * to tec tor of Uftertar

tfo&er the Jfaxl* of Lotr*'* teBWSte XUlll (8mmr* i t f f ) , te.

50

l*flclatlo?w Tor tbt fellm/i'sg 1* t>»t

mptmmtlm of tho rwioiyfKftattt which ttm nhouU ox-

poet in> ari«itt*i

« utatttt* mm% fet stsffloitatlp doflal t t to itv« aotlct of t t» Modttot te «t# wl» *®tsl4 nsroli It# ?*n*mo3f «nd to «»!«# ta» Jiili# la It* anUMUaa and tb* U«y«ff la 4M*nAias ono «tafl|ild with i t s TloUtlsn. Sat f«w «ord»

th# ptmMm of wMmmtiul *yti*X*» ®o»t *t*tuto« wuit d#«l ifitti untold audi anforsooii f&etart slta«tlon«t tad to

tat ty limit t5# apooiftettar «it* A 4 # i*§isl»te« Ota «9«U oat prohibition*. Consûontly, no ma** thMt t $*«»o&Att« i*gr»# of eori«tntf « « fet dt*

Mnd«d«?

Mr# <Ta»tlco CUrk I* tfcoroforo d«r«mU«l Is th#

of eotifrwsloMl atWagMtl&ft to lat«rj»r*t wo*t

«tttat*« rathor i t t ie t ly* 4» «xe#U«ftt axawpl* 4f such

aonetruetloii 1» la tt»§# m.m» nt&tfei isvralmi fets# Intwrpva*

tftttftii of tfe* aoê*!!** Jteiok*

£h» ItnolEM iiet ¥«s p*Mad fey 0»n§r#sf «a :#pto»bor ?f

1W» feutmtat ttw coart** ©pinion m th# «•»* of

X# tfeitJd atatiMu? la tfti* a#s« tht Court o*tiJ3dod to do-

tm&mU la M«r«3t ovftnitua. i r i t i s Vroad l i i w i f l r rl#tt1»#

fO* tiM fttrpM# of 4*t«miftla( latyttMiMMMt f t l s # Of fMr*9(»»

sant vltn*fMP*a« ffe# ebutt boU that dftfaodta&a Mi

tfew right to laapaot nto&nmt d6<niM*ftta« * dmlaloa

$lasra» tetar LAa>» fell tad 3^2 1# '•'• mm * '

#1I §. 3* C» 3500,

%53 3. •• 657 OW>*

fentitsi cm tht pmmw u£ tkm &>urt to prcnrld# stmvl&Wh far tfc*

ftgnlmliiii of V*j» hmm eowtf* t!i« loo® 4i*«M»it«r v»s Hr«

Juntio* Claariu S® *xi»ni«4«<S his f»ar that U » dftdslea

o p m d fll«s of tit* M « r * l fctftyoMat* H* protest*#

th» anw rul* of pt©e#i««f &M c&U*4 apea C o a g m s tv raa*tjr

th« yltttfttloA by appfepriat® logllatiTi.

3 to tie* later ot>§#w#4# th# leaî. 4#«

Linton brought «•*§*• critislsm «p«s* tfc# ©wort#*'' 'Mtmm of

tliis erltlotsts, «&& M e a M of t&a spotlight which vm fomtmi

upon M i i$$tstv &sagr*»» pa***i tli# Jeaaky M to 'elaMty*

Mm feveadl tagtug* of t** original imtAm* flits act % i

a*t ft $rm% wMMmtim of th# original holdingt fcut 1% did

pgerlfta »©»# total* dtparfcirt* f m tkM Oeuart apfli#i rt£U»»

tlm Mt j a w v l M *s#antially that d a f M m t o vould 1m allovad

ln*p**tloa rlfliis to or "statenants," t» th* gowtif

mm%*M p ® § m m & m vh*n such tteteatate w*r* abowa to be r»l«»

m t m i V M M »p#MftfS*Uy ii*i§«ttN«t#9' tint ftlamtiaa of tha

trial Itttfgt M §#?W»l3? limited Isy tfc* ant# fbt statute alae

provided taly for strlttag teattawy alraadjr giv*n if th* g w

tnaiat mtmmi a oUim of privll«g*9 or tm 4t«l«viat * *1*-

trial If Hi® teatiwoay alr**4ar h**rd v«# d**»*d wfri«i*atly

pttjtttimlal# Thi* dlff*rtd i t m th* origin*! in that

thor* th® Court had r«v*ra*fl th* sowrietlon# ua*Uon« of tea

®3«o ®. St 3*»3« 3 ^ .

^Sn this topia sse J t. o1. 2S. 101V.

*?<»

,r *• *?•» t'-v $*woiif# **#

viiPl? *s *** e? t* *• 1^-Jiv; *sf .**v?r,r f *•

*•' * »"?\i vl /v t»- <* %X*$ *

ttii £tr*t <»»•* to .'*5 ' I t HI** tV I t , U*n #f

t*ts t»i v**? rqi«g^?. t* &A&&X ***** *->•

v4«?k f^ i r TttStr >f £.?•»* '..Visori t& hold to a

s t r i c t c#f l5 : t i t^ of wr-r-1 * * " la t t» atataUu T5« r4«3i.riiy frpinir.3 w* vHttoa toy Iff* Justice

» w#b*r of ih# Jfeifigk-i "tejoriti'i t*r4 iadlcmt®.'! that * w

joarlty ?:f fesfi f*m*#4 * "ilt«r*l lnt»rpy*t*Uoa $f til#

. 0%• * •'S $( t «> *14 «*X JT* ••

I,i also2-1 irrtrjr fsyscijffffii thero «?#> l&ns ta k© f U M &nd wsbifiiitl** to *• rwe l f t d ty J«ft« eisl wsnatrsetioa* IM* e t*iut» i» aet- f r» t fr.'-o th«n« M»*#| ^ » 6 W » t)u» 4«t*U«l j**-UoaltLTlty vlth Vfciott Hfef' a«yf*w»i tfc« iecwp# for sww4f 3L J|iict«3L fattr-*

%9 m mmmil i*pnnt*J' Wstamaii Bj.tAf sni Donflss contnsiT&si in

t:,l. 1 itstprfi -?f *«ho - batata* b-nt ^wxtlonfrJ tb© a t -

j « | t F Agftittst i t s re-ult.'-.*

Stirlaf s#«« fens. «,sf!i«r fch#

m# 4#lif«e#a tap %fe# ^crnrt, ass-#* ^lilafesiEg^ .ir,a,« c Laim x» *3al.^ .ftdSas13 in*oir»4 *«n t.o im r^ct

! % » f* f . 3%. 11360 5, o. J>»3, JV>. 1 2 3 » ?J, !'-. 3W3, JS5. 1 J 3 « »• 8. 39? (1959).

jwf stottw UaHmoay * lMflr rawnrwwat

trlt&®*«. Mr# Qjti*tc Mimmi Um #ptal« of th«

€femrt« ityt«Uy Iat#t»fr#tiag ts» *?*5 4«<&Arl«tg that

"the wtitiofi*** • • • «f*trtt4 * «jp?*cn«4 >luU right» a

fifM ilfeXafc V# ftoM tint th*y #14 *¥>£ h#r#»*" Sr* J&ai&tfft

Ota* thtirtftt* 4«t«*ttin#6 that *rwvl J«$y usisaits w# aot

within ttm attaint of tb« net, «ai tnnlvAta tkm frow r+~

Ti«v toy JwUce Brtanta* Joint* by tht CM#f

Jastict »n& Jtautloa* BIik-U and rMa§|ftst <ile*#nta«i»

tbtu it It QMtms that *r« Jn«tl<** Cisrl vckiM *5v>-

eat* ft fmrorafcXa fl<3»«*aroetie* of (toAgfwtti&aal «tftttxt*&« *

f««t'jr *htet» *as -nlntwi ""it toy l,h# fiaa^ &XiSX in. i m

It mi f?c4ttt«t out If this mitw that tt» (3emrfc h«4 e»afli»i S| <09

Itftlf %,*> » i,rifl'5 ûtjwftioa* of ttst A-tf#4' ISjr t»lt sen-

tfca temn hid item* * ttfmwmm %* vfcl*hf

la tba light <*f tb* problmsa Ik# «t*» and in th# ll*bt of

%lm baaia for th« atfttut** wm&4 »*«» $ymetiei& «it awntittU*

thia imt twwa * ftattitar pdtttwi* f«i €X*fti vigorottaly pro*

testing a Amisim vhish lat#rfsr#'l with tht $ro$*v nffitirt

of aiothwr hmmmh rif mm *-lw3y wimtisf a aa-

af th* Omft to his *14#. fist s«at pittsw. .if **m&

la isittttuif tat of «*&•» Iwoh ii th» p&wt* &f CtantMHM*

1%3#§ 3. '••* Iff* 1?«?l*a $w«fc«* UgiaaU'n* th» :>tafa*» of th« Aoettaad1*

r«4«*»x i<tght'j,w a* 'Smm lax ;Mitn,» (K«y, 190) t #1S.

5N-

Of all casts Involving the powers of Congress, thorn

whicsh deal with the iinrestlgittory power most clearly refleet

the separation of powers inherent in the national government*

One oase where t&« Court severely limits Congress is ••fo.tklfia

X* tfal.tfe.d-. diet—«*6 This ease involved th® investigatory

power# of the House Ccssaittee on 13n~ American Activities, and

their control aver an alleged communist who refused to testify

•bout bi# former associations. Th© Court declared that the

House Comlttee had exceeded its power a* It was not#d at the

tint© that "th* Watkiaa case requires that Oongreae narrowly

define the seope of authority of its various litreetlgatlon

1 7

coaa&tteess." *

Mr. Justice CXark dissented, protasting "vaheraently"!®

against this use of tii© pew#!15 the Court to override the

actions of a coordinate branch of Mia federal govtrmaats * . • & trespass upon the fundamental Atterleen principle of separation of powers, the majority has siifcatitttted tiie Judiciary a# the grand in-quisitor and supervisor of congressional investi-gations* It has never been so#1'

Xhe Jneti m further pointed out that, in hi a opinion, Mth«

1635^ t-J. 1?8 (1$57).

* 7 m r n U Bioff, "Cement,* K I s M m to W W » W f (December, 1957), 28V*

1 *•: •ilpheas Those* ffaeon and Willies M. Beaney, ^ e an*

misat fianatt la a Sctfe issleSi: <8ngiawo« ciiffs, tWJeraey, 19591» P» 55.

U. p, 176, 219.

*v J

XM in iin opinion * « « ah

5**y m& wptoti&sfoX* •*'"'** Ihe *ci# Qtmmts ©f Mr# -Intile© C%mk

i s thla 4!*s#ai «r» hf \ »* • tre*^ t® irfelata. h# *#»

f*r$ the *et4*r» flit®# wre* Fr«&fcftt*i#ri "Hen£e Off ttw Z»-

ve*tX#*VivA»t* «4J EUdii, ^laiidf & aunt© ImreirUf tt&cru

la & fl»p r ..irlâ fleet? f ,•:; tf„«s> ,*«« x*ui? tM Cc.irt f t*

f#rf«4 its# ocmviction, of a clef#as tat wfeo refused to eatift?

questions fetfn* ?• mjW -s^lttec •? t%« »a&t* tailc-Iety w9»

ffce O w t 4il«®ili'»cl ifc&t fed* refuse! to wiw*t

vm# »./•, Ill«gtil f-inse the f«#etlea* *we act $%*s,rty ?w>*fci-

tisxi to tm subject et heftU Shia qswustloa «f pwrtinancy Mi

Ii6ta r»i'« ixKtfUwVS ^rt i ' -n .? the atkln:; of Soft.•», .r,ra vtam.

the Cawt tt:* ^rtfr *,.v, 2«r* Ju&iis* Clark ngsifs,

<U*Kente£* *s If to fere-tell things 1» c«s»f Hs% Justice l,'telttstorf vt» Mi not partikipeted la -rftflrtflfti a«* |»ia#4

Jttslie® Cletfe is 4i«##at* Hr# totlre Clarfc *x?>l«lMi that

be Wdui-j fcnv# tit# «»a U$*i- nU©*o4 Sea*

«**«» fereed iwwst&ffctotjr powers#

fti# Goapt we* m% Ic»< efcle v» &e£utel»i thi* id t t f tu t

poeit&m* ,-ftortJy after t&eê ?&*ee wp# 4e<3itie4 Jtie-Wtee

»%&*&% replace.; Juetifte Barfcoa, nh© Mi fc&fm »« wtft 1%

t*# *?n> ^ a v a i ^ i 3, t?P;,

* taaX« z* 23iSfc£i ,£atos* 3^« - * ?c?«

th» mm** Justtot Jmtim cx*rk.

Ja»tlo«» ?»aaldtart»r «ad Harisa ttxtaiwumtly flfetntoa#*

war* AQtlTist 49Xl#it(FiM* to |a|s |ii#g# Justi©#® la TxJifjrlng

lit# poftltlaa of ftllUbBii* w« is

fff9 nhicb ta sff©ct rwr*tX*4 wa «t»p toy st#t , • « ,*

fit sus# mt X* 3&i&l4 aifctiAUU*1* «hlefe «5itUa«

gtii#isi$$ tl®wt to #ti:Hi « » #w tit# r>i..t 4y 4®cition»*? tfr#

Initio# 3®§tJjift# i * of «hi* ovinia, ^rfowly *tt*»pt*d

to Wat K MT* e«gt*#i» mat tht t3wl did ml lattrvi t?

f#tt vtth t®Mi !.»*•$

fi«> holding Is giraahiUtt w» rswfftwuNt.

XTi .itMlaaaft E* ifitUftfl ££&tei t« 3UUUUL

lit# Swi | »*««fclaff t&r&igh Mr* apfeuM eon-

wMUms of Mtotftjmt* trtso **fsw#<! to tmtiff butw flit

Houm C&s&ittif* on tfcj-.'. wl ain ctiviti*'** It hh$ si©t#t

tNfc thm* emm aai confirm all «f tb* 8&,g«%l»tt

?«*»#*%$•Th* 4l99«mttp« in batfc of tt}*»» pcaes, not*bly,

0. c;* f0f 0959), •OK

*'"'€# Jtorsuw Titchott, 3oagra«Ms fsZHM J&£ ...aMMt Cmirt. •tsBfema i"AiTTTM. ~ u , t " l j a o '

a a i a . f p. ta. ym

' 365 9* 3. 339 OW)* tS365 »* W31 (iW),

g; ai*®plP5# *£«! 1 1*3. 3**lews fefigy-t^glfâl Invest!#*-U«W,n p, 01*

5?

v t r» Jus t lwis Black, 3r<srm*n, as# Chlof J t a t i e *

wmrrwu

towi?| to r o f u s a l fey %t» Court to nuataln th« «»**

w M i m of a m a aQ«tts«d of s imilar l a fluM

galtad i S s S l i ? 0 «g*ia tomd Nr« Juttic© Clark l a i l s snn t*

Agti» tb la east ares* m a r e s u l t of S i v r t t t i f t t i e a t Vafora

th t Bou»« Qcmdttwi «ft ffotAMHrleagi tit* <3*t*a~

4m$ *dmltt*d t M t b* *as a w l t f of tba Co«anxi>l9t Potty 9

but to f i ? « 1 tha wmm of h is Th#

Court aould f ind m BhmAt%$ of par t laa i iar , «al tha ra fora

§@t til# «Mvl«tlca» Ht« Jus t i ee Whlttakar wot® the

ilniMist In th l* e&»«t Joint* vl t lumt •*»•***• opinion W **•

J b t t l e * GUtfc*

During th« 1961 t»fw tun *ot* « » # § I t t r cMng th# yawnr

of Soup?##* to i a r»* t iga t» ens# bafora tb« ©#»rt« In imt-

etomstt* £ . ttiltnA tha Court ngnia ftuatatlnrt tha oon-

• i o t i o n of « «ho h«A r@fus®il to t a u t l f y , th l* t l m

baffat* t h t i#aat@ S#l#«t Co*»ittaa m l ispwpir Aotlirl t los l a

tha Labor or Haaagana&t Fi*M f (Xha MeClallan Coosdttaa) >

Mr# Jnat laa Clark <ti**anta<l. &•*» tha Tlavs of th« major i ty

o^lttloni mm not t h t ®®w», anA a t the Majority t t a a l a M

of only four the layor taaot of t h i s t a t # I s mt l a a e t

sosavhat l l « i t # i * Ho w r a r , during tha ta«» t a w tha eas t

3 036? TJ. S. (1961). 3 1369 U. S. 599 (1962).

5^

uAitttg in»:; fae gr*n4

jary iMietina&t cia aot m w m i th« n<^j«'?t~r.ftti5ror of tti# la-

¥#3ttgati«.# ilx» 4'fc.atie* wlark Joi«*a ia * 4i*ses*t w i t t s a

bgr Mr» 4a*tlo# UmpIm*) a dts»ont vkieb pmtmstm itiii sctlea

sM sHaclJWMKs la *fe« c*|4ai« -:>£ % i m m ifttstlo»st Hi® o m »

vlcU.cn should iusvm bma atf£ltm4*

yarifig uh« if fig t « s tto* g e a » » I tsrtod w allow broad

iafisiititfetoty p o m n i to ' -.i{crat» » v«; r ^ o v n a t mitliattwS by

©H«sig€f5 la W m p m r B o m m l oat *fc© Ceurt, r«raftl«C <pxlt* elttfly

^ >

bjr tfeft ems® of 1milia x . .6yfei.3.»^ Sara th# e o w l c U o n

of m i 9 l m M k m t far fwfuciag to testify * (rwisrasfcienal,

««BR&tt** Will t#¥#rO<Klf C M « f 4Wlft f*S* tMt

Cmart* Tim in felt ««•# is »®t*bt* of its

j^Mbe-rsi it \m* wtttm ty 8** 3mt&m "*»tt«f as.?v* j ^ i s M by

Bar lata* tiid atiiMrt* or not thara

vill. ##*t*i bt «. c u m * * % w « 4 lifs-ittag Urn p w # r » of -Scagt#s#

i& thl-j i f t t a r M t nf#» l5S| of o w » i i w & l y * of #p*e»

uXatlocu

Xlie- Alcoifieaa#* of *&#•# «*a*a i s # # t ^ m l s i a g tfe# jk>*

« i U - m af Sir. J?ntl*r« Olajfk toward tHa pttNfs of €&ogr*aa

in ttttt* flXWtf tiS# Jtt#tlftai W#.S fcfe# IWt

ataMdta* af tli# G n m % toward the Hrofelaaa aad »aad&< of Gonfiraaa*

0* 0 9 6 2 ) .

i J j ' A 'J# -.. 1UV ( t % i ) .

tbla JU xgr?to*X% W* 3mtie» vtet £mm» v t t m mtm n r-slff-wittod l$M% to th« voiwn of ts#»

Oos&t to ««t«4 ot^r toMwwtwM of to tcwrawtnt*

tbllmiw wmlyiin £mrs ls*i#n# #» jrwlWwa vUJU>,>

mwti o£ ttm fc'«iiia mrnmM M t&U m% ®f w»am» 3ht$

mt i*e*5- volt to W*>? -vC nS/:, tfts

WWWl &!&&&$ sJUfMi ®f®ss£#ll#till fa tliof/ Afjioidtonv In

t» on» saoew.

t ® I

ywsa.'«w3 iwrsre ss®.-» nv>-i<w.

I 1 I I 8 I I #

I I I

\ n®

Bits elimtt points out t in t tf** Justic* would ml lutor*

f«jr# vfttlt ottigmaaloaci linwstisfttioaa in matuiX

ei*9twstMsooa* I s mmry east «aa£y««d tha ^m%tm vlahod to

M t a t f bro.d vaunt to !>«««» , , or at th# B o m

not to iatarforo with tha powers- of Coafroa**' 'for* Justioa

Clark*» position toward • tha iovtatigaftoiy pop** f« povbapa

• VOOOgnitlOQ that : ; • 'I \ ' U , A . \

tlim ptrlaolpal •*ftgua*& agi iat t atom*-at otmg ^ sioaal aubpoao* povor b«dMi up fey tha n f in iaw \ lanr vosalna tli# oboio# "by tho olooto*&t« &•§!* lfttor* *bo * i l l «ate i«# thair anofiaiMia dltaar*'" in food fa i th and vfeoao domoda upon # »

i t i i * " " "* ** " ' " ** " c l t ic tu w i l l bo aoaftoad to th* torn aetata Xoglslatlvo prsiits##!1* ;• |!v **

nsrthtr* th« following eoaelusiaa aaosi® to *a«t an f * t r | y aafa

grouna, oapooiftlly aa appXlod to tha uttitud* of jkr« Jtafctlo*

Clark t b;

la short, tho vajoi l ty of t t» Otaft* to« most of thoir pr*d*e«s30Y4t ft«?# oot. and appa** oatly v i l l not, stffstisly l imi t th* u ^ f t i g r a f e y povar of Cbafrtttu-*' \

this rafuaal of a Court i f i l f l a many vraya, tqr Mr. Juatica

'dttffcft to ®n«»a i t s powar ortr aoQgf*aal«tt«l 4a»#sM|»M0»

Is ess® of th# to t i e r 's tspsrte«*t acooa^ll*haatit».

S^lhoodoro Sky* "Judicial ftarlan# of OoacttasloiMft In-vontigatluasi Is xhoro a» Automat* to Saiaris#

Lav IljWliMt SOCt 1968)9

^Harold <rf» Cha»af ^ u n m Court *n£ tinagrosat* ' J t e t a t t f e <Ka**fef 19m') t 6©U

#1

1% i* a to tttls poiftt tfett

Mr* <%«»* htstuue tc iatorfm mth

•HfttMnli l * wmi14 wait taoftS fttaffy pmmn tot

Coogf*** «ai MattHl* of lis ttttott*** tbla

wtiM s#i« to b* mlii mt%& in light «ff ft* test© rolw tAltife

Mr* Jtotl«* Slarfc *4hro9*t#*f sttofe us *©lf~r#*tr*lat

nai th* infarttiac «f t*« Court u. 3<*agv«»s» if ttei*

yafieSis«t#a it v«Xtlf 16 vill fe# afevims# In ?*'.«» tit

Court ha* ittiurt# «t*tutas isfiiwtttiitltml#

Tht Court tt*a j*>t ®ft*a isarcic** &t« powtr.* to iirtlsis

4cnm tetiw of "S»ig*#vii* IS#tew»tt «M If5 i f«r «*-

«Npl*t th*ro wwr* »lf tlx #;?#re tfel* i©%i« im*

taleim**6 aod #f«& 1^9 to th* $****& tfcar# h*r# iMwrn «Hy

rift »<*& «*##« la 'Us# «r»* «f lxiftivtiMl ta* «MBdtar

four ia Kr» sU<h> Citrk artl«ipet#a» Tbas* foar

a*#e» «m Sxsa *» a»»te>37 Mil «• fia«sfc»3S Ssm %>

»»s asaaj)we x. franHMt at

S&zaUaft* "WiHai fttvi## iwt Vartf t s W % t « V MsiisUl ai Qlcrafe, Ifffl*

3?35» % m mm*

s* ... t o :>??)•

f# -• if <w?).

u. roe c m k u

62

In mm f ir»t of %t*•*, Stem *» tb* Coon 4#-*

«&«*•* ttaomtttttUttifti an *ot of CMgms tsprtvfcrtittK •

litl&en for mmwttm trm Us# «n^l ftwst* during ttwi of

w«f* Si® s*J®fif|r epta&sn w i wttfaw tiqr ChMtf Jut? tic*

H«ymt «a6 J«lMd If BUtfkt &ettatlft»t **# ***4*wfctrt

iMIs tt*» eonatiftrfsit *ot* supplies tqr Mr« fttui!®#

ftNmwkft* ftii» 4*ei«i<m %%m9k dova t!»* sttfeitt

at • m » l «s4 'jnaj eX jnnl»to4tit iwd tfc«rofor» violative

of tt»» itgtttti iwR»is«!kt* Mmmttxm in tbi». f ivt to jfaor

urn ftr« Jtartte* *tt& » l i tti# it#**

MNftiag Ofritale&t «#* $»#ti«iii <HLi«%t Hwlittf •»* &»%€»# Stuft

£U*tQt declared that th« Court #» * • «t««% !» * putrS

against acMVoaotelAg fegfmwl it# $voy«r taKK)d«t *al act tha

la*a «& #ta>6® tha ooiy r*»t9alat apoa It i* aalf-rattralau "***

a # 4t»»*ata#av &ml9&im Mr« flSUffc* tuswt m$l»M

tba ttrntat# totfar a tea** latartata&latt of tea wtr pevajftu "

aoaltotfr «**a iwolviftf tt» fwwrn of tt» vttitagy i»

ftqftA & S@i*S#^ vhara th« Coart Held

^t ic la 2 (11) of tfea vbivorsftl 0&4# of ItlXltarr Jftatioa*

thii e&«# iaralMtf tli# power of oiiltarjr tarltomal* to t*jr

civUlaa fopaxtfanta of pawaoal by oo«rt martial

% 5* set m * h 2 m % 120.

f , $• 1*

m

for ovists* Wp. Ms%lm Clark and u»<t

£<da*d fcjr Jfeotlet Barton. &*rfecii ovctmoftt b*g«n nith the

tl»* ftoagrt** ail f#i«#s<3 tfc* rtQisialt* wem* to

•How trial* or olfiUaa*. $m%tm Clark #tf© ti*

Ywietd tht practical «9$uMat that tho Court's dteloiwi wwlA

o*tt«t ujaajr pvofelMt for Mta*t«at*i *t»o »i§M# ua&t* txtnttaf

tapootl««t fK»r few# to fet trt«4 If tfet «oort» of Urn®?# f » i | g a

attioa** fht Jtatlot tbutt tdhroettod fcrooA mrntro mImr! vtf

<wvl foroign »ff*tr* H» *l«o «fp»«««l Aaothtr

of hi# phtloaopby to this 4toi*iea*

Tho Court ft f t* m ful«liuciot *a to vh«t| If oaptftiat* tlit 'Sxoowtito ©r Cottfreî- say do to "l|itr#s#tei oitattiott i» which ttl«jf now I1M tlwwwtlft##1'*

AgAta Kr* Clark tht t i t ie fcho duty of tfco

C#w% to pwM# gia&daaot far Coverts*« Sm% *» uttif of

tho tlonasit* of tho ftuttiot'tf p§itl«®ptiir ottriitpt t t if p»t-

«il&* to eoAtttvuot * oohtaivt ottitu&o vhiote I# oomkhsi to III#

©isfetost dovotfoa to i«v md hii dtfatluo to tht

•lootrlaos of »*lf-ro*tr*iai «*J tho <H«jr of prwidi^ff

Uar4d| tl* practicality* o&t 1st# &mme*X spsfnitisy for Coagfto*

0*0 *11 involved In thou# w«oc In varying #ogf##®»

In tho east of ggth £* Jtttt&fluu hovwror, * foraor

*or*ico**n qooetlonoa thm pmm of Congroas to Allow his

to is# taritd If i t i l iusy eourt<»a*rtl«l for tboeo &liogo4

**3!** U* i* 1 t 7*.

$b

off#**** «>waitt*d to e foreign wintry teriiif his r+*M in

th# s#«rice* tir* totlet $U(3ic+ far Mi# Gmnrti 4##X«v»S t#$*»

tioaat §tsli«it of t t» tXa&y«rs&l <Jc*d# «f Military Juittwe

Jtatt## 1Ja#1i paint#* «st that this «#*

sutejtttM tnto34 a l l l i w »f <*tti*«na xaA foawwr mmlmmm

t# tb# p » f #f the tailitary. lit also point** owl that tfci#

•at dNwrtft** wafo oiYiliim* cf tvlftX l®y Js«y» *?*• Juatis#

Clark Joined thI# ©jtolafi wltnoiit mmmI* ivmtltm* 3##4,

SurtdQy ftn4 Hlatcm ilwttiift## «r# JtotS## position

in till# c«s# 3#«s« #lna»t vith hia epi«ti«t la

Hatia j,. Unf*##** *#9# 9irons

vhieh #*• p#rfc*p* btat m e a l v l toy * oo*?*ri*o» *f tb# two

««#f# & Hfeii ttrn ciriU«n &#p#EK!#itt9 wwe a«t*i*lly living

it) fo»ig» at tli* tiae of s i tMt i as a p«rt #f th#

A*#ric«n nil i tcry ?h#y wwr# oovared V treaty

vith th# t«%m%m «or#rt*5#ntr in v*v>*» cmvitrl#* tfo#y v#»

w»ti5ing» !iS&* hmmwmf <&fMMftt#A a a«i nba mat# 'living

within tho terr i tor ia l Stall«l tales, viv> w not ta «aqr w

•onoteM vith lis# gillticryt and iitto mm not to

t*#*tt#» utffe f®*«lga powm* ilia #*** h#A fe##n teeaght *$tme

he imi *#l#a*#4 frost the aiwd far###* f i t s# and #tte#r

#an#i4#r«tl4Hi* wmml * <U«tlA*ti#n t*toMMNit Hit## Xm urnm

vhich wt« of t***t i»fwrt«fiNt to Hr* 3n*ti«# Clark. f?t«

le t te r o*«# aw## to point oat one cf the »o*t isaportant

eloNtot* of «b» Ju*ti<?*»* pfelUwopbyt while h# #iifa»t«w a

#5

g#®»r*X fm th# of ti# i» imv«v*

th*X*sa uawiXXins to iM&evd to 0cuitv«9«t m 3tb#r %?««!»#

tmr that «#tt#r, *« afcsoXat# few?# H# I# ilws wilXia® to

#»r<fis« th# pov#* of tfc# Owrt iftata It® £«#!» that Isrfifldail

rtfUte «# Mbif iafriaf#d to th# th#t th«jr «t%w§igit

tint pi se*i#t?« la AwtJ-t>iw> £, of a sactisn of th#

^ W ^ ^ ^ l ^ p s ^ ^ m P I W ^ P P I I ^ P I i P P r W w W

Coeeamiat A«ttvltia# Control -ot *bi«h vouxa liter# Xi»it#<5

tn# rifht of sH»ab#*s ©f th® Cos«a»m4«t "«rtjjr te t*w#X attroad

vt« tttidX#fi»®i« ttm Omari, »paafcliit tawe®# *## Jtottaa

OoWfcarg* 4#cX#t#4 this to to *n iamngastfnt « tfca right

to twai is th# fifth 4&andnatit« Jaatie# Ciavfe

<tla*#at#dU *«lf-*«*traiftt a*p*#eai©cio h«*a abraaif b##a

m M aiaa har#.1*6 Ag«Ui tea twM few# t*aa41gr iata*p»atad

tfea pmtf of Contra**« Urn# la th*a# e*#a» Hf# Jtaatlaa

Clafte ftiamta* f«» daaiaian* itoAa&i toalaja* aot# of Ooa-

§mm immmti tutloaal, «n4 votaa afaiaat aoacvaatianaA yam*

anXy ©mea#

ftii® is tfca ptdJjMaiftgr af J»*tiea Clark ta«a*4 Ceng****

thaai it i* th* tmmmm at to pmmi4* th* toraaAar

m%Umn of ptMle palicyt it U tht function #f th# Coon

to int«rpiHit laglalAtlacu 0«ifW«3 «met act wit&lA It* p?©p-»

m fnwavwrfe* bat, bacau*# of th# prebX#Kt« vhieh Ctoa®»uM

^%T$ 5* 3. 500.

^2WB1# P* 1*

m tkm Stowrt m> p w tfe«a « V9**tmvi%

•lugrt# ©f olMritgr* 3fc* #*»#§

t«§l ft dfupst&f * mm part *f it# IoiUm €t»fte for

pftiftUaut «M& H##ii Of &MBgy*t*t ptVtMf* oat* ttaNt tfeat of

w ««*» a§»tl##* cm** * 4taBfeM4t «r* jts*tl««l.» «t# r*t

it#> nill h©W C®»gj arf to *p»clfie »t«adt9tft ib«t t§« tfekliftt

ti»t J«Ai«S«& af tin? iaiiiriiml, ftfuUMw lu

Ihi* 3 tody of ciMrtt»* I# not txrapuw, kmm®v«

vAtMt « maftrfmttMi of &i» irt#ti» «f «» ml® of ttit ®*~

Mntttv* to %n# &f (tevvrmmU

aw*

i, ttMl r*Ut* ft fin## ta Hit gftftMNU

itfcgr utotob Mr* $mUm €1,** &Maa«trMw* for gm&mmnt*

Tt* JbMm M M his cwa «• xctitct mmmiii t»> tfco

follonins vo*ri'> of !fet|ftr:t 4MXt «x*t tj» ?*

* # « •

lew tad ^ i* otrrieyw that lir* jfaitta* Ct®3f% wwt14 not

tarbai

twHua #i@§i Hi# sNWtyhftigr of lilt smswww* wad oftta fa tm*

flint v m toisvuml UtoPttau ** i«*t *it& tiit« %imm

Kr. J**tie* CUrfc **££ *Zl-x* tiw *%*rot£fi» brea^ ^w»rst

1to» Cl**k# Mfh» <*$«•** Court «•> & ^rot**tor of &t»*riqr

M # r t | | M * o f M H &* tootim* v<tn <

6ft

ospoelally la oasos involving fovofga i f f t i n * II® vould also

allow tli# oxooutlvo bvood donoatio pmrnv* to «Mt tte&at® of

iatovaal to such pown to Us# n w a t l w

Mr* $mtlm Clm^ mnM Mm kin opinion* m % broad iat«r-

ptotftttoa of iapliod powera tnd a bro«4 iatwttyfotfttioa of

ooagvoatloiNtl atotitto**

Tho osooativo goaorally *ot» W oongroaaioaal staa&ato,

pursuant to atotiktoa ytot®h outlln* policy eoaaidoratlons and

•otboi* for aQeoopllablag 4oai*od fowlta* but ttMHM «ro •

graat jwffljr axacutlTo p@w«« vhioh «r® <t«riw§ from ftttlolo

II y*tb«r tin® fawn Artiola I. Qm of tli# *ost important

qiioatioaa of tho pouors of the oxoeutlvo is tha laaoo of th@

naturo twt exUst of fmmm l&pliad In this oytlolo* MMI«

•owlac «s AttonMp Goaaral, Tom CUgfe tastlfiad to a c»a-

gvoialoool subooaalttaa that ia his opinion tha Prosidant 415

poaaosa iopllad pomt®* Althoagfo tbla stataoaat #14 "not fo

bqroad tho duptoso Ooart opinion la tho Dabs oftao**3 i t swrtf-

tfcoloa* #«s#€ Attorno? Oona**l Clark to bo vothor

oritlclsad* Hovsvor, booouso ha bad advoikood idaas irtiieii

voro oooaldoto* b»ai oooatftKotloaa of osooattiro po¥t*at and

Mentis® ho btA fe#«s a stouocfo aopportor of tlio PvoalAont la

tha aloetioa snnftlgat PvoaiAoitt tan bod *©«# roaaon

to baliora thot us a Justiea, Too Clark would uphold oxtaaolvo

Ârthur &o«k» WI» tho Mation," jfaK DaaBe tljaoa.y August 2, 19^9t p. 1S*

pmmm# ?t»JU va$ %# to th# ew« af feanaatmni . ha«t and 'Sily .jJg* |»

la 1953 %tai«t#at s«if*A list *W«3, s i l i t f xts%

Wm ~itpv««» Otmrt feosrii itmtt with ti» fwistlm

of tb» #,*istgi®s# «a£ «Kt*n& Pt th# **$U«4 $e«KFs p#»*#»af4

If th# ?fe»il4#at« *. Mjoritsr of th# Juatloas M t tot tti#

P*#*ld#Bt 416 p#»««** l«rH*d pov»r*t hat also tint stwb

powcra wmni not «*t«aatv# <mo>*gh to eswr tWU #etloa» It#

JttttlcG d«*k mis vttliiif to « M t that th# #s##tiU»# p»*

«#»*«6 saoh p«wmm» 6#9#o6t8g tfe# fwwrity of tb* »it*

mtloiA -mmtmeMm tht i t m# not wlllSac *#

s«aaU#& tfe# i t n l "Qangf*** fe#» U14 4mm tfst-silffe pfoettarts to 4##& with tb« typ# #f «#nfro&fe»

tug th« Py#0i6#ftt • • * 1% h** fe««3 »t#tS thit tt»

?m9%4mt mm "itttiitUtyr #ut*ftg*6" vh«n th# Jtottle# Tot#i *e

fe# 4iit^ It 1« p#«ftM9* Mi## I© ua&HMtaad this e*»* &# th#

f<xu»2dttcft of & a(xutl4#**tl"n of §tf» ^wutlc* Clark** mUtmU

toward tlit *J*#«l4#»t «a& th# «x#mk%If# h#r* tl»

Initio# imiviUy tb# oplxtlxm that tfe* P*e»l4#at

9<Mft##*#ft 1»yt>«uS bat not .laUoltad l»pli*l powwrsu

%%,! S, .l# 579 C'952).

S*»3 H* -* 279# 6*2.

*Alh#*t -'. &*ttst*ln ana aMW 1* ifitM, ! lSftw®il* Opinion* la th# 1-ipf«ii Court,'1 KlsStlfltta IdK jfiKKliKt **** {&#e«Bft#rf lf5S)» IB?.

15?m> inpllml of tti« Py«sS4*at «3Mi naw^wpn «©**

fqo&uuKftttel tftAA in ttio** vfilah Isto!** smflef###

of the fcranssfe# v" s» £«$:ra* a? eoatvol owe*

«opl«)ytt*$ Is for the propoj? ptrfov&saa* of «s«q&»

t i re faacstiiSri*# £&pxl#& goatpol la# of courâ, &tr*agt&~

mm& If «oa*^.*44«»l mpttt-tnltf u% tftsc* e*£»*

caa*w»s«a with tli# wapi t i aff *ack aaploy#** for ©f

aatlmal ôrarlty* la «*•& ^mtlmm tfttm mrim vbl4h

ii*rc>Iv* in$6Ft«nt coaiiSwaU^ru; for ladtrUaal rights*

Kr. Staple ueuldt allov mhimt official*- to *r-

raMUt* brew*! pc/wt* of y«a&r*& Is e«#® vteAt* IfiilMisal.

loyalty It *t tmm* Om of th# «o»t ix^rtAat m$m incr&lY*

log fch# rtwovfcl imww of of f la i i la vaa ..flafo x» XBXBOKi

a ««•# nt&ieti XX»tt#d th* -acret&r? of Health, Sdtxeatiea «n£

*e&f«pe. the swtttoi of the oafeioftt officer la thio in? tanee

v** taJw* pwftmat to a geneval exeeutiv* ortejp0, tfiieft p*o»

trU»4 tm th® nmamw of etwpeetw! erf

Qamtw&l»t mmmi»%Umii* IHie exee&tiir# oBOer was an txt»ifs«*

#ten fey tb« of si sisiifer fsawsi ôwjt gr»at*i

Ooagrea* to ttm heads of rnlmm executive &epa*t»«itit* ami

af*a*i*» tffelefe vers eoaulderacl "eeneltiv*" to question of

national «#e«ity#

V* s* 536 |t$%K t "&n>ctttlTe Order f©»

71

fti® :>upr«a« Courts i s m op&tiait fcy Mr* Harlan,

tttsM that th* act iM not tmiim upon th* Pywl&Mit th* f m *

«r to «ztMd i t s f f w t i i ^ a s to other audi that

th* employ** m» t M n f f f # to t a hi*

fora*r posit ion. Xr* Clajfc diasoat*** K* d*«l«#«4

that «ty tfel* mUm th* Court •© tefetrpî# t&t l e t as to

intra** i t«*lf Into tte* p9*«id*atUl pcAltp*«Mftlnf»*9 Hi

furtfew* d#ela»w! that th* # » » ! # # of th is *xtMttv* p«®«

might to J a s U f M Hy Arttal* I I tsttM* than i r i i t i * I f and

that th* majority look tt»wi f o r *ttfftoi«at J t » t i -

f l M t l o n fwr th* «tt»U«sc»4 action. Th* S m U m

Ms i i s t t a t with th# follovin* atat***»t» *ni# tolim th*

Ckmrt1# ord*r has s t r i ek ta d©*n th* «*«t #Cf#®t|v# wapmi

against iti1>r*rslT* ac t iv i ty available to th* toFWWWf#*1®

That t i t , darfc ono* uplift *tp****«d hi» v i w that

th* Pv**S4int> do*« pea**** lapUtaA powara f tat it# x*WH&*d

a s ignif icant dis t inct ion tot***n hi« opinion in &£& a»i Im

i For Mr* Imtim Clark th* ^grart t f ©t tti* aituta-

t i e s th* nation*11 in MA th* po«M*

npyUii th® ?r**ld«at h«d «s*t«&**d*

9jS\ 0 . 4i# 536* 5»7. 1%51 tr. 3, 53*» 1 1 not*

•• ».*ae -»a IxII-

m* 4MU4 mmri'tsr to w&ste fwr a i>rt?at*

jUxtadtrlal sorottsi in prariUUnjr «*t#s?liUL m i m $m*

•fawnt -Nsniw '%*** th» vaprtq* &r«*% 1: 5;i , r iu t n by i\#

v?'4iaf *tt*$*la0£ t%# c&ullffif® m th* 1»4».IU #£ tfot

Di» CSUtia* sf H19 f l f f l i ;«irta«iat# Hp. £i»£lu« Sl^yfe

again 3JU##ntag* Us ffr* l V w ^ t y y a of th« c$M

vhloh tus f#l.t YGMTM -A basis fs* 1&*

aotian.**

f l » fae t Vmt Kr* JfgÛe* TUkrit '/.m£4 mnh

tevo&d tmmtik pmmtw I t for tmumt* ? i m f th» toils® |* ôtimrm^ With af nafctaoftl

ttafttu;* atvd nfctiaa&l ;3#o*arity w r e thro « aisjortif of tits

t Z m v* 8* V7V 09J9) , 1 ^ o r .a mm gmi mmlm of fch* gwwas in t ' s vttmwm in

1I#360 «r. VA t 0 $ ,

^ 4 c*** vhi*h f3ll>nrtt $b* «2*fll*l<w\ «.tS vfclefc etaph««i2MM thifi c-f *?*• «*§» wo*« i t %fs# o*s« of ..Ckfu.tanfiit. gad SmutaesumtA -j-'gariMa* *• JfeiBaft* %? f . . 2a tts- **»• *Z5fiiT* *

ooasMia loa 1*4«M oa t t» pwwi*»* of the ftntriit it® Facte*? ia v»sslil^fe»| B* c. v*-j **im*rily <li«ttl43*u tvm to*r Job «i%he«tt tii* of ccK*f*w*utlsn **r .-s»on*«

as la tton JteitSS, «««*• Mr. »Tyt#u™ v w m i«liv<tr<*: th* opinion of th»Court, holding th«* th* p*Ution*r wt* not «mtltl*l to **Xi«f» Hr. M»Um CUx* Joined tit* oflm-

m

wmtom of the Smart in the fortgolag own f * post Item whi«h

is aot atypicaX* Seecud* th# Juatlee reve&Xs el#«rXy td§

geaeval sympathy for lav mA or#ey* en* Ms g@a#ral oppeet*

tlaa to thee* vbo v&al& deetvogr the syst«i,. third» the J\tt*

tie# jvrtale Mf geaeM, eyttpetlgr for the txeetttlv* tau»lsf

eaS his gesicvei muter# tending of it# pretrt.ena« Xhe«* #1#-

»#atf isns Inportant heoaus# th#y are •vl&ent In SXarte*# en»

tip# attitude toward the pomm of e*e«titlv* off icials ,

flijt inpXled tsataro of wteh of ttii# power Advoeated 1by

itp* to tie# CXark i* eVrlett* vhen seen in tit# are* of foreign

affairs , /vXthowgh th# ammtmwf of state dr*ve power from

eengmeelontl nendatet he nino exerelse# iwt&y Articlo 11

pew*?e« Th# pewar of the Seeretary of 3tate and th# Hal ts

which SXurfc tmiXd Ispeee upon hi« actions evident la

thos# eaaee whioh « e « the denial of paeepert* to ftwens

mapeeted of ditleyaXty. la fijttfe t# Baling. the Qeurt held

that th# êaretasy of 3tet# wits not &mtt»rt«#i to withheld

paa*port« beesnae of allaged antivltlea en the part

of th# applleent**? feplainlxig that, in hi« epinlea« the £•«»

retary noting poranant to proper "diaoretienary authority,*

Juetlet Clarfe Xfee Jtaetloe again d««l®r»3| m he

had la %* gaum* *9 that this aetien una juatlfled ^

17* una aetlng pursuant 'to Executive Order Ho, 78&* 1®3?7 1l$t 132. 1^kffl5SLt note 7#

4a fljffraft %* 4#ii€«§ tsbc m

4v

t •a®*#ia§ la «ot&Vl» nuuw tfe* CSw»a*u*t «#»#*«*&'

******* vividly iliwirfet# t?i# »6aI+« vhi«h

m l a * tUt $ M N # « of tfe#

•cutiva In wbie?; sssttetiil, < w « a » t % *ai ffefw

U f ot typical sf iil^ *ttl

ifwoiv« «fcaff#ri ^ tTt# *y*tew of

nit*

l*r #«»# gt&tib 1&* p o m # * e# t§* &

this «rwi *&** li

• tetle# ClftVfe | # I w l * ill;

* Smtim 9ou*i**r fi**9 tb» O w * th#

of » laul nftticRwa

th# tbitea it **tyurSty» tb« i

ttM ««i tit

eltlMasfcl**9^ <|>lg It is M i t a l tbat ®p» J m U m Oiafft

®°3S'/ 3. a., «t«» 1 M .

S ,3J7 0. a. iWf <1».T7).

3« a. <W»» 1?». a % V t 3, _. u j .

*,<## Alt?- a n X. .>,n»-:. 356 TJ. a, 86 5, sal ffelfeii altte. &• H *

wcml/i 'jjgfm'ii tk<* (Jtwrcls# *:t &**©*,! ?<3mwr»s. hf th«

Mtm-% thorn rt$%mr» isar-Jlv# of «#et?ritf- *>r

lijynt%f In om torn or sftoth#*.

Tfe# . ®«r«t&xy ©f th« .wy tal hi?; povtr* awtr 'rilit#. 1-7

:r#r;i aa#l h«r* r»t«c tmM m-i®r tits of th* Courtf

;i,i4 h#r# &gftln Mr# .Juailts* 51»rk Is

s t o w £• a^gteiy*^ l-a-rnlft tut pov-tr <>f tf»* to

ismit 41scHs?g#f Metti®# ef «Htg«4 fttttlrlty prl^l*

to Ifi4»«tlea* fh» Odwt la « f»r eayiaa ofisiaa It liiMwS f&st

feh# .:*«*• *&iy H#t-i «e##4e3 Me pewtrt* Xr, Jaatlc# dark alt-

*««it*If e&lXlng tli® «#3oHiy opinion a a%tmnimmn%lf ertt-

filial s?oaf truetionw of ih» statin!##* B«in» h# w«» eiwrlf

Cfjfpteii fM;« vm * ratlitr r«si.rk«lilt r#4$d4a| of fch* fcofc is

QatfUaa.*' Hp# Jut-tie# furfur dml&mii "*.% m ttm

until t$4«y hm« t!i# mwrt* int*rf«wnS la ite# #i«rels« of

lhl*> *ilit wry f*?rvfci*m **$ •pula Mp. Jtiflle# Clsrfc

feroa-s! but sot ••.inll?f!.lt#d w*mr-t f<* r^r^f. tfc* : rtsiatfit's

cabinet, fC" bt «**rfii**a to $rot«et country is a

tmrivni :*t n&tlcml ;t»a#«r*

«-,» #r-

*' J 1> «"f" ¥T '

2#355 3. fn% 5*6.

*-/It hiisi &#*» stated in this p«{fci 1 "1% i* vpm to cur^ti^.. fc©w***rt wh#f-fe.#r in order t-* av>tw » wnii t»r.tti n of <;on*titition*l 4f*«#s by ralias en th« tousle of at&tsstoiy iiiitvori%Yt %h9 Smirfc should i?i|i<l|« lit JtiMcn statutory cents trttcilc-fu* aiwri !t* I>#et54e»sf* Klghtg ft Law lliiyigM* If 11 (*f « «b»rv 1*^>» 133#

11- rc if' - rl^m K#% J /v 1 # ••'* ,// if ^*

76

:om« of tha «o*t «*ta?*3iYa nwaeatff# pw*f? W® #»*•»

•laa* i a daportation jpocaadlagff* tha M a n e * b# t» t r i

tha individual aaril tociaty i s l a ten t I f l ad fey tha Miliar •*-

trans* ?wil»hnaftt involvad aa6 tha aqaally ia¥i$#rf

vhich that# «iss@® pr#s#mt for Rational «*<&$pity» Ca*as ia»

daportation praeaadlufs and national aaawrlty nr«

U t e t r s t i l bjr tha mm of g&Utt ! • i lBSEMMs^

vhara tha Court d*cla?*4 that an allan had to furnish tha

,ttotmf Qaaaral only *ith ia fc t f tas t ta partalking dlrafttIf to

k i t ava i lab i l i ty f o r deportation* aatf met p t r ta in lnc te* til®

prior association®« Tha defendant h*r« m® allegedly a w**»

"fe«r of the Cowauali't ' a r ty . Hr. Just iea Clark 4i»a*»te4»

tfeelaring tfcat the ea#e w i ooaeefiawKi only with ©at i t aae i

"the seopa of tha .tttorney General** r ight to im<pi*y i t tha

:»ole i f i a# b e r e . * ^ Mr# Just ice Clark eoncladed that "thia

power » • • i s 3*e*»ss«ry in tha parforaaace of tils 4aty to

proteet oar Internal »w^ Ha woal4 have uphtld this

power by a broad Interpretat ion of oengre*sioaal fftatute9

" m o t i f s i Iif national seevirlty problems with vhich Centres#

f a i t lepelle* to dealt"**

B. ' * •

*°M3 9. -* 207. 51353 3. - . 209«

X*>.

77

In Rowoldt v. P e r f e i t o . 3 3 the Justice again dissented

from a decision which refused to uphold a deportation based

upon Communist membership. Justice Clark was of the opinion

that because of internal security this membership was indeed

sufficient to justify deportation. In the case of Castelum-

3 -

Quinones v. Kennedy the Court declared that the government

had failed to show meaningful association with the Communist

Party, and therefore reversed a deportation order. Again

Mr. Justice Clark would have upheld the conviction of a na-

tionalized citizen in Chaunt v. United States.35 because of an

allegedly willful suppression of information about communist

association. In Polities v. United States-' Justice Clark

merely joined an opinion of the Court which revoked citizenship

of a naturalized citizen because of communist associations.

These cases require careful scrutiny. It is important

to note that Clark never dissented alone. In Wit'kovich he

was joined by only one Justice,3? hut in Chaunt he was joined •38 39 L-0

by two, and in Castelum and in Rowoldt he was joined by three other Justices. This would serve to point out that

33355 U. S. 115. 3 371+ U. S. h69.

3536V U. S. 350. 3636^. u # s# ±26.

37 Justice Burton.

O

Justices Whitta'ker and Stewart.

39 Justices White, Harlan and Stewart.

Vo Justices Burton, Harlan, and Whittaker.

78

although he advocated broad powers for the executive in every

case, in none was his position wholly antithetical to other

Justices. The fact that no member of the Court joined Justice

Clark in all of these cases is perhaps only indicative of

changes in personnel. The fact remains, however, that in this

set of cases Justice Clar'k was the most outspoken advocate of

broad powers for the executive, a position quite consistent

with his general sympathy for the problems of government as

evinced in his attitude toward Congress as well as toward the

executive branch.

Other cases in this area reflect a similar attitude. In

Ll 1

United States v. Zucca Mr. Justice Clark, joined by Justices

Reed and Minton, dissented. Here the Court declared that the

Justice Department had to file an affidavit showing good

cause as a prerequisite to the maintenance of a denaturali-

zation proceeding. Mr. Justice Clark declared that "the

Court's ruling seriously obstructs the Government in filing L, p

denaturalization proceedings in this type of case."^ Again

the Justice was not alone, but again he pointed out the prob-

lems faced by the executive. A similar case is Shaughnessv LLO

v. Mezei. J Mr. Justice Clark delivered the opinion of five

members of the Court to hold that an alien resident of the 1+1351 U. S. 91 (1956). 1+2351 U. S. 91, 100. If "5 °3^5 U. S. 206.

U.a!t#4 . tat#* 5 &mt$ fc# #*eX«*4*di frern tfc#

eÂ.itry If th# .ttoratjr 0#n#r«tX on. th# -of *«i£iseX».«#d LjL

ltiform*tloa without i ttuss^frtg. -'-fain tti#

n •esattraetioii of « s'tagrtsslonai. fttmtuto*

*<s thl» j?oint I t WMld mm, that Kr» Jtott#* CX#*k voaXfi

wt&mc* a &*finlt« r*f:i*itX ta 4#c|4« r**#* *g*i«trt th#

Ctarorewit* I*il,- I t r t i #s w#i «*#*tf>Xt»

fl#3 Ifi t!-;® af tfafttafl f, l&tai gy y>l, £»

Xa thlx «*&• th# pftltla-,n«r esni#®Jf~2 tt»x t t i

3«»,»9f feaifrstictfi .".n'Cal/; &X* «?#•*• Mesir'-t a,

14s*.t of vhl^l* incli.r:!#d Hf rMKfc& hM

taK» W i t s .ttnrnnf Oaatr*X» Mr, Sialics Ol&rk $#•

Xlv#r#4 tft# Qpiaioa #f th# C>3Sft| hoXdta» that tb* petitioner

m i *ntltX#4l t* a» opfwrtanltp to pr«v# th# *XX#f*tlan la 41#-

t r l H ft&'&t* this #*.«# vm, by a f |v# 9mtin*

v&ich latlieat*# th&t Br* ClAfk I? tmt tlmyp

war# intmti utpm 'dpb&l-Sing th# Q&y*rm*at tfrnn «r« hi* eoX-

Isaftws* I t stenl'j b* $0t*4 that this m$ a»t m #*t#»s*lv#

protection of individual FigUtsf ** th# mz* ftmml ,mt»?#-

qti«ally» Is ::.-hf iinag,;fn j , Kjp» JNtatfc# SXajrk, to>t

th# 'T.mrt* h#X3 thut tn,# prtn-r cit^jst^n m&nt only th&t th«

<!«ftrkls^l, •.**; «ntitX*»4 to a n®arl/if to d#t#imin# w!i#tb-tr tft#

t# the ''&'i?ss-srt .<st» lf-3%v' tf. 2iC'»

,5 >f J* • * t'Ar»

eo

imm h# *U«g*<5 mm n-->t to « c w k*arl*yr

on lis# fact* In hi# est# .îo >• v.* -jw*sM ?rwt :-JU Vllftg**

mat* JtMtUa** Ilnek »rJ Fra&ft&m 31/tonU-J,*

&ti# «•?*> ngnta th* Jswtttst** ftrndftaqr to

Mwie* th« rlgtite of lniivli8«X« tfe* fw»fs of i # *

•tenant In fatter of tb# Ift «•»*» Khlefe iaralv* l«*a»s

of Mtiurua f#«y|«y« H.wv«, th* ofcwrga tb*t Mr. fe&ito

ei«tt tins e«gfi«i to attitfsS* «f a frcMww*i» to tb* iwtfteli

vaa&d a«w© to Im» vttfewtt* ftitmdfttloo* This attitu4« It »®t

titti J*f A f lltttr tSlifcft -SSMI CWSKMPWMNl f^l* 811.%i6BISX

mi# aidtiactdoa i» viTiSly Ulustr*t»d fef « "svttste"

*hi«li tfr# 514* !•; *"*«*» *»<*• la fel#

ni t to . tmnfd eivlll»"4 trial* by Îl l t tay. Or# f th«*

*w*t aim<w*fc tguMttao* *t lm i% mamit y«tw tea« tows ftrn

•xtnat of «llit«iy ?©««r t'» iff by swart-aartlol e&vlllan# vhe

#jp» living ** t>*** of tit# mIUM? ttitotirat* i s fowiga eoan-

In D«e*tl®«* la i$56 ti*» ^pww# Court« la aa ofifttm

toy ttr* Ju»tl«« ClAfkt ^~nt dv t iUn *#-

ewpsi^tat satittuff 99*90001*1 ?«il# In trlaft tqr court*-a«rtiai*

flats amm iarolv«i w?e m U a# fiamft**7 an* SlftfctlU *•

ibotfc MmMnA W * ***• ta f » vet*.

**73st a# •. m?»

"35 *?• -•* ^?o«

S1

llowew, tli# swxt tfc« Minority wa* abl# to swarn * oftjorlty* Qki vvMfUM&t th« Aftilvvftrt tint ff#» ariiae fc#» ««» «ti * Bumtmr ymiatoa »f tt» U f M 0od« of HIlltavr Jtotte* vis #««1mwh§ UMi«klf at l«wt «• agplM to civilim tattnteaU Is m««» lAtcfe 2nf»3iV** Mr* CUarit m km Imm mU*9 Mmmrni vttor&Mly. 0 fet l«a§ *ft*r tbi* •mohA 6*oi*l«a it urn# nattd that*

If ftp* Mlrnfn aadl tlsont Jol»4 t» tit* epittlMfc if# «©a*l*t«atf It wwll apt#®# ti»t Jl»f# tour Imttms wmM not distlagul*!* * wm^mpimt ftiw at capital <sff«ase» utMttiir cm* ef th« ts#w Ûcttt © l i t t e r and tmmrS viU join th#» to «o»»ri«« 4 eaôrlty for p«Wti$»*r la th« is i«ft to «%• Mphi*

fu« fiatl v**ultt mmmmt mnnm mm MM a c*«*«a$p«n 'fmpimw* OagiUU *> «* •**« intr«lr#a

th* pornr of m » l U t m ^ W W Cant****tt*l «»## ei-vUi*n» fte«o&«4 la i»oa~«*pit*i ^ °* ***• vho iiffs«tfesi ia thf mhmoA .U*,U *«ol»l<» fc«4 4cw» "m

h%*U&U 2 C11) of til® ShklMni <&«• of KlUtwpy s«# f«g# 62« aim*

it i oot«4 *t thA tia» tfeat "ftUit**? ©m«lulu still t®#I th« KlHtftty »««t torn ejtalaftl iwMlrtlo* ©w tho«j « m u « » w»«fit«a in Ajrtteif a <it>, iw w i j » ? ^ 2 f ® adUt*vy Kwrloa ft* B«m*o&. "GojH^NaytU). Jurl«lletloa of QMUm*~»a ilifPff *t s«s 6o|®tife%l«i»l xs»*o»»t« miseto m mm* '«i ^ 10.

^1jQxl4*t f* 7^* 0* 3. mk (i960).

82

apporaat aboatHteaa* « • fttl§ Justioa w i Mr# JoiUei

CXark* 4itt»««!* It# dissantad la tha pravioat o«aa, strasaing

ttn» ©f »uoh Judicial povar to ovaationa of for-

tipi affair#* ba »©w joinad Justices Blaok, Dougl**, Breantn

«a4 « i » « to «xt*ma th# dootvia* lati mm in tii# iMtataa

o**«»

Ju»tiea Slatte*# f0#i%i#at tte*vr*r» it not aa«aaaa*lljr

•a lamalatittt a® It wty a«a»J ftfsl, tba dlatiaatfaa

batvaan oapital and wm**mp&%A emm wald aaa* to Imi nalm*

looa at baat. fo b m on* lair for mm typ® of «aa«t and «s

antiraly diffarant lav for aaotfcar woald appaar to to# ridi-

culous, flits Is «m of Mr* Jfeatiaa Clark*« a»at distinctiva

aharaetaviatloa i it will oftaa aAvwata a, olaar standard

rathar tJuw an noaXaay oaa avan tftsaa it raquiraa switching

hi* m position. Bit ayata* of 1 » aaA ordar is fa* aore

important tott» £«at&aa to *aay oanaa t&aa apaclfie idaa»

which ha aar hold. This Wnaw fruition" following tt» a#e«

«*d «*»• waa to aoatimi# to tea Justie* Clark* § poaitlon

in all stellar avtoaaqtwat caaaa.

U imflatoia Hp, Juatica Clark t®#k paiaa to point out

that tha laWfBatianal iaatiaa with vtdtah iwt waa m eonoarnad

^^frao* 1. Lawa, Jr«« "GeMna&tf Biatoa a»a tha Lawt flail X< .flflfyt and Aftay«ft«hf" Saj&ft. s£ BlMULft £*X« tX Tl^riSf, 1 W T , ajfc.

^ftobart a* Horn* "Tha tfas*an Court and tha M m m t t m * «rr fowr of m a x*a*tttiv*«N ttaâalii Jtae AulflK* 0faraht 19*0),

81

ta M.f <41a seating petition would not b« s f fmWi fey ftifc««-

ftumt e«$m® la %h%* mm "tmmmm of «h» of .f sM«

fti»j>s I t i* atorlouft ttint wh«rx eaefe esasii#yati«ift m iemtgn

*ff«trs *r» act tff*ot*4 ti» Jtotis* i t »ow «oiio«ra*6 tdtfe

ImAtwMmt right? th*a h* |» la othw *ltttAtloa«* fhi* 4*

tuofc th# *ttit?*S« of * jsrafttetttori i t I t *a att«»pt to feftlftnA#

m##it <»f tb* «/**•»•

Otto? mMm thi* thing* in th«

l»r t at 'Hi# $mtim **fl©»t Ms emmm with t to

•mfUmWM «f ml Ms •fcUwpts to j*ro«oi»

» **Uosi*l as* logic*! $¥$%** of Unr* la M i h t t *.« % f r » ^

Mr* J u s t i n ~l**k wot# tlit ftpiitlim of tb« Coort Witieb 4#«

glar*3 *v*t Tticl* ;? (11) ^nili m1 tot

up-fit#i to eiviiitft of tfe* niiit4i*y tn $>•*«• tint*

in sapifell f#fi§»s * In WaffiLecy *. foia^llardo-1* tm Justice

«g«la mfw,m4 te* <li*tixt#tiish l>tfcw«n mpttA »a«f a#a^«ptt»X

-mm®$ thi* %lm® lnvoXwiag aivtlim mpltywut r*ttor thm

Tm tmpottouM* of mmn to *n tai#rst«ii4iai of tit#

»ttit*i4« which Mr. Jwtift* Slarfc tatote t«*fsM tb« **#etitiwi

toraiteh if mit r«al« I t 1'tis b«#n srintflHl oat ttmt tb» JSutie*

vot&X b?o«4y y®t H*it#d, pawn few th» ?m*%Awnt

If. 3ft? (19603# ,r<^6f ;T* "nt

m

«md fet* offl-fltls# fh* eaaaa f«sll<«jhg x-trtt yjt tfist

th« sf£4« of lm 4»S ortai* tt**if In m** tswartmt

%> Mr* SmtP» t&aertc fch*n Wmi ptrmm for tfet wNreat&w*

'•'hfta i t i« titui ths**# m m al l f t r * to ftrnr it»-

îslsfMt $rn tftftt itr* J&stieis ClaTte « » th* Hminf tM«tw

w « f sttis® of tSmt jtiras% tla«a hi- it»<Mtttoa fcaiws an

itipertoe*. lis *as fe» fe* <«* th« I'll

f»ii h® eliajs# to txtsr4 th* totapSJ*fc «f I&SJb ****

? w M « fewr t* r«r*vt^Xo %n5 -..•v-i. *#•** ?».$#"* of I w rath**

t&Mft tv> limit ami starlit*# ttstfi d*el*la» ^ W t i « far a

il^tiaefcly Iftw^tietl mi His

i t vnW vm ainr&rfy oons l t t^ t with tti# t»lgh«r gatla

tftfafe f» imfcw i«i w ^ M i m fnttoa»I isml d i t t lae t

f'>* V»» Ârilnl-tratJ n of ••r.t|r.-##-'*

H»ar $**•* ia ra lw th* ftso$«»itttftl pov*»fl of til# ftd#f»al

g.w#l>wmf *n& «tfnlfle«n% a t t u ^ .*». v # .«jr».t«i; of law org

ewtar* In cm# | Iff* bustle# OU«rtc $oinM «it flint f«d*r*&

eftt*tuAl shoald h#v« a str t*la li«a«s«

m « « » l situation us1'.: ;t*<v.*ft I»c«,sre tel&a «nS 3*pJWkf*dr6<M' h*5 tf t t t tMiy w**tVt -atpl?

%t$a&*artw to «apit&l «g*| a€m--«f?tf®l $a«*s. a*** f«* twrned&wlm** msmxfim &PIM&& I** tkm «*8®&§ 1MM enis«*

'**W ik furtlutr --f t H c ' ' i r t ^^ r t lU n .«*»#;•, ©f tm 1a&&» tr# 2«Ai)t «p#

CUvIc ft 415&mt «*f Jmtim W**%m to * •îlels pttMiaif3«4 ttiflilr # ^•'\*r%**mmtlmt wmtztim \m %mt&M if. }*c,f«Wr<« t m b*A 10% |*rêl'.«.i»w 0t»4 of « atat# &f vmt Clla# e»« mm-m in 19^K

of this -.i'lsbj'tet"' $«&b m 4,fa:?«?ign y#latlc»S'! » atiKSannset

i$,%mw\ wttivttgr, n&ti'XKai &*;j ts*

£rttjcir» '5-ff tt*»s Jtt&tto* t"M tfcit wr- v!4#«

^gg*#aat^ sotd fWsfotoWp Jttstl,fl#«! | but fh« cm* &id w>#w# to

?wnsi M i u r eXtaifty tbtr- *>f *;*•$* t* *131 v^r*^,

,»i;1 ';;?, /"r-. i • to.}-' vWM '"•? "Tl^ty

ftgatet th© *%$&* «t Ski* attlfes® SNt?f*felM

"1 * r>.n:. '-; :V~ \ -i*t.nv - •

"Kattv *mi *f «'.# %u.%vtz> * « « c.;f, ">*iy re'si: I1'* t-i.- • Hloft

jitriitttiiig % t'kiilfal Mm&m tt5 wjwtftat* and aastawp

a atfel atetiîel tb* »*«*.&.;£. tt'Xl ^ *- it

of £s* .*"Cv wflo^ti "J c -£"** c u " « , t! *t *J ^ .- d l tv wil l

%& ttmA to &m* m m 4a»ag# far saaidisf, « i ymt inmemt

itfta&mts wil l n: r*>al T^x» fjf** »

tkl# It tioNfly spottier IMimtim of $&• teiaa^tas

*• %Ltyi -Aftta*.* I S &• $97 <^v:7>*

Uh# foXXwrlSfi ''siwascjy im»-;Mf«t#|{" Jwe* 5* Clayt-ni. fhs tefeina rf <3fov Trfr, t f w * > 161t *m»£ini9M&% «f '*ei«fi»3J Pl?#l»' l#€ «rt«T i» t®t« Oa*d •Ulaw^ ?**• of *?£<•»*• t£e - •Rtsittntlon l"

t) A 3i> %*H LjtfbM, 1&& ]'?^>» •<.•> <nx*1 i*Zy rA fH# ^ 4 f i t # i t * • * t >

Bmm% ':>jiUh«U| St SttBr <&** 'SM;, r- .^»t ^ m w w I sialliBr

**yn ^ ••'•

which, as the Justice has stated, "takes place all along the

"broad front of our concepts of liberty. "^2

62 Supra, note 15? Chapter II.

CHAPf'Sl f

tss supiWi cam: am m m m i u m

Bteatta« th* judleityy Is tha umplra, tti« suparvisor of

th* fadaral It it th# duty of this branch to mmim

siai* mttmm vbleh «*• shall«»g®a la mms m daparturas

twm th# fMlMMAtal prlnolpla* of th# ttelM St*ta» Consti-

tution* la perforating thla ftmetlaa tha sufmm Court rmimm

#dHta#t«€ stata court daeisions, lawn, and axacutiva actions •

In addition* it verlo** actions which am tha immlt of th#

Interaction of thasa braachaa upon tha individual, and al-

lagad danials of fadarally guarantaad rights* Hovavsr, con-

stitutional axprassion of thasa rights is a*tra*aly broadt

la a fm noffla tti« atitir# scopa of tmAmmtal Individual lib-

orttoa It ooylaiaod* It voMtitaa for tha jgftioiay? to into*-

pvot tat apply thasa basic gwuraatooi*

Application of tha broad guarantaas ©f tha Ponrtooath

and Plftaanth Anandnonts to th# atata* has prograaaad by

sosauhat foltftfiag stap# toward currant daflaitimia of tha

rights torolv«d» and ytt thara can nevar ba a eoBplot* dafl-

nltion of tfeoao brood gooroatooa baeausa it is tha pvovofotlvo

of avary «f# to dovolop Its ©nm standards, of ovovy Justioa

to apply his ®m of tha currant «3Llght#n«i

MOtnaUtiy* Mr« Juatiea Clark has «xpr**»*d spooifio idaas as

to tha contooporary aaaning of thasa broad prwlsteas.

87

m

1hm Clftrfc if ?www$£Xf %c- thu m*A+ >*£ #t*t»

<** lis Its *is# of t&# §MMMNfr»

f% ofton fjdiitt# m% tSm *&$«& fcrifrmtt tfm

Jfcw«wwrt t ' 3 ' **"«»**& »*. vi** i<r*iirt%~

msi «**t t&#r*.far# fc« •w$v*v- '-ft* •wtfM'&n* i»»*

vfcaa iiai*- %r® In f^*vf3.tc'; wtfcfe

*ttf. **.*£« *<*••» b» 1U r>Hafiy fc? tv.w* «**•&

mM?6 €ml uttfe lawfclww -*f -wx t i t t * ?!>*«* ci4s«i

#t«% tr. ns r fiiteXyais of tft* J-is tic##*; ^SKv^-^jijr

a«a#* vtmf Imtlns tmpwetrnt fiutt tm& #JU»

t3i*jr *r« gmmmlW &S Urn Msitimfif sti t tai®

Icdftupd th« la ®a«t sates VPZ&Z'A i.wnlvs t&* ri*,;tt* »f

i&'llfldtiiils*. $*<*» fc"2W€r«rt some i l p i i f i c m t 41ff#r«Aeti

In in, th» la«i4 «w»p of *«* vmti'tfji*

piN>fc#ei&c#&«* tli« f lT l l fn*rsst»«e of i'ft# i m m m& H m t

;r$Ur'«i< n «X«as«st tmi fcfca \»ss4««tii **at l>«s:a»#

#f thjU, fitch *121 be i t ttim# $h» Ms l t

^»nr«Ccr»d g«fcr*»t*t* «>© tr»fc«»i in ft42«*isic

2tott £l«rk h«« va abil i ty to e»«5ai3r#b»ru» wc ^ri«fly #«•

jtc*3<* t.v.e vfclctfc m ^ v r n t tbt *s#fc»#* ew «bUltp

*Iiieii of *03 1«*S9 t!i# ^ w r e * * **»*»&$? f-*r % tt"«S V* i!i&t twi iuU,3iNNt

pmmn "t» ie#l fete*!* ptMAwns ia tint tmt&m. whtcfc tfc*f

<&**«*• 4 n t i 4 U i « » m U « * t>f thl« fac#t- .?f isho

89

philosophy is the following statement from the 1958 case of

Speiser Randall.^ a case which involved a California loy-

alty oath requirement as a prerequisite for receiving a tax

deduction:

The restriction must he considered in the context in which the oath is set—appeal to the largess of the State. The interest of the State . . . is summed up in an understandable desire to insure that those who benefit by tax exemption do not bite the hand that gives it.2

This sympathy for the problems and needs of the states

is one of Mr. Justice Clark's most dominant qualities, and is

merely the complement to a similar attitude toward the federal

government. Many areas of constitutional law reveal Justice

Clark's view, perhaps none so clearly as that of individual

rights and municipal employment. In the case of Garner v.

Board of Public Works of Los Angeles3 the Justice revealed

his consideration of the problems presented by the need for

loyalty in the public service:

We think that a municipal employer is not disabled because it is an agency of the state from inquiring of its employees as to matters that may prove rele-vant to their fitness and suitability for the public service. Past conduct may well relate to present fitness; past loyalty may have a reasonable rela-tionship to present and future trust.4"

1 3 5 7 U. S. 513 ( 1 9 5 8 ) .

2 3 5 7 U . S. 5 1 3 , 5 ^ 3 .

331+1 U . S . 7 1 6 ( 1 9 5 1 ) .

^ 1 U. S. 716, 720.

B i t t t m a l I w taw fcrofcd powwr*

t o t f t t i * ovn t f f o i r , . Xn uSMtiQL X* to i t a a f c i * * * * * •

tartto* S l u t * te3,f»#A t t w i i « t * * i K M o r t n f f f e t * * « f Hi# t km

ih rn 'pmtm mm o f » %o m * ° & f i * i «

fa«#$ o f t h e * p f e l l s » r ^ r * * Im h i * a t t i t u d e

%«»#§«# «tui t4 c o u r t * t * r » fe&dntf by t tm * t a t # o w j r t f i n d -

t o f * , * * ' Is* *a * t i * » r east J4# - t e a l * * * * : ' * » • * * s»fc

P*»s « t M « * i 3 . 4 w » t l M k « 4 f»« t *««4 i n t t e 6$tmot» tftot# I t

*??««*» t f c i t tfe» $Xtgfl»ttt m t « « « 4 * i » f t t * S t a t * ^ w w d * . " 8 *

$*****9* a«ffe wst^ «-)?9c*t« s-oteh ihMti&i im mmmUm

mm «e»Uom ot * t « t « <s* i r iw t b f m & 4 *!»& *3vo<>*u *

e f t l i # i « * f * t y s t a t u S#gt*!*?,«?«

t*vft t M a u t l w i f t s i v I s o G ^ d f i S l j t a r * n*v«i w * -

t tw*> o f i n t e r * * ! * ' i f r w ^ l s n * r « ' * J i « t i e o

j M U f v & « l w « i n t*4-; « * * * mm " i t * t h * i n t * r * s t o f

* t l £ - p * # s « T O i i « i * # t & * v & t l a * t 4 v « l « * o f nay

t fc* M mtoum mi t t m f m m m %fci«h ^ » U » d a d * » M

t o i n tu t ' * « f®t I f w * a « » t i « * t x i i m

Wm off fftaAi»it»» jftMKfttUU*** ®«hl tfc#

3 . i.. »3* <1»57>.

^ 3 ^ U* •'*

f # S. J#§>» m»

% f i v* «• » % c t » # »

1> jJfcU f » * • ?»•

1 0 ^ Wm s t 5 f « * * • * •

<?t

thai ih# iatar*at of tha stttt in 4atar»ininf loytlty wms

?vtfflel«at t» justify «m inroad npm »?s#«ch * * . ."of

rathar substantial propejrtlaa* y mm to original

P4tal4tamt«11

r;aspita hi# sy&pathjr for atata fawiwant, Mr* Juatie*

Clark vauM 0afinltaljr advocat# i Halt to te# i m r a of tfe#

•tat* 9 awn J si thosa araa^ eoae«ra*4 primarily with the <p«#»

tlon ©f loyalty «ni iauraai a«toa*Blo». Illustration of

thiv facat ©f tht Jiutte#*.® philosophy la pr©*ri«t«5 by « »tata«

s* n t r ? m tet ***• *• i s M at 1 * tht Jyuitie#

Tha pr#M#s of balancing tha i»tara*t 1m tha laynlty «f thoaa in its stifle* with tha tra-ditional a*fafuaf4» of iftiitilmal right" U & eon-titwiaf «a*» To sUt* that a ptrson 3o*-» net hay# * ©$&»ittmtl$»al right to govarniKant *»pley»#as« 1$ sitiy t» say that ha cant comply with tm-mnlafela* lawful* and iton- 4 i * erl»l a© tory tarn* la!4 dom% fey tha prof«r attthfcrittaa. 3

thus,. altHough tha <?*#tlea raeocnljaa tha pmhlmn mnftmt*

in* tha slat#®| ha U &a*arthal««* mgnlsant of tha q*ttf t©

pyot*9t iA*ivl4n«l rifhU. T* nuilntein tfets legleal feala&ca

batvaat tha na#4j of tha »tata gevarsaaata and thoca of tha

individual Mr. Jmt.it® eiark ra»arts again to th« balaAdag

ta«t waists hm «aaa to Ju%«. ninesi all govarnaaatal actions#

1135? &. .-»• 513* 5Vj.

1?$50 *?• 55? (1956:

1*3?0 3. •% 5ft, ?55*

Tti.< t#Mt V;

fjj

1% «

oas** vhlafe

tar heMing

to *ceoitf to

but t a# tho easm of

s out, tMs jk?*#®* l* n*)\ ô-

%*• Jtastte* âri£ is b i l l i n g

Court that

o«th mttMMit mlmtm

offlo# uaift iine«iiii%ii»

s# th*t mak* i t i i f f i e u l t

iKportant «Xt0»»ts of tts«

this Mr. Ju*tio*

?• e#

^"Th» * 1 Bt t tawty

1f6©>,

93

recognizes and points out the problems with which the state

is involved. Second, he expresses the opinion that these

problems can best be met by the application of a balancing

test. Third, he points out that it is the function of the

legislature as well as of the Supreme Court to protect indi-

vidual liberty, by the use of the balancing test. Fourth, he

points out that it is necessary for the legislature to balance

its interests in "national security" against fundamental con-

stitutional rights.

The use of the term "national security" instead of "in-

ternal security" reveals another aspect of the Justice's

attitude. He feels that although both national and state

governments have a definite interest in security issues, their

powers differ with the problems, and therefore that the needs

of each must be sufficient in themselves to justify the chal-

lenged action. This element is revealed in a quotation from

the case of Jencks v. United States:^

This may well be a reasonable rule in state prose-cutions, where none of the problems . . . (facing the federal government) exist, but any person con-versant with federal government activities and problems will quickly recognize that it opens up a veritable Pandora's box of troubles.17

Thus Clark would allow the federal government more power

than he would allow the states, at least when the national

1635^ U. S. 178 (1957).

Allan L. Bioff, "Comment," Michigan Law Review. LVI (December, 1957) j 28*+.

9%

internet yaMm&amt* thi* t»» «f oowrttf m np»§-

attioa that the ttftttomX gofUMMt »ir tww* a g*«*«r Jatiff*

Hat fm ife# p»fe©ti« of citrtala tiwa 4o tb* stat««,

taA that xswhttetm th* *t*t#» uths M oat fe# %J2«»S in

t»«s» mm » » JU«U9# CUilc *»M vet# to i t f i t o €©m «

st*t* Is# vhlflth uttoaript# fe» mt#t til# ttufunt ©f ioteiwa wfo*

a®A y»t qptteldE tfm of * i l a i l i* po*w toy

th# f«ti«r*X goimimtat,1 -

to till© point 1% 1# dMou* that W* Clmvb imtm*

Mtmtm & syrup* th»ti© wAcyttattAlAg of *t«t#s» pruttUa*

In mms itm&rUw *ad f» t to

prot««t tl» ft**!* right* of inAfvf4t»*U ia such infttwwt *«

vtXl a® ftXlotr to tli# stint## ««fflcl#nt pc«**« to swtt signif-

ieimi profelmie* th#rt fusfttss tor hi# attitude

tev«v4 tli® m r « i m of statu pw«rt In- •«r»fal ar%»«* thote

elvlX by th« ikm *>wm# ci*ua§t by th«

B$a*X ^vottetioa &&*»*•« «aft tor tii# flffeHMth Ammimmt*

mrnlml p9o«4ww tr# tSNt*t#a la tfc* fAlmlm

la dtUveialw whi«fe # t t l l Xtfcwrtl*# «rt ftjaAiww«ititi

«« f ! s to o*rit th« protection #f th® f i d t f U i t

i t romo* to tfc# Mil of Sight* la «t iW«pt to

vlileh of th«»« ahouW 1§# iaelttM in th«

f^4ist»t$® fmm^ Hason m& •••illiKi 1* awMyt 22Mt CMUHL in * wimi (Knglauood Cliff*« S«v J«T3<*y» Jl* jfjl#

1%% ®« s» I7®t 8*9*

95

Due Process Clause. Most of these guarantees are criminal in

nature, but the most important rights guaranteed by the Bill

of Rights are those civil liberties included in the First

Amendment. . It is clear that the Due Process Clause does in-

deed incorporate all of these fundamental rights, an incorpo-

ration which Mr. Justice Clark often stresses:

. . . there can be no doubt that the draftsmen of the Fourteenth Amendment intended it to embrace individual freedom from state governmental involve-ment in the affairs of religion just as the Estab-lishment Clause had originally foreclosed action on the part of Congress.20

The application of these fundamental First Amendment protec-

tions through the Due Process Clause to the states is one of

the most basic elements in the protection of the individual

from unjustified actions of government.

Like the Due Process Clause, the Equal Protection Clause

also applies only to states, and therefore the definition of

the term "state action" has been one of the most difficult

questions of constitutional law in recent years. Definition

of this term has been especially important in the protection

of the basic rights of Negroes from undue state actions.

The guarantees of the Constitution, in the words of Mr. Jus-

tice Clark, apply

only if a discrimination based on race or color (a) is with respect to rights which under the Con-stitution are protected from such discrimination

PO Tom Clark, "Religion and the Law," South Carolina Law

Review. XV (19633 862.

# # #

QU| aSwi

th# torn ty this C«rfe*<~

Clark wx&i lnelad

'3» 1

-i «rtar to i to fojmi its mm** « #i, "* a* ^ .i *. ?k, ^

It #

& V«»

**$*? &• W (1961).

W» $• 71$.

97

•tat* govavnMnta* Yon Clark hac m intaatloa of

tha federal isysttsst ladaadf the Justice la on* of tha feva*

most defenders of this *y»te»« Y»t this I# not the result

of * desire to protect the Court a« *uah as It it the result

of an uaians landing of the basic distinctions between the

various alananta of goraMnafttt fssa Clark raeogAlaes that the

Court is merely ©a# tlaaaat in the far wft aonplav towrtvm

Owtnwaatal 3f*t*»*

tha axtataaoa «f this thavadi tardaa Hiuatvata* the final and ooat fundamental limitation of tlia Court1# power to i*po»e judicial autbgritjr between Hit aaaartiaa of aanfliatiac right##2®4*

This feature of the Justice's phlloeoiilqr can ba et&tad

siaply t when tha action of the state is directed toward a

lagitlaat* «^lt Clark it laaliaatf to uphold tha power of tha

statuf but whan the and is aerely racial 4i»eviai»atioai

without aon# higisir goalf than the Jtittim is inclined to

liait tha states ia thaiv asavata* of p m m m * Tha oase of

fiftniEfla i* S a m flmUaa** i» l*?**taftt aa aa tUaatvatlMt

of this attitude* Here the Court «4«alar«4 that arre»ts of

I«g»5#s for breach of the paaaa because of racial

tioas wa* an upoo tha aaitatittttlcMtally pvotaatad

right* of Equal Protaatloa and Bn# Pveaaaa* Kr. Justice

Tom Clark, "The Supvaaa Court a» a Pvotaota* of liberty tfthdar tb* Hula or lav*" Law jjg9gftajigt XX&II C-3w®«f t 1959)i 18«

2 % t Tf» S. 229, »3§.

<3fl

Clark, 4i*aafttinft 4*alara6 that tha stata had a lagitis-ata

iatarast In tha protection of it? eitisane atainst violanea,

vhatavar Its earns#? that tha lafiw* vart oWloas-ly guilty of

& braach of tha j?#ae«f aad tharafcra that thair eotwictlon

should Isara biM sustainad^

la th# tsaia of far IffIn £. Mfi£llsa4ei/ *r» Clark

eonourrad ia a 4«cJUloa of tha Court nhieh ravarsad a son-

vi&tlon far criminal traspa*.* against ftagroas arrastad when

tfcajr rafuaad to lwf» a pri-rataljr «#a«4 park* Tht

Ju$tioa axplalaad that tfca combination of both public and

prlvata acti&u on tha part of tha daputy aharlff aoffi-

eiant to justify tha ravarsal, Ha wtt* not vllliag to racof-

nixa is tat# action W tha privataly ownad m m m m t park,

axoapt as actions of tha »tata officials •

-falsi it i« obvious that tha Ju&tica would raad a*tan-

siva prohibitions into tfca interpretation of -?tata setiort,

M t al*o that ha would not lir.it aetioa vhleh is la no way re-

1*tad to tha pomrs of tha etata. this eontrovarsy as to tha

at tant of statu action l< again avidant in savaral easas

whlofe iavolva tho-a voting rights guaraataad by tha S ual

"rotaction CXati a and tha HtVumth .,»andipant» Tha danial

of voting rights to 3*groa4 baeaasa of r«ea ha* ba«m involvad

In isany :-such ea.va?» and 1* tharafora an important isT.ua la

?637" J. • . 229, 23* • 2737£ 130 <196*0.

dft t f f re la iac th® jruat l** '* tovsrit tb« ®*®rzlm of

.»1st# pOMM**

l a hsm eas t ©f %* Martin**** My# Jmsl ls# Ci«rk»

i f t f t k l a f f o r to Court* 6*«l«r*4 tfe»t * ®t*to e « M not coo*

mîm th»t * c r t l i * ! # 1 ! **«• fe# m m t $ M

m t » M l o t » Tho imtim 4mlm%4 th«t %M» v«»

?*ef«4 4l*«r!ttii%fttl$at f£$t#vw4 tsy Us# pov#r of $h# «t*t#»

t a i tk«r«f#r# l o r t l l d * #-. t t f - t I t t a r r r x*

#*• J twt ico Sl«r% e©*w*iTt4 In « 4«el*l0ft <3#-

«4*rtnf wi**tt t t i t t t t l*i i*l «» *t t«ffpt « t 4i®®r%wtmtim l a ft#**

prlsAry Hurt th* mm wil l l t i f to «*%#«!

fcfe# n t t a l a f of th§ t » f » Stat* a f t l * f t . r fe«ys-M t t « l i t##*!.

it«mlft«»jMNi9 to 9**r#afc *» otoim* « t MUewimimttm*

*f»i!l -It it t h t t WMF# th» *<3tl6A i» tfftl**-

I f *& t t t awp t s i r&e l i l 61ft4rlsi3a«tl«isv tho JUft l«# wnmli

r * « t r l d t mil *efct«t* which lAfLti*&«* f i t l # «eti«ti{

*hor« tfe« «HiU«ii|»4 ac t ion hm m m m g h t r iwpo*o tfs# l a s *

11## s f i fh t b« itsort v l . i i l n i t a r t f to fa i** fer&«# ftovoy* f o r th«

«f whish lavftlvo v«Uo« rtg&t* ttw>*o vhiefc iuni

floaMrtMkt witli Mlsp f f f r t l o fwd Xogislft t lv* *«4 veuvprtitptajtal

d i s t r i c t s t&# «©*t v l v t t n i * « t r » t l * a «f t h i s d3*i

f«*twr« ©f tli# philosophy» l a th«*i «»*#« *«

; W 3* -U 3ff (1«fc).

*?3*5 u# H i 0 9 5 5 ) .

too

QWlm* *1 wiMila tti#

« l t im <*f lis6* Clark, villi® *t&t# a:etl0t% Wtom iritis

*«#• sit! flusi In *ln<f ^sslXf m**

«?#S,W! lit# s ^ f i of W»

la ife# mm *f Mr, la#tint CHrk wnt

#wtm f»*«&•* «**» fcfc* m t of fci-$ v«y* 'Willlaf to

gcs w? rlf^tsi« I t rngtm^. %%*% m%

only wt*# qvmtt&m «f a*l,ap^ttioa»#at la l t | l e l t t l t « <11 f

t rUte V4t t in t th» T#ao**s«# l«fl#!Utv*t v»*

si&fcpgMMFtl&Mtil to tfe* #xt#at that aestiiiaailea if fill# «ys»

t#* ww « £*Al«l of #«p«l pvatefttloa of ih# lew *a6 a %ssie

voting 4l0«rl»laatlaft« T?i» IwtiiMt tlicit mn% tmVkm t tna

fili 4ell«Aft**« rne v*f* axtfjr willing V\ Itelt® that tht

^ywrtfei tr«« Jyjtt^ltteSju Kr» Imiiie# Sttvk** tvyr&Kt&ti fa*

« wS#«t«4« on th# of th* en» w ^ ism lj##a la

%m f&tlmiMg %®m%t

.»ltli i!s# trtm^h mf $m%i.m awK»i *•«!!&ti« *rgt*~ »«at for Judicial litt*fv«aUoii» tfe# A##«| §1" peiiMtal e*m * *t*p «X«atr to *mI1*

i§««ti# tM Mm tb# p*sfcl«*4 «fet«ti tfelt *%*%* m%tm

mmM tm M i v U t t l right*« «a4 !#««#« ft* »m l l t t l * if

m m 1. m Ctf#2K

^StajMkl* F# bright# *ft$gM.< »f K****iti#i mi r»f *&«* as?lti*» in tfc« 1961 ?*» of lis# ugphts* Covurt," Ja

a i t a a a a m m t mi mmm* w j i » 103. HapfMKW t# Iffes-aft* S t a*gy#g i. ficmgt i

(Ann ...ffc©*# 19$?) | >• 177*

101

aagr J u s t i f i e s i t o , f o r wsJU m%imt lit m s v t i l i a g to s t r i f e*

<totia th* qptiofewr %&m w«r# mml fit &U m$»

I t i s $«rh*ps ratable t&*t Hi# ftrcimtat ad fuae td hf $ m W m

21&rte l a i s t l s o s t «x**tXjr *&• *>% t h t t »4v«m#j§

in ^ ^ a s a a j U l Xjksk x« a i i M S i s s - .Qmmal Auu&»**

t h a t in# C o w l At t imes h m %H* 4 « t f t o i # t M # t&mm l a itw~

i m t o &*t t l* i l i a t f i e m t « 6 a l f 9 v * n l « » » t h i s l a an# «f t ! »

J u 3 t i o # ' » b t * i e r^ l t i s*

l a tfc# m m s f X* ilAfc?1* a f r a a Bak^r

l a m'l 'Mtit i n th# J u s t i o * ' * &fctitu<$a* *S»r# th* S m t i m corn

c o m A i a th# 4oci*i/>n of th« Swart s t r i k i n g 4<nm ? t a t « i#g«

i s l « U v « i l i t r l e t t a i i feist e€spl«,la#5 t l t a i *th# 3mirfc gtwi#

m&sh &«y$3d th# a * e t # » t t | t f i ef t f t i * <?«#• l a l a y i n g I$i#i a

a#* popula t ion* p r i a c i p l a f o r l i m i t i t f i i l m i l f f appof*

t i f t a n a n t * " ^ t h i s g a n a r a l t r®*! In fcht J 'i»ti©a*# a t t i t u a a , t o

aUtoaat# guiefc a e t i o a whm ilm s l f c i a t l o a i#»ta«i«4 4 l f Inst

« l sg t o nftfQmt* a rmmgrnitim of tfca p « w r * of tfe® ?fc*t#«

in mmk eaat** 1# f u r t h e r tltmlmt®4, bgr t&a «a$« of ijtifl»»

X* wfear* th» J t t a t i e * 41*-

s a a t t d f r o » s 4ael*io& ot tu* Court vfeiah rv^xlrwd tha

r a a p p e r t i o n s a a t of s aa tv I© tiaa Colorado 3*tt*t* oa t h a b**i*

^âSK&t a» t#s i t «<«l l i t Ghaptar I I*

% ? ? ?• .•• 533 0 # W # 3 % ? ? If. 5 l l | 567. 3 % 7 ? X *. 71J Cm s t)«.

f <•'}

#f popmiatlen.* Kr* 4milzirmI that thor* v#t*

&th#r factors of cotul^wiittl* tMpmtmm %*«!£** p®ptAlAll®nf

m& %hAt & 5tat« siiouia fee Ma/wi to ifeu ajsp©rtioa**i*t

at main> ia at lea^t #m Mr&m cm *wfe !§® w»* ***#•

lag **$*&ti*iiy that vh*?* tfe# fttbm&pt fey th« l» na* ***

©briea# *tt**pt at 4,l»®tiZilmt%m%9 %$ i» S*k*?$ th*n th*

Court aiioiiltl allev tfc# «%*t*& r*th*r b**&d pemx* to »«#i

lueal pr#^l®ss#

t&*at i s tit* attitude wliicfe *r« J&stifi* Ci&rk %$km

ia tho*« «*#«* which tmr&lv* th® %mmt« of th# *t*t**i h* i t

gmsrt Jljf to tfe# wlitel edr*f»sit th«

*ad t&iaka g#a«r&Ilf that *ad# yn^mly# *x»

S«RJift ?0v#rs. .-*'h*» tists tiuis *r* aot l*j(itlftftt*y te# Jta»We*

is fa? » r # tnelt3#4 to shi f t th« t* th* other aid#

of tii« #%u*tlaii9 «wl t« pr$ft*et tht Mfle right* $t

mI.*, *v*ii if th# Jtnatifl* hios f» f#aJ 'wtil limits aspen l i t -

*ri«ixiatitfn into jp*rfc*p« &•&$ \rm%I aaastittttittiftl

Hi# ftw&tiea *vi4*nt ia !&*»* «*»•* ia th* inp&?~

t*at t*»t t» vtilish Juttie* CX*rfc s*i!»3**t<t m*t

%£ti$aaf tta# fe*i*aeittg *f tft* rfffeto of individa*!*

t!»* pevra of t&* «t*t*ft«

a n m m h t i m or

Ona yaault of a valu* ayafcaa which #sfiiafls#a th# fwda-

maatal tmp®t*i8# of tut Imtivi-itisl it a, tlgnifloazit rtliwiftft

m l ftcttfitgr* ?hl3 «Mpha?it u$kni fr®«§#a?itX rigtit® i s fir**

tfet*r ©abaa^ti by tit® baoie #k®«l©aj* iwil t lc® of ra®pa«t for

Saw wit&iii i ta prop#? spb^rftf aiet & basio distrust for law

whiah i i not carefully emt*oXl*d« I t ia tta# fu»eti«m of tiba

Stjpwwiis Court to freirii# a werlitijl® ayataci for Hi# lagal of*

i tr ing ©f pf»-tr ial aotlyltla* which r#«i#@t tha fuadlcMAtftl

l^ptrtaafiwt of Hi# *&& s i te allow lavHnsforoawatit

offftolfcl* th» Ifttltttd* to p^rfovn thair ad«qo*t«3y*

*r» Juatica Clark mmmtky pointed out on# of tha basic taaati

of hi* philoaophy la tha to-llmim words i

But,it i s to tfcft f iald of ovimlaal lav that th« bal~ fJ3?0 l§ll*t Jtil jyyiy fy # OSfc® ©If

ti»**8©sl is$ovttat hm&t&m* of gGWrraant i# to «f* ford tli® elt issa ppoteatioa tgaia^t thove who vould «3?4«i mI»# or vote lila# * • . la tli# ttottmtXm ft our Ssvsrastat, however. tha festiadtaf ?ath®r«-»luwl«f b*«a unit ful ly awara of Mm possibility that thea* in posa«*«i<m of g<3Y«nwMk&t&l powsr night ite»t It** loaisted upon * oatmtefMLanc*! • Bill of Rights to insure that no parses »e«u#«d of oriaa w$ul& ba with* out axt«aslv« pr©e#5mml and subfitantiTO a«iftg«Mf&* »gst?u t powar aibusa*

'Too Clark» *?ha J r a m i Court as a frot«§et@r o^Libarty tar tli# ftula of l*Wt" Mm SSElSMf 1LXIX <3iw®#rf

19590* 16-17*

10*f

m.$0W stmt $f pr*~%*l*£ Mtft at tint stats

wa4 «i*tl«m«i thi'M in p«raf<#«i|if*»

tfetM 9t*a* tf*# t+sroti *e»tf emtmi

My, £!3Urk thiak«* law •9fare*»#Ai *««•

UriUm -filftl to Ut# mt^t&mnm of lih*rtp9 fm

tnpteviti * spnp®IM«%l's of to* mmM® ©f twr»

#ro«*nt*i lit its# f#yf «»».-»©# of ttmlw Fur

this tm»m tsN# has f « W «caia*t ii» 4#f«w*4antif la

tii® fr#«% majority «f ems#* *&•*• 9r**ttrl«& mttwitim mm

*hidl#nc«d. la th« mm* ©f .****•«& niwf h*

til# 4«f#*4*nts Uinm is twmtp £«««*•* >%mv%

ii* ?et«g 4f«ta«t %h»

©*»•* 4aaly*«4 *v» 4**#** prlsaril/ t*m tfe* •ith*» 41««#n%iaff concurring, #* m#j€*rttf*

tti't* latlM# t%» folkvliuii C*j«# vhmr* imlim GlArk th« petlUd» of tit# a«ftaiariti *»

" mi 1^2 a. .• mi ci95;0* %* iftiau %m % «fej W ) , &uz. jfessta, j f T C o w > » &*».

57 C1960) . S) C*3*« wrstr©

•>. «0& lit!?)# |£pia t* gaitM Ml XT. -H _ O W ) » mum %* MM Jllll, 3srsr% 301 OM8), fllMBtjatUa X* 357 tf. £. *6 (W«>. * x,* • v*3 ci r;!)# & *• xUMi po™17 2H (1959)» . M a Jt. 3£lsg& ,&£fcl&* , k it* #c* cif#o)» Mai *# thiud immil* w T W 777JS <iw>» S f m a m ^ M i i & i 3*>' u* »/$feYiw)t m x* & U * Sffi, 3* f./-. WTmvt mrnkMt %* M i k 3&te,| ,. I'M ja? (I9^yf M.a|%y^rSy.as» 3?rin» W { l # i } t

2l&I» CwM»fAtAaiil* 1W"f# . # iT tl5,es# «**•* m m sil*et«i *t pi-lsmrlly fro* tho** 4ttislea» 1a ileh Mt# •9ru«tle« CX»rk vqpot* M Vut Ia«lti4l3t «<»*•

of l®p-@?ts.Qt# for tim i«vss« of tr&tldft*

105

#l#irun iixmn la ffei wo&X& <*#*& %& ialiftftt*

m vmymputh+tl? *tut$4« t®mm irtttvldml* *««««*& %u mth

timmmft tta» v% fop «INI in &mh lai?s?r-14$ Utnt -***•» m U$mk. if i&& *> Ht m$ llj

£» gftitfei %%#?« »;itf*js«*ar tn#®vVm% i?#r#

fey tli# vdiiift# of #.»

fe*sM la4ii'lMii| Mr# Ivattlet C£*fk &*$

«. feifl\lf »fmpgt>%h®il't? twit on* fenlfa-tisi toy # tfitjMs-

th#t|4i «tUiwlt towc* lit t»

Th* «f tit# *mlw$tm*rr ml* %# tht *t*u«

rtttals it» iftittl#*'* cf IsiiUfUMl fi|ht*» ffei#

spi»l.i«atioii w*§ *h» logical r**ult of jr*nr« ©f nith

tint itii i«w la th* m<s# «f ialff. |> ic.1* i»

,alf th# Cmirt &$X4 thm% tttt ?c<»tfc ewwatiwrat wpll## to tfc*

stAt#*, k»| Umt th» 9n*%mlw***f r.il« m$ m% W

this -* Mr* 4"a#tla» 3i««k tft fchfefc

%&#$# «?*#•« istr^ln «?>»»» In irtsiefc i&« & mMmllf vr»t# *» ©slates% Thijr srt 4 JWr tt*

* ' a i zsitiu §)' again#t th» 4htftad*ttt| jjtiEBB &» *Z|SSISS4t .3»A »* " '•'-*"

st« '•* wr t 1 <sc

3w »# #

* 3 ffcXNterg

fj# ' t$T W ^961), X-| ) j ff<|&$it asii IftpkfpEfc |» EaSf ' i?§ W* arjPTW}#

w

• ;,w tWl» *. Mmm*

iasa j»* f if>? IrT#

f (19$2J, " 7$ tf» .:•»

#3|& W. 1 * # > \ !

106

federal vol* i s not t of th« fourth

tomnBbmt but i s a ortated ral# of

ttw deetria* imroivad i n Malf vas «ss*&tU13y that th« Fourth

AnmvSRMmt «ppU«* to th« stftt#** but tha t i t l t t t iooaay ra la ,

bacaas* of i t s !•«« ttuui faadamatt l impevicnatt do«s not.

Thus tit* g t t t a i w m ull iwwt to totftxuta* tha i r own methods

©f prohibi t ing aav*«jKm4ft»l* tMurohM sat i i i s m i i © » Sts*

py#»« Court «#t mM% mmiQtimM during this pariod only i f

t i» rs .<tqffiei«a« twutaHty to «sfco«k Mi® aoateianca" of

tli# ju«tio«»» Baoausa tha of i t » proo*«» iswrg not

i t a a l f to a*&&t dtftaltdtaa, th# Wfoif doatria# ptwided

tm j ud ic ia l samttisr of * t * t« eogyts M m M, bftft aanaar.

Only i f tli# action i n "shoaMl th# eonsettttft*" of

%M jastie#!. mmM th®m bo * y«r#*sftl« This dootrla* wm

tti« pr incipal gttftra&te* of mmy individual r ights i n tfaa

* U U ocnirt* b # t * « 1##0 «ad W 1 vhw i t vms ovMÔtd bp

Smswl caaaa aroa* during tMU paxiod i n vhieh tha

Court mm mU«4 upaa to interpret i t s and 4*»

tarmiaa «fc*tb«r eoarlottoii* t t o t M * • v*r«r»«ft« Haagr of

tt»f® ftu«» r«r®ai J tu t ie* Clark*s g«a*s>*l syapfttfcp fey tha

a##4s of tha iadftr l f t tal* th* «s® of IfiOttB. X*

wis daeided fey ® f&vt-to-fft t tr v o u , Justice d a r k f>w?id#<i

%3S V* s. Sf t 39«liO,

%%? H* .3. 128 (195*0.

10?

tit# $•«£•# W6# to j-tjimM the •Jhftlle.Tged mm®k9 but juj h*

did -s# he i

Had 1 fe««a h*r* i a 19**9 tUMtt iM£ *** 4e«ide<it I woiOi h m KTpUed the • . » e*elasi<HMury rale to tfe» states . But the Omrt ftfusad to do s® the»f a»<l i t s t i l l Mt^ms today, • , « In the U«ht of dm *taere41M.eM aetisrttr of t&» poU«e here, I t i s with preat reluotanae that I folio*

~t# Pvvtow s m o t aHmkwam to the tenor of at 4ect*i<m may pve&iea a M i d oonrertrv for I ts

«xttiietio«u %i* t mewly ooaeur £a the $a&gMat ?f &fflv<*».n&ft«V

&At the Jmtiie# m* afsfmeci to the ..,i£Lt steetfttm i t

€14 not jstenftl# the Iwwio iadlvi&oal $ret*fttians i* obvious

la ibis «a$ ta &»««!*•

Si# »x% isj®#'t®»t etap 4a the applleatien sat Hi# •*«*

4&a*lefiM7 rule to the states wae tfe# oa*e of Bit E* M J & l

i:tata*.& Bare Hp* Jtotle* Clark jolaa* a sajoffitp to prohibit

f#4«ral « m e m f t s s mtlaf i l legally swimi «rid«»oe 1m

atata prosecution*» fbffe? ©at# agate ittaatrateta fit® vi21tac»

M»* of tfr« Jtattie* Omsk. to t l a i t a tat# py&aaattttanft tgr

pvohlblUac the of lUfffattjr §#ist<l m i i m m in *tate

«&urta« ®» logical aoaelastea to tht* **t of «««•$ «w®# in

1961t l a the e&se of Maim *- J M ^ *to«* *?« Ja*t4«# §l*ffc*

n?ttt«if for tb* Court, ajjfiliti the f t l w t l . t « 3 i t « | e a w rule

tO th* states•

73&7 3. *. $as» 13M»

%?© o. a* 21% mm*

I ft

mm

%* ^4t' to- towi «!t«vt & on» of

f#e«3t ymvrz* It fe«a «ft«n Iwhki t#»*

is tN* $$R8& tfwl^ljasu*1® It #** a« « » t*"# iwp.îUiVi af tb» mvtXutlos**

Ws 1« tt»o a k t ~l$aifleant mm% in

adopt!m% vt %M ftrnvtMsitfe

, hwmvt) %fmt % • • s f t t t twr< yttwr* tb«9t

untlftl mjtfc&c* to l*v

Mr. latitats ri**k l i

fft tli# w6if*v* of Hi# lft31*14ta*Xv mi

»A |pi

lite® lit®

i* sa&* .. • ?T'"-.. f:r'- * If ft • # * *

11* m

'$ '«©•• m i $• 4: |*#« of

109

Jostle* is with tha ay* tarn ha strongly pppants

thosa o-ptrnXm® vfaioh do aot provida staadards to infor» p©**

lioa officials of tha tta&iar in whl«b ttoay should act. %

informing polie* #ffielala of th* proper procadura, Hr« Joa-

tica Clark would nalatftla that fr*at«r llfearty eaa fca pros®-

tad than would otfevrvi** poaalfeLa»

Thi* danrottoa to standard* for tha protection of tha in*

dividual it also avidant la saay othar daetalmuu la tha eaaa

Of M«l«aiA&X.t M i n i IwtUe# Clark daclarad

that tli# ©pialoa wci»ly baelmtds what m $ olaar*"*3

In Jte E» S#lHfegplJi tha Joatie* "daltvmd tha opinion of

tha Court vith rafaranoa to tha standards by Vhic'n 9 tat*

saareha* « t a*i*tit*s wwt M aetata tad* * * »ntlf In tha

araa of siXfîjMrlaimtiat and ahaXlaoctd «oaf#a*l<m* tha

apflpHMi Court haj sat up what is gaaafftUy taraad tha Mfigafcta-

Mallear rula for tit* lovar warts to follow# Thi# do«trla*

It tha product of tm easaa , Mai^k t« ahltad and

Mallaaqy y« &&ia& 'Si#*# two casts few* eeafafalea*

whiab %m thm r#®wlt of "tsaa»o«a*«fyH delay la nrvftiftwMKt*

Mr* Jbatla# Clavlcf net praaoit oa th* Court ^hm MaluMi va*

daoidad, joined in tha r#affi»«s« of thi* wis in

$%57 5* H80f l*?1»

%S?1* 3. •>« 23 (1963). 1%ta U. u, 332 C1^3>-1%5% n# ¥s^ <1957).

110

a mrnXvom £*ci;*laeu fh«t tfc» is -willing %#

Um mtjbiÛm of writ &ffc*r itXvy |.«

ssgals indie*tlY* of his &«*©tioa t» the nmdi r»f t&# i«41vl--l*

«l» *f*l bl# »ti#*s#i to iirwii# fc<3#û«t# i'ltaJaris f©r fKillc#

officials*

'•?t;''tv,t'r y.at"stEic?T.i'?. 4«slfiou initoXY©:.' t aimilt*

**»«» 4* X» tlAifd vk«r# lift

Clark thm <$#ei:d©» of tt-t $mx%f *n4 wr«»fc# ;s S!>#-f?i&l

to axpiaif* hi> ©position t# th# m« -'it tXtfttawii*

lis timing 4 trie#.* ptiHa* sffieiftia* Saeb of c*s#s

|!f«Ti4«?v 4i rwnaiing insight its to K*. JtuUt* JXvtk** atti-

tude tewarg i*v mforemmt^ that w U m off l«l»l$ m $ % b*

gftlM toy ?ult3 in efd»r u protect* Individual

fjNMMfoa*

Tmrm is w$pti\#t w*wm tw ttsi* *Ift*r«a4« to

standard*. «ra tf7« jMWPt of th« Ju*tio*» la tfc# o&»# of Iftia*

X* iSaJUXsialAt^v vlftrk 3*el.a»*(I t<vt. iHt rrafttleaX f#S4ltK

$f ttaae*rUiatar ta« aaprtaifttability*' is that «* w r m M i m

i& a;tJ s guilty wan «ay fr##»**9 tbiA is &

i*#«fellaf st*fc#«#?it» It is significant thai mm ¥ixm% Mpplf*

tag th# •*«Xu«lanAfy raX# to thm *tat«r. Claris t# tamstrnt

vitb i?-;t j-rataetism of *e*i0tr t*m criminal festivity* -van

{ / 3 ^ 'h . 50:?

* *

1y>vr u. » i.^t

i n

m tfc# tats « vtik*

>i « - **ct 4ntUr..-i»* of tr- $-Mwi4;»lf

fc* fi*t on* -*? tU# Ifqxtrt %tn f"s:nrt>n? for 1 i<* ^jnoat*

t£#& i# t» <»Mmrsfc «N> **w««a of assswri ytlwut la tit«#

**»•* #tww* titt &tf«n£«at f» ssUty* £«* tisiw f*»

» t t tb* ««vt«ttdn vf fee failty* irtS tfomfrm ztx-myk* t*

^4ir# w l w t s-r. tfcAt *&#• erta&i*}, mmlxtAim wy

vttlifttftfidi «ta**«r*rt tnwe o*~. b# ne toM itnt Iff,

J-uUs# diurfc. i» «§,wlly t<% tb* of %!»*»&•

vfce « • iaroatnt* K» wtsft**- v* Af-jtr-# %.c ttitt

It 4tU; Trt p*r.<» iiterf****)'* vtti< t*» rl&b\,-< «f MiyidMU

*f*> «*• in»*e*nt.

lei tti* A#etisl«i ffzftjftflfl. ..^tfei, x* Jaffa*,; * t*r* JtiAiiao

SUjrfc tdmmlt *?t»4 for t?»* »f a vmrtctt* n >:? mi l >

41vi&»*X atorlcwly eUlty* I t ms point#-! <V4i et V*t Mm

at tail* i#et»ta tl*V n^rk, wfitin# xb» «#J*«it3r

« #ta»ia®i itttomttftttea of I«*etia#i

» • »*®* t# 4»f*a4 tt* InrttiriUtafti* Shift «ou34 **#a to b«

ful l i ia«stli"t«ai «t$k» t&* ii«ti«#f« ^ppmitim to wwwmX

off <K»«iiriwti«rvy *b«»* th« Is 6fevicw*3y g«ttt#« Hw#»

«*«*f a;x« € eloper mmim^m %hin Mmmpmw ^ th« *%ti-

tJtfo of tfet Jwtit'e ti f***-*?? mpMn%4 t*lt* s*j»ly#

Wf«r# oft## M m A * MRM9lldQ f «

ao3>*g «• ::. M Cl^.U

*'e '':«'j*fit JWttXsiwV* ajM I ( vriX* W2), «33# ' ' "

112

PoUet stissi the «14«ast by into a hotel rocw wg-

lstered 1ft fcli® »»tt of the &uats, bat al*« tt»«6y

vith their permission, by the mfmdmt* Mr# Justice €3l«j%

4eel«r*<3 that. ths 4*f«mdaat'* latmat la the rurcotle* ea-

titlod Mm to protection of the exclusions*? nl«» but hmmm9

It was ooatrtbflgtiii it oould mt be return*!* The oas* »i

w l w W t>7 tho flAC. J&SSMl ** "• * • * subtle via-

iteatlon -of the rights of th* aunt*, rather than of Jefftrs

« . , ."22 This Interpretation would seen to be in tenpiaf

with Jastlft* Clarke pMlsfaptsyt his sympathy for the Inno-

cent and his* opposition to the rmrsal of ooiMrletloiis of

those fi riomaSy guilty*

As the Justie# is synpatbetlc toward the nsods of few®*

»#nt *nA soolaty, m also is lit synpathfttlo to the needs of

law eaforeo&eat officials» and he Is thovtfor* sot vllllaf

to apply highly restrictive *tftada*6s to their m>*

Uvltlee* In til# case of SaSjim %* H M

Clark, dissenting doeleroft that the Cfeurt ®4a«wtls«i n. • • a longstanding polley aftoossary to the snoeassfal

enfor«KMMrat of the aayootle laws# # * «w^4' Here the Justice

again revealed his ooxutera with the proaotitti of the *y»t«a

of lav, and with the adequate payfotttaaoe of Ian aaforeaiKOttt*

Ca*os," I H M s M I&g ana&li *I» (February! 1952), 29»*«

"^353 3, % 53 (1957).

"'*373 0. a. 53, 71.

« 3

ci*r* t C / » Avft af tin milt v*dsh ?ri*~

laid *eU<riU** pr»*«at for '.aalety* *•? Vi ,tM M ^ a of

x» aîî u»r© t> © unslAr>l t*mfc ''to

Cteoft wpnkwmp# 'tlit' oosHrlctft a. of « v<wi«£ftX0 sweetie* Yi»~

inter viU. a previa* tv y&fwrd ii tt-a fcwsffls uSic can*#* cm

ivi* fttoulaattLe $*«*!« fey a-tnc * Jtiwatt# as hio it## p$M»t

«fc3 eiWi»a^Î»t»#rt^ & te# **.?» ef it*

^tataa ciiffc faret».jt#d tgata%t H^K» far

all pr&ctleiil eps**«#y.f ftm another :mmp<k>ties p*l«31»r»"36 \

It ha* bo«a <iQt^ pmiswely ttmt «*• issfue of

pmmmtM <*%• $t th* wvt fu-*J*»g»tia 4&&f»r* to

r»rlo«n &rmKpgpMttt in t;pi#i4 n >f dtotlfl* Claris* aai

ttmt Mm Is fewiitaf*# wtiUng tea **&«! $««»*$

te fev«rwit»»l «a*KLi(k !n •%#:©« w»'

Hits 1® «&£« H w la tfc* asm «f sawMHrtid »« His*

«*«« of a i y E* "yisA'-- - at# 1m» fs» 4#-

fwo&B&ts *t«* <?mwiet«sS ft* fmmim%9%f

e*»ritt#a la Banff!*- $• .fî^ fb» O&arfcf l* i flay

•yjajq* jteaaMgi *cmMbm m tti# to*l9

Of Ul«£&ny -.0130 *?i \m,"9, JWS $>,«•*!.

dwi&ftvlag that fe® ««»*ri$tias* «hcx&6 bits turn

3%5? 3. .;. 301, 3*5-

U. 4. MO, M89, **W% *'353 3. -•** 3*6 {19??}.

*r-':3-*i 7. '• v *

&#•* m %!tm luiUti «r tfe# *•**&« «$!« «v&6*fte» <*f fttf&t It t«a • ti»«t fwitlf# CIai-Ic i* vary w«it with tt* #f «4 gftwrelly *y*$*tu#tlc of pc&lai * «ftdUfe Ifet iM«duS stpplf ,!»#!*« m.

tor Im unSowmtotit em«i*3Ur jr»t <*« it «&* fuA(Siii9«ntU of ft*

m tew* ***t«ti, is mmmrnttm of ft# ntwataM* ttii* «tw Ju«Uc« rniM n«§ wm&& WS* attar*** • tfet* «ft|ovir mm****

vt*vr*l#i mm ^44iMk irntHmf vtil-xi pmmtimi tfuit w *»*f«l» tfitfeeat « WfSil wis ttt*c«& **» t&ii* m* U** *o pro*** «ue'a ft writ, ft» wufcsrtty 4t*» «f«#8nj t$i* $*®ap*et of ?wii^ t " et if « v*»*an«fcX« 39*r*to U m% b» d*t*r*l**<5 w W fi**<l

Hr» &»**«» SUafe* i#» £As*«att p»%»m o»t ttttli ti>l» asUcw fl»% 9Sr« M m aim* woftt!4 »t 1* vtlMug t* sfflf »«tifi »t«ad*96« to to fffsfsii la tto w*d#att Tfe#

m i l

W3?3 7. -. JhO, 3WF. 3°33» «. *•',. % <*?50) J,3J? 8. -•. 5*, 43. »3St 0. a* 5»i

#

115

rA# w ottos* m

Iassi1 «*««* &m m% %h& mmlmtm Vm% Hit it

^tiling to supply rtvuriPttTft JtArU**^ to XtM mfwr**-

tm\% 1«1* ftXlfeo*^ t» is of toft i s f#wf at ftsvl4If«

atwidai&*« Hi# «**» »f S t e E* Q&&A f®t «*•

*«pl#f tawlir*4 a Cto«rtH^*U#* Uitittftttft* on f«d**iO.

Kr* Juatle* Claris Shi* ***• th« proM*

i t t t e of tliir *»« iti fu te t t «y-»V> of <*rid«nc#

ill#g*&Iy by tee## at!** than t&4m*l «#«»&#, V* *f<li¥w

p&*tfeHr gaetrta#*"

ftjjftjy, ii ittjiorfcattt ?«* a# *3lX» & Mm

ea*# of m %* -mwm Ovui

f#4#pai t fm tftvtttytng ta *tst# ispawtastt na *# t» sbtnlxtf* S y t e this r»i# la

r«r«?*«f to a tat* anA f#d«rot swarte, In fijita, a#»% 4i#s#»«#st ts# mi* t& yr#-

t l i# to## fwMtttlmaft #a t#M«3L <*m«l*l* *t*ta& «*«&£* to s&« «?«#»# #«*wnir Unit ttwiitf teiiTits##* f®t fe jsn, h# w vtUtng t© *ppl? & prohibition V* t*« "-*»«#»• Sto# aistlawUon vblah H». 3*«tto# 3i»*te «khsX4 mk»

^%#nl 1* M » L *ii#aMNh «Md , la fmimml U» Um Ism. Im ZmlSXt <**U» W > * m*

^3#» i* ^ m t ^ ) » §• .a* S1*> <19S*)«

m

M-«raX 1m matmmamA « i n**a i»«4i X- s?ptt«i%.

An %m JmUm s U M Is 4 M t e *• &1&&

«t»& »UU law mfottsmmt U ©f ft diff«*«nt mteve* m% ia«

w l p « dlfffevvat fmhtmn*

jLthooffh Mr» feftie# £La*lr I# -rtlliflfc to l i c i t th*

r<5*« titan tti# goravtwmt i& *!»««#,

1# w » t n i » s « rtsttw? «jm$*tlifttfte to %li# awti* of * u u po*

lt®t m m i l at tti«# of ©fftsislt# & th# $&$• nf'

ftaHthmwt j> lit* MlfflHMl t>*« Optnltift

£<»l» * flvt«*j9»tl<s* snJofHy tfiicfc «tpb*14 a fwititioiiei #«wefe.»

ftiln ess# ins l*t«r d®?*©*U»ec* «"• *«aaAteUi*t wife th* Sqimnm*

Courtis pvl&Qj «f ggijBiiUaia. to int#rf«r# i#ith *ut* trist-

ful pree^w®#11^ .la 1$6k ®6r* Jfestie* 01wrtt twm

m opinion of the Osart. t&l$h jwMpiimfS &!i«wittg8 of

pf ba&X* tail#® ©il til# fwrfc of tb# ,-t*t*a fiw tli# lasuASVMi of

«Mfoh thus Mr* duties® Clark i» sw% villlng to

•pply s t f i f t ttfcMtf«r&* to the stat»*. or to the f«6*r*l gar*

#RW«it *X4«pt vtKMft righU V. bm Jlgnif*

ttftfttty «**•»«•*•$* It bt v*int*i mii itmt ia 1 | ®

X, flîa Kr, Juatie© fllart to Vn« * rule which

h*d ftpfllnd to the fe<3*r*X gw«ws«ii fm fortjr-*itf y#Af#»

5 % i a* 3. *$7. 373!fc &. ^|2 09S»7>.

3*«a»oiat DmlftiMttU,*' . n m ks: M M , III (J«att 1957), 27*.

*9jtilUa&&» SttUt 37$ 9* •-» 1 6 <196*0.

117

till* ipspittt*t&* ftt&tui* tonnes in* m&MNmmt i* ***

pl*la*d in to** a*a*g>* Iff tfe* $rafel«R* utitelt rotfe t«.##t •*

t t» t# ItafoXr# f e r ta t&# «•*& of ***£ #«l2sw»t

for *xm9\*t **>• «»*<** WIsW' l priiMsrily on l«*u*i irfiich

pr**f&t »%fesf> *tgul>?%*mt *l®sg#f« far so4«tr« ?to* $tmtm%

nmMt Hit 8 M » cwsl4»r«d oc*Rftoti<nj tor

Imtltes® #C t b t Jtonttj^ Otft*»*

fatflMRf of taffMntrtt lAWTUtftt* th#f%# ftryl

l i t ii»g§#Jpi for «**t*tgr». t i w w t of m t innew^ Mr* #«4tte«

^*8% 1» *mfeag3jr l a f i w * «f $ m m M m wH,#tf f «**) t a *i~

towAmi Imw «f«fuiiw tit* $ew*r swiwMtry to n**t

*iteti tbr«ftt»*

^ i » ip#iitti#tt.ii t t t l t u d * tovuvt Im w$tmmwm% in m§*»

olfi*<2 If th* telle#*# fttUf&l* tewi «*# rot* of tb«

ft«K» I t i* tact th* f a c t i o n ®f te* Cfcw*rit to te L in ton

*f Mr* teile# Clark, to no* *« * mm% «?f *t$ttp« For CMwfc

th* b**t« » | t of tfe* Cwirt 1* to *®t ** tfe* arapttvlsat «f »

oobiffttit Hit M c m M *p*t«* *tf lav *nd *ftf*fr« Shi* | i torn*

m% l a tit*** ***** vbleto isrelir# 4ftt*ll*og*&

c*a** of *\Dxvm»l *femtp of ®i« Th# 3ourt bus

w$tm h*14t tii« #ltw§«i of eoffretiM! nap 4*^*od t i p a tb*

tfeft* #«» ilrlfflfMtti** «fas«M b* « ! • fo r yeatfet •§•»

*svt tlwdLli* laAtfitaitS c&*ft**tft»i*tto«« I s tfc*

«hu«* tsw>lv*4 *u$h *ll*t*6 Tftolntlont «*r« piling* s s s 5 * # y s i i &iiaz*t Kit* *ad

na

#$«« #f toMmm, Mr «**

mml^l r>t « # ? , la j?*rt «•» %m tetiv of Ms mm «*i-

?h* vr* wmvpetxi Sgr Vh% CM*tf witfe. imsMm Cl««$ty jfclart Hy Jfertta** 8ts&*& tat

ntmmtiM* **• Mftlm. cu*k 9«>ln«*6 m% tfimt th«

lnv*l*«t Is titl* nw# iMpMrtant* Hfet fi»t^

H4« of th* Court «%& ?v?t m tfe# Hiii ef

tfc* ei«-*|y mtrnfam* %im

*f t&U mm^ ft§4ti%«f «£ that «it» va* »s <t«.m*U«& et

Wm .§aiStf vb#tsv%r «r a»t> t!ve nts*

m tmmm potato out *h*t th* h*4 not

**•* %m^m mt**tMy mmmrnt t*m tMlttttn*! pmttt*.

fiato* CJrt #*»$>* thy n«S oowwtsion ** mU m otft#* fuet ro,

ft# U&mmsm ot thl» ««*» M#*4ft ftiwwtae tt§* *&*«!«•*•

•Utlmd* «(NWI) tto* *?*««« of tat* ?lt« Own* it mmpm*rnu

far tilt «r*towu Y&L* I* t%» jfl&Mttir a®##®*# of

t)w «f tits tmnttom Wm §ik»% t**«*Slitt I# ttr*

tunM.®# C&Mfef »«»«st#flsj iti J&vpmt mi§ Utifti It otkt* #»*

« «ht b*§l* of wih *» for * «•»-

<t«atf «** a*r mm mmm ffwsinti? vHOtium im »t# mUmf mm.

gmfttr Halt* m izAM&tui rifbtt, *r Ummmiim tt« ptt-

mrnf *U*si*fte« to tt* «y«t*» of U*. Jhts 1» th* fwttoi1#

%13?H 1* s* <t9*£h

**370 H* s* %ft

119

basic m i mmt ftiitfeatat&X b©Xi«f, tljut tho systea of law it

tht m*t important goal for tha Court to promote*

2h4s attitude it olnricus in ease# sinilar to l&ttSS&i.*

la tha eaaa ©f 3*qk s> .g&ta 3 Mr# JU»tie# Qjatk

froc. a, decision of tho Court vhlah rsvarsed tba coavletloa

of a &antal <it*factive on tha b&sif of s coerced confession#

fli« Justic# astnisisigr wan trying to point oat that hi# breth-

ren m t&a Court \«#*e wrongs but •spmiiai ao hostility

ttseir jxîtion# His 4isaasit riiMi i& so®# ©aaaRire

like py&is« for a -plausible but unsatla factory attitude on

tha part of the majority. Site i»#$» of individual 3ireanr>

ataooes baa beet* Involved in ®any « « w of eoereed cattfe$sleast

aztf in all Kr. Justice Clark M s tainted out that ia his opin-

ion the Court « i staking a praiatwrthy, jret vpong, decision*

Xn game j. the bustle® dieee&ted from «

of th* fewt which r*f«ys«4 the Qearietien of 4 men-

tally M l Hagro ttiaeteea year* of a{0, In ft» «s# of

Bamieeiaft Salsa1^ Kr, Jtotiee dark dlsseftted from a deel»

#l«t vhieh mersid the eoortetlon of a young aa» beeauae of

a oonfeaatoa iateta vhile he w u under th« isflii«&«» of oar-

tain drugs, there ar® similar ease*y but these «#r?« to

point out the poaitloat of 3Ustiee Glasfc in this eroa*

lf%6? U, V33

^356 -• 560 Clf5S)»

^372 U. 3 3 <1963)»

1®

Xr« SmUm GUfk«# ftttlM* M « * « 9f* -*vir t prnrnmm

mftofumda e«a to tmMHfteil »» g#n»»ISf qpMpftttotl# towtrtl

gmmmamt* pfia*vily toeaow of a dmplsHTtlt far

to© «r«t«et «f to m i I t * 4**la» «> j»wt«ct *oa$*tr« thi*

ajnsprttgr t# f of wars®* U * i t * 5 fcgr » « «treat <***

«ivt to yr*to*% tto Hffete «f tto iaoomat «to w i t *

tttttm of *tar*U*do to «uti<a« th» actio*# ftf p*Uea

fill® tatwwiir® ftmfttoa to m m^rn* «* pm»mA

f m U m * ta *swsifi* aa*anf is # * r *e t# f i * t i e of Hp# Juattoa

Oa*fc»« I tutof i * tewiirt t i l tailfflitiil rigbfe, 'm% mm®UU

lr la «h* «m of ottetMl fiwettofit. Hw»# pnmimm mm

•xmftai* wwa fat ly In ttw «fs«ffe»t «»»:Uftt wttfe

t r i a l p s i l t s i f

f t l

n r ; '-c%T?wt

'©i# i&tml pp-.ifiii#!# 8i» t®9m iammpw ttxw# «af ®ft»-*

J J»\l A tlvi"-7 *«y VtrîiTrr* <1. "• (C^ti /,». • V"

"V.<, ^©jf «**»!? lm»ic ri#few# t n ^ r t a n ^ # $f fcfe* a r i § t » l

irt«A mwm% to t>?s»wu s»**Jjr *w#nfow*r

v«* r i f l i t to wav h i s •••••afi*t4i»« v?r «$•*%

*?y r l i uw tri*X * M4rt# w*t t" i j sv^ i i e t u* ju inwanfc# ; t w , i a i i y 4s ttv-î /h«- v* M> '.: a# tto*» :r;£\»# ?.viKf

H * of *<iUt o* fta*i«»*9* t r ao t t tM.stSamy £*awu

2sw$«a4t i t U tfe« f-xx a "i of nm kWrt to jwptvi.-to w w -

t l t l « f a t tti® stfstwtt fcjr pravSA&it *Ssisl3 I ® w »

tha t n^'nhfris&t « 1 s-ytoa{t««*ttwi iHMff. <i • ?v: t s>* J? In lb*

ttPSiiat& t*i*3L» f't t&m ivww muxtt* *i£ tei&l

t t o s»sl aaftgr t»$44#« 'f i"*t*r i**t »I/m

iisi !i# ftîtfiiiit i tsMfif i i - t o gtitll# f t » i r s ^ » f

vf int»^ - *»*»• Hr« totte $&&& mmM stStstoisi vm% t&*

sfestaisM# i#t.It f * i » 4 § Us# ^jr*fc»» vitfe

i##.t » « i l f tjy «**» Mpmmm €m&i% wn tkm% tl® Ceaw* siKsitct

tlwfsf#** AoeJi towonSl Hi# âaatAofc =:€ «tK)Ai9^ s%tte*r Warn

f<t*t&tl, of f§«sit$«#* Hr# Jhmt&m

•ZUfH t t » «ta«&«va& tfeiofe fc* *&»s>e»it«* vttfc & tmtii?

1S1

im to mate* gmmmamt in 3* pimfmmwm

of it» funet&etta*

SnwMift# &* 1*461 l« fei® raâll -?f itaftaUwy ir# #,t«J tr.<*

tppUtoftttan af W sw<wror*"ifct 1% Jb mmam^ v>

mm m first %» «stttv<*te Am Ut« intie® Ctafk #xpr#ts#®

tauntf tfc* pmw?* -nf eovwtssant to *•&* ftetftttty ertalnAl »uS

tiMNratoM to #*»%!«»• It niti *b«n Imi momms? to

«>M)tm fttt&tadt tffmytf t t $vot«3ticfli of tb* 10&M4MI

If we«aw»JL sMqatewMnt* fo* trie!** wrvl ftoftUjr

litf fttUtttd* town?# ths ftwoticn *f tfc* »*p«*e® Court la «,f»

pAlmtm wlw,

B« o**« of lipfr&aagyi %* fliftjMfoflwM1 Is UoAtofttive a# If*

Ctavfe** ftttlt»*Se tomri ntcleti th« &tnt»v

«§ Camg***a ;»#«••# Is 4*vf*tog ovtetaaft te* to® $Uffc

ftUstftUg froo ft struck <k*m a C*Xifc*nit>

»tfttoit*» ttm %m to $o*»tloa jMMAahMat for nitte**

fctoa to aMottotty «t mw 4«e&sM vtalnUftft of tft* BtfW*

Wft 9QgS9t*KKth iWMMftft?* M?# fesstt0» G&ftVfc ws of tint

• tpi tCA that tew lw ^îli nw© teea "totes** to j*p»

Sbl* of fefooa flat# pout** te f*.«li4#s

rrlslnsl * utetfce® JU a tg*it#if*j»fe fort Kr» *fo#tiGt ilarte1*

ftttitad* tewati trial *l$hts#

1|fCJ 1, ... m <19&*)»

%?© ;?.# 660, Hf%

•^3

?cr< ClL&rk**; %nmd ntr#«r-.. tc if?,a

MtMtm I ' l tp <arfs2U*t r^^nm • %< ^

M W S l Xft esfc# <&f 'rfillMf* J£, gflWKit&ftft

£bt»Mjfi*E? $3U«te @i»'postf. <m th»

of tv» fer> (totftiwta* f i t w ; of lamyw*# I * fel?« * * * *

tti# vftjatftty &•?!&*£ tibtx <?«n£al to s*e * t * t»

tar of tew TPewrtt to osit vtis hid f»-s-3#| Hi# tar #m»lastS«i

*#^ I f tli« Cut >•**»**»* Cl&uv*« imttm Clasfc

Joined tte# Mmmt of fetitt l»&tm9 m i l f -swl vhleh pt&»

>n>*n tm of ttt«r * t * t *

to 3«t#rsia» j%a*te#Xt far of fcs* t « e 4 i*»of

Tim imtis* & dta lUr * t t i t a§* ia tfc* mm *t

M t e i X» te©®*^ St*® Cl«fo d*llvt9w& tfc» ^flaSm «f tfe®

Ctairt w.ich i e f t to Vr* *%&&& rcvar : t> lat*rr?Ql in: *mlty

l i crtbr.i^&l tahwiitir# the Xsw is q'j* tion pruvttoj Wat

*«nlty haul tr. f r w M ta9r<»*tf »* * * • * . « ' t o t t M * ry i wuVi

«w*fc mmW o« * "teaffcfct 3tf*96g»g3lty»* Vwsh «*>*> **» 1 ^

-af & gwyer*! t& aXl#?# to the stunts 1i»#wt

p w t s la fforUif lg 9 d l | i ] | | 3*<wrt**»#* *a* fel t'Si« yattt&tf**

utiiefe *v*y I * vffgulftd*

fbM9 mm turay i te l lAf mam** I I I isll^liaitit fc»

CQUwrtk 4&»*«kiM fcra# *a o»i«ifsn *:;i?h i w w W a e^# fay

h?i t» *» w ( w .

S * 0 V# .* ?%< U 9 5 D .

%%f H* :>•» 3?f Ct955l»

M8Wi&4NmtfaA Wmnm of hanAltiig* t

iecl&vM»

f© lwfffetf a jtata)** fro© !fr« 3*e ttc« 3dlimf th* * ~$m% wm*t m$k*m vMla

I W| w tp« awr»« w til® }&#&$ Of til# $M£&4NBWM!f

« Th« pvoptf as b*» *lwiys i l?s to wtsgals# assl l\atv>t

as valid »s«?oii«s of w# h«r* do»« »o 4m hmdtort* of

s« 1 hw« Imma on th« Court* ami m% m tlm *yMp*fb*tl6 tmm of

thi* o**# »!««itt mate tw 'tot# *lght of ti» Unl* tAfeioas eo this Snort** p«#»ts*®

©%» afffeir**? §® attlfiM# utiieti stitssi to \>» ImmmhI fa

part upott taM» devottafi to th* ?ml« of ftfluei.

to %ff itiiXi

tmtmt%% *h<ro imUm vlth &tli*r fe**mimtttl units, fiat *»

its f\wsl«wmtal bar-i* a dwoto to t'h# >syit#m of lav. It is

fttrtftlaSy *i*nifioimt that Clark <5®oiar»<S ia that

M* itvotiaa te th* "MWfitp fjowiwf*1 of tt» atatos f»s%§ in

*<mm» tsaasura ca pmm^mt* Ihti atttttMK* It e*ta of 1?# jtaa*

U«> £Ufk*$ oaat otorinua ;*M9ft(!texi»ti4s, «n& ii « Xofieal

$©wt#tpart of «ioiXaup aynp&tiqr tar th» f«t«ritl $wmmaU

*m tj, a. j'/5, 393.

" .«• «l»o tho eit'i* of M«Ifum jr. California. i¥f 0, ;« 3;7 (1953) • H*r« Kr» JwtiS CXaiw I s f S M w t opinion of tba Court, daolarioe that a«rtior»ri to w t w a efeitXi«tif«6 ooarietioa tad t»«$, i?epr ritl«ntlsr gr*nta4» Th« woriatitift mi thtfMtort ttpfeftut If dtofMAt* upbrtldlinc tit# validity <(f tto atat* lanr*

<!

Ifc ia sfcviau* that, at Xsmt la HP*

7Uatefs «JU*t»®ei&9» to *3,1m to tls« &r©*a

pot**'? t& hftfl&lA thoir tfttft tjrlf t.*nr»ite!'UVif: 1" * X9*lM*lm

of his 4«voti©» to t&ft jjroect&na «f « 3«*t aw2 l®$toa£

of Jan. This Is Hr tfe» position la

i aai.1 %m Jsus&m1'' S#r« Jvr tht o?sial«i of the Qttsxt

to hold tfmfc a dooritftftcii of a Hagre w>ttX<2 b<* wws-atf ia *iX

Ia»t*ao*« wttm fe.ls mm had Ma wnlnfaA fr<m tha gram |w* Uthooth Joining th* cpinton of, th« <feftf>tt Hr« JuÛo* Qasfe A m fait ooiptX 1*4 to «rltw a eoa wtti*

i, put*?# b*c*MQ of tfm whmmaem of jftiatlo* litetacis1® la*fcs«ii pyo$a*ts»d that tot «jr»t*e*tio «¥Cl3i«tos of

prills ft>esi gppt&Ml 41d not »ub-3 tKiUkUi1 itffaot th#

%m Clark*

it f * # , . , — — ^ a» qt*lt» doafctm t» aa wi®ii»l t.w» * conRrictioo shoul-S ba fwataad bl-ew# of fttatyoatftft oaoltision #f tha «•*£** mm twm tf» gwadi faff t&Ub rattttoaA w imiftV •aaat. B&wwkti I think vo ®i»t mimm to %m aotttaa wot?** of >qr thia Ooirt vitt; ro?po<rt to

osoitttlea*? in It 1» o ?ioii3 th»t Itr# jr%i*fci<** - Ic5 * tv th#

is of airdfleant taflimco in hu Joel-ion,10

8b§ W* a. ;#2 mm* % 9 3. 2i2, 296.

^>or «& axoal&aat analysis* of this daelalon *rvi it* nmjr tftmiflsstiw *«• %>tr^w /-.IrtMret IaU 2alM» C <srl:n;t if 1*11»

1 m

Mw» pmtmMm of tli# In-

uivi f ml t%W 1 uf jne*««yV.tt*sl -;»t*&anr h el th<5

trl«il Immt* Tr-is is t^pnlsllf tra* in thm,m wWU»& iwcitir® tli# rlpht to TO<m#i# «oa tttast emm w m i * *11 Mast fw&M* #f t&» Ju?U<r«» n phli -op?gr.

t*w of cfa» car.«- of vtwrt yur. iv» t t f e » x* ~j&auetii&*" vh«*» tM s#j«yt% mmtmi tt« *ut*? to

$*wU» v i w t l for iMtfntr i-i rro-ropltftl <aw*;i# CUrfc vrot« a 'w#nwiiif ®fiaf«t fa ttti «•»! * ««• ¥!*•*• «***? Jti»Ue« Orw h w i l ? ?i?on ft;« fxwrfrti Ktteh Jt»*ttd* CUJ* M M ma tim »#* of saco* c'sslfeg with »ilita*jr trials «df stably StoiUfc £• 3Mi8dL

% Thf .»• y*?aX<5 ?<M*l to first thai Clstrll con*

*ia«r*S i t a*2**#«ur$r to ttfcsw tât Jftgaaa *«* *«* ** afofUfrt

***** witu tntfitioa, wi% t#»s* tj*t isiaailto * t***lX*2U % lz%m «?»> -#>! tt» tfeftt *it» tspiet

t o -istor -shmlt rmt cf,>»3 is^ towwy * tetefu511^ a|.j.«t,j!i t **»* I a 3«t*r?&'dii£ 7X/tf*# .* *ttt*

m i %mm*$ ***** "fi*r t* ts«* jgam

m*

12 3§! 0. 3$t t*96C>t iiSX*» l>* JO* C&AVfct s*b* iutfe 'WfOtiMKlt «ni fef t*& &i

lafflt*® Hint Lyai TMlmg ity Jjgt feSKSli TOtI (f&31» 19*3)* I*

§ ^%-rf I 4 /'

H# " '*XJUvt&v> of &*• %?*%#? Vtila %& its*

ztzimv* It #&$$£+>. ? & v-if-vS " wfij !**'*> r*?%«>:5# 'It&saagfe

3mMm £%mk ha* &itm *«$**•; **#4 J;i* *«**««•&% Mftifn

sitae# tt»t «a** * i iiy»#« Msi Httlft

«f fell $ie»it&«K» pflf'f t> Vt-ak ii£«, SM.»i f^ci is In*

^wxrtaai* fear in jEfoadllft *» ffaflJajtiL Use $w»*m«3<w5*

«3*ao vhi V/ re?i«&f M- m:- wwn*fc<iWy • !M~

Istr V* Nt. fîMUn lr<v SLi,flh>' ;» *lv*- <-i?\ t>*Q -l r.}. v it-it--*

tltm.- v#fi net nfcnjty &l£fr»« la j£li ial3iA Jtes'&is* "".l•?••&.

fisljifeti mil @4®% that *€? stiS iiW-;»X¥# H%* Hi

mfÎi >nt tMU* la Mt In ft# It#

*urrJUtn*3 * *«rall#X Imtmm t<*« twa. Clkft; h f j n with ih*

Ib&J-w rwMt*ft th»t Vrj* rtgri I® "van • i->\ wo1 in V.o

&» £&*$$«* ih fc* '•*;«*>** t*4»

t 'm t*. iW *"**•' i* 9 *i!f * t>* e®«-»

i?#2, «»fl»i#4 Sb ««#f t i l easts ta slat# 5 fey

»rM*l»8y *fltk ISiag lM* 5li#ls fsAlittnIaiil t\it>% t**sr? U'.s little

Iwitanwisf* n? ^fir-e - •** *rn- $v #* «

<ysi %'rr}\ i* ft *"1 jV t? ' 'n«t2 u-Wf "V " '.->U 'V.' ' V„ WUM-M

its nttt# ftmfls, fit# tewfe p®S?y$ ta iscirst v«tl iMai

I4i# AtvwMlr ««l»tftftf &•**»«* mifilMl md <writ»s

*fco«14 'I*- %-? fep/J in SI

ffcr Aiis#i f» '-%slla C#ilt#r5* ^ infer - - If &&, * w ' : * « 1^2|ti?i| ttf&wi mmx to f«w» tli:I,-«

1211

fl4s «ii twi#*S pptmritf m ttr* JkaUoa €&•**&*«•

$m*Um t® the >jr*fc*rt of law* #•*$; *» a%t*sf?t t©

ônlllsting pr&sr *wslsif*v.» Is «t»i« i t 1 siptlf i-

aaat tb«t tt# f«niUc,ri is. pr ior i Xy t*»

rtroit of tils section to mm of • <s&«v*ut l*-g«l

rat*** 8m* Ia tfe« ^|#f%lon nf th« ladttiUtaftl* this

£» a *l«alfietttt position if* 0-laffg 4a tomm *©

Its* &ystm of l«w *wt of&**» a»® tab# %&&&& m&

vwMm* of tfct* *&** t?s&n :i0 U ta aajr siugl#

ftsfttct of tt» Omaan** wosrtu fmyt&ftl**** tbi# vt> tfe* rtvult of tfet

tfc»t th« tri*l i* *n* «t tfen 8®«t- fanat-

M t i l af tho t w , mS nm that >ub.nanU*l

p i m t s w f«r «t* 8 # « « CUifc fmU that t»#

trial ffimsM net t» at&J««M to h***fc *«*aUny fr*» fty-wl-u i » mrnt^t » 1 7»t tit at «V# inam auia *hoa L«i l*a of*r%a*i

with »ii 4u« ?*oo#<iiir&l fes i * t&iiiog to *^-iy

taparttat m oa tt* .4tntnx «* »\* -Hd in Mitel

« a ift i^pn* i t I*® Inmki polaM <mt tfemt la 1 m SmUo*

Staxfe Wtt%»l to ppMlftt* t*» sal ft&W tO «$m% ^

gonittett of laeal 3&tfe of th#*** «*s#9 fc&liwtt# tk»i

«ltfcc*i6h Cl**te tsppnw n&3N&&*t* wwr#Vj tsrW.

a«0ti&KM» «** m ? » i « 3 t 4 ^ tii® (M#d? or tfe# t u i i f M ,

.*» W -jwfd* lapurtaot nAffcgSMBNte at t&# trial

X«v*i tfbi«fc vttl I te l t tto# swm«I «ift^'|jit» fseBittey*

Iff

Shi* Attempt pmmiiU %m%% V- %n* t r i a l

l#?«t ia ham# o.»t % *«v«rsi «§»» -»,?!' 4*i*taal t t t n l wtltf*

iU#». loha 7r«ak st*t*i i t» t whta feaiisis

$l»«k ^tn# I# tha Court in 1937* *>« brought vit& teg* & to * « • fly# Jurta* th» f u l l pX*y of ulitlr pcvrsr,

4a « riwult, # » upnm* Court h*« for th* ju«-t t*##aty be«n. turning th* l»v back to i t s original c!i«r*v*l mod immmtsg tbft t&r* attthevitgr of Juri«*« * g*$tip of alii&Ml a*so*l«kt**» la tli» jNMraoam of MarpfeQf» &3u®l.«3|, ftatiftdf** Cl-Jifc* /jgrr«a» «ami Bwwi«fit toefc «j> the s*u*» * • *' *1 /

thi» JtawtlM. to th« 3««y a» « ta#ie ef la&lvi4is*&

ytghtc is i*>t «wlf * telle &ttltod« of ftp* Jteil,®® Clvrfe* i t

|» His© A mmmistmt ao*« atc«u»# ii» u ©pp»#i to factaal

Y*vtr*«l* la ami***! «fcr«mslan«««t «arf teem* It# i«

6«voM to tfa# pyeteetiat of io&MdtXAX tight*» Hp# In#tie#

Clarfc aft6*8*a#£]y wuet -«Mfc to protect ih® i»tty|J«iisl tqr fl1®-

Vi4tdt pf«t*et|©st at t t* t r i a l

la tli# w © of koaflahiMr £. ahittt^ Kr, Smtbm

Clatk tadie»tg& » «otoU*#y of this attltu&« tomdrii life# 4#*

vtXftiMtat of aftKt&ftt* t r i a l prô«dur#3* at statu*!

0«p libarty Is tttiatalatA only ao Xaag a# |w t t e# i» a®wit, f@ pwmit our j i i i l t i t l $r$ea«a to fea «i## to obstruct th» mmm of jostiag ##«ttafM§ our jhpttdjfltt*1''

fist* dteXagattoa i# v i t a l to tha attit$&« of tfr» Jmtlm Clark,

^msk* a t *&sum. l a .iHtpglppi, £|gji tW** Votkf WWYt !»# }?»

1d3**6 tf* 3?| (1953).

19 3%# 0, v* ??3f

Ifo that; HI* sl*r©tlCK* 1' t *> t Kittl* £&UH*l p*o»

tta&vsutfl»»r»6 If seatliwil an?! oftoa overlapping $•*

ottiaaa <m laitfltml «&#*«• 8s *•*««&& fchat Jiml?*! for

Tots JlarU, rttaasj rotwlctioa for tir i* tf*© **r» srdlty aa v®ll

as p*ot#0tioa of tts©*« Kteo torn Btwwti of fits

tevotloa to tt» to oalatjr, ml to gov«nm«ixt| Sif»

$s*tiw Clark emaftt Mdspt ##etst«i vttlcfo tr«« tho*e vtao

**• ©larioaaly failty «Qtpt t*vi«r tfea cuwt wtaimisl,. sirta®**

Stt«M##»

Itltsigti If** lastlfi# Clairic iff w w g th* ao»t ftsftwit

tm&ut* of iaMftturt m th# Court Is th* KppUeaUoa

Of •igaitt««iit p»s«««sX aftf*wftyto life trial i w i ^ '

ll» Is stVOOfly tfr «|>9#X&lt* fWWWtftX* Of itftttUiOOft

«xe*pt in th* *©*t tms9ti*& sittttt&M** f%l# « a Iwi ltlm«*

by m f &«eiftl«8t&* la th# «aae of I M S *• MSS&JSMI?*

4iuti«* OUiffc & iifs«iit froo * i#@i»lca nrwniag »

aoRrtctloa for rm«KM* of # » ptoee*** $h# diaswnfc prot»®t*4

ttk»t %ti# »tpto IsfolfM -was a&t d«ai*d ?yoc*4ural right* to

t*v» f»i»t that it iwfXmmrnm M > t*w*ri<?*i*«u In Hi# #*e« of

x. tfatutil t\* Imstist 41*a«nt*6 fmm m

opinion of Hit Cmxrt* ih* majority <to/>lft**»4 tot t%9 ?ro**~

could mt *<ym*ni r»r* th* fw-ct tf^nt *0tlti<wa$r r®fa£4wl

U *» fell# •xetaiwitff fnl« «r u* of

k*$$$ &» '?"• 15# C1957)# ff. "* 1 <*W>*

l i t

to isfo* <j:9 -*•%.Jtfj* ,l,i Klv .>vi &tf«a&* £w!&g ti** f i r s t tm

telnlj* W» v> \b\ t*?<* nftirw*3 t ?>

tl« pwsftent.®*'* * J» %fe# mm of

BkltftS %Ha Jostle# *g*ft*

tfrwfc a r®W«<?l of % tin® 1 5 *f \'.> &

frill ar* of % |i%ff ^ *11 * 5 £.•« •;>*'* in **i < w? V-'.slf

at th# tis-t off ««at«)»#tei* ^ l imi im m* afimM %f

Vm Cohort i» t5* em?.# of Qfmm. g,» ..Mas, v'4* a^.» ?fr*

^Mie JetaM tft# aajajptty %» ap&ol* %3m

Ifi %Is# 3%iil#« iissfmtsi f » t a

tSasisloa ntste i n t f f t i 4 famtelm « to * sight

t- f i l4 l a £&&3& jAMJtiU* *«?» •* 1. t t ^ wd'A '-mm

«Iat«t3«# tb*t i s ttjfs %Jm t w m mm%*$

w&s «oaft«wt* this 4Wf |ea ^Vklfiins tfct SacJ .1m •'•* iftft

tvliti om®t Is sat <3# tli* £i&tin£tiv* ->f

Jwvtico Clark.

ffesi? I t t«a 1# s##?i th»t &«j% wwl? tl isv *v

£*• v*i©- at».) to » # f##«»I gowrnnasftt too*! lstlt?sS# ta

frfmjtaB 4vftn&MA Iii§t«lfsM.<mf fch#t h# wwda rsm/~ito "ipnifi-

««it gvowtafrft? « a ;>uh »tr.-rtiT« ftt ttve t r ia l l*vftl,

.•Mi K>tk% wal.1 sftlnt&t* V <a fcm» 0 «t t fn^tJ « •

ts:i>lv® acratl'.-jy ^f ^fwt^lT^*- I t 1* V-Vwwt i*mifiânt

% § 8 tf, M*? CTO2)*

it* 4t i&t t m o ,

% - » *»3fi <fr450.

tp

that «ltis»gts Jfeatia* dark ww*M aaaatloa tha iMpoaltioft **

impnttml ifrtlvltlttftl rifhtw %jr ti» Court a« ft gaaaral pftfir

olpla, k# in o9g»oa*6 to H» Mftfiil of eoaylotloita nfsisti

pgotoat it ionial of tha sue# right*. For axanpla, although

Juitle# Clark vaa Hilling to apply the right to satjswsl to

%fcm *tata* as a ftcwval vs&tv ba 4s ftMpally otp@*#i to ft**-

*ctaal of oocnrietloaa twota** atf tba ianial of %til§ ii»paytaa&

ylgfet*

ttm Ms# &f Madaaa £» jfeatih JSttttUftft** ia i&Ale*tfV**

8#f# tfea court roq&iwt th« ftppeiAtatant of «ou»#al tqr tho

a tat# D m masrnl olrotttsstanoaa yoqpilrixig profa**lottal knovl-

«€§• itwrn !##«#«%* Hr* Jtoatleo c&aitt 4#olas$at

thot Hit COittrt aboialA w t opply »ach a llttltiog yat oonfuslag

ataadatiS* la tha «*## of X* davit

3®l^l tha -Haeant of Juatloa Klatoa tc protast agaiaat *•*

raraal of aoewiatljaa of a 4*01*1 of ooiawai. !§?##•

Mr* Jfeatlfi* CHatfc $eftaadi th* doeiaiea*

repairing far feroa4ar protootloa of tha right to couaaal thaa

wa* proria** to***«

Justlco Static** attltuft* te»M tfe* rogtiiftttQft of trial

nativity oan thor*for* %# *«mNI up a«t firat* a tottfaMp to

allow fcotfe national ana «tata, taroft<3 latltuda

la 4«fi#tii§ «rlol«kal at*tat*a» aooad, Claris in willing to

% i l tr. &• m <i9<o),

w. $02 (195*).

113

?•$*!*• mtmmim 'gmmAmmt aad gWMktttt ftt

th» M m %mm\* fiilM# 4« oppoMkl to g& && t*«-

%nA mmt«*i* t>? flat in •««{» «*•*» oftMUi opp©#»#

th# Qsurt** 4ML«teNi* la nan? «C thos# MM** Hr»

Clark Iitmtmtm * WBjMttbttta tttitod# t o w # gmvnmem% la tit* frwini of S f f f ^ t t a k f«* ©#

ovtalnitl M t f l f . 5fc*w»rf tft# ttutirt* of ?tf» teftn#

Ci*ffc towuM MfgCUttaft of t f l s l noUvitr toflaitaly l l l tu-

tfutt# « 4##i» to r»*w>t« * (tr»t4fe of M* *r vcQuiring Vm

fectie ga«9ttat«fts» st tfot M «*l 1# tkit t*i*l

i cot»n« in* l»tit®d« to fuatwitM* to «st% th»

e •itua.ttoa* mts4#ii *yi«** Mr* Clark, thm*

fosr*, «shlblt* # sptpstiiy tetti for gav«yn»»nt9 #»? far toll*

«UML flight** Ho «*•&» to i m t i »»efi guMmiM* us «f*

important itt t!»t protection of )Mtvt&mX lib*rty.

? t n

* mut-i mmmm

tm Ciadrfe h#u « 49*1 f#t# la Itot

of ttt* 'wutoam £*§41 £**•»• tat* j«iwt 4® « aodmt&ac

iaftaMIMf oft#** «f)4MtlJ«C *&• tffftoNMMft bVtWMBl 0p9*>4lw

f m t | » «i tfc* QMritf «aft.« fe» twin ««V9M m * flfow «£ c&%»

t t e ma *•***«&& tip* tfet i w M of tii# 3a«rt» 4m*ls9$m

* 4'idieiU to <>%i4iT aalt« *at

CC*«tfWiMtt;« t&r« Mntim a*** Ns© feettil # * of to* «***

iffltteiwS *f th* ;te-4rt; la r»«*at jr*«r* h*

Ute 'mm 6«al«& «ief* at %f*t ?*cdU* &i* varfc an t**

1WM& actually itmmym* I* <io# > 4mmm su&

tmt h* tl»* a«*«nr»* wtA pttl***

1% 1* JAgnlfiatAt lJ*t £«*&«* d«*te ft*» lMWft 0*ll«d

wttm l# tins sfim®a for tit- &§wrt Is »«•» #f fts# w»t

4ifftevtlt *aA Qratt*«ntr»lftl «««m in r«cx*it jwwwrj. %t a#-

H4t«k» «r *• jgfaaai Atax ia * * Mm ** A f e « »

«x«»U«*t ««s#l#§* In «*«h «*f th»*» <*•*•« ImUm Ct^m v«» *«M v> 4»U*** m *pftai<m <a**U**3 to *x»t*c«4rfjr9

«&$ jr«fc istt 9f4nl4ni» «MI tts# fj»t- tkm h* mm Wm «*itfc»rt

a w l W l i I#3,*«a#a to# mirn** V:« 'kwt

*bm arcw& 4mlsimm *$»

%&

4?

a fttaHNfty mm $m%lm C U r k m «

$ * X M ttpgi to «ntpn»* th» o f t h * Cotwfc vsa f l i t ##»

« i * i o n I n fe»«Pt g£ fallflitia. Uofcai X* I M A M *Jyt$,a&|1 'Wtl tfei#

oas* v i v i d l y iXlufttvmtws 14s e o a t v i t a U o * * ttar* tb« Jtestle««

spMfelaf tot t i g h t ®®eter§ o f til® Coofftt mfiij#M tti# ecmfcro*

mmM titu I I o f to c i v i l m g h t a &et o f t f # + t i * i « i t

«Uow»d Gong*«*« to pmmm% 4 & * w t a t i m U m f a «t»t * l9 «a£

« * » t i r a M i t « tbfotigli i t » « « * y # l * « o f Hi# 3a«®»«® T o w r * f tm

m m U « » 9 « e l * U y u iga l f l e f t t i t hmms# fcwrt CUffc v*# stein

to mmm% almost uaaaSait^r l a * t l t t t f t t l o i i iritleh d t n t n M m

tti&littritftti1?# imtsim* OLtvSt a l t© 4 « l l v * * # A oîiKl«a» f o r

t h t toopt l a te» a l * t t . * r eoste t h t sum# dtgr*s Ct*~

t t l a S y £mt%m Cl«rfc feu* twwf irtftortiRtatftI l a proDotiag

oonptfoai** t a d emity ^ to Sotirtf ami t t t t a i f l i y f o r t b l s

ft* 4 t s t m « mmk j i t a l a t *

Hewtv t r , Mr« J t a t l a t e o s w m for t h * pr-wwUon

o f u&l ty upas t h t OMirt i t teat oat s a a U f e t t a t l o a of h i t « « •

e t w i f o r t h t o f t h * n y s t t * o f l«w f tit® pfSsssfy

t e a l o f t h t J«at le«4 t l i# i t t f t t na toy t o f 'kmwltm v a l u * * m**

w l * t * t ^ t t s **»$«is,faX Jfcst ict eoft'5|*1«* fcotk tit® d i g n i t y

o f til# iadtsvKtaftX »of tfe# m l ® o f l a # m tiwi § t«ms#t» i f o u l s

f a r u t t r i a t n publ ic p o l i c y * Mr» toito Sltxfe Hsi a t t t o p t e t

% a# C t . i**e ( 1 9 0 * ) .

^ t y n h a o h tr. &&&jQg, t f i5 $* ®t* 377 < tW^)» «W*

to &mhtm Mt fnnst for idoalt lnts tim t >&l of th«

pmmmtim of th* of Uw, aM teiitfw Ms primary

**i«atatl<Mft t»« 1»® tcnnxra Vm roU of th» Court la

th* Aro»rlcwv -ifntm of »#««»# «f this »»»**

tratloa aa tli# *J<»rt4»t<& p^rfcrrauv^ of tli# JiitfeisJ,

M U ^ «ithla « Xtoittd 9pho*»» Jfestle* Clark liai

fe!i brethren «§ftl8*fc «3teadtnt <toelslon« of th« Swart ti«yot*4

th* narfov Ktsiofe h* wwtM 3*w fer th® ?>rojw* *#»

tian Of thi» tttUR&riU ??*> SI»i% 1« tawft«at U> l&tafftr*

with atfcar branch** of th# f*tersa ff£**V3ttsft&t9 tha ot*t#*#

or th* I»w»r waffcu

ttj# Mt&ltloit for tm Clark* n pfclleaeiptyr l» «1

H* a&rooettt* th* of $0*§v*

to w«?r etiter unit la th# |«vtxnM»tiX #tnstur*, th* 0oa«

p» t s t th* mmmtim» th* «a& m » th* l*v»r

la *o»t **•»• oth«p units ©f gmmmmmt em elata »<»•

Avgr** of authority tern Clark would b* h«»lt*r*t to *arocat*

th* tiftrftltt of powtr. Aft «x«*U*nt of

©its ffc©*t t-f tn* Justleo** ffelloao^lqr •**«• la th* mm of

tsya y 3»# la this caa* tll#g#4 that

teeawt Us# Jury hatf tuoa in tha of dfepaty

Hi® |»4 also t*4tlfl*d for th* p*Q4*tmtleav hi? emstltutlaaftl

right* hn4 t»*n vlclatad. fetlcs Clark, al*;»*ntitigt »tat*4*

ISf 3. at. 5%€ d ^ ) »

137

i t i» «iUk tflfnit ttnA I n«#«wt ta m » «*»•• If I %§«m *itUai en th* 'near*** CcMJort of Louis!*-** S wmM rot* io wmmm It w l to mwnVMam tt# to ftt% • *to» to 9**«U«t «T ytminii* «k *ffio«r vfso to*Ufi«* 1* i «**# «1« to to In tli«ft« of tfet Jury# . * . aowwft X ommat *«jr tfeftt * • • Hi# p§«*tt«» fta#tut® MMPftl <twt JWW p«9|NNrttta«tK»

TkU mÛm i* » pstf #f fib# HwttM** *ftilai©»

m*

Hevwror, tot Umt fist e««pi &m m»m%m lt i pmmr too ititfwmttf m ml I m toa fx^wottyt m& tm CUffc ^m»4 fur eloirnr to thi* fwwtfft# to to* oto**« «nri l opinio vhioh Mr* toilt# Clark taw nfittoft %rnm to ptdat l to «*#as$to* vhw* «h# JtoUto 9to»*ly up-proatfNrt t too paaifctoa* t«#ts verald |N#fii«s» testate fl»toto. %m tfaltoA iftftlct*** QttMM X* lUSl**'^ •** afotfritt* IM-W feptototyr in «*«& or ttmm mmt torn CUrfc*» opgfttoa it##3Lf i#t#WtNi 4»ltt0i«fc« to •nd to Am—». to* Jtaittoe flagrantly ttl»i*ito*y**toa Hi# ta&tf* lac tb# Sto <u*«*at la Atklai. fca* tooa tmi<

Jtata «f tJ»«# i*# !aftaty»*at*l 4a aftUlt* #m« W» tt» t&ort «HpI*t ofUM*** «»& of It «ttwrmi«4 mmmm to«ort u$m Wm * to tomato of

JM&e ft 5t 9 * f*0 *

SBBUU F» #*• 7fo«a«E« p« $?t aeto 40*

îfiOEflkt 9* $**

w

« cgaf&«

{&• ^ t 4 K <af in% th# of th&t&o* 3|«9fe In tb*»t

wrtauiv* mtft t iss* I t is <w$«atfciiy

H**t tti fttsM#% la #*«& «f tt»«« «ai®##f. » t p*&t«*ting #s»*

$f.*itt*» ufcdUiii n* fa|:t mm %» iMftlug «pm 0mmmmto* m#

ml^h ftSt aill&ml r»w* tmetitx*. tc Wm

It fifatt th* tettt# 1% t*»r* vitH

§»§ Hit § m t thta «&*& 00mmmmlt tm tfc* pîtew*

t%m '/f tadfyt&ttl '©wtliai tc <xpteri> w««tp*f vl**k

ia "JMUSM& fer* • » « a Wife# th« la «T eonfUct b«»

t»f»*w pcwwr *j*t iiuUvMwLi la f « r « of th« for-

«MP« * « ^ $fet* tn'iUwtion I'-. vivUl^ fy th*

tot thrtt tm lXtm% »s w # f >rr,vu» he f ^ i

v&,$zrtny 414 r t $* fnr ^ r** of taH*

-wi^mt tithta?* fit# «&>««*% to* # t *aa# mm m

ettfrl**! ?or»itt3*i *i*h In ib* «».«• nf Iwrtfl* %»

$% Uli 'n 4 ti<* *|; tN*fc hi :Alf

^ f«#fS**i fit* %$f%imWkm ftff tftft #KO%'4»l«H|«V7

imJ# t$ Mr fofcul te U'l# tmmtmi,

<** tit# &«*% wi te l *t ««$&m%m V;« ^W4.ii-jg of v*» son*

t t 4##m ts^ti « i t*

v**lA bt*r* t**»$ tt« wm%M luww

^ • IjJtmiA fe**3ffu Tfy* ::&mmm. r'allaJiyB at ^maAxA i*m %¥mt J.

A l t r«*

w

polnUot m% ti» $mt$.ptilttwi#

Siwrk* feowwwt 4fco»« t# trot® to apbefcl ti* «drwriotioiif al«

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