TOEFL Grammar

Grammar – Vocabulary

GRAMMAR – VOCABULARY.......................................................................................................................................1

1. SENTENCES......................................................................................................................................................4

1.1 Sentence patterns............................................................................................................................. 4

1.1.1 Subject................................................................................................................................. 4

1.1.2 Object.................................................................................................................................. 4

1.1.3 Complement......................................................................................................................... 5

1.2 Subordinate clause........................................................................................................................... 5

1.2.1 Reduced clause................................................................................................................... 5

1.3 Reversion – Inversion – đảo ngữ: đảo động từ chính / đảo trợ động từ...........................................5

2. VERBS................................................................................................................................................................ 7

2.1 Tenses.............................................................................................................................................. 7

2.1.1 Past...................................................................................................................................... 7

2.1.2 Present................................................................................................................................ 7

2.1.3 Future.................................................................................................................................. 7

2.2 Verb patterns.................................................................................................................................... 8

2.2.1 Intransitive V........................................................................................................................ 8

2.2.2 Linking verbs: S + Linking V + C (noun / adj / adv)..............................................................8

2.2.3 Transitive V: S + Vt + DO (sb)..............................................................................................9

2.2.4 Transitive V: S + Vt + DO (sb) + IO (sth)............................................................................10

2.2.5 Transitive V: S + Vt + DO (sb) + Bare Inf. causative form..............................................11

2.2.6 Transitive V: S + Vt + DO (sb) + V-ing (present participle) V2 đang tiếp tiễn.................11

2.2.7 Perception verbs: S + Vt + DO (sb) + Gerund / Bare inf....................................................11

2.2.8 Transitive V: S + Vt + O (sb/sth) + (as / to be) + OC (complement)...................................11

2.2.9 S + V + (not) + Gerund (V-ing) hòan thành công việc, đã qua, passive.........................13

2.2.10 S + expression + Gerund (V-ing).......................................................................................14

2.2.11 S + V + to + V....................................................................................................................15

2.2.12 S + V + to-inf / V-ing...........................................................................................................16

2.2.13 Series of V......................................................................................................................... 17

2.3 Modal verbs – động từ hình thái.....................................................................................................18

2.4 Condition......................................................................................................................................... 19

2.4.1 Tense................................................................................................................................. 19

2.4.2 Conditional conjunction......................................................................................................19

2.4.3 Unreal expression..............................................................................................................20

2.4.4 To Wish.............................................................................................................................. 20

2.5 Active - Passive voice..................................................................................................................... 21

2.5.1 Active form......................................................................................................................... 21

2.5.2 Passive form...................................................................................................................... 21

2.6 Reported speech............................................................................................................................ 22

2.7 Verb + prepositions......................................................................................................................... 23

2.8 Verbal phrases................................................................................................................................ 24

2.8.1 Clichés............................................................................................................................... 26

3. NOUNS............................................................................................................................................................. 26

3.1 Nouns agree with V........................................................................................................................ 26

3.2 Countable and uncountable nouns.................................................................................................27

3.2.1 countable nouns................................................................................................................. 27

3.2.2 Uncountable nouns............................................................................................................27

3.2.3 Countable nouns................................................................................................................28

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3.2.4 Uncountable nouns............................................................................................................28

3.2.5 Count and noncount noun meanings.................................................................................28

3.2.6 Collective nouns + singular / plural Verbs..........................................................................29

3.2.7 Patterns.............................................................................................................................. 30

3.2.8 Noun phrase = Adv + Adj + Noun.....................................................................................30

3.2.9 Noun clauses.....................................................................................................................30

3.2.10 Article................................................................................................................................. 30

3.3 N + Verb......................................................................................................................................... 30

3.4 Preposition...................................................................................................................................... 31

3.4.1 Pronouns............................................................................................................................ 31

3.4.2 Noun phrases..................................................................................................................... 31

3.4.3 N – Idioms.......................................................................................................................... 32

4. ADJECTIVES....................................................................................................................................................33

4.1 Position of adj. in clause.................................................................................................................33

4.2 Possition of adj in phrase: OPSHACOM.........................................................................................33

4.3 Patterns.......................................................................................................................................... 33

4.3.1 Sentences.......................................................................................................................... 33

4.3.2 Adjective clause................................................................................................................. 34

4.4 Comparison.................................................................................................................................... 34

4.4.1 Equal comparision.............................................................................................................34

4.4.2 Comparative....................................................................................................................... 35

4.4.3 Supperlative....................................................................................................................... 35

4.5 Vocabulary...................................................................................................................................... 35

4.5.1 Descriptive adj...................................................................................................................35

4.5.2 Limiting adj......................................................................................................................... 35

4.5.3 Irregular comparatives and supperatives...........................................................................35

4.6 Preposition...................................................................................................................................... 37

5. ADVERBS......................................................................................................................................................... 38

5.1 Definition......................................................................................................................................... 38

5.2 Adverbial phrases = MPT = Manner + Place + Time......................................................................38

5.3 Building words................................................................................................................................ 38

5.4 Vocabulary...................................................................................................................................... 38

5.4.1 Frequency.......................................................................................................................... 38

5.4.2 Degree............................................................................................................................... 39

5.4.3 Quality/manner – tính chất, cách thức...............................................................................39

5.4.4 Place.................................................................................................................................. 39

5.4.5 Time................................................................................................................................... 40

5.4.6 Purpose.............................................................................................................................. 40

5.4.7 Reason – nguyên nhân......................................................................................................40

5.4.8 Concession – nhượng bộ...................................................................................................40

5.4.9 Contrast – đối lập...............................................................................................................40

5.4.10 Vocabulary......................................................................................................................... 40

6. CONJUNCTIONS..............................................................................................................................................41

6.1 Vocabulary...................................................................................................................................... 41

6.1.1 Coordinating conjunction....................................................................................................41

6.1.2 Subordinating conjunction..................................................................................................41

7. PREPOSITIONS...............................................................................................................................................43

7.1 Meaning.......................................................................................................................................... 43

7.2 Phrases........................................................................................................................................... 44


LISTENING.................................................................................................................................................................. 48

TOEFL......................................................................................................................................................................... 49

8. CONFUSED WORDS.......................................................................................................................................49

9. NUMBERS........................................................................................................................................................ 52

9.1 Ordinal numbers – số thứ tự...........................................................................................................52

9.2 Cardinal number – số đếm..............................................................................................................52

9.3 Time,............................................................................................................................................... 52

9.4 Age................................................................................................................................................. 53

9.5 Measurement – units...................................................................................................................... 53

9.6 Comparative................................................................................................................................... 54

9.7 Maths.............................................................................................................................................. 54

10. expressions - Phrases.......................................................................................................................................54


1. SENTENCESMain clause + subordinate clause

1.1 Sentence patterns Introductory modifier

S Adv V O Adv

N, + definiting relative clause V O , V-ing + O

Adj, + , Appositive (N phrase), non-definite relative clause (V-ing, V-ed…) ,

V O and V + O

Adv, V O ,…, and V + O Adv modifies clause

Adv V–ing + O

V O Adv modifies V

Prep. + V-ing + O, V–ed + V O

V-ing + O, active

V-ed + O, passive

To – inf + O, purpose

Adverbial clause, Main clause

Main clause Adverbial clause

SPECIAL

It / there + be + adj + to-inf/ that + clause.

It / there + be + N + adj - clause.

It is likely that + clause

That + clause + V + O

It is the first (sb) to – inf

(Sb) + first + V-ed

It was 1973 that + clause

It was I/she/he/we/they/you (=subject compplement) who …

It is + to be + pp + by 2010 future invention

It was + to be + pp + by 1995 past invention

Ex.

Astronomer now believe them.

To influence farmers the most.

The very mistakes they make show that + clause.

The committee members resented the president’s not informing them of meeting.

S V adj N N O

The American dancer Maria Tellchief first became prominet in Europe.

1.1.1 Subject

Noun, N phrase, N clause, Pronoun, Gerund,

Ex. That – clause + V + O

1.1.2 Object

DO = sth IO = sb

Patern: S + tV + IO (sb) + DO (sth)


S + tV + DO (sth) + prep. + IO (sb)

1.1.3 Complement

N, Adj.

Pattern: S + Linking V + complement ( modify S)

Complement : classification (norminal), description (adjectival), location time (adverbial).

1.2 Subordinate clauseNoun clause

Adjective clause

Adverbial clause

Reduced adj-clause; appositive.

1.2.1 Reduced clause

If, unless, whether,

although, though

When, after, before, since, while V-ing Active

Main clause

(S+V+O) Once, until, when, whenever, where, wherever, as V- ed Passive

Though While adj

Ex. Take the medicine as prescribed

The man took the medicine as having to.

After / if permitted, the student will be absent from class.

1.3 Reversion – Inversion – đảo ngữ: đảo động từ chính / đảo trợ động từ Pattern: adv + aux/defective V + S – Strong form

Weak form: emphasize

Ex. Money you shall have if you go and get me a magazine.

Negative word: not only, not until, not once, at no tim, by no mean, nowhere, never, seldom, rarely, scarely, hardly, no longer, barely, no sooner, nowhere, not, at no time, nore, neither, on no account, by no means, little, evenless, so, such

Ex. Never will I smoke again.

Ex. In no circumstances must a soldier leave his cambat position.

= A soldier must not leave his cambat position in any circumstances .

Only, so, such…: only after, only once, only them, only by chance , only today, only yesterday, only on rare occational, only with dificulty, only by luck

Ex. So beautiful is she that… = such a beautiful girl is she that…

Only + subordinate clause, + main clause

Preposition phrase + V + S: in front of, in the corner of, in, outside… đảo động từ

Ex. On the desk lies a spider

Here / there + V + S chủ từ giả đảo động từ

Ex. Here comes my taxi!

Except: Here you are!

If clause: unreal in the past/present; real in the present

Ex. Had I met you 10 years ago, I wouldn’t have married her.

Were I you, I would marry

Should she come, I’ll tell.

Did you study har, you might pass the exam.

Comparision đảo động từ

Ex. Helium is not inflamable, and is therefore safer than hydrogen.

New York City’s Central Park is nearly twice as large as is the second smallest country, Monaco.


{long subject}


2. VERBSFinite verb: can combine with S complete sentence (chia thì và phù hôïp với S).

Non-finite verb: to – inf; V – ing; V – ed cannot make a complete sentence.

2.1 Tenses

2.1.1 Past

2.1.1.1 Simple past

Time expression: Prehistory, deadth, ancestor, during the 1840s, the early___, during the industrial revolution ( meaning finish)

2.1.1.2 Past progressive

2.1.1.3 Past perfect = had + pp

1st action

past perfect

= had + pp.

2nd action

simple past

= V-ed

Now

Present

= inf

After + had + pp finish before another action (V-ed)

By (before) _____, had + pp.

2.1.2 Present

2.1.2.1 Simple present

2.1.2.2 Present progressive

2.1.2.3 Present perfect = have + pp finish before another action : liên quan đến hiện tại, kéo dài đến hiện tại

Time expressions: yet, already, often, as soon as, during the past few days, lately, recently, just, ever, never, so far = up to now = for some time now, frequently, finally, after, since, for, over the past few years, during the past three decades, by the end of.

Formular:

S + has/have (not) + pp + (yet)

S + has/have + yet + to-inf +

2.1.2.4 Present perfect progression: S + has/have + been + V-ing

Time expressions: for, since, all day (morning… )

2.1.3 Future

2.1.3.1 Simple future: will / shall + inf

Time expressions:

next time,

2.1.3.2 Future progressive: will / shall + be + V-ing

Time expressions

2.1.3.3 Future perfect: will / shall + have + pp

Time expressions: by…, by that time, by then, in a few hours, by the end of next year…

Note:

Don’t use perfect tense in time clause, except in reported speech.


2.2 Verb patternsS + Auxilary V + Main V +

Modal V = can, could, may, might, will, would, shall, should, must, ought to, had better, would rather

Modal verb + (not) bare – inf.

Intransitive V + Modifier = adv

Primary V = be, have, do… Transitive V + IO + DO = Sb + Sth

Linking V + Complement = N, adj, adv

To be

2.2.1 Intransitive V

Intransitive Verbs: cannot be passive form

Swap – run rẩy,

Collape, run, walk, wait… + modifier = adv

2.2.2 Linking verbs: S + Linking V + C (noun / adj / adv)

Linking verbs:

Be = Become

Become * – trở nên

Go

Grow

Get

Turn

+ complement = N, adj, adv

Remain – vẫn còn

Stay

Appear *

Look *– trông như

Seem *– dường như

Sound – nghe như

Prove – tỏ ra

Feel

Smell

Taste

Ex. To look ordinary lying on the bed


2.2.3 Transitive V: S + Vt + DO (sb)

2.2.3.1 Subjunctive – bàng thái cách: S + Vt + DO (sb) + to-inf.

Meaning an order or a request 2 Subj.

Transitive V: can make passive forms

Formular:

S1 + V + DO(sb) + (not) to – inf.

S1 + V + that S2 + (not) bare – inf present subjuctive

Verbs:

Advise + V-ing

Allow * + V-ing ≠ + to-inf,

= permit

Ask + to-inf

Cause *

Command

Convince = persuade – thuyết phục

Challenge = Defy – thách thức

Decree – ban hành

Demand

Desire + V-ing desire + to-inf – muốn

Enable

Encourage (*) + V-ing

= encourage * that (bare-inf) - khuyến khích, ủng hộ

Expect + to-inf

Force + to-inf

Help + V-ing = + to-

Help + (sb) + to-inf / bare-inf

Hire + to-inf

Insist * + that = on + V-ing /

Know + V-ing = + to-inf.

Instruct

Invite *

Move

Need + to-inf ≠ +V-ing (= need to be V-ed active)

Order * + to-inf

Permit * = allow + to-inf ≠ +V-ing

Prefer +to-inf ≠ V-ing

Propose + to-inf ≠ +V-ing

Recommend * + V-ing

= +(as)+to-inf

Remind

Request * + to-inf

Require *

Stipulate – quy định.

Suggest *

Teach

Tell + (sth) *

Train

Urge – thúc giục.

Wish + to-inf

+ (sb) + (not) to – inf.

Demand, insistance, preference, proposal, recommendation, request, requirement, suggestion

+ that + clause (bare-inf) + main V

To ask, demand, insist, prefer, propose, order, recommend, require, request, suggest

+ that + clause (bare–inf)

Or

+ to – inf active.

It’s

Recommended*, suggested*, proposed*, required*, urgent – khaån

Mandatory, obligatory – bắt buộc

Assential*, nessessary*, important*, vital*- very important, imperative *- cấp bách, bắt buộc (a).

2.2.3.2 S + V + to + be + pp passive

Ex. There is (sth) to be passive


2.2.4 Transitive V: S + Vt + DO (sb) + IO (sth)

List of verbs:

Write

Read

Sing

Tell

Paint

Draw

Pass

Hand

Give

Send

Borrow (sb) (sth) = borrow (sth) from (sb)

Lend * (sth) to (sb)

Mail

Bring

Find

Get

Leave

Promise

Offer

Throw

Sell

Buy

Loan

Owe – nôï

Advance – đặt trươùc

Teach

Show

Make

Feed

Cut

Build

+ (sb) + (sth)

S + V + IO (sth) + to/for (DO) (sb)

Explain

Describe

Introduction

Lend

Say

Report

Repeat

+ (sth) + to/for (sb)


2.2.5 Transitive V: S + Vt + DO (sb) + Bare Inf. causative form

2.2.5.1 Active

To have/get + (sb) + bare – inf

To have/get + (sth) + pp. passive

To help + (sb) + bare-inf. / to – inf

To make + (sb)/(sth) + bare-inf = force (sb) + to–inf. bắt buộc.

To let + (sb)/(sth) + bare–inf

Would you please * + (not) + bare-inf.

Please * + (don’t) + bare-inf.

To say/ tell + (sb)

To think / believe

+ that + clause (bare-inf)

2.2.5.2 Passive: S + Vt + IO (sth) + pp. / Adj

Have / get/ make + (sth) + pp. nhờ (ai) làm …

Ex. To have my hair cut

To have the floor cleaned

Let us do (sth) = let’s do (sth)

2.2.6 Transitive V: S + Vt + DO (sb) + V-ing (present participle) V2 đang tiếp tiễn

List of verbs:

Catch

Find

Keep

Leave – để

Set – để

Start

+ (sb) + V-ing (present participle)

V2 đang tiếp tiễn

2.2.7 Perception verbs: S + Vt + DO (sb) + Gerund / Bare inf.

Perception verbs: sense of humor/community: hearing, seeing, touch, smell, taste

Observe

See *

Look at

Watch *

Hear *

Listen to

Notice *

Feel *

Smell

Taste

+ (sb) + Gerund / Bare inf.

2.2.8 Transitive V: S + Vt + O (sb/sth) + (as / to be) + OC (complement)

List of verbs:


Call

Name

Make

Consider * (sb) (as) N = regard * (sb) + as + N – xem như

Appoint *– bổ nhiệm

Assign – phân công, chỉ định

Designate (chỉ định)

Choose

Select

Pick – out

+ O (sb/sth) + (as / to be) + OC


2.2.9 S + V + (not) + Gerund (V-ing) hòan thành công việc, đã qua, passive

Tense:

Past action: V + having + pp.

Passive: V + being + pp.

List of verbs:

Admit *– thừa nhận passive.

Advise (*) + V-ing = advise + (sb) + to-inf

Anticipate * – đốn trươùc

Appreciate (*) + V-ing = advise + adj + V-ing

Avoid *

Allow (*) + V-ing / to-inf = allow (sb) + to-inf.

Complete

Consider * – xem như.

Control *

Defend

Defer = Delay + V-ing = Postpone + V-ing – trì hoãn

Delay *+ V-ing = Postpone* + V-ing + to / until +

Deny *+ V-ing = Refuse * + To-inf. – phủ nhận

Desire * passive.

Detest

Discuss

Dislike

Encourage (*) + V-ing = encourage + (sb) + to-inf

Enjoy *

Escape

Excuse

Fancy – tưởng tượng

Fear

Finish *

Forbid (*) + V-ing = forbit (sb) + to-inf.

Forgive + V-ing = forgive (sb) + to-inf.

Hate (**) + V-ing = hate + to-inf.

Imagine

Involve * – liên quan

Keep (*)

Like (**) + V-ing like + to-inf

Love (**)+ V-ing love + to-inf

Mention

Mind * – would you mind / do you mind

Miss

Need (*) + V-ing passive.

Pardon

Permit (*) + V-ing = permit (sb) + to-inf.

Practise

Prevent

Quit *

Remember (**) + V-ing remember + to-inf

Recall

Recollect

Recommend (*) + V-ing = recommend (as) + to-inf

Regret + V-ing regret + to-inf – tiếc

Report

Resent * – phẫn nộ, nổi giận, ghen

Resist – kháng cự

Resume

Risk – liều

Suggest passive.

Top, End (**)

Tolerate – tha thứ, chịu đựng

Try (**) + V-ing try + to-inf

Understand

Want (*) + V-ing want + to-inf = want (sb) to-inf.

S + V + Gerund = S + V + DO(sb) + to-inf.

Advise

Recommend

Encourage – khuyến khích, ủng hộ

Allow

Permit

Forbid * – cấm

+ V-ing = + (sb) + to-inf


2.2.10 S + expression + Gerund (V-ing)

2.2.10.1 Expression / phrasal verb

Can’t help

Can’t bear = can’t stand – không thể chịu đựng

have a hard time

have fun trouble

spend time

go ( sport / hobby)

be worth passive.

Give up = abandon – từ bỏ, đầu hàng

Get through = use up; finish + V-ing

Go on = continue, work on

Keep on

Put off = postpone (hoãn)

+ V-ing

2.2.10.2 Prep. + V–ing

Approve of

Be letter off

Count on

Think about / of

Forget about

To object to

To look forward to

To be accustomed to = get/ be used to + V- ing used to + inf.

To go ( sport / hobby)

Accustom to

+ V-ing


2.2.11 S + V + to + V

2.2.11.1 S + V + (not) to –inf. (không có nghóa mục đích)

hướng tới tương lai: mong muốn, bắt buộc

Afford (đáp ứng)

Agree* + to-inf refuse + to-inf

Aim

Appear*

Arrange

Ask+ to-inf = ask (sb) + to-inf.

Attempt

Beg

Care

Choose

Claim – tuyên bố.

Consent – tán thành, đoàng yù.

Dare

Decide

Demand* + to-inf = demand + that (bare-inf) = demand (sb) + to-inf

Deserve* – xứng đáng.

Desire (*) + V-ing/To-inf.

Determine

Expect*

Force* + to-inf = force (sb) + to-inf

Fail*

Forget (**) + to-inf forget + V-ing

Happen

Hate

Help (**) + V-ing = help + to-inf.

Hesitate

Hire + to-inf = hire (sb) +to-inf. = engage

Hope*

Intend*

Learn – nghe tin

Like / dislike (**) + to-inf + V-ing

Love (**) + to-inf + V-ing

Manage

Mean

Need* + to-inf = need (sb) + to-inf + V-ing

Offer

Order + to-inf = order (sb) + to-inf

Plan

Prefer

Prepare

Pretend – giả vờ

Promise*

Refuse *

Request

Seem

Strive – phấn đấu, cố gắng = try + to-inf

Struggle

Swear

Tend

Threaten – đe doạ

Undertake – đảm nhận

Warn – cảnh báo

Want * + to-inf = want (sb) + to-inf. want + V-ing = want to be + V-ed.

Wait

Wish

Volunteer

Vote * – bầu cưû.

Would like + to –inf invitation, want

To be likely + to –inf có lẽ.

There is to be + to –inf passive

+ to-inf

S + V + Wh-question + to–inf.


Ask

Tell

Show

Advise

Teach

Learn

Know

Remember

Forget

Explain

Understand

Wonder

Decide

+ Wh-question + to-inf

Ex.

I want to know how to prepare a lecture.

2.2.12 S + V + to-inf / V-ing

Don’t change meaning

Begin

Start

Intend

Continue

Bother

Help

Know

+ to–inf / V–ing

Change meaning:


Remenber

Forget

Regret

Love

Like /dislike (would you like)

Hate

Want

Prefer

Try + to-inf cố gắng

Try + V-ing thưû

Need* + to-inf active

Need* + V-ing = need + to be + pp. passive

Advise + to-inf/V-ing = advise (sb) on (sth)

Agree

Allow

Permit

Attempt

Leave

Mean

Neglect

Dread – sợ hãi

Study

Stop

Propose

Go on

Can’t help

Can’t bear

+ V-ing đã qua, bị động (được làm), công việc; meaning: tinh thần, tình cảm

+ to-inf sẽ làm, kết quả meaning: vật chất,

2.2.13 Series of V

2.2.13.1 S + V + to + V

Purpose nhằm, để.

2.2.13.2 S + V and V

Consecutive các hành động liên tiếp.

2.2.13.3 S + V (,) present participle

Simultaneous các hành động cùng một lúc.


2.3 Modal verbs – động từ hình thái

Present tense: Modal verb + (not) bare – inf.

Modal verbs: can, could, may, might, will, would, shall, should, must, ought to, had better, would rather,

1. Request – Yêu cầu lịch sự

Will you + inf. have (sb) do (sth)

Would you + inf. invite

2. Permission – Xin phép

May, can + inf.

3. Ability – khả năng

Can + inf = to be able to + inf. có thể

4. Guess, posibility – Phán đốn

50%: may*, might* (unreal), could + inf có thể

90%: should*, ought* + inf expect – mong muốn có lẽ là

95%: must + inf chắc là

5. Advisibility – khuyên bảo

Should*, had better*, ought to + inf nên, tốt hơn là

Should* have + pp lẽ ra nên ( past)…

6. Necessary / obligation / logical conclusion – cần thiết, yêu cầu

Must + (not) inf = (don’t) have to + inf (past tense: had to) = be to + inf.

= have got to + inf = be supposed to + inf.

Past tense: Must* + have + pp. logical conclusion in the past.

7. Logical conclusion

Must + have + pp. logical conclusion in the past.

Must + be + V-ing / adj logical conclusion in the present.

Must + bare – inf … every day, often logical conclusion events that repeat.

8. Preference – đề nghị

Present / Future: Would rather / would sooner + (not) inf. (present subjunctive – inf.)

Would rather than S2 + past subj. = S1 + wish + S2 + past subj.

Present contrary to fact: S1 + wish + S2 + present subjunctive (inf.)

Past contrary to fact: S1 + wish + S2 + past perfect subjunctive (had + past sub.)

9. Past habit – Thói quen trong quá khứ

Would + inf. = used to + inf.

To be used to + V-ing to be accustomed to

To get used to + V-ing to become accustomed to

10. Would rather – thành thực mà nói

Would rather + (not) bare-inf = Prefer + to-inf

Would rather* + S + (didn’t) + inf unreal thành thực mà nói.

Ex. I’d rather you didn’t do anything about it for the time being.


11. Spectation about the past - ước đoán hành động trong quá khứ - “chắc hẳn là”

Past tense: modal + have + (not) past participle

Should + have + pp lẽ ra nên …

Must + have + pp. certain – chắc chắn.

May + have + pp. possible– có thể.

Could + have + pp. possible – có thể.

Might + have + pp. less possible – it khả năng.

Can’t + have + pp. impossible, almost impossible – hầu như không thể.

Ex. You should have done (sth) = you didn’t do (sth).

2.4 Condition

2.4.1 Tense

If- clause Main clause

Real in the present / future Present simple

Do *

Future simple

Will + inf.

Unreal in the present / future Past subjunctive

V-ed (were) **

Conditional simple

Would + inf.

Unreal in the past Past perfect subjunctive

Had + past subj. *

Inversion of had + omit “if”

Conditional perfect

Would + have + pp.

Mixed time –

Result of the action in the past

Past perfect subjunctive

Had + pp.

(unreal in the past)

Conditional simple

Would + inf.

(unreal in the present)

Tense

Conditional tense: would + inf expresion action in the future

Past subjunctive: V-ed (were) expresion action in the present

Past perfect sub.: had + past sub. expresion action in the past

Could = would be able to

Might = may be would

Inversion – đảo ngữ ***

Ex 1. If I had a car I would go to class on time.

Had I a car I would go to class on time.

Ex 2. If he should be here he would see her

a little chance to happen nếu tình cờ.

an opportunity nếu có cô hội.

Reduce form – dạng rút gọn *

V-ing / V–ed + S + V + O

2.4.2 Conditional conjunction

If, only if nếu, chỉ khi.

In case = in the event that trong trường hôïp.

Provided that * = providing that = as long as (adv) + phrase miễn là, với điều kiện.

Unless = If … not… nếu không.

Or else = otherwise = or nếu không.


2.4.3 Unreal expression

Ước

Wish = If only ước mà, giá mà, giá mà.

Would to God = would rather that ước gì

+ clause (unreal past)

Would + have + pp.

V-ed

Might / could / would + inf future

Might / could / would + past sub. present

Might / could / would + past perfect sub. (had pp) past

Như thể là

Main clause + as if / as though + clause = Would + have + pp.

Present simple past sub.

Past simple past perfect sub.

Đã đến lúc

It’s (high / about) time + for (sb) + to - inf punctual present đã đến lúc.

It’s time + clause (V-ed = past sub.) đã qua lẽ ra … đã …

complaining / criticizing: phàn nàn, chống đối, chỉ trích.

Unfulfilled desires in the past **

Had hoped + that + would + (not) + bare – inf.

Ex. She had hoped that he would stay longer.

2.4.4 To Wish

Wish + to-inf = wish + (sb) + to-inf want

Wish + would + bare – inf

Wish + V-ed (past subjuctive)

Wish + had + V-ed (past perfect)

unreal in the future / present / past

Wish + (sb) + N

Wish + (sb) + adj

Wish + for + N

Ex. I wish you luck.

We wish you a Merry Christmas

He wished himself dead.

He wishes for money.


2.5 Active - Passive voice

2.5.1 Active form

Meaning: Express habitual, natural, realy actions

Compare these cases:

Active: If the sake bakes much longer, it will burn.

Active: Brick exposed

Active: Mecury expand in direct proporttion to temp.

Active: the sale ends

Active: City lies in …

Passive: City is locatied in …

2.5.2 Passive form

S + V + DO (sth) + IO (sb)

DO (sth) + be + pp. + IO + by + S

IO (sb) + be + pp. + to + DO + by + S

S + get + pp sth happen unplanned, unexpected.

S is said that + clause = S is said + to – inf. người ta nói rằng

S is supposed + to + inf. = It is planned / arranged / expected

There is / are + sth + to be + pp. dần được làm

Be + to be + present/ pp. intention – dự tính.

It’s believed

It’s hypothesized

It’s known

It’s said

It’s thought

It’s true

It’s written

+ that + clause (simple present)

expresses, knowledge

Ex.

Fish have been found to contain a particular type of fat that helps lower blood cholesterol levels


2.6 Reported speech Verbs:

ask, believe, forget, knowm remember, report, say, think, tell + that + clause.

Change:

Pronoun, possessive pronoun he, she, they, him her…

Time:

Today that day

Yesterday the day before.

The day before yesterday two days before

Tomorrow the next day, the following day.

The day after tomorrow in two days’ time .

A year ago the previous year, a year before.

Không đổi theo bảng khi có thời gian cụ thể.

Ex, On Monday Jack said to Tom: “I’m leaving the day after tomorrow”.

On Tuesday Jack said to Tom he was leaving tomorrow.

Adjective:

This, that the, it

These, those them

Next the following

Last the previous

Wh – question

Wh –word + S + V + O

Câu mệnh lệnh 2 đại từ liên tục

Verbs: beg, remind, warn, advice, recommend, ask

S + O + to – inf.

Mệnh đề diễn đạt một sự thật, chân lý

Không đổi trật tự của đại từ: simple present, simple past

Điều kiện không thật không đổi thì của động từ.


2.7 Verb + prepositions Accede to – tán thành

Accommodate to – sắp xếp

Accommodate (sb) with (sth) cung cấp

Accompany by (sb) with (sth) theo

Account for = as of (prep?) – tính đến

Add (sth) to (sth)

Adjust to

Admit to – nhận vào .

Advise on (sth)

Appeal for – kêu gọi

Apply to (place) for (position) – xin vào

Appose to + V-ing

Approve of

Arive at place, in country, in city, home

Attach to

Attribute to

Believe in, belief(s) in (n)

Belong to (sth)

Confess to – thú nhận

Confine to – giam cầm , hạn chế.

Contribute to – đóng góp

Consist of = compose of – gồm = include =incompass.

Delicate (sth) to (v-ing)

Devide into

Devote (sth) to (sth) – cống hiến

Differentiate between + in – khác nhau giữa +ở chỗ

Enter + (place) enter into (problem)

Expose to

Face + with (sth)

Feed on = eat

Fight for.

Forget about (sth)

Infuse A into B / B with A – thấm, ngấm

Interfere with – trở ngại, cản trở

Introduce into (sth)

Lead to

Object to (sth/ one’s V-ing)

Refer to

Regard to

Relate to (sb)

Remind (sb) of (sth/sb)

Search for – tìm kiếm

Serve as position

Succeed in – successful – success – thành công

Succeed to – successive – succession – kế thừa, kế tục

Worry about

Talk + to (sb) about (sth)

Talk with (sb)(sth) – trình bày .

Be noted for work

Be well-known for work + as person/position

Be respected for work

Be appreciated for work

Win prize / award for work – thưởng cho công trình

Receive prize / award for work

Reward (sb) for (sth)

Pay for (sth)

Buy / sell / purchase + (sth) + for (money)

Gain prominence for – được chú yù vì

Mistaken for (sth) – bò nhầm với

Pay for (sth) with cash

Spend (money) for (sth)

Qualify for

Register (sb) for (course)

To cast off = to give up – từ bỏ, đầu hàng

To get rid of + V -ing = do away … - rũ bỏ

Associate with – liên kết với

Connect with (sb) to (sth)

Deal with

Depute with – tranh cãi với

Compare with

Compete with – cạnh tranh.

Comply with (sth) – tuân theo.

Mingle with = mix with = blend with – trộn lẫn= sth

Blend into – trộn lẫn vào

Come from = stem from = derive from

Detach from – tháo ra

Detract from – lấy đi, làm giảm

Differ from (sth) in (sth)/ that clause

Emerge from – nổi lên, hiện lên

Escape from

Forbid (sb) + from + V-ing ≠ be forbidden + to – inf

Obtain from

Prevent (sb/sth) from

Profit from

Suffer from

Remove from

Result from là do

= Result in dẫn đến kết quả = the result of

Withdraw from – rút ra khỏi.


To catch (sb) in + V-ed bắt gặp

To be caught in + V-ed

To be opposited + to

To be better off + V-ing

Advise (sb) on (sth)/ of (sth)

≠ advise (sb) agaisnt doing sth

Aggree with / on

Concentrate on – tập trung

Count on (sb/sth)

Decide on *

Depend on *

Design on *

Focus on *

Insist on / that (inf)– khẩn khoản đòi, nhất định *

Plan on (V-ing) *

Rely on: to be dependent – tin vào.

Spend (time) on (sth) = spend (time) doing (sth) *

Spend (money) for (sth) *

Vote on (sth) *

Confide in – giãi bày với

Engage in – tiến hành, hứa hẹn

Observe in (light, flame)

Participate in

Rank in (value) – xếp hạng theo

Range in (size) – phân loại theo

Succeed in

Vary in (sth)

Ex.

I forgot about our asking them

V prep.-Adj-Gerund-Obj

2.8 Verbal phrases To make

To make means to produce, creat contruct.

Ex:Make an advances in

make an attempt

make choice

make a comparision

make a contribution

make an exception

make a decision

make a discovery

make a distinction

Make a forcast

Make a law

Make a mistake

Make a point

Make an investment

Make a plan

Make a prediction

Make a profit

Make a promise

Make an offer

Make a suggestion

Make a sound / noise

Make use of

To make a grant to (sb) = to grant (sb) (sth) ban, cấp.

To make + Obj (short form) + adj + to – inf. = To make + adj + Obj (noun phrase).

Ex. Make it possible for people to live

Make possible the first settlment

To do

To do means to perform, act, accomplish

Do an assignment

Do bussiness with

Do a job (errand, chore – việc vặt)

Do one’s duty

Do one’s work

Do homework

Do research

Do someone a favor

Do one’s best – cố gắng hết sức

Do manufacture

Do contribution to

Do damage

Do wonder

Do a service

Do kindness

Do harm

Do wrong

Do justice to – đánh giá đúng

To Advise

Advise (sb) not to do (sth)

Advise (sb) of do (sth) = inform (sth)

Advise (sb) on (sth) = should do (sth)


Advise (sb) against (sth)/ doing (sth) = should not do (sth)

Advise (sb) that + clause

Advise (sb) how to do (sth)

To have

To have a lack of (sth) = to lack

To have a chance to do (sth)/ of doing (sth)

To be to + inf = have to + inf = must + inf

To mind – phiền lòng

To make up my mind to – inf

Would you mind + to – inf ?

To play

To play the guitar/ the piano

To play football

To play the key role in + V-ing = to be in charge of = To be responsibility for

To play the key role in structure of Cell membranes

To please – vui lòng

Please don’t do it

Would you please tell me …

To prefer

Prefer + (O)

Prefer (N1) to (N2) = prefer to do (sth) rather than do (sth)

Prefer to-inf = prefer + V-ing

To take

To take a dicision = To make a dicision = to decide

To take a turn

To take credit for (sth)

To take precaution against / for

It takes (sb) (time) + to do (sth) = (Sb) spend (time) + doing (sth) = (Sb) spend (time) + on (sth)

To take a day off work ngày không làm việc.

To take a dim view of

Phrases

To be equal to = equal

To get married to (sb) = to marry (sb)

To remain loyal to – trung thành với

To owe much to – nhờ vào

To be called by the term “banner”

To be made up to

Don’t have to be refined

To conduct on the role of hormone

To work on

Don’t have to be refine

Drop a line

Go skiing

2.8.1 Clichés

To put in your diary = remember to do.


To give me a hand = help, aid, assisst,…

3. NOUNS

3.1 Nouns agree with VHere / there + be (S) + S

Great quantities of + N

Lot of = a lot of

None + of the

No, half, any

Almost of the, almost all, Most, all, some, majority

+

(Of the) + N + V (N)

All but tất cả, ngoại trừ…

Of many things, trong số

Fractions / percentages

The rest

Not only + S1 + but (also) + S2

Either/ Neither + N1 + or/nor + N2

+ V (N2)

S1 + as well as + S2 (cũng như)

S1 + along with + S2 đi theo

S1 + accompanied by + S2 tháp tùng bởi

S1 + together with + S2

S1 + in addition to + S2

All of S1 but S2 tất cả, ngoại trừ

+ V(S1)

Ex. Of all the law suits, 95 percents of them are

Singular V Plural V

Singular count noun, non-count noun

Anything, nothing, something, every, A pair of, each, everyone, someone, anyone, no one

Neither of, either

What, whatever, whoever

Plural count noun

Both + S1 + and + S2 = both of the + N= both + N

A few, several, various, many, some, numerous…

One, a, an, one of the + N

Quantities of time/ money/ value/ distance

Two, three…

The number of + plural N số lượng

A great / large / big/ increasing amount of + noncount N

A number of + plural N nhiều

A great / large / big / increasing number of

The adj = adj + people = N

Vietnamese language Vietnamese people

Ex.

A Flock of birds, sheep

A Herd of cattle

A Pack of dogs

A School of fish

A Pride of lions

Eye glasses

Jeans - quần jean

Pants - quần dài

Shorts - quần sooc

Trousers - quần tây

Pliers - kềm

Tweezers - nhíp

Scissors - keùo


Tongs - keïp

500 dollars a year

a large supply of pens

Olympic series

Most of the + N = most + N

Most of them = almost all

Both of the + N = both + N

A few of us girls = a few girls vài đưá trong số bọn con gái chúng tôi.

The young, the woulded, the deaf, the blind, the dead, the living

Olympic games

Singular nouns

Mumps - bệnh quai bị . Meases – sởi. Arthritis – viêm khớp. Appendicitis – viêm ruột thừa. Rickets – còi xương. Herpes -

Economics. Mathematics. Statistics. Physics. Politics. Civis – công dân. Ethics – đạo đức. Genetics.

News

Learning, shopping working

3.2 Countable and uncountable nouns

3.2.1 countable nouns 3.2.2 Uncountable nouns

Từ đi kèm

The, this, that, these, those, (a) few, pieces of

A, all, each, one, two, none

Some, any, many, A lot of, several

A great number(s) of, The number of (sing. V), A number of (plural V), fewer … than …, more … than

Few = not many a few = some 3 + plural count N, Only a few of

The, this, that, these, those, (a) little, piece of

Some, any, much, a lot of

A large/ big/ great/ increase number of, The amount of, less … than …, more … than, less

Little = not much a little = some = a small amount of sth


Vocabulary

3.2.3 Countable nouns 3.2.4 Uncountable nouns

Singular – Plural

Alga – algae – tảo

Nucleus – Nuclei – nhân TB

Bacterium – Bacteria

Fish – Fish

Fungus – Fungi / funguses

Mouse – Mice

Wolf – Wolves – chó sói

Man – Men

Child – Children

Person – People

Alumnus – Alumni

Foot – Feet

Thought - Thoughs

Feeling – Feelings

Byssinosis – Byssinoses - bệnh bụi phổi do bông

Datum - Data

Basis – Bases

Criss – Crises

Criterion – Criteria

Stimulus – Stimuli - tác nhân kích thích

Phenomenon – Phenomena

Dialysis – Dialyses – thaåm tách

Medium – media

Radius – Radii

Index – Indices

Appendix – Appendices

Food (s) Fruit, Apple, Bread (s), Butter, Cheese, Coffee, Pepper (s), Salt, Sugar (s), Tea (s), Milk, Rice (s) oil

Clothing, Jewelry

General Ns:

Equipment, Furniture, Machinery

Materials: wood, iron, glass

Traffic, Transportation

Homework, Housework, Information, Knowledge, Music, training, movie

Sunshine

Evidence (bằng chứng), Intelligence, Violence,

Air, steam, smoke, water, ice, Soil, Silver (s)

Advice

Courage

Damage

Fun, Luck, Honesty (sự thành thật), Happiness, Sadness, beauty, peace,

Luggage, Postage

Money

Pottery, Poverty, Progress, Scenery

Abstract Ns:

Significance, ignorance

Singular nouns (plural):

Improvement(s), mammal(s), fossil(s), color(s), regulation(s), mural(s) – tranh tường; vegetable(s), collection(s); skin (s), superstition(s), culture(s)

3.2.5 Count and noncount noun meanings

Agreement(s)

Bone(s)

Business(es)

Cloth(s)

Damage sự thiệt hại; damage(s) tiền boài thường.

Decision(s)

Education(s)

Fire(s)

Glass(es)

History(ies)

Honor(s)


3.2.6 Collective nouns + singular / plural Verbs

Army (đoàn quân)

Assembly

Audience

Band, Team

Class

Client – khách hàng của luật sư…

Club

Chorus – dàn đoàng ca.

Committee + singular V

Congress

Crowd

Crew

Faculty

Family

Government

Group

Jury (boài thaåm đoàn)

Majority *

Minority

Orchestra – ban nhạc.

Organization

Public

Police

Series

Staff

Variety

2,3,4… dolars

2,3,4… miles

Ex. Eat plenty fruit and vegetables.

Ordinary: + sing V

The majority believes him to inocent.

The majority of students believe him to inocent (vô tội).

Most of the car is

No remain are

Many a student knows this

N1 … N2, they dễ nhầm lẫn viết rõ ra.

N = V + post position

Ex. A drop out. A sit in. a look out. A break out. A lift out

3.2.7 Patterns

Position

N, apposition, V + O

N + Prep. + N

N + prepositional phrase + V

Ex.

Training program

It was they who + clause emphasize

3.2.8 Noun phrase = Adv + Adj + Noun

Compound Noun: N (name, as an adj) – N

Position / function + N. Ex. Inventor John Hollan

N – V-ing/ V-ed + N Ex. Wheat – producing country

V-ing + N = Printing paper, making blacksmiths,

Adj + Adj + N. Ex. direct physical experience; efficient flying capabilities

Such + (a/an) + adj + N

So + adj + (a) + N. Ex. So far north

Noun phrases

Sách giáo khoa biology book compound noun

Sách nói chung book of biology


No single alphabet = not a single alphabet

France’s Independence Day

His first / last years of office as President of us

N, so called, N

N, both of which + V

Those people who = those who

The other người còn lại trong 2 người

Another người kia, (người khác)

Vietnam (n) – nation. Vietnamese (n) – nationality. Vietnamese (n) – vietnamese language

A vietnamese (n) – a person. The Vietnamese (n) – viet nam people

Number + N

Ex. Most students = most of the students = almost all of the students

The more most student in ___

We girls ≠ some / few of us girls - một số trong bọn con gái chúng tôi

Only a few nations = some nations ≠ only few nations – negative meaning

First act of

Half an hour

Many a mile = many miles

3.2.9 Noun clauses

1. Statement:

That – clause + V + O

S + V + that –clause

Verbs: hope, think, say, believe…

2. Wh-question:

S + V + Wh-question – clause

Wh – question: what, where, when, why, how…

Verbs: ask, know…

3. Y/N question:

whether / if + N phrase / clause

If cannot begin a sentence as a subject

Ex. That the rest of the universe does not circle around the earth was proven by Gallieo.

3.2.10 Article

Nghĩa chung “land”

Vùng đất cụ thể “the land”

Ex. The Mecican Government

The only means of land transportation was the horse

The world’s most extensive ranges

Rich people = the rich

Talented people = the talented

3.3 N + Verb


3.4 Preposition Cause of

Choice of

Conponent of

Content of

Cost of

Danger of

Effect of (cause) + on (receiver)

Equivalent of

Evidence of

Example of

Form of

Group of

Instance of – trường hôïp

Intention of

Method of / for

Native of , native to (adj)

Origin of

Possibility of / for

Price of

Probability of

Quality of

Result of

Supply of

Use of

Approach to

Attention to

Belief in

Contribution to

Cure for

Decrease in

Demand for

Exception to

Excuse for

Experience with

Expert on

Improvement in

Increase in

Influence on

Interest in

Need for

In Opposition to

Reason for

Reliance on – tin cậy, tín nhiệm

Requirement for (V-ing)

Solution to

3.4.1 Pronouns

Subject pronouns: I, you, he, she, it, we, they.

Object pronouns: me, you, him, her, it, us, them.

Possessive adjectives: my, your, his, her, its, our, their. + The + N

Possessive pronouns: mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, their.

Reflexive pronouns: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, themselves.

Relative pronouns: who, whom, whose, which, that.

Infinitive pronouns + singular verb

Everybody somebody anybody nobody

Everyone someone anyone no one + Singlular Verb

Everything something anything nothing

3.4.2 Noun phrases

To give me a hand = help, assist, aid

On the other hand

On hand = in present possession or readily available

In stock out of stock

On sale.

On view: open to public inspection : on exhibition

On pins and needles


In advance

3.4.3 N – Idioms

A piece of cake – very easy

A piece of her mind

Out load

On the double

In her own good time

On schedule

That’s that.

In bad taste ?


4. ADJECTIVES

4.1 Position of adj. in clause Adj + N

N + adj (+ prep.) + obj (adj clause)

Linking verb + adj:

Linking verb: be, become, remain, feel, look, see, smell, state, sound, stay, appear.

Indefinite proN + adj

N + adj

Adj [//] = available, alive, aflont, asleep, above

N = something, anything, nothing

Ex. Something new

To make it possible for (sb) to do (sth) = to make possiple + long N

4.2 Possition of adj in phrase: OPSHACOMOpinion – how big – how old – color – where from – made of + N

Sáng tối:

Pale

Light

Bright

Dark

Color:

Red

Orange

Yellow

Green

Blue

Violet

Pattern:

Check

Stripped

Plain

Flowered

Splot

4.3 Patterns

4.3.1 Sentences

It’s + adj + of + sb + to – inf.

Adj + V-ing

Busy + V-ing

Eager - hăm hở

Foolish - điên roà

Fortunate – may mắn

Happy

Lucky

Prepared = Ready – sẵn sàng

Please

Sorry

Worth

Adj + to-inf

Anxious – băn khoăn.

Boring

Dangerous

Difficult

Easy

Good

Hard

Pleased

Prepared

Ready

Strangle

Usual

Patterns

It is + (much) too + adj. + a day + for + sb + to + inf (không dùng với “that”)

It is + (much) so + hot + a day + that + clause. Except: busy + Ving

It is + such + a hot day + that + clause

It is + quite + a hot day

N + adj/adv + enough + to + inf. = sufficiently + adj. = enough + N = N enough (*)

Enough + N + to – inf. = N + enough + to – inf. (*)

However / No matter how + adj + S + V


Whatever / No matter what + N + S + V

Ex. (*) Much too cold to = much so cold that.

Much too much for (sb) = excess – dư thừa.

Much too hot a day

too much days

As far as is known,

4.3.2 Adjective clause

Markers

Which, whom, where, when, that, whereby – nhờ đó + clause (S + V)

Who, which + V

Of which, Whose + N + V

That

Prep. + which/who never use prep + that

That … the best

That hỗn hợp : person + thing

Ex. The racket with which she is palying was offerd her on her birthday.

The racket that she is palying with was offerd her on her birthday.

Reduced adjective clause

Không thể bỏ relative pronoun khi nó là subject, whose, of which, where, whereby…

Restrictive clause

V-ing (active); V-ed (passive)

As an object omit relative pronoun: whom, which, that…

Ex. That’s the book which I bought 2 days ago.

Standing overthere, the girl smile with me.

The girl standing overthere is clever.

While I was young, I … = while being young, I… = while young, I …

Built in 1976, capital is still in use.

The man I saw was a Native American.

Non-restrictive clause

That cannot be used

Which, whom as a object cannot be omitted

Ex. Here’s her book, which you borrowed to her 2 days ago.

Active, passive

Symptions, ranking from mild to severe,

4.4 Comparison

4.4.1 Equal comparision

(Not) + so + adj / adv + as +

(number) as + adj / adv + as +

The same + noun + as +

Vocabulary: Heavy / light weight

Wide / narrow width Deep / shallow depth

Long / short length Big / small size

Ex. Five times as fast as comparable areas during the industrial revolution


As far as is known

It costs twice as much as…

4.4.2 Comparative

(far / much) + (less / more) + adj / adv - ER + than + clause.

S + V + the + adj-ER + of the two + N = of the two + N + S + V + the + adj-ER

Number multiple + as + many/much + N + as Multiple number comparative

The more + S + V + the more + S + V + Double comparatives – so sánh keùp Càng… Càng…

Ex. Herry is the smarter of the two boys.

This encyclopedia costs twice as much as the other one.

The hotter it is, the more miserable I fell.

The more you study, the smarter you will be.

Has a longer history than any region of North America.

Much too much for (sb) = excess = dư

Much more quickly

Much too fast

4.4.3 Supperlative

(Much) + the (most / least) + adj / adv – EST + in / of + N

One of the + (most / least) + adj / adv – EST + plural N + single V +

The first + adj / adv + S + to – inf

Ex. One of the greatest tennis players in the world is Bjorn Borg.

4.4.3.1 Vocabulary

Short adj/adv = 1 syllable

Single vowel – single consonant double the consonant

Ex. Bigger, redder, hotter, …

Long adj/adv 2 syllables: -ed, -ful, - ish, - ous.

Ex. More useful, more boring, more stylish, more cautious…

Short/ Long adj/adv: -some, - y, er, - el, - ow, -le.

4.5 Vocabulary

4.5.1 Descriptive adj

Color: white, red, orange, yellow, green, blue, violet…

Size: large, tiny,

Quality of person: find, kind, nice, cute…

Quality of thing: beatiful, intersted , important, colorful…

4.5.2 Limiting adj

Article: a, an, the.

Cardinal number: one, two, three,…

Ordinal number: first, second, third, fourth…

Possession: my, your, his

Demonstratives: this, that, these, those

Quantity: few, many, much

4.5.3 Irregular comparatives and supperatives

Far Farther

Further

Farthest

Furthest

Xa


Little Less Least Ít

Many / Much More Most Nhiều

Good / Well Better Best Tốt

Bad / Badly Worse Worst Xấu

Late (adv) Later Last Trễ

Old (adj) Older

Elder

Oldest

Eldest

Già

V-ing = adj Animal / thing

V-ed = adj people


4.6 PrepositionAcceptable to

Adquate for

Afraid of

Amenable to – chịu trách nhiệm.

Analogous to – tương tự.

Aware of / that – nhận thức.

Capable of

Charactersistic of

Close to

Concern with (sth) about (sth)

Contrary to

Dependent on Independent of

Different from differently than (sb/sth) in (sth)

Eligible for

Equal to

Equivalent to – tương đương.

Essential to / for = vital to / for (sth)

Except for

Expert at

(sb) is Familiar with (sb)

(sth) is Familiar to (sth)

Fond of

Free from

Good at

Guily of -

Important to (sb) = importance of

Inferior to – keùm hôn, dươùi.

Jelous of (sth/sb) – ghen tò, ganh gheùt với.

Native to (a), native of (n)

Necessary for / to

Next to = Near + (obj)

Perfect for

Popular with (sb) in / on (sth)

Possible for

Preferable to – thích hôïp

Regard to Regardless of

Relevant to – thích hôïp

Responsible to (sb) for (sth)

Rich in fat

Sensitive to

Similar to

Successful in

Shy of / about (sb/sth)

Thanks to

Typical of

Unusual in (sth) – bất thường ở chỗ.

pp. form

Accustomed to

Adapted to

Applied to

Appreciated for

Based on

Bored with

Compared to

Composed of

Disappointed in /with

Divorced from

Engaged in

Equipped with

Interested in

Isolated from

Married to

Opposed to – đối lập

Opposited of – đối diện Related to

Satisfied for

Suprised at / by

Related to

Tired of

To be famous for

To be granted for

To be known for

To be noted for

To be respected for


5. ADVERBS

5.1 Definition Adverbs modify verbs, except linking verbs.

Adverbs modify adjectives or other adverbs.

5.2 Adverbial phrases = MPT = Manner + Place + TimeS + (be) + adv +

Ex. Corn is usually grown

Adv +

V-ing (present participle)

V-ed (past participle)

Adj

Prep.

Conjunction

Ex.

Long before

Almost all (adv + adj)

Almost exactly (adv + adv)

5.3 Building wordsAdverb = adjective + ly

5.4 Vocabulary

5.4.1 Frequency

Vocab.

Always, usually, frequently, often, generally thường.

Sometimes, occasionally, random thỉnh thoảng.

Seldom, rarely, barely, hardly khó mà, hiếm khi.

Never, scarely không.

Seldom, rarely, hardly ever almost never , almost not at all khó mà, hiếm khi.

Hardly, barely, scarely almost nothing không.

Negative + inversion

Ex. Never did she work.


5.4.2 Degree

Vocab.

Extremely, cực kỳ.

Very, so, too, quite, rất.

Fairly, rather, pretty khá.

Quite = fairly = khá; = complete = rất, hoàn toàn, thực sự.

Very rất; ngay.

Patterns

It is + too + a day + for + sb + to + inf (không được dùng với “that”)

It is + so + hot + a day + that + clause

It is + such + a hot day + that + clause

It is + quite + a hot day

N + adj + enough + to + inf.

Enough + N + to – inf. = N + enough + to – inf.

It is + enough + adj + a + N + that

5.4.3 Quality/manner – tính chất, cách thức

Vocab.

Good well

Fast fast

Late late

Hard hard

Joyful joyfully vui vẻ.

Ill ill nói xấu.

Ex. Speak ill.

Like (prep.)

As (conj.) + clause.

5.4.4 Place

Here there + Pronoun + V

Back, straight ahead

Home

Away, far


5.4.5 Time - thời gian

The day after

The day later

Again, once agai

Every day

Then

Soon

Early, late

Before, after, during

By the end of this year + fulture perfect (will + have + pp.)

Prior to

During period of time

When point of time

5.4.6 Purpose – mục đích

Vocab

To, in order to, so as to

Patterns: can reverse

5.4.7 Reason – nguyên nhân

Due to, thanks to, owing to, because of

5.4.8 Concession – nhượng bộ

Despite, In spite of dù .

5.4.9 Contrast – đối lập

However = no matter how

In contrast to

5.4.10 Vocabulary

Somehow (adv) – không hiểu vì sao, cách này hay cách káhc.

Somewhat (adv) = slightly – một chút, hơi.

In addition to = besides = moreover

According to

Well and trylly

Honestly speaking,


Now

Today

Tomorrow In two days

= the day after tomorrow

Yesterday Two days ago

= The day before yesterday

Next week Last week

Now

TodayAt the end of this year

By the end of this year + fulture perfect (will have + pp)

6. CONJUNCTIONS

6.1 Vocabulary

6.1.1 Coordinating conjunction

6.1.1.1 And

Both + S1 + and + S2 (cả … và … ) Plural Verb

S1 + as well as + S2 (cũng như) Verb (S1)

Not only + S1 + but (also) + S2 (không những … mà còn…) Verb (S2)

Ex. Can not only receive messages from sense organs, but it can also transmit messages throughout the body.

6.1.1.2 But (contrast) – oposite meaning

However = no matter how (adv)

Yet

Nevertheless

Still

Whereas (ngược lại – trong khi đó)

6.1.1.3 Or

Either + S1 + or + S2 V (S2)

Neither + S1 + nor + S2 (không… cũng không…) V (S2)

Nor phủ định mệnh đề sau V (S2)

Whether … or …

6.1.1.4 So

Therefore,

So

That’s why

Clue: Lead become

6.1.2 Subordinating conjunction

6.1.2.1 Place

Where, wherever

6.1.2.2 Time

Before

After

When (chắc chắn)

If (không chắc chắn)

While + N / clause

As

Since: from that time to present từ khi

Once

As soon as

As long as, So long as: from beginning to end

Every time = when ever (bất cứ khi nào)

The next time

The last time

The first time

By the time (cho đến khi)

Partterns

When + clause (V-ed = simple past) Clause (V-ed, had + pp, was/were + V-ing)

When + clause (had + pp = past perfect) Clause (V-ed)

While + clause (V-ed = simple past) Clause (V-ed)

While + clause (was/were + V-ing = past cont) Clause (V-ed, was/were + V-ing)

+ clause (was/were + V-ing = past cont) When + clause (V-ed = simple past)

Before + clause (V-ed = simple past) Clause (V-ed, had + pp)


After + clause (V-ed = simple past) Clause (V-ed)

After + clause (had + pp = past perfect) Clause (V-ed)

6.1.2.3 Purpose

That

So that

In order that

+ (can / could / may / might)

Lest + clause (should)

For fear that (sợ rằng)

= should not

6.1.2.4 Condition

If

Only if

In case

In the event (that)

As long as (trừ phi)

Unless (nếu không)

Ortherwise (nếu không)

Or else (nếu không)

Whether or not

Supposing that (giá như)

Granted that (giá như)

Provided that (miễn là)

As though, as if (như thể là)

6.1.2.5 Reason, Cause – nguyên nhân

Because

Since

As

For

In as much as

Now that

6.1.2.6 Result, Consequence – kết quả

Therefore (vì thế)

That’s why

So

Thus

In order (that)

6.1.2.7 Cause and effect – nguyên nhân và hậu quả

So + adjective + that

Such + noun + that

6.1.2.8 Concession – nhượng bộ

Though (mặc dù)

Although

Even though

Even if

Despit the fact that,

In spite of the fact that

6.1.2.9 Contrast

However

Nevertheless

Yet

But (tuy nhiên)

Whereas (trong khi)

Clue: object to, not …

6.1.2.10 Comparison – so sánh

Than

As

6.1.2.11 Manner

So + adj +that

Such + N + that


7. PREPOSITIONS

7.1 MeaningAbout

Xung quanh

Khắp nơi

Khoảng chừng

Về vấn đề gì

Above

Trên

Hơn

After

Sau (place / time)

Against

Chống lại, trái lại

Đụng phải

Dựa vào

Đối

với, sánh với

Chuaån bò, dự trù (đương đầu)

At

Tại (place)

Vào lúc (time)

Trạng thái

Chiều hươùng

Số lượng

By

Kế bên

Cho đến khi

Chỉ thời gian nói chung

Ngang qua

Bởi, do

Nhờ, theo

ở chỗ

Đo lường

For

Vì, cho (mục đích)

Nguyên do

Chỉ thời gian

Chỉ chiều hươùng (nơi đến, mục đích)

Trao đổi (trả tiền cho)

From

Nguồn gốc, từ (place)

Chỉ thời gian

Sự khác biệt

Nguyên nhân, lyù do

In

Chỉ nơi chốn (place)

Chỉ thời gian

Chỉ trạng thái

Of

Sở hữu

Nguồn gốc

Khoảng cách

Về vấn đề

Nguyên nhân

Thành phần, nội dung chưá đựng

On

Chỉ nơi chốn

Chỉ thời gian

Về vấn đề

Về sự lệ thuộc

To

Chỉ nơi chốn

Chỉ sự di chuyển đến

Giới thiệu IO (sb)

Chỉ thời gian

With

Chỉ sự tháp tùng

Chỉ sự sở hữu

Chỉ thể cách

Chỉ phương tiện.


7.2 Phrases Time

In: century, decade, year, season, month, part of day

On: days of a week, date

At: time of day; at night

For/since: duration of time; point in time

From… to:

In the 21st century,

in the 2000,

in 2003,

in July,

in the morning, in the evening

on Wednesday

on 2nd Sep = on July 29 …

For three days, since 29th July…

From 8 am. to 5 pm.

On time,

in time

at 6 PM, at noon…

At the time of the revolutionary war

at some + future time

Place

In: continent, country, state, city, building, room, the world.

On: street, floor of a building, earth

At: address

From … to …

At 200 Main street

On Kings road

On the second floor

In the drugstore

In Los Angeles

In Califonia

In Japan

In africa

From Alaska to California

Means of transportation

By car, by plane, by phone, by express mail

By land, by sea, by air

In cars, in a taxi

On a board, on the telephone, on a bus/train

Mesurement

Large in propotion.

3 inches in length

30 feet high = 30 feet in heigh

a heigh of over 30 feet

1 kilo of weigth

At the speed of 90 miles an hour

At about 17,000 feet per second

5 times as far as comparable

90 degree of Celcuise

to be measured in units

Differnce in size

Age

at the age of 20 = 20 years of age = 20 years old

a person of any age

the cost of being sick

About

Above

After

Against


As

As soon as possible

As far back as

As far as know

As a consequence of

At

At best / worst

At first = initially at last

At least

At once = immediately

At times = occationally

At the peak of

At birth

At death

At random

At home / work / school

At the age of 20 = 20 years of age = 20 years old

At some + future time

At night

At the same time as

At times

At the moment

At the greatly reduced price

At no charge

At the core of

By

By means of

By way of = via

By hand

By chance – tình cờ

By accident = on pupose

By far = considerably – đáng kể.

By contrast – ngược lại

By day, by night

By then – cho đến sau đó .

By making + V-ing

For

For instance

For example

For free

For (sb) – đối với

For now

For the first time

For an injection to be effective agaist tettanus, it must be admistered

From

Part from

Of

The probability of

Rather than = instead of

The same of

Instead of (adv)

as result of = Resulting from = to result in

Off

Off the coast of – ngoài khơi

Within

Within 72 hours of the injury


In

In advance = Ahead of = before

In vain = without success – thất bại

In the wrong direction

In the large multilevel structures

In effect, In use – đang lưu hành

In existence

In detail on the whole

In general

In common

In part = partly

In practice, In theory

In line, in a row

In style

In popularity

In luck

In motion

In the street obstructing –tắc nghẽn.

In conflict – trái với

In greater number

In charge of

In danger of

In favor of – thiên vị, ủng hộ .

In spite of

In: century, decade, year, season, month, part of day (in the morning, in the evening)

In the forth century

In the century BC

In the mid-1980s

In the future, in the past

In: continent, country, state, city, building, room, the world.

In the world = All over the world

In the house = domestic

In the night sky

In the front / middle / back

In army/ air force / wavy

In a book/ magazine/newspaper

In bills

The first stage in the manufacturing of

In some culture

In a/an adj (hình thức adv) + manner

Rich in fat

In need of

In search of

In consideration of

In term of

In the process of

In view of

In parnership with – cộng tác với

In particular with

(get) In contact with = in touch with

In common with

In addition to = besides

In opposition to

On

On diet

On fire

On the other hand

On hand – available ?

On radio / television / the telephone

On the whole = in general

On sale

On the average

On purpse

On the clear night

On time = punctual

On account of

On behalf of

On the basis of

On top of the world

On place

On land

On Earth

On the frontier

On long sea voyages

On the slope – trên sườn dốc .

On the street, on the cooner, on the side walk,

On the way = enroute,

On the right / left

On the 5th floor,

On train


Out of

Out of town – away

Out of date – old

Out of fashion ??

Out of work – jobless, unemployed

Out of question – impossible

Out of order – not fuctioning, broken

Over

All over the world

To

To some degree ở một chừng mực nào đó Prior to

According to – theo.

Under

Under consideration for a job

Upper

Upper middle class

With

With regard to

With the exception of

With the purpose of

With + instrument

Together with

In parnership with – cộng tác với

In particular with

In contact with

In common with


Listening

Agreement

Neither do I.

So do I.

I don’t either.

I do, too.

I do also.


TOEFL

8. CONFUSED WORDS Percent – percentage

Percent (đơn vị) + singular verb

Percentage (con số)

Kind – type

Kind + count noun

Type + noncount noun

Not only… but also – not … but

Not only… but also – cả hai

not N1 … but N2 không N1 mà N2.

But = except

I am but a fool only - chỉ là người khờ dại

No – not – none

No (a) + noun

Not (adv) + verb / adj

None (pronoun)

Besides – beside

Besides (prep, adv) = in addition to, moreover – hơn nữa, ngoài ra.

Beside (prep) = near, next to – bên cạnh.

Instead of – instead

Instead of + N/ adj/ adv

Instead (adv.). at the end of a sentence.

Most (a) – Almost (adv)

Almost all (of the) = most (of the)

After (prep) – Afterward (adv)

After (prep) + phrase – sau.

Afterward (adv) + clause – sau đó.

Around (prep) – Round (a)

Around (prep) - vòng quanh .

Round (a) – tròn.

Somewhere (adv) = slightly

Direct – directly

High – highly

Fast – fastly

Hard

Hard (a) = difficult – khó khăn;

Hardy (a) = rigid - cứng, chắc.

Hard (adv) = with great effort – khó mà. = heavily (rain), strongly (wind), deligently, induostriously (work)

Hardly (adv) = barely, scarely, almost never – khắc nghiệt, khó mà, hầu như không.

Hardly = never negative meaning khong dùng “not”

Considerate

Considerate = throughtful, polite (a) – chu đáo.

Considerable (a), rather lager amount or degree – đáng kể.


Real

Real (slang) = very great (từ lóng)

Whole – Wholly

Wholly = completely – hoàn toàn .

As a whole = generally – tổng quát, nói chung.

Effect (n) – to affect (v)

Alive (a) – to live (v)

As high as – as soon as

As high as = (cost)

As soon as (adv) – (time) + clause đứng dầu câu

No longer = not any more (when) – không … nữa .

Can nolonger see…

Sometime – sometimes

Sometime – at some time in the indefinite future (when) – một lúc nào đó.

Sometimes = occationally (how often) – thỉnh thoảng.

Earliest (a) – Soonest (adv):

Once – one time in the past

Like – as

As (conj) + clause sameness

As (prep) + phrase sameness (job, robe, fuction, task…) với chức năng là.

Like / unlike (prep) + phrase similarity giống như.

Like (a)

Alike (a) at the end of clause;

Unlike (a) + N, clause

Like (v) + V-ing like + to-inf Dislike (v)

Do you like… ? question.

Would you like + to-inf invitation - mời.

Likely (a) – có khả năng.

Ex. Like A, S + V

As a policeman, I want you to… I am a policeman

Like a policeman, I… I am not a policeman

A is like B. A and B are alike.

It’s likely that + clause

Late

Late (a,adv) – no longer living, not punctual,

Later (adv) – để sau.

Latter former (a) – last of 2 things mentioned.

Lately (adv) = recently

Last = final (a)

Lastest = renewest, most recent

Near – nearly

Near (prep, adv) = gần (distance)

Nearly (adv) = almost – hầu như.

May be - perhap

It may be + phrase


Earliest (adj) Sooniest (adv)

Perhap (adv) + clause

Raise – rise

Raise – raised – raised (tv) + (obj)

Rise – rose – risen (iv)

Lend - Borrow

Lend – lent – lent lend (sb)(sth) = lend (sth) to (sb) – cho mượn.

Borrow – borrowed – borrowed borrow (sb)(sth) = borrow (sth) from (sb) – đi mượn.

Let – Leave

Let – let – let (tv) let (sb) + bare – inf – để yên, hãy.

Leave – left – left (iv) leave (sb/sth) + place – bỏ lại ở…

Tell – say

Tell – told – told (tv) tell (sb) (sth) – nói.

Say – said – said (iv) say (sth) …

Ex. To tell joke

To tell the truth.

Set – sit

Set – set – set set (sb/sth) + place – đặt, để tại.

Sit – sat – sat sit + place – ngồi xuống …

Lay – lie

Lay – laid – laid (tv) lay (sb/sth) – đặt, để xuống .

Lie – lay – lain (iv) lie + place – nằm xuống …

To used to

Used to + inf discontinue habit – thói quen trong quá khứ.

Be used to + inf passive

Be used to + V-ing quen với.

Get used to + V-ing = be accustomed to + V-ing trở nên quen với .

Mind object to – phản đối.

A. do you mind + V-ing? Would you mind + V-ing? – có phiền không?

B. No, I don’t mind at all

B. Not at all

Please

Would you please / Please + bare-inf.

The mecican government


9. NUMBERS

9.1 Ordinal numbers – số thứ tự A third of all students = 1/3 of … + are +…

One of the first educations

The second gate = gate two

The forth volume of = Volume four of N

Cotton used to rank first among alabama’s crops

The First Act of

TIME

The second year of production…

For the first time lần đầu tiên.

I first came here lần đầu đến đây past

The first / the last + to-inf. lần đầu tiên

The first person to get… người đầu tiên

It was the first time + have + pp (present perfect) lần đầu tiên

Is + to be + pp + by 2010 future invention

Was + to be + pp + by 1995 past invention

9.2 Cardinal number – số đếm Half an hour

About half the total output

Culmulative grade point average – GPA = 3.0 on a 4.0 scale = 3.0 out of 4.0.

My 2 children

You two

2 bedroom appartment compound noun

17 in 100 business calls

Hundreds of thousands of toursits

A few of us girls = a few girls vài đứa trong số bọn con gái chúng tơi.

Large in propotion

PRICE

It was priced at $ 850.

Millions of dollars worth of property = sth (which is) worth a sum of money người.

To rise by 100 USD

CLASS

Subject : Boiology 457, Chemistry 101

Book: Biology book (SGK); book of biology

The second lesson = lesson 2

The forth chapter = chapter four

The forth volume of = Volume four of N

9.3 Time, Date

30 Dec = Dec 30 = 30th Dec = Dec 30th = Dec the 30th = the 30th of Dec (formal)

On the 12th day of each month

For the 12th of June


In: century, decade, year, season, month, part of day

On: days of a week (date )

At: time of day

On time – kịp giờ, (before, sớm hơn)

In time : punctual, in a nick of time - vừa kịp lúc.

At some + future time

It takes (sb) + (time) + to-inf.

It was in 1761 that she came to Bostom.

Ex.

In the early / mid / late 1980s/nineteenth century.

In the next few years. (a – number - N)

In the morning, in the evening

On the second of Sep. = on Sep second

On Wednesday,

On Newyear’s morning

At 6 pm, at noon…; at night

At the time of the revolutionary war

As early as 1937

Only 10 years ago+ Clause (V-ed = simple past)

Over the past few years (time not definite)

For 3 years + + Clause (perfect)

For 3 years + now – được 3 năm nay

For the last 3 years – trong 3 năm cuối.

For the past 3 years – trong 3 năm vừa qua.

Since 2000

Since 3 years ago – cách đây 3 năm.

+ Clause (have been V-ing = present perfect cont.)

3 years ago today – ngày này cách đây 3 năm.

Ex. Train is a hour late

It was a waste time writing that letter.

It was during the Industrial Revolution that the US was able to increase productivity through mechanization.

In the last 10 years, the Mexican govement has reduced the number of its state-owned Companies to about half.

9.4 Age Reach the forties những năm 40.

Reach forties tuổi 40.

At the age of 20 = 20 years of age = 20 years old

To change with age – thay đổi theo tuổi tác.

9.5 Measurement – units A large pecentage of employees…

At 43 percent interst

At 43 percent of all murders

Has a membership of some 10,000

To be measured by light-years

To be measrued in units = express in unit

To increas in size over time

3 inches in length 1 kilo of weigth = 12 inches in diameter

30 feet high = 30 feet in heigh

a heigh of over 30 feet

At the speed of 90 miles an hour

At about 17,000 feet per second / a second

An earthquake of magnitude eight on the Richter scale

To cover area of 120 square miles.


Half a degree Celsiuse, One degree centigrade, 90 degrees Celsuse, 55 degrees Farenhei

the lowest temperature possible is -273.16 degrees centigrade

9.6 Comparative 5 times/ twice as far as comparable

More/less than 200 nation states = over 200 nation states

Cost me 3 times as much as the last pair

Although there was appoximately 120 intensive languas institutes in the US in 1970s, ther are more than times as many now.

9.7 Maths A third = 1/3; 2 fifth = 2/5.

To rise on half a degree Celcuise

To be reduced by 400 meters

To expend the bed by 10 to 50 percent.

To reduce (sth) to about a half giảm xuống ½.

10. EXPRESSIONS - PHRASES Nouns

Once a busy city

Skin(s) Improvement(s)

uncount noun: sunshine

on foot, by canoe, on houseback

by car, in cars, in a car

from one to another

Of all the lawsuits, 95% of them are filed…

To be second only to

One’s ability to – inf

Nassau hall is the oldest building now standing on the campus of Princeton University.

Wage rates depend in part on the general properity of the economy.

On pins and nedles

The sales figures – con số doanh thu

Each and every word

Adverbs

Already ≠ not yet

Near = next to = close to + place

Trickly speaking, thẳng thắn mà nói.

Many a time = many times - nhiều lần

Just as much as we do

By no meas = not at all

On the contrary - ngược lại

Verb


Documents

TOEFL Grammar