TOEFL Grammar Review!

English Grammar

Mc lc

7Grammar Review

8Qun t khng xc nh "a" v "an"

9Qun t xc nh "The"

12Cch s dng another v other.

13Cch s dng little, a little, few, a few

13S hu cch

14Verb

141.Present

141) Simple Present

142) Present Progressive (be + V-ing)

143) Present Perfect : Have + PII

154) Present Perfect Progressive : Have been V-ing

152.Past

151) Simple Past: V-ed

152) Past Progresseive: Was/Were + V-ing

163) Past Perfect: Had + PII

164) Past Perfect Progressive: Had + Been + V-ing

163.Future

161) Simple Future: Will/Shall/Can/May + Verb in simple form

162) Near Future

163) Future Progressive: will/shall + be + verb_ing

174) Future Perfect: Will/ Shall + Have + PII

18S ha hp gia ch ng v ng t

19Cc trng hp Ch ng ng tch khi ng t

191.Cc danh t lun i hi cc ng t v i t i theo chng ngi th 3 s t

192.Cch s dng None v No

203.Cch s dng cu trc either...or (hoc...hoc) v neither...nor (khng...m cng khng)

204.V-ing lm ch ng

205.Cc danh t tp th

216.Cch s dng a number of, the number of:

217.Cc danh t lun dng s nhiu

218.Thnh ng there is, there are

23i t

231.i t nhn xng (Ch ng)

232.i t nhn xng tn ng

233.Tnh t s hu

244.i t s hu

245.i t phn thn

25Tn ng

25ng t nguyn th l tn ng

251.Verb -ing dng lm tn ng

252.Bn ng t c bit

263.Cc ng t ng sau gii t

264.Vn cc i t ng trc ng t nguyn th hoc V-ing dng lm tn ng.

28Cch s dng cc ng t bn khim khuyt

281.Need

281) Dng nh mt ng t thng: c s dng ra sao cn ty vo ch ng ca n

282) Need c s dng nh mt ng t khim khuyt

282.Dare

281) Khi dng vi ngha l "dm"

282) Dare dng nh mt ngoi ng t

30Cch s dng to be trong mt s trng hp

31Cch s dng to get trong mt s trng hp c bit

311.To get + P2

312.Get + V-ing = Start + V-ing: Bt u lm g

313.Get sb/smt +V-ing: Lm ai/ ci g bt u.

314.Get + to + verb

315.Get + to + Verb (ch vn hnh ng) = Come + to + Verb (ch vn nhn thc) = Gradually = dn dn

32Cu hi

33Cu hi Yes/ No

331.Cu hi thng bo

33a) Who/ what lm ch ng

33b) Whom/ what lm tn ng

33c) Cu hi nhm vo cc b ng: When, Where, How v Why

332.Cu hi gin tip

343.Cu hi c ui

35Li ni ph ha khng nh v ph nh

351.Khng nh

352.Ph nh

36Cu ph nh

38Mnh lnh thc

39ng t khim khuyt

40Cu iu kin

401.iu kin c th thc hin c hin ti

402.iu kin khng th thc hin c hin ti

403.iu kin khng th thc hin c qu kh

41Cch s dng cc ng t will, would, could, should sau if

42Mt s cch dng thm ca if

421.If... then: Nu... th

422.If dng trong dng cu khng phi cu iu kin: ng t cc mnh din bin bnh thng theo thi gian ca chnh n.

423.If... should = If... happen to... = If... should happen to... din t s khng chc chn (Xem thm phn s dng should trong mt s trng hp c th)

424.If.. was/were to...

425.If it + to be + not + for: Nu khng v, nu khng nh vo.

426."Not" i khi c thm vo nhng ng t sau "if" by t s nghi ng, khng chc chn. (C nn ... Hay khng ...)

427.It would... if + subject + would... (s l... nu khng c dng trong vn vit)

428.If... d have... have: Dng trong vn ni, khng dng trong vn vit, din t iu kin khng th xy ra qu kh

429.If + preposition + noun/verb... (subject + be b lc b)

4310.If dng kh ph bin vi mt s t nh "any/anything/ever/not" din t ph nh

4311.If + Adjective = although (cho d l)

44Cch s dng to Hope, to Wish.

45iu kin khng c tht tng lai

451.iu kin khng th thc hin c hin ti

452.iu kin khng th thc hin c qu kh

46Cch s dng thnh ng as if, as though (chng nh l, nh th l)

47Used to, to be/get used to

48Cch s dng thnh ng would rather

49Loi cu c mt ch ng

491.Loi cu c hai ch ng

49a) Loi cu gi nh hin ti

49b) Loi cu khng th thc hin c hin ti

49c) Loi cu khng th thc hin c qu kh

50Cch s dng thnh ng Would like

51Cch s dng cc ng t khim khuyt din t cc trng thi hin ti

511.Could, May, Might + Verb in simple form = C l, c th.

512.Should + Verb in simple form

513.Must + Verb in simple form

52Cch s dng cc ng t khim khuyt din t cc trng thi qu kh

521.Could, may, might + have + P2 = c l

522.Could have + P2 = L ra c th (trn thc t l khng)

523.Might have been + V-ing = C l lc y ang

524.Should have + P2 = L ra phi, l ra nn

525.Must have + P2 = hn l

526.Must have been V-ing = hn lc y ang

53Cc vn s dng should trong mt s trng hp c th

54Tnh t v ph t

55ng t ni

56Cc dng so snh ca tnh t v ph t

561.So snh bng

562.So snh hn km

573.So snh hp l

574.So snh c bit

585.So snh a bi

586.So snh kp

597.Cu trc No sooner... than = Va mi ... th ...

598.So snh gia 2 ngi hoc 2 vt

599.So snh bc nht

60Danh t dng lm tnh t

61Enough

62Mt s trng hp c th dng much & many

63Mt s cch dng c bit ca much v many:

64Phn bit thm v cch dng alot/ lots of/ plenty/ a great deal so vi many/ much

65Mt s cch dng c th ca more & most

66Cch dng long & (for) a long time

67T ni

671.Because, Because of

672.T ni ch mc ch v kt qu

673.T ni ch nguyn nhn v kt qu.

674.Mt s cc t ni mang tnh iu kin khc.

69Cu b ng

71ng t gy nguyn nhn

72To have sb do sth = to get sb to do sth = Sai ai, khin ai, bo ai lm g

721.To have/to get sth done = a ci g i lm

722.To make sb do sth = to force sb to do sth = Bt buc ai phi lm g

723.To make sb + P2 = lm cho ai b lm sao

724.To cause sth + P2 = lm cho ci g b lm sao

725.To let sb do sth = to permit/allow sb to do sth = ai, cho php ai lm g

726.To help sb to do sth/do sth = Gip ai lm g

727.3 ng t c bit

73Cu phc hp v i t quan h thay th

74That v which lm ch ng ca cu ph

741.That v which lm tn ng ca cu ph

742.Who lm ch ng ca cu ph

743.Whom lm tn ng ca cu ph

744.Mnh ph bt buc v khng bt buc.

741) Mnh ph bt buc.

742) Mnh ph khng bt buc

755.Tm quan trng ca vic s dng du phy i vi mnh ph

756.Cch s dng All, Both, Some, Several, Most, Few + Of + Whom/ Which

757.Whose = ca ngi m, ca con m.

758.Cch loi b mnh ph

77Cch s dng P1 trong mt s trng hp

771.Dng vi mt s cc cu trc ng t.

772.P1 c s dng rt ngn nhng cu di

79Cch s dng nguyn mu hon thnh (To have + P2)

80Nhng cch s dng khc ca that

801.That dng vi t cch l mt lin t (rng)

802.Mnh that

81Cu gi nh

811.Dng vi would rather that

812.Dng vi ng t.

813.Dng vi tnh t.

814.Cu gi nh dng vi mt s trng hp khc

825.Cu gi nh dng vi it + to be + time

83Li ni bao hm

831.Not only ..... but also

832.As well as: Cng nh

833.Both ..... and

84Cch s dng to know, to know how.

85Mnh nhng b

851.Despite/Inspite of = bt chp

852.Although/Even though/Though = Mc du

853.However + adj + S + linkverb = d c .... i chng na th ....

854.Although/ Albeit (more formal) + Adjective/ Adverb/ Averbial Modifier

86Nhng ng t d gy nhm ln

88Mt s cc ng t c bit khc

89S ph hp v thi ng t

90Cch s dng to say, to tell

91i t nhn xng "one" v "you"

92T i trc gii thiu

93Cch s dng cc phn t u mnh ph

95Phn t dng lm tnh t

951.Phn t 1 (V-ing) c dng lm tnh t khi n p ng y cc iu kin sau:

952.Phn t 2 (V-ed) c dng lm tnh t khi n p ng y cc iu kin sau:

96Cu tha

97Cu trc cu song song

98Thng tin trc tip v gin tip

981.Cu trc tip v cu gin tip

99ng t vi hai tn ng trc tip v gin tip

100S o ngc ph t

101Mt s cc dng ph t c bit ng u cu

103Cch loi b nhng cu tr li khng ng trong bi ng php

104Kim tra cc li ng php c bn bao gm

1041.Loi b nhng cu tr li mang tnh rm r

1042.Phi chc chn rng tt c cc t trong cu c chn u phi phc v cho ngha ca bi, c bit l cc ng ng t.

1043.Phi loi b nhng cu tr li bao hm ting lng, khng c php dng trong vn vit qui chun

105Nhng t d gy nhm ln

107Ph lc: mt s nhng t d gy nhm ln khc:

110Gii t

1101.During = trong sut (hot ng din ra lin tc)

1102.From = t >< to = n

1103.Out of=ra khi> The Vietnamese economy) Trc tn cc nc c hai t tr ln (ngoi tr Great Britain) The United States Trc tn cc nc c coi l mt qun o hoc mt qun o

The Philipines, The Virgin Islands, The Hawaii Trc tn cc ti liu hoc s kin lch s

The Constitution, The Magna Carta Trc tn cc nhm dn tc thiu s

the Indians

Trc tn cc mn hc c th

The Solid matter Physics

Trc tn cc nhc c khi cp n cc nhc c ni chung hoc chi cc nhc c .

The violin is difficult to play

Who is that on the piano Trc tn mt hLake Geneva Trc tn mt ngn niMount Vesuvius

Trc tn cc hnh tinh hoc cc chm saoVenus, Mars Trc tn cc trng ny nu trc n l mt tn ring

Stetson University Trc cc danh t i cng vi mt s m

Chapter three Trc tn cc nc m u bng New, mt tnh t ch hng hoc ch c mt t

New Zealand, North Korean, France

Trc tn cc lc a, tnh, tiu bang, thnh ph, qun, huynEurope, Florida

Trc tn bt k mn th thao no

baseball, basketball Trc cc danh t tru tng (tr mt s trng hp c bit)

freedom, happiness

Trc tn cc mn hc ni chung

mathematics Trc tn cc ngy l, tt

Christmas, Thanksgiving

Trc tn cc loi hnh nhc c trong cc hnh thc m nhc c th (Jazz, Rock, classical music..)To perform jazz on trumpet and piano

Cch s dng another v other.

Hai t ny tuy ging nhau v mt ngha nhng khc nhau v mt ng php.

Dng vi danh t m cDng vi danh t khng m c

another + danh t m c s t = mt ci na, mt ci khc, mt ngi na, mt ngi khc.

the other + danh t m c s t = ci cn li (ca mt b), ngi cn li (ca mt nhm).

Other + danh t m c s nhiu = my ci na, my ci khc, my ngi na, my ngi khc.

The other + danh t m c s nhiu = nhng ci cn li (ca mt b), nhng ngi cn li (ca mt nhm). Other + danh t khng m c = mt cht na.

The other + danh t khng m c = ch cn st li.

Ex: I don't want this book. Please give me another.

(another = any other book - not specific)

Ex: I don't want this book. Please give me the other.

(the other = the other book, specific)

Another v other l khng xc nh trong khi The other l xc nh, nu ch ng hoc danh t c nhc n trn th di ch cn dng Another hoc other nh mt i t l .

Nu danh t c thay th bng s nhiu: Other ( Others. Khng bao gi c dng Others + danh t s nhiu. Ch c dng mt trong hai.

Trong mt s trng hp ngi ta dng i t thay th one hoc ones ng sau another hoc other.

Lu : This hoc that c th dng vi one nhng these v those khng c dng vi ones.

Cch s dng little, a little, few, a few

Little + danh t khng m c: rt t, khng (c khuynh hng ph nh)

Ex: I have little money, not enough to buy groceries.

A little + danh t khng m c: c mt cht,

Ex: I have a little money, enough to buy groceries

Few + danh t m c s nhiu: c rt t, khng (c khuynh hng ph nh)Ex: I have few books, not enough for reference reading

A few + danh t m c s nhiu: c mt cht,

Ex: I have a few records, enough for listening.

Trong mt s trng hp khi danh t trn c nhc n th pha di ch cn dng little hoc few nh mt i t l .

Ex: Are you ready in money. Yes, a little.

Quite a few (m c) = Quite a bit (khng m c) = Quite a lot (c hai) = rt nhiu.

S hu cch

The noun's + noun: Ch c dng cho nhng danh t ch ngi hoc ng vt, khng dng cho cc vt.

Ex: The student's book

The cat's legs.

i vi danh t s nhiu c sn "s" ui ch cn dng du phy

Ex: The students' book.

Nhng i vi nhng danh t i s nhiu c bit khng "s" ui vn phi dng y du s hu cch.

Ex: The children's toys.

The people's willing

Nu c hai danh t cng ng s hu cch th danh t no ng gn danh t b s hu nht s mang du s hu.

Ex: Paul and Peter's room.

i vi nhng tn ring hoc danh t c sn "s" ui c th ch cn dng du phy v nhn mnh ui khi c hoc dng s hu cch v phi thay i cch c. Tn ring khng dng "the" ng trc.

The boss' car = The boss's car [bosiz]

Agnes' house = Agnes's [siz] house.

N c dng cho thi gian (nm, thng, thp nin, th k)

Ex: The 1990s' events: nhng s kin ca thp nin 90

Ex: The 21st century's prospects.

C th dng cho cc ma trong nm tr ma xun v ma thu. Nu dng s hu cch cho hai ma ny th ngi vit nhn cch ho chng. Ngy nay ngi ta dng cc ma trong nm nh mt tnh t cho cc danh t ng sau, t dng s hu cch.

Ex: The Autumn's leaf: chic l ca nng thu.

Dng cho tn cc cng ty ln, cc quc gia

Ex: The Rockerfeller's oil products.China's food.

i vi cc ca hiu c ngh nghip c trng ch cn dng danh t vi du s hu.

Ex: In a florist's

At a hairdresser's

c bit l cc tim n: The Antonio's Dng trc mt s danh t bt ng vt ch trong mt s thnh ng

Ex: a stone's throw from ...(Cch ni u mt tm nm).

Verb

ng t trong ting Anh Chia lm 3 thi chnh:

Qu kh (Past)

Hin ti (Present)

Tng lai (Future)

Mi thi chnh li chia thnh nhiu thi nh din t tnh chnh xc ca hnh ng.

1. Present

1) Simple Present

Khi chia ng t thi ny ngi th 3 s t, phi c "s" tn cng v m d phi c c ln

Ex: He walks.

Ex: She watches TV

N dng din t mt hnh ng thng xuyn xy ra hin ti, khng xc nh c th v thi gian, hnh ng lp i lp li c tnh qui lut.

Thng dng vi mt s cc ph t ch thi gian nh today, present day, nowadays. c bit n dng vi mt s ph t ch tn sut nh: always, sometimes, often, every + thi gian ...2) Present Progressive (be + V-ing)

Dng din t mt hnh ng xy ra vo mt thi im nht nh ca hin ti. Thi im ny c xc nh c th bng mt s ph t nh : now, rightnow, at this moment.

Dng thay th cho thi tng lai gn, c bit l trong vn ni.

c bit lu nhng ng t bng sau khng c chia th tip din d bt c thi no khi chng l nhng ng t tnh din t trng thi cm gic ca hot ng tinh thn hoc tnh cht ca s vt , s vic. Nhng khi chng quay sang hng dng t hnh ng th chng li c php dng th tip din.

know believe hear see smell wish

understand hate love like want sound

have need appear seem taste own

Ex: He has a lot of books.

Ex: He is having dinner now. (ng t hnh ng: n ti)

Ex: I think they will come in time

Ex: I'm thinking of my test tomorrow. (ng t hnh ng: ang ngh v)

3) Present Perfect : Have + PII

Dng din t mt hnh ng xy ra t trong qu kh ko di n hin ti v chm dt hin ti, thi dim hnh ng hon ton khng c xc nh trong cu.

Ch mt hnh ng xy ra nhiu ln trong qu kh ko di n hin ti

Ex: George has seen this movie three time.

Dng vi 2 gii t SINCE/FOR+time

Dng vi already trong cu khng nh, lu rng already c th ng ngay sau have v cng c th ng cui cu.

Dng vi yet trong cu ph nh, yet thng xuyn ng cui cu.

Dng vi yet trong cu nghi vn

Ex: Have you written your reports yet?

Trong mt s trng hp ph nh, yet c th ng ngay sau have nhng phi thay i v mt ng php: not mt i v PII tr v dng nguyn th c to.

Ex: John has yet to learn the material = John hasn't learnt the material yet.

Dng vi now that... (gi y khi m...)

Ex: Now that you have passed the TOEFL test successfully, you can apply...

Dng vi mt s ph t nh till now, untill now, so far (cho n gi). Nhng thnh ng ny c th ng u cu hoc cui cu.

Ex: So far the problem has not been resolved.

Dng vi recently, lately (gn y) nhng thnh ng ny c th ng u hoc cui cu.

Ex: I have not seen him recently.

Dng vi before ng cui cu.

Ex: I have seen him before.

4) Present Perfect Progressive : Have been V-ing

Dng ging ht nh Present Perfect nhng hnh ng khng chm dt hin ti m vn tip tc tip din, thng xuyn dng vi since, for + time Phn bit cch dng gia hai thi:

Present Perfect Hnh ng chm dt hin ti do c kt qu r rt.

I've waited you for half an hour (and now I stop waiting because you didn't come). Present Perfect Progressive

Hnh ng vn tip din hin ti, c kh nng lan ti tng lai do khng c kt qu r rt.

I've been waiting for you for half an hour (and now I'm still waiting, hoping that you'll come)

2. Past

1) Simple Past: V-ed

Mt s ng t trong ting Anh c c dng Simple Past v Past Perfect bnh thng cng nh c bit. Ngi Anh a dng Simple past chia bnh thng v P2 c bit lm adj hoc trong dng b ng

Ex: To light

lighted/lighted: He lighted the candles in his birthday cake.

lit/ lit: From a distance we can see the lit restaurant.

N din t mt hnh ng xy ra dt im trong qu kh, khng lin quan g ti hin ti, thi dim trong cu c xc nh r rt bng mt s cc ph t ch thi gian nh yesterday, at that moment, last + time2) Past Progresseive: Was/Were + V-ing

N dng din t mt hnh ng ang xy ra vo mt thi im nht nh ca qu kh. Thi dim c din t c th = ngy, gi.

N dng kt hp vi mt simple past thng qua 2 ph t ch thi gian l when v while, ch mt hnh ng ang tip din trong qu kh th mt hnh ng khc chen ngang vo (khi ang... th bng...).

Subject + Simple Past - while - Subject + Past Progressive

Ex: Smb hit him on the head while he was walking to his car

Subject + Past Progressive - when - Subject + Simple Past

Ex: He was walking to his car when Smb hit him on the head

Mnh c when & while c th ng bt k ni no trong cu nhng sau when phi l simple past v sau while phi l Past Progressive.

N din t 2 hnh ng ang cng lc xy ra trong qu kh.

Subject + Past Progressive - while - Subject + Past Progressive

Ex: Her husband was reading newspaper while she was preparing dinner.

Mnh hnh ng khng c while c th simple past nhng t khi v d b nhm ln.

3) Past Perfect: Had + PII

Dng din t mt hnh ng xy ra trc mt hnh ng khc trong qu kh, trong cu bao gi cng c 2 hnh ng

Dng kt hp vi mt simple past thng qua 2 ph t ch thi gian after v before.

Subject + Simple Past after Subject + Past Perfect

Subject + Past Perfect before Subject + Simple Past

Lu :

Mnh c after & before c th ng u hoc cui cu nhng sau after phi l past perfect cn sau before phi l simple past.

Before & After c th c thay bng when m khng s b nhm ln v trong cu bao gi cng c 2 hnh ng, 1 trc, 1 sau.

Ex: The police came when the robber had gone away.

4) Past Perfect Progressive: Had + Been + V-ing

Dng ging ht nh Past Perfect duy c iu hot ng din ra lin tc cho n tn Simple Past. N thng kt hp vi Simple Past thng qua ph t Before. Trong cu thng xuyn c since, for + timeLu : Thi ny ngy nay t dng, ngi ta thay th n bng Past Perfect v ch dng khi no cn in t tnh chnh xc ca hnh ng.

3. Future

1) Simple Future: Will/Shall/Can/May + Verb in simple form

Ngy nay ng php hin i, c bit l ng php M chp nhn vic dng will cho tt c cc ngi, cn shall ch dng vi cc ngi I, we trong mt s trng hp nh sau:

a ra ngh mt cch lch s

Ex: Shall I take you coat?

Dng mi ngi khc mt cch lch s:

Ex: Shall we go out for lunch?

Dng ng gi trong khi mc c, mua bn:

Ex: Shall we say : $ 50

Thng c dng vi 1 vn bn mang tnh php qui buc cc bn phi thi hnh iu khon trong vn bn:

Ex: All the students shall be responsible for proper execution of the dorm rule

Trong ting Anh bnh dn , ngi ta thay shall = must dng cu ny.

N dng din t mt hnh ng s xy ra mt thi im nht nh trong tng lai nhng khng xc nh c th. Thng dng vi mt s ph t ch thi gian nh tomorrow, next + time, in the future, in future = from now on.

2) Near Future

Din t mt hnh ng s xy ra trong tng lai gn, thng dng vi cc ph t di dng: In a moment (lt na), At 2 o'clock this afternoon....Ex: We are going to have a reception in a moment N ch 1 vic chc chn s phi xy ra theo nh d tnh cho d thi gian l tng lai xa.

Ex: We are going to take a TOEFL test next year.

Ngy nay ngi ta thng dng present progressive.

3) Future Progressive: will/shall + be + verb_ing

Din t mt iu s xy ra trong tng lai vo mt thi im nht nh

Ex: At 8:00 am tomorrow morning we will be attending the lecture.

Ex: Good luck with the exam! We will be thinking of you.

Dng kt hp vi present progressive khc din t hai hnh ng ang song song xy ra. Mt hin ti, cn mt tng lai.

Ex: Now we are learning English here, but by the time tomorrow we will be attending the

meeting at the office.

c dng cp n cc s kin tng lai c xc nh hoc quyt nh (khng mang ngha tip din).

Ex: Professor Baxter will be giving another lecture on Roman glass - making at the same time next week.

Hoc nhng s kin c mong i l s xy ra theo mt tin trnh thng l (nhng khng din t nh ca c nhn ngi ni).

Ex: You will be hearing from my solicitor.

Ex: I will be seeing you one of these days, I expect.

D on cho tng lai:

Ex: Don't phone now, they will be having dinner.

Din t li ngh nh nhn mun bit v k hoch ca ngi khc

Ex: You will be staying in this evening.

(ng c d nh li y ti nay ch )

4) Future Perfect: Will/ Shall + Have + PII

Ch mt hnh ng s phi c hon tt vo mt thi im nht nh trong tng lai. N thng c dng vi ph t ch thi gian di dng:By the end of....., By the time + sentence

Ex: We will have accomplished the TOEFL test taking skills by the end of next year.

By the time Halley's Comet comes racing across the night sky again, most of the people alive today will have passed away.

S ha hp gia ch ng v ng t

Trong mt cu ting Anh, thng thng th ch ng ng lin ngay vi ng t v quyt nh vic chia ng t nhng khng phi lun lun nh vy.

Cc trng hp Ch ng ng tch khi ng t

Xen vo gia l mt ng gii t (mt gii t m u cng cc danh t theo sau). Cc ng gii t ny khng h c quyt nh g ti vic chia ng t, ng t phi chia theo ch ng chnh.

Cc thnh ng bng sau cng vi cc danh t i theo sau n to nn hin tng ng ch ng. N s ng xen vo gia ch ng v ng t, tch ra khi gia 2 thnh phn = 2 du phy v khng c nh hng g n vic chia ng t.

Ex: The actrees, along with her manager and some friends, is going to a party tonight.

Together with along with accompanied by as well as

Nu 2 danh t lm ch ng ni vi nhau bng and th ng t phi chia ngi th 3 s nhiu (they)

Nhng nu 2 ng Ch ng ni vi nhau bng or th ng t phi chia theo danh t ng sau or. Nu danh t l s t th ng t phi chia ngi th 3 s t v ngc li.

Ex: The actress or her manager is going to answer the interview.

1. Cc danh t lun i hi cc ng t v i t i theo chng ngi th 3 s t

l cc danh t bng sau (cn gi l cc i t phim ch).

any + no + some +

singular noun singular noun singular noun

anybody nobody somebody

anyone no one someone

anything nothing something

every + singular noun each + singular noun

everybody

everyone either *

everything neither*

*Either and neither are singular if they are not used with or and nor

either (1 trong 2) ch dng cho 2 ngi hoc 2 vt. Nu 3 ngi (vt) tr ln phi dng any. neither (khng mt trong hai) ch dng cho 2 ngi, 2 vt. Nu 3 ngi (vt) tr ln dng not any.Ex: Neither of his chutes opens as he plummets to the ground

Ex: Not any of his pens is able to be used.

2. Cch s dng None v No

Nu sau None of the l mt danh t khng m c th ng t phi ngi th 3 s t. Nhng nu sau n l mt danh t s nhiu th ng t phi chia ngi th 3 s nhiu.

none + of the + non-count noun + singular verb

none + of the + plural count noun + plural verb

Ex: None of the counterfeit money has been found.

Ex: None of the students have finished the exam yet.

Nu sau No l mt danh t m c s t hoc khng m c th ng t phi ngi th 3 s t nhng nu sau n l mt danh t s nhiu th ng t phi ngi th 3 s nhiu

no + {singular noun/non-count noun} + singular verb

no + plural noun + plural verb

Ex: No example is relevant to this case.

3. Cch s dng cu trc either...or (hoc...hoc) v neither...nor (khng...m cng khng)

iu cn lu nht khi s dng cu trc ny l ng t phi chia theo danh t i sau or hoc nor. Nu danh t l s t th dng t chia ngi th 3 s t v ngc li.

+ noun +

+ plural noun + plural verb

+ noun +

+ singular noun + singular verb

Ex: Neither John nor his friends are going to the beach today.

Ex: Either John or his friends are going to the beach today.

Ex: Neither the boys nor Carmen has seen this movie before.

Ex: Either John or Bill is going to the beach today.

4. V-ing lm ch ng

Khi V-ing dng lm ch ng th ng t phi chia ngi th 3 s t

Ngi ta s dng V-ing khi mun din t 1 hnh ng c th xy ra nht thi nhng khi mun din t bn cht ca s vt, s vic th phi dng danh t

Ex: Dieting is very popular today.

Ex: Diet is for those who suffer from a cerain disease.

ng t nguyn th cng c th dng lm ch ng v ng t sau n s chia ngi th 3 s t. Nhng ngi ta thng dng ch ng gi it m u cu.

Ex: To find the book is necessary for him = It is necessary for him to find the book.

5. Cc danh t tp th

l cc danh t bng sau dng ch 1 nhm ngi hoc 1 t chc nhng trn thc t chng l nhng danh t s t, do vy cc di t v ng t theo sau chng cng ngi th 3 s t.

Congress family group committee class

Organization team army club crowd

Government jury majority* minority public

Ex: The committee has met, and it has rejected the proposal.

Tuy nhin nu ng t sau nhng danh t ny chia ngi th 3 s nhiu th cu m ch cc thnh vin trong nhm ang hot ng ring r:

Ex: Congress votes for the bill.

*(Congress are discussing about the bill. (some agree, some disagree)).(TOEFL khng bt li ny).

Danh t the majority c dng tu theo thnh phn sau n chia ng t

The majority + singular verb

the majority of the + plural noun + plural verb

Ex: The majority believes that we are in no danger.

Ex: The majority of the students believe him to be innocent.

the police/sheep/fish + plural verb

Ex: The sheep are breaking away

Ex: The police come only to see the dead bodies and a ruin in the bank

a couple + singular verb

Ex: A couple is walking on the path

The couple + plural verb

Ex: The couple are racing their horses through the meadow.

Cc cm t bng sau ch mt nhm ng vt hoc gia sc. cho d sau gii t of l danh t s nhiu th ng t vn chia theo ngi ch ng chnh ngi th 3 s t.

flock of birds, sheep school of fish

herd of cattle pride of lions

pack of dogs

Ex: The flock of birds is circling overhead.

Tt c cc danh t tp th ch thi gian, tin bc, s o u c xem l 1 danh t s t. Do cc ng t v i t theo sau chng phi ngi th 3 s t.

Ex: 25 dollars is too much....

*Note: He has contributed $50, and now he wants to contribute another 50.

6. Cch s dng a number of, the number of:

A number of = mt s ln nhng... nu i vi danh t s nhiu th ng t chia ngi th ba s nhiu.

a number of + plural noun + plural verb

Ex: A number of students are going to the class picnic (a number of = many).

Nhng the number of = mt s... c coi l mt tng th s t, do cho d sau n l mt danh t s nhiu th ng t vn phi chia ngi th 3 s t.

the number of + plural noun + singular verb...

Ex: The number of days in a week is seven.

7. Cc danh t lun dng s nhiu

Bng sau l nhng danh t bao gi cng hnh thi s nhiu v chng bao gm 2 thc th nn cc i t v ng t i cng vi chng cng phi s nhiu.

ScissorsshortsPantsjeanstongs

TrouserseyeglassesPlierstweezers

Nu mun chng thnh ngi s t phi dng a pair of...

Ex: The pants are in the drawer.

Ex: A pair of pants is in the drawer.

8. Thnh ng there is, there are

Thnh ng ny ch s tn ti ca ngi hoc vt ti mt ni no . Ch ng tht ca thnh ng ny l danh t i sau. Nu n l danh t s t th ng t to be chia ngi th 3 s t v ngc li.

Mi bin i v thi v th u nm to be cn there gi nguyn.

Ex: There has been an increase in the importation of foreign cars.

Ex: There have been a number of telephone calls today.

Lu cc cu trc: there is certain/ sure/ likely/ bound to be: Chc chn l s c

Ex: There is sure to be trouble when she gets his letter

(Chc chn l s c rc ri khi c y nhn c th anh ta)

Ex: Do you think there is likely to be snow

(Anh cho rng chc chn s c tuyt ch)

Trong dng ting Anh quy chun hoc vn chng mt s cc ng t khc ngoi to be cng c s dng vi there. ng t trng thi: Stand/ lie/ remain/ exist/ live

ng t ch s n: enter/ go/ come/ follow

of state

There + verb

+ noun as subject

of arrival

Ex: In a small town in Germany there once lived a poor shoemaker

(Ti mt th trn xp c tng c mt ng th giy ngho sng )

Ex: There remains nothing more to be done

(Ch cn c g na m lm)

Ex: Suddenly there entered a strange figure dressed all in black

(Bng c mt hnh bng k l i vo mc ton en)

Ex: There followed an uncomfortable silence

(Mt s im lng n bt tin tip theo sau )

There + subject pronoun + go/ come/ be: ka/ th l/ ri th

Ex: There he comes

(Anh ta n ri kia ka)

Ex: There you are, I have been waiting for you for over an hour

(Anh y ri, ti ang ch anh n hn mt ting ri y)

There + be + name of people : Th c .. .. y thi .. Nhm gi ta s ch n

There + be + always + noun: Th lc no ch c .. mt gii php kh d cho 1 vn

Ex: Whom could we ask ?- Well, there is James, or Miranda, or Ann, or Sue...

Ex: Where can he sleep/- Well, there is always the attic

There was this + noun: Chnh l ci ... ny y ( m u cho mt cu chuyn)Ex: There was this man, see, and he could not get up in the morning. So he ...

(Ny, chnh l ci anh chng ny y, anh ta khng dy c bui sng. Th l anh ta...

There (lm tnh t): chnh ci/ con/ ngi y

Ex: Give that book there, please(Lm n a cho ti chnh cun sch y)

That there dog: Chnh con ch y y

That there girl, she broke two records of speed

(Chnh c gi y y, c ta ph hai k lc v tc )

i t

Chia lm 5 loi vi cc chc nng s dng khc nhau.

1. i t nhn xng (Ch ng)

IWe

YouYou

He

SheThey

It

ng u cu, lm ch ng, quyt nh vic chia ng t

ng sau ng t to beEx: The teachers who were invited to the party were George, Bill and I.

Ex: It was she who called you.

ng ng sau cc ph t so snh nh than, as (Li c bn) ng sau cc ngi s nhiu nh we, you c quyn dng mt danh t s nhiu trc tip ng sau.

Ex: We students are going to have a party (Sinh vin chng ti .....)

Ex: You guys (Bn my)

We/ You/ They + all/ both

Ex: We all go to school no. - They both bought the ensurance - You all come shopping.

Nhng nu all hoc both i vi cc i t ny dng cu c ng t kp th all hoc both s ng sau tr ng t (Future, progressive, perfect)Ex: We will all go to school next week.

Ex: They have both bought the insurance.

All v Both cng phi ng sau ng t to be trn tnh t

Ex: We are all ready to go swimming.

Dng he/she thay th cho cc vt nui nu chng c xem l c tnh cch, thng minh hoc tnh cm (ch, mo, nga...)

Ex: Go and find the cat if where she stays in.

Ex: How's your new car? Terrrific, she is running beutifully.

Tn nc c thay th trang trng bng she (ngy nay it dng).

Ex: England is an island country and she is governed by a mornach.

2. i t nhn xng tn ng

me us

you you

him

her them

it

ng ng sau cc ng t v cc gii t lm tn ng : us/ you/ them + all/ bothEx: They invited us all (all of us) to the party last night.

ng sau us c th dng mt danh t s nhiu trc tip

Ex: The teacher has made a lot of questions for us students.

3. Tnh t s hu

my our

your your

his

her their

its

ng trc mt danh t v ch s s hu ca ngi hoc vt i vi danh t .

4. i t s hu

mine ours

yours yours

his

hers theirs

its

Ngi ta dng i t s hu trnh khi phi nhc li tnh t s hu + danh t ni trn.

ng u cu lm ch ng v quyt nh vic chia ng t.

ng sau cc ph t so snh nh than hoc asEx: Your teacher is the same as his teacher. Yours is the same as his.

ng sau ng t to be ng ng sau mt ng t hnh ng lm tn ng.

Ex: I forgot my homework. I forgot mine

5. i t phn thn

myself ourselves

yourself yourselves

himself

herself themselves

itself

Dng din t ch ng lm mt vic g cho chnh mnh. Trong trng hp ny n ng ngay ng sau ng t hoc gii t for cui cu.

Ex: I washed myself

Ex: He sent the letter to himself.

Dng nhn mnh vo vic ch ng t lm ly vic g, trong trng hp ny n ng ngay sau ch ng. Trong mt s trng hp n c th ng cui cu, khi ni hi ngng li mt cht.

Ex: I myself believe that the proposal is good.

Ex: She prepared the nine-course meal herself.

By + oneself: mt mnh.

Ex: John washed the dishes by himself (alone)

Tn ng

1. ng t dng lm tn ng

Khng phi bt c ng t no trong ting Anh cng u i hi tn ng ng sau n l mt danh t. Mt s cc ng t li i hi tn ng sau n phi l mt ng t khc. Chng chia lm hai loi.

2. ng t nguyn th l tn ng

Bng di y l nhng ng t i hi tn ng sau n l mt ng t nguyn th khc.

agreeattemptclaimdecidedemand

desireexpectfailforgethesitate

hopeintend learnneedoffer

planpreparepretendrefuseseem

strivetend wantwish

Ex: John expects to begin studying law next semester.

3. Verb -ing dng lm tn ng

Bng di y l nhng ng t i hi tn ng theo sau n phi l mt Verb - ingadmitappreciateavoidcan't helpconsider

delaydenyenjoyfinishmind

misspostponepracticequitrecall

repeatresentresist resumerisk

suggest

Ex: John admitted stealing the jewels.

Lu rng trong bng ny c mu ng t can't help doing/ but do smt: khng th ng c phi lm g

With such good oranges, we can't help buying (but buy) two kilos at a time.

Nu mun thnh lp th ph nh cho cc ng t trn y dng lm tn ng phi t not trc nguyn th hoc verb - ing.

Bng di y l nhng ng t m tn ng sau n c th l mt ng t nguyn th hoc mt verb - ing m ng ngha khng thay i.

begincan't standcontinuedread

hatelike love prefer

starttry

Lu rng trong bng ny c mt ng t can't stand to do/doing smt: khng th chu ng c khi phi lm g.He can't stand to wait/ waiting such a long time.4. Bn ng t c bit

l nhng ng t m ng ngha ca chng s i khc hon ton khi tn ng sau n l mt ng t nguyn th hoc verb - ing.

1) Stop to do smt: dng li lm g

2) Stop doing smt: dng lm vic g

3) Remember to do smt: Nh s phi lm g

I remember to send a letter at the post office tomorow morning.

4) Remember doing smt: Nh l lm g

I remember locking the door before leaving, but now I can't find the key.

c bit n thng c dng vi mu cu: S + still remember + V-ing : Vn cn nh l ...I still remember buying the first motorbike

5) Forget to do smt: qun s phi lm g

I forgot to pickup my child after school

6) Forget doing smt: (Ch c dng trong cc mu cu ph nh.

c bit n thng c dng vi mu cu S + will never forget + V-ing: s khng bao gi qun c l ...She will never forget meeting the Queen.

7) Regret to do smt: Ly lm tic v phi (thng bo tin xu)

We regret to inform the passengers that the flight for Washington DC was canceled because of the bad weather.

8) Regret doing smt: Ly lm tic v

He regrets leaving school early. It's a big mistake.

5. Cc ng t ng sau gii t

Tt c cc ng t ng sau gii t u phi dng V-ing Mt s cc ng t thng i km vi gii t to. Khng c nhm ln gii t ny vi to ca ng t nguyn th.

Verb + prepositions + V-ing

approve ofbe better ofcount ondepend on

give up insist onkeep onput off

rely onsucceed inthink abountthink of

worry abountobject tolook forward toconfess to

Fred confessed to stealing the jewels

Adjective + prepositions + V-ing

accustomed toafraid ofcapable offond of

intent oninterested insuccessful intired of

Mitch is afraid of getting married now.

Noun + prepositions + V-ing

choice ofexcuse forintention of method for

possibility of reason for(method of)

There is no reason for leaving this early.

Khng phi bt c tnh t no cng u i hi sau n l mt gii t + V-ing. Nhng tnh t bng sau li i hi sau n l mt ng t nguyn th.

anxiousboringdangeroushard

eagereasygoodstrange

pleased preparedreadyable

usualcommondifficult

It is dangerous to drive in this weather.

able/ unable to do smt = capable/ incapable of doing smt.

6. Vn cc i t ng trc ng t nguyn th hoc V-ing dng lm tn ng.

ng trc mt ng t nguyn th lm tn ng th dng ca i t v danh t s l tn ng.

allowaskbegconvinceexpectinstruct

inviteorderpermitpersuadepreparepromise

remindurgewant

S + V + complement form (pronoun/ noun) + [to + verb]

Joe asked Mary to call him when she woke up.

We ordered him to appear in court.

Tuy nhin ng trc mt V- ing lm tn ng th dng ca i t v danh t s l s hu.

Subject + verb + possessive form (pronoun/ noun) + verb-ing

We understand your not being able to stay longer.

We object to their calling at this hour.

Cch s dng cc ng t bn khim khuyt

1. Need

1) Dng nh mt ng t thng: c s dng ra sao cn ty vo ch ng ca n

a) Khi ch ng l mt ng vt + need + to + verb

My friend needs to learn Spanish.

b) Khi ch ng l mt bt ng vt + need + to be + P2/ V-ing

The grass needs cutting ORThe grass needs to be cut

Need = to be in need of + noun

Jill is in need of money (Jill needs money).

Want v Require cng c dng theo mu cu nyWant/ Require + verb-ing

Your hair wants cutting

All cars require servicing regularly

2) Need c s dng nh mt ng t khim khuyt

Lun dng hin ti.

Ngi th ba s t khng c "s" tn cng

Ch dng th nghi vn v ph nh

Khng dng vi tr ng t to do. Sau need phi l mt ng t b "to"We needn't reserve seats - there will be plenty of rooms.

Need I fill out the form ?

Dng sau cc t nh if/ whether/ only/ scarcely/ hardly/ no oneI wonder if I need fill out the form

This is the only form you need fill out.

Needn't + have + P2 : L ra khng cn phi

You needn't have come so early - only waste your time.

Lu : Needn't = khng cn phi trong khi mustn't = khng c php.

2. Dare

1) Khi dng vi ngha l "dm"

Khng dng th khng nh, ch dng th nghi vn v ph nh. N c th dng vi tr ng t to do hoc vi chnh bn thn n. ng t sau n v mt l thuyt l c to nhng trn thc t thng b.

Did they dare (to) do such a thing = Dared they do such a thing

He didn't dare (to) say anything = He dared not say anything.

Dare khng c dng th khng nh ngoi tr thnh ng I dare say/ I daresay vi 2 ngha sau:

Ti cho rng: I dare say there will be a restaurant car at the end of the train

Ti tha nhn l: I daresay you are right.

How dare/ dared + S + Verb in simple form: Sao ... dm (t s gin gi)

How dared you open my letter: Sao my dm m th ca tao.

2) Dare dng nh mt ngoi ng t

Mang ngha thch thc:Dare sb to do smt: Thch ai lm g

They dare the boy to swim across the river in such a cold weather.

Cch s dng to be trong mt s trng hp

To be of + noun = to have: c (dng ch tnh cht hoc tnh cm)Mary is of a gentle nature: Mary c mt bn cht t t.

To be of + noun: Nhn mnh cho danh t ng ng sauThe newly-opened restaurant is of ( ngay) the Leceister Square To be + to + verb: l dng cu to c bit c s dng trong nhng trng hp sau: truyn t cc mnh lnh hoc cc ch dn t ngi th nht qua ngi th hai n ngi th ba.

No one is to leave this building without the permission of the police.

Dng vi mnh if khi mnh chnh din t mt cu tin iu kin: Mt iu phi xy ra trc nht nu mun mt iu khc s xy ra. (Nu mun... th phi..)Ex1: If we are to get there by lunch time we had better hurry.

Ex2: Smt must be done quickly if the endangered birds are to be saved.

Ex3: He knew he would have to work hard if he was to pass his exam

c dng thng bo nhng yu cu xin ch dn

He asked the air traffic control where he was to land.

c dng rt ph bin truyn t mt d nh, mt s sp t, c bit khi n l chnh thc.

Ex1: She is to get married next month.

Ex2: The expedition is to start in a week.

Ex3: We are to get a ten percent wage rise in June. Cu trc ny rt thng dng trn bo ch, khi l ta bo th to be c b i tit kim ch.

The Primer Minister (is) to make a statement tomorrow.

were + S + to + verb = if + S + were + to + verb = th nu (din t mt gi thuyt)Were I to tell you that he passed his exams, would you believe me.

was/ were + to + verb: din t tng v mt s mnh nh snEx1: They said goodbye without knowing that they were never to meet again.

Ex2: Since 1840, American Presidents elected in years ending in zero were to be died (have been destined to die)in office.

to be about to + verb = near future (sp sa)They are about to leave.

Trong mt s dng cu c bit Be + adj ... m u cho mt ng = t ra...Be careless (T ra bt cn...) in a national park where there are bears around and the result are likely to be tragical indeed

Be + subject + noun/ noun phrase/ adjective = cho d lSocieties have found various methods to support and train their artists, be it (cho d l...) the Renaissance system of royal support of the sculptors and painters of the period or the Japanese tradition of passing artistic knowledge from father to son.

To have technique is to possess the physical expertise to perform whatever steps a given work may contain, be they simple or complex:

(C c k thut l s c c s iu luyn v mt c th thc hin bt k nhng bc v no m mt iu v nh sn c th bao gm, cho d l chng n gin hay phc tp)

Cch s dng to gettrong mt s trng hp c bit

1. To get + P2 get washed/ dressed/ prepared/ lost/ drowned/ engaged/ married/ divorced.

Ch vic ch ng t lm ly hoc trng thi m ch ng ang trong .

You will have 5 minutes to get dressed (... t mc qun o)

He got lost in old Market Street yesterday. (trng thi lc) Tuyt nhin khng c ln trng hp ny vi ng t b ng.

ng t to be c th dng thay th cho get trong loi cu ny.

2. Get + V-ing = Start + V-ing: Bt u lm g

We'd better get moving, it's late.

3. Get sb/smt +V-ing: Lm ai/ ci g bt u.

Please get him talking about the main task. (Lm n bo anh ta bt u ni v nhim v chnh i)

When we get the heater running, the whole car will start to warm up. (Khi chng ta cho my si bt u chy)4. Get + to + verb

Tm c cch.

We could get to enter the stadium without tickets.(Chng ti tm c cch lt vo...)

C c may.

When do I get to have a promotion.(Khi no ti c c may c tng lng y)

c php

At last we got to meet the general director. (Cui cng th ri chng ti cng c php gp)

5. Get + to + Verb (ch vn hnh ng) = Come + to + Verb (ch vn nhn thc) = Gradually = dn dn

We will get to speak English more easily as time goes by.

He comes to understand that learning English is not much difficult

Cu hi

Ting Anh c nhiu loi cu hi bao gm nhng chc nng v mc ch khc nhau

Cu hi Yes/ No auxiliary

be

+ S + V ...

do, does, did

S d gi l nh vy v khi tr li c dng Yes/ No u cu. Nn nh rng :

Yes + Positive verb

No + Negative verb.

tuyt i khng c tr li theo kiu cu ting Vit.

1. Cu hi thng bo

L loi cu dng vi mt lot cc i t nghi vn

a) Who/ what lm ch ng

+ verb + (complement) + (modifier)

ng u cu lm ch ng v quyt nh vic chia ng t. ng t sau n nu thi hin ti phi chia ngi th 3 s t.

What happened last night ?

b) Whom/ what lm tn ng

+ + S + V + (modifier)

Chng vn ng u cu nhng lm tn ng cho cu hi. Nn nh rng trong ting Anh qui chun bt buc phi dng whom mc d trong vn ni c th dng who thay cho whom (Li c bn).What did George buy at the store.

c) Cu hi nhm vo cc b ng: When, Where, How v Why + + S + V + complement + modifier

How did Maria get to school today ?2. Cu hi gin tip

L loi cu mang nhng c tnh nh sau:

Cu c hai thnh phn ni vi nhau bng mt i t nghi vn.

ng t mnh hai phi t xui theo ch ng, khng c cu to cu hi.

i t nghi vn khng ch l 1 t m cn bao gm 2 hoc 3 t.

S + V (phrase) + question word + S + V

The authorities can't figure out why the plane landed at the wrong airport.

auxiliary + S + V + question word + S + V

Do you know where he went ?.

Question word c th l mt phrase: whose + noun, how many, how much, how long, how often, what time, what kind.I have no idea how long the interview will take.

3. Cu hi c ui

Cu chia lm hai thnh phn tch bit nhau bi du phy.

Nu ng t thnh phn chnh chia th khng nh th ng t phn ui chia th ph nh v ngc li.

Thi ca ng t ui phi theo thi ca ng t mnh chnh.

ng t thng dng vi tr ng t to do. Cc ng t thi kp dng vi chnh tr ng t ca n. ng t to be c php dng trc tip.

Cc thnh ng there is, there are v it is c dng li phn ui.

Trong ting Anh ca ngi M, to have l ng t thng, do vy n phi dng vi tr ng t to do. Ex1: You have two children, don't you ?

Ex2: He should stay in bed, shouldn't he ?

Ex3: She has been studying English for two years, hasn't she ?

*Lu : khi s dng loi cu hi ny nn nh rng ngi hi ch nhm khng nh kin ca mnh bit ch khng nhm hi. Do khi chm cu hiu trong TOEFL, phi da vo th ng t ca mnh chnh ch khng da vo th ng t phn ui.

Ex: John can get Mary to play this, cant he?

Correct answer: John believes that Mary will play this for us.

Li ni ph ha khng nh v ph nh

1. Khng nh

L li ni ph ha li khng nh ca ngi khc tng ng vi cu trc ting Vit cng th. Cu trc c dng s l so, too. ng t to be c php dng trc tip, ng t thng dng vi tr ng t to do. Cc ng t thi kp (Future, perfect, progressive) dng vi chnh tr ng t ca n. affirmative statement (be) + and +

I am happy, and you are too I am happy, and so are you.

affirmative statement + and +

(compound verb)

They will work in the lab tomorrow, and you will too.

They will work in the lab tomorrow, and so will you. affirmative statement + and +

(compound verb)

Jane goes to that school, and my sister does too.

Jane goes to that school, and so does my sister.

2. Ph nh

ph ha li ph nh ca ngi khc, tng ng vi cu trc ting Vit cng khng. Thnh ng c s dng s l either v neither. Nn nh rng:

Negative verb + Either

Neither + positive verb

S dng ging li ni ph ha khng nh vi 3 loi: to be, ng t thng v cc ng t thi kp.

negative statement + and +

I didn't see Mary this morning, and John didn't either

I didn't see Mary this morning, and neither did John.

Lu : Cc li ni me too v me neither ch c dng trong vn ni, tuyt i khng c dng trong vn vit.Cu ph nh cu to cu ph nh t not sau:

ng t to be - Tr ng t to do ca ng t thng - cc tr ng t thi kp. t any ng trc danh t nhn mnh trong ph nh. Nn nh rng trong ting Anh ca ngi M th not any + noun = not .... a single noun.

He didn't sell a single magazine yesterday.

Trong mt s trng hp nhn mnh vo ph nh ca danh t. Ngi ta ng t dng khng nh v t no trc danh t. Lc no = not ... at all. Mt s cc cu hi dng ph nh s mang hai ngha:

Nhn mnh cho s khng nh ca ngi ni.

Shouldn't you put on your hat, too! : Th th anh cng i lun m vo i.

Didn't you say that you would come to the party tonight: Th anh chng ni l anh i d tic ti nay hay sao.

Dng tn dng

Wasn't the weather wonderful yesterday: Thi tit hm qua p tuyt vi.

Wouldn't it be nice if we didn't have to work on Friday: Tht l tuyt vi khi chng ta khng phi lm vic ngy th 6.

Negative + Negative = Positive.(emphasizing - Nhn mnh)

It's unbelieveable he is not rich.

Negative + comparative (more/ less) = superlative

I couldn't agree with you less = absolutely disagree.

You couldn't have gone to the beach on a better day = the best day to go to the beach.

Nhng phi ht sc cn thn v :

He couldn't have been more unfriendly (the most unfriendly) when I met him first.

The surgery couldn't have been more unnecessary (absolutely unnecessary).

Negative... even/still less/much less + noun/ verb in simple form: khng ... m li cng khng.These students don't like reading novel, much less textbook.

It's unbelieveable how he could have survived such a freefall, much less live to tell about it on television

Mt s cc ph t trong ting Anh mang ngha ph nh, khi dng n trong cu khng c cu to th ph nh ca ng t na.

hardly, barely, scarcely = almost no = hu nh khng. hardlyever, seldom, rarely = almost never = hu nh khng bao gi.subject + negative adverb + positive verb

subject + to be + negative adverb

*Lu rng cc ph t ny khng mang ngha ph nh hon ton m mang ngha gn nh ph nh. c bit l nhng t nh barely v scarcely khi i vi nhng t nh enough v only hoc nhng thnh ng ch s chnh xc.

She barely make it to class on time: C ta n lp va vn ng gi.

Do you have enough money for the tution fee? Only barely (Scarcely enough):Va .

i vi nhng ng t nh to think, to believe, to suppose, to imagine + that + sentense. Phi cu to ph nh cc ng t , khng c cu to ph nh mnh th hai.

I don't think you came to class yesterday.

I don't believe she stays at home now.

Trong dng informal standard English (ting Anh qui chun dng thng ngy) mt cu trc ph nh ngng khng mang ngha ph nh i khi c s dng sau nhng ch s nghi ng hoc khng chc chn, c bit l ph nh kp.

Ex: I shouldnt be suprised if they didnt get married soon (if they got married soon).

Ti s khng ly lm ngc nhin nu h ly nhau sm.

Ex: I wonder whether I oughtnt to go and see a doctor. Im feeling a bit funny.

Ti t hi xem l liu ti c nn i khm bc s khng. Ti...

No matter + who/what/which/where/when/how + Subject + verb in present: D c... i chng na... th

Ex: No matter who telephones, say Im out.

Cho d l ai gi n th hy bo l ti i vng.

Ex: No matter where you go, you will find Coca-Cola

Cho d anh c i n u, anh cng s tm thy nc Coca-Cola

*Lu 1: No matter who = whoever/ No matter what = whatever

Ex: No matter what (whatever) you say, I wont believe you.

Cho d l my c ni g i chng na, tao cng khng tin.

*Lu 2: Cc cu trc ny c th ng cui cu m khng cn c mnh theo sau:

Ex: I will always love you, no matter what.

Not ... at all: Chng cht no.

I didnt understand anything at all.

She was hardly frightened at all

At all cn c dng trong cu hi, c bit vi nhng t nh if/ever/any...Do you play poker at all (Anh c chI bi poker cht no khng)

He will become before supper if he comes at all (Nu n c n I chng na th n s...)

You can come wheever you like - anytime at all (Vo bt c lc no chng na)

Not at all: Khng c chi ( p li li cm n)

Subject + link verb in negative + at all + adjective

He isnt at all satisfied with his final paper

Mnh lnh thc

Chia lm 2 loi: Trc tip v gin tip.

Mnh lnh thc trc tip

Close the door

Please don't turn off the light.

Mnh lnh thc gin tip dng vi mt s ng t to order/ ask/ say/ tell sb/ do/ not to do smt.John asked Jill to turn off the light.Please tell Jaime not to leave the room.

Ch : let's khc let us

let's go: mnh i no

let us go: chng ti i i

Cu hi c ui ca let's l shall weLet's go out for dinner, shall weng t khim khuyt

l nhng ng t bng sau v mang nhng c im

present tensepast tense

Will

Can

May

Shall

must (have to)would (used to)

could

might

should (ought to) (had better)

(had to)

Khng c tiu t "to" ng trc.

ng t no i sau n phi b "to". Khng cn dng vi tr ng t m dng vi chnh bn thn n trong cc dng cu nghi vn v cu ph nh.

Khng bao gi hai ng t khim khuyt i cng nhau, nu c th ng t th hai phi bin sang mt dng khc.

will have to (must), will be able to (can), will be allowed to (may)Cu iu kin

1. iu kin c th thc hin c hin ti

If + S + simple present - S + will (can, shall, may) + Verb in simple form.

If he tries much more, he will improve his English.

2. iu kin khng th thc hin c hin ti

If + S + simple past - S + would (could, should, might) + Verb in simple form

If I had enough money now, I would buy this house .

ng t to be phi chia l were tt c cc ngi.

If I were you, I wouldn't do such a thing.

Trong mt s trng hp, ngi ta b if i v o were ln trn ch ng (were I you ... li c bn).

3. iu kin khng th thc hin c qu kh

If + S + had + P2 - S + would(could, shoult,might) + have + P2

If he had studied harder for that test, he would have passed it.

Trong mt s trng hp ngi ta b if i v o had ln pha trc.

Lu : Cu iu kin khng phi lc no cng tun theo qui lut trn. Trong mt s trng hp mt v ca iu kin s l qu kh nhng v cn li hin ti do thi gian qui nh.

If she had caught the train, she would be here by now.

Cch s dng cc ng twill, would, could, should sau if

Thng thng cc ng t ny khng c s dng vi if trong cu iu kin, tuy nhin vn c ngoi l.

If you will/would : Nu ..... vui lng. Thng c dng trong cc yu cu lch s. Would lch s hn will.

If you will/would wait for a moment, I will go and see if Mr Conner is here.

If + Subject + Will/Would : Nu ..... chu. din t t nguyn.

If he will listen to me, I can help him.

Will cn c dng theo mu cu ny din t s ngoan c: Nu ..... nht nh, Nu ..... c.If you will turn on the music loudly late the night, no wonder why your neighbours complain.

If you could: Xin vui lng. Din t lch s 1 yu cu m ngi ni cho rng ngi kia s ng nh l mt l ng nhin.

If you could open your book, please.

If + Subject + should + ..... + imperative (mnh lnh thc): V phng nh. Din t mt tnh hung d c th xy ra c song rt kh.

If you should find any dificulty in using that TV, please call me this number.

Trong mt s trng hp ngi ta b if i v o should ln trn ch ng (Should you find)Mt s cch dng thm ca if

1. If... then: Nu... th

Ex: If she cant come to us, then we will have to go and see her.

2. If dng trong dng cu khng phi cu iu kin: ng t cc mnh din bin bnh thng theo thi gian ca chnh n.

Ex: If you want to learn a musical instrument, you have to practice.Ex: If you did not do much maths at school, you will find economics difficult to understand.Ex: If that was Marry, why didnt she stop and say hello.

3. If... should = If... happen to... = If... should happen to... din t s khng chc chn (Xem thm phn s dng should trong mt s trng hp c th)

If you should happen to pass a supermarket, perhaps you could get some eggs. (Ng nh m anh c tnh c gh qua ch c l mua cho em t trng)

4. If.. was/were to...

Din t iu kin khng c tht hoc tng tng tng lai.

Ex: If the boss was/were to come in now (= if the boss came in now), we would be in real trouble.

Ex: What would we do if I was/were to lose my job.

Hoc c th din t mt lch s khi a ra ngh

Ex: If you were to move your chair a bit, we could all sit down.

(Nu anh vui lng dch gh ca anh ra mt cht th chng ta c th cng ngi c)

Note: Cu trc ny tuyt i khng c dng vi cc ng t tnh hoc ch trng thi t duy

Ex: Correct:If I knew her name, I would tell you.

Incorrect:If I was/were to know...

5. If it + to be + not + for: Nu khng v, nu khng nh vo.

Thi hin ti:

If it wasnt/werent for the children, that couple wouldnt have any thing to talk about.

(Nu khng v nhng a con th v chng nh y ch c chuyn g m ni)

Thi qu kh:

If it hadnt been for your help, I dont know what we would have done.

(Nu khng nh vo s gip ca anh th ti cng khng bit l chng ti s lm g y)

6. "Not" i khi c thm vo nhng ng t sau "if" by t s nghi ng, khng chc chn. (C nn ... Hay khng ...)

I wonder if we shouldnt ask the doctor to look at Mary.

7. It would... if + subject + would... (s l... nu khng c dng trong vn vit)

Ex:It would be better if they would tell every body in advance.

(S l tt hn nu h k cho mi ngi t trc)

Ex:How would we feel if this would happen to our family.

(Ta s cm thy th no nu iu ny xy ra i vi gia nh chng ta.)

8. If... d have... have: Dng trong vn ni, khng dng trong vn vit, din t iu kin khng th xy ra qu kh

If Id have known, Id have told you.

If shed have recognized him it would have been funny.

9. If + preposition + noun/verb... (subject + be b lc b)

If in doubt, ask for help (=If you are in doubt)

If about to go on a long journey, try to have a good nights sleep

(= If you are about to go on... )

10. If dng kh ph bin vi mt s t nh "any/anything/ever/not" din t ph nh

Ex: There is little if any good evidence for flying saucers.

(=There is little evidence if ther is any at all, for flying saucers)

(C rt t bng chng v a bay, nu qu l c mt cht)

Ex: Im not angry. If anything, I feel a little surprised.

(Ti khng gin d g u. M tri li ti cm thy hi ngc nhin)

Thnh ng ny cn din t kin m th: Nu c...

Ex: Id say he was more like a father, if anything

(Ti xin ni rng ng y cn hn c mt ngi cha, nu c th ni th.)

Ex: He seldom if ever travel abroad.

(Anh ta ch my khi i ra nc ngoi)

Ex: Usually, if not always, we write cannot as one word

(Thng thng, nhng khng phi l lun lun... )

11. If + Adjective = although (cho d l)

Ngha khng mnh bng although - Dng din t quan im ring hoc vn g khng quan trng.

Ex: His style, if simple, is pleasant to read.

(Vn phong ca ng ta, cho d l n gin, th c cng th)

Ex: The profits, if little lower than last years, are still extremely wealthy

(Li nhun, cho d l c thp hn nm qua mt cht, th vn l rt ln.)

Cu trc ny c th thay bng may..., butEx: His style may be simple, but it is pleasant to read.

Cch s dng to Hope, to Wish.

Hai ng t ny tuy cng ngha nhng khc nhau v cch s dng v bn cht ng php.

ng t ca mnh sau hope (hi vng rng) s din bin bnh thng theo thi gian ca chnh mnh .

ng t mnh sau wish bt buc phi dng iu kin khng th thc hin c. iu kin chia lm 3 thi:

iu kin khng c tht tng lai

ng t mnh sau wish s c dng would/could + Verb hoc were + [verb + ing].

We wish that you could come to the party tonight. (You can't come)

1. iu kin khng th thc hin c hin ti

ng t mnh sau wish s chia Simple past, to be phi chia l were tt c cc ngi.

I wish that I had enough time to finish my homework.

2. iu kin khng th thc hin c qu kh

ng t mnh sau wish s chia Past perfect hoc could have + P2.I wish that I had washed the clothes yesterday.

She wishes that she could have been there.

*Lu 1: ng t mnh sau wish ch c th b nh hng ca wish l bt buc phi dng iu kin khng th thc hin c nhng iu kin y thi no li ph thuc vo chnh thi gian ca bn thn mnh ch khng ph thuc vo thi ca wish.

She wishes that she could have gone earlier yesterday.(Past)

He wished that he would come to visit me next week.(Future)

The photographer wished we stood clother than we are standing now.(Present).

*Lu 2: Cn phn bit wish (c g/ mong g) vi wish mang ngha "chc"trong mu cu: to wish sb smt

I wish you a happy birthday.*Lu 3: v wish mang ngha "mun": To wish to do smt (Mun lm g)

To wish smb to do smt (Mun ai lm g)

Ex: Why do you wish to see the manager

Ex: I wish to make a complaint.

Ex: The government does not wish Dr.Jekyll Hyde to accept a professorship at a foreign university.

Wish (lch s/ trang trng nht) = would like (lch s) = want (thn mt)

Cch s dng thnh ng as if, as though(chng nh l, nh th l)

Mnh ng sau hai thnh ng ny thng xuyn dng iu kin khng th thc hin c. iu kin ny chia lm 2 thi:

Thi hin ti: nu ng t mnh trc chia thi hin ti n gin th ng t mnh sau chia qu kh n gin. To be phi chia l were tt c cc ngi.

The old lady dresses as if it were winter even in the summer. (It is not winter)

Thi qu kh: Nu ng t mnh trc chia qu kh n gin th ng t mnh sau chia qu kh hon thnh.

Jeff looked as though he had seen a ghost. (He didn't see a ghost)

Lu : Mnh sau as if, as though khng phi lc no cng tun theo qui lut trn. Nu iu kin trong cu l c tht hoc theo quan nim ca ngi ni, ngi vit l c tht th hai cng thc trn khng c s dng. ng t mnh sau din bin bnh thng theo mi quan h vi ng t mnh chnh.

He looks as if he has finished the test.Used to, to be/get used to

Used to + Verb: Thng hay tng. Ch mt thi quen, mt hnh ng thng xuyn xy ra trong qu kh.

When David was young, he used to swim once a day. (past time habit)Nghi vn: Did + S + used to + Verb = Used + S + to + V.

Ph nh: S + didn't + used to + Verb = S + used not to + V.

To be/ to get used to + V-ing/ Noun: Tr nn quen vi.

He is used to swimming every day.He got used to American food

*Lu : Used to + V c th thay bng would nhng t khi v d nhm ln.

Cch s dng thnh ng would rather

would rather .... than = prefer .... to = thch hn l.

ng sau would rather bt buc phi l mt ng t b to nhng sau prefer l mt V-ing v c th b i c.

Khi would rather .... than mang ngha th .... cn hn l th prefer .... to khng th thay th c.

They would rather die in freedom than live in slavery.He prefers dogs to cats (Anh ta thch ch hn mo)

He would rather have dogs than cats (Anh ta th nui ch hn mo)

Vic s dng would rather cn ty thuc vo s CN v ngha ca cu.

Loi cu c mt ch ng

Cu trc s dng cho loi cu ny l would rather ... than l loi cu iu kin khng thc hin c v chia lm 2 thi:

Thi hin ti: Sau would rather l nguyn th b to. Nu mun thnh lp th ph nh t not trc nguyn th b to.Jim would rather go to class tomorrow than today. Thi qu kh: ng t sau would rather phi l have + P2, nu mun thnh lp th ph nh t not trc have.Jim would rather have gone to class yesterday than today.

1. Loi cu c hai ch ng

Loi cu ny dng thnh ng would rather that (c g, mong g) v dng trong mt s trng hp sau:

a) Loi cu gi nh hin ti

L loi cu ngi th nht mun ngi th hai lm vic g nhng lm hay khng cn ph thuc vo ngi th hai. Trong trng hp ny ng t mng hai dng nguyn th b to. Nu mun thnh lp th ph nh t not trc nguyn th b to.I would rather that you call me tomorrow. Ng php hin i ngy nay c bit l ng php M cho php b that trong cu trc ny m vn gi nguyn hnh thc gi nh.

He would rather (that) he not take this train.

b) Loi cu khng th thc hin c hin ti

ng t sau ch ng hai s chia simple past, to be phi chia l were tt c cc ngi.

Henry would rather that his girlfriend worked in the same department as he does.

Jane would rather that it were winter now. Nu mun thnh lp th ph nh dng didn't + Verb hoc were not sau ch ng hai.

c) Loi cu khng th thc hin c qu kh

ng t sau ch ng hai s chia dng past perfect. Nu mun thnh lp th ph nh dng hadn't + P2.Jim would rather that Jill had gone to class yesterday.

Lu : Trong li ni bnh thng hng ngy ngi ta dng wish thay cho would rather that.Cch s dng thnh ng Would like

Din t mt cch lch s li mi mc hoc mnh mun g.

Would you like to dance with me. Khng dng do you want khi mi mc ngi khc.

Trong ting Anh ca ngi Anh, nu din t s a thch ca ch ng th sau like l mt V-ing.He does like reading novel. (enjoyment) Nhng din t s la chn hoc thi quen th sau like phi l mt ng t nguyn th.

Between soccer and tennis, I like to see the former. (choice)

When making tea, he usually likes to put some sugar and a slice of lemon in first. (habit)

Nhng trong ting Anh ngi M khng c s phn bit ny: Tt c sau like u l ng t nguyn th.

Wouldn't like = khng a trong khi don't want = khng mun.

Would you like somemore coffee ?

Polite: No, thanks/ No, I don't want any more.

Impolite: I wouldn't like (thm vo)

Lu rng khi like c dng vi ngha "cho l ng" hoc "cho l hay/ khn ngoan" th bao gi theo sau cng l mt nguyn th c to (infinitive)She likes the children to play in the garden (She think they are safe playing there)

(C y mun bn tr con chi trong vn cho chc/ cho an ton)

I like to go to the dentist twice a year

(Ti mun n bc s nha khoa 2 ln nm cho chc).

Would like = would care /love/ hate/ prefer + to + verb khi din t iu kin cho mt hnh ng c th tng lai.Would you like/ care to come with me? I'd love to

Would like/ would care for/ would enjoy + Verb-ing khi din t khu v, thch ni chung ca ch ng.She would like/ would enjoy riding if she could ride better.

I wonder if Tom would care for/ would enjoy hang-gliding.Cch s dng cc ng t khim khuyt din t cc trng thi hin ti

1. Could, May, Might + Verb in simple form = C l, c th.

Ch kh nng c th xy ra hin ti nhng ngi ni khng dm chc. (C 3 ng t u c gi tr nh nhau).

It might rain tomorrow.2. Should + Verb in simple form

Nn : din t mt li khuyn, s gi , s bt buc nhng khng mnh lm. C khi, c l : Din t ngi ni mong mun iu s xy ra. (Expect)

Cc thnh ng had better, ought to, be supposed to u mang ngha tng ng vi should vi iu kin ng t to be trong thnh ng be supposed to phi chia thi hin ti.John ought to study tonight.

John is supposed to study tonight.Lu : Thnh ng be supposed to ngoi ra cn mang ngha: qui nh phi, bt buc phi.We are supposed to have a science test this afternoon, but it was postponed because the teacher had to attend a conference.3. Must + Verb in simple form

Phi: mang ngha bt buc rt mnh.

George must call his insurance agent today.

Hn l: ch s suy lun logic da trn nhng hin tng c tht hin ti.

John's lights are out. He must be asleep.

Ngi ta dng have to thay cho must trong cc trng hp sau

Qu kh = had to.Mrs.Kinsey had to pass an examination before she could practice law.

Tng lai = will have to.We will have to take an exam next week.

Hin ti: Have to c dng thay cho must hi xem bn thn mnh bt buc phi lm g hoc din t s bt buc do khch quan em li. Gim nh tnh bt buc ca must.Guest: Do I have to leave a deposit.

Receptionist: No, you needn't. But you have to leave your I.D card number written down in this register. I'm sorry but that's the way it is.

Lu : Have got to + Verb = must

He has got to go to the office tonight. (Thng dng nhiu trong vn ni).

v thng xuyn dng cho nhng hnh ng n l, tch bit.

I have to work everyday except Sunday. But I don't have got to work a full day on Saturday.

Cch s dng cc ng t khim khuyt din t cc trng thi qu kh

1. Could, may, might + have + P2 = c l

Din t mt kh nng c th qu kh song ngi ni khng dm chc.

It may have rained last night, but I'm not sure.2. Could have + P2 = L ra c th (trn thc t l khng)

He could have gotten the ticket for the concert last night.3. Might have been + V-ing = C l lc y ang

I didn't hear the telephone ring, I might have been sleeping at that time.4. Should have + P2 = L ra phi, l ra nn

Ch mt vic l ra phi xy ra trong qu kh nhng v l do no li khng

Should have + P2 = was/ were supposed toMaria shouldn't have called John last night. (She did call him)5. Must have + P2 = hn l

Ch s suy on logic da trn nhng hin tng c tht qu kh.

The grass is wet. It must have rained last night.

6. Must have been V-ing = hn lc y ang

I didn't hear you knock, I must have been gardening behind the house

Cc vn s dng shouldtrong mt s trng hp c th

Din t kt qu ca mt yu t tng tng: SIf I was asked to work on Sunday I should resign.

Dng trong mnh c that sau nhng tnh t ch trng thi nh anxious/ sorry/ concerned/ happy/ delighted... : Ly lm ... rng/ ly lm ...vI'm anxious that she should be well cared for

(Ti lo lng rng liu c y c c sn sc tt khng)

We are sorry that you should feel uncomfortable

(Chng ti ly lm tic v anh khng thy c thoi mi)

That you should speak to him like that is quite astonishing

(Ci iu m anh y ni vi anh nh vy qu l ng ngc nhin).

Dng vi if/ in case ch mt iu kh c th xy ra/ ngi ta a ra kin ch phng nga.If you should change your mind = Should you change your mind, please let me know.

In case he should have forgotten to go to the airport, nobody will be there to meet her.(Ng nh/ nu chng may ng y qun mt ra sn bay, th s khng c ai n c ta mt) Dng sau so that/ in order that ch mc ch (Thay cho would/ could)He put the cases in the car so that he should be able to make an early start.

She repeated the instructions slowly in order that he should understand.

Dng trong li yu cu lch s

I should like to make a phone call, if possible (ti xin php gi in thoi nu ti c th)

Dng vi imagine/ say/ think... a ra li ngh: Thit tng, cho l

I should imagine it will take about 3 hours (Ti thit tng cng vic s tn mt 3 gi ng h y).

I should say she's over 40 (Ti cho l b ta ngoi 40)

Dng trong cu hi din t s nghi ng, thiu quan tm

How should I know (Lm sao ti bit c kia ch)

Why should he thinks that (sao n li ngh nh vy ch)

Dng vi cc i t nghi vn nh what/ where/ who din t s ngc nhin, thng dng vi "But".I was thinking of going to see John when who should appear but John himself (Ti ang tnh l n thm John th ngi xut hin li chnh l anh y)

What should I find but an enormous spider (Ci m ti nhn thy li chnh l mt con nhn khng l)

Tnh t v ph t

Mt tnh t lun b ngha cho mt danh t v ch mt danh t, n lun ng trc danh t c b ngha.

Trong ting Anh, c duy nht mt tnh t ng sau danh t:

galore = nhiu, phong ph, di do

There were errors galore in the final test.

Tnh t cng ng sau cc i t phim ch (something, anything, anybody...)Its something strange.

He is sb quite unknown.

Mt ph t lun b ngha cho mt ng t, mt tnh t hoc mt ph t khc.

Rita drank too much.

I don't play tenis very well.

Adj + ly = Adv. Nhng phi cn thn, v mt s tnh t cng c tn cng l ui ly (lovely, friendly). Ph t ca cc tnh t ny c cu to bng cch nh sau:

in a + Adj + way/ manner

He behaved me in a friendly way.

Mt s cc ph t c cu to c bit: so, very, almost, soon, often, fast, rather, well, there, too. Cc ph t ny tr li cho cu hi how. Ngoi ra cn mt s cc cm t cng c coi l ph t, n bao gm mt gii t m u vi cc danh t i sau ch: a im (at home), thi gian (at 5 pm), phng tin (by train), tnh hung, hnh ng (in a very difficult situation). Tt c cc cm ny u c xem l ph t.

V tr ca ph t trong cu tng i thoi mi v phc tp, qui lut:

Nu cha bit t ph t u th v tr thng xuyn ca n cui cu, c bit cc ph t ui ly.

Cc ph t v cm ph t lm b ng ng cui cu theo th t nh sau: ch phng thc hnh ng-ch a im-ch thi gian-ch phng tin hnh ng-ch tnh hung hnh ng.

Khng bao gi mt ph t hoc mt cm ph t c xen vo gia ng t v tn ng.

Nu trong cu khng c ph t no khc ngoi ph t ch thi gian th c th a n ln u cu.

In 1980, He graduated and found a job.

Cc ph t ch tn s nh: always, sometimes, often... lun ng trc ng t hnh ng nhng ng sau ng t to be.The president always comes in time.

The president is always in time.

ng t ni

l nhng ng t bng sau, mang nhng tnh cht sau

Beappearfeel

become seemlook

remainsoundsmell

Stay

Khng din t hnh ng m din t trng thi hoc bn cht s vic.

ng sau chng phi l tnh t khng th l ph t.

Khng c chia th tip din d di bt c thi no.

Lu : Trong bng c cc cp ng t:

to seemto happen

=

= dng nh

to appearto chance

Chng c th thay th ln cho nhau, nhng khng th thay th ngang hay thay th cho.

Cc ng t ny c dng theo mu cu sau:

Dng vi ch ng gi itIt seems that they have passed the exam./ It happens (chances that they have passed the test)

Dng vi ch ng tht

They seem to have passed the exam./ They happened/ chanced to have passed the exam.

Ngha "Tnh c", "Ngu nhin", "May m".She happened to be out/ It happened that she was out when he called (Ngu nhin c ta khng c nh khi anh ta gi in)

She chanced to be in/ It happened that she was in when he called. (May m c ta c nh khi anh ta gi in n).

Ba ng t: to be, to become, to remain trong mt s trng hp c mt danh t hoc ng danh t theo sau, khi chng mt i chc nng ca mt ng t ni.

Children often become bored (adj) at meeting

Christine became class president (noun phrase) after a long, hard campaign.

Bn ng t: to feel, to look, to smell, to taste trong mt s trng hp c th l ngoi ng t, i hi mt tn ng i sau n, lc ny n mt i chc nng ca mt ng t ni, c th c ph t i km. Chng thay i v mt ng ngha:

Ex: to feel: s nn khm.

Ex: to look at: nhn

Ex: to smell: ngi

Ex: to taste: nm

Chng c php chia th tip din.

The lady is smelling the flowers gingerly.Cc dng so snh ca tnh t v ph t

1. So snh bng

Cu trc s dng l as .... asS + V + as + adj/ adv + as + noun/ pronoun

Nu l ph nh, as th nht c th thay bng so (ch d c informal English)

Sau as phi l mt i t nhn xng ch ng, khng c l mt tn ng (Li c bn)

He is not as tall as his father.

He is not so tall as his father.

Danh t cng c th c dng so snh trong trng hp ny, nhng nn nh trc khi so sanh phi m bo rng danh t phi c cc tnh t tng ng.

adjectivesnouns

heavy, lightweight

wide, narrowwidth

deep, shallowdepth

long, shortlength

big, smallsize

S + V + the same + (noun) + as + noun/ pronoun

My house is as high as his.

My house is the same height as his.

The same...as >< different from... Ch , trong ting Anh (A-E), different than... cng c th c dng nu sau chng l mt mnh hon chnh. Tuy nhin trng hp ny khng ph bin v khng a vo cc bi thi ng php:

His appearance is different from what I have expected.

...than I have expected.(A-E)

2. So snh hn km

Trong loi so snh ny ngi ta chia lm hai dng: tnh t v ph t ngn (c ln ch c mt vn). Tnh t v ph t di (2 vn tr ln).

i vi tnh t v ph t ngn ch cn cng ui er.

i vi tnh t ngn ch c mt nguyn m kp gia hai ph m tn cng, phi gp i ph m cui trnh thay i cch c.

i vi tnh t tn cng l y, d c 2 vn vn b coi l tnh t ngn v phi i thnh Y-IER (happy(happier; dry(drier; pretty(prettier).

Trng hp c bit: strong(stronger; friendly(friendlier than/ more friendly than.

i vi tnh t v ph t di phi dng more/less.

Sau THAN phi l i t nhn xng ch ng, khng c l tn ng. Cng thc:

S + V + adjective_er

adverb_er

more + adj/adv

less + adj/adv+ THAN + noun/ pronoun

Khi so snh mt ngi/ mt vt vi tt c nhng ngi hoc vt khc phi thm else sau anything/anybody...Ex: He is smarter than anybody else in the class.

nhn mnh so snh, c th thm much/far trc so snh, cng thc:

S + V + far/much + Adj/Adv_er + than + noun/pronoun

S + V + far/much + more + Adj/Adv + than + noun/pronoun

Ex: Harrys watch is far more expensive than mine

Ex: He speaks English much more rapidly than he does Spanish.

Danh t cng c th dng so snh bng hoc hn km, nhng trc khi so snh phi xc nh xem l danh t m c hay khng m c, v ng trc chng c mt s nh ng dng vi 2 loi danh t . Cng thc:

S + V + as + many/much/little/few + noun + as + noun/pronoun

S + V + more/fewer/less + noun + than + noun/pronoun

Ex: He earns as much money as his father.

Ex: February has fewer day than March.

Ex: Their jobs allow them less freedom than ours does.

*Lu (quan trng): ng sau as v than ca cc mnh so snh c th loi b ch ng nu n trng hp vi ch ng th nht, c bit l khi ng t sau than v as dng b ng. Lc ny than v as cn c thm chc nng ca mt i t quan h thay th.

Ex: Their marriage was as stormy as had been expected (Incorrect: as it had been expected).

Ex: Anne is going to join us , as was agreed last week (Incorrect: as it was agreed last week).

He worries more than was good for him (Incorrect: than it/what is good for him).

*Hoc cc tn ng cng c th b loi b sau cc ng t mnh sau THAN v AS:

Ex: Dont lose your passport, as I did last year (Incorrect: as I did it last year).

Ex: They sent more than I had ordered (Incorrect: than I had ordered it).

Ex: She gets her meat from the same butcher as I go to (Incorrect: as I go to him).

3. So snh hp l

Khi so snh nn nh: cc mc dng so snh phi tng ng nhau: ngi-ngi, vt-vt.

Bi vy mc so snh hp l s l:

S hu cch

Ex: Incorrect: His drawings are as perfect as his instructor.

(Cu ny so snh cc bc tranh vi ngi ch dn)

( Correct: His drawings are as perfect as his instructors.

(instructor's = instructor's drawings)

Dng thm that of cho danh t s t:

Ex: Incorrect: The salary of a professor is higher than a secretary.

(Cu ny so snh salary vi secretary)

( Correct: The salary of a professor is higher than that of a secretary.

(that of = the salary of)

Dng thm those of cho cc danh t s nhiu:

Ex: Incorrect: The duties of a policeman are more dangerous than a teacher .

(Cu ny so snh duties vi teacher)

( Correct: Theduties of a policeman are more dangerous than those of a teacher

(those of = the duties of)

4. So snh c bit

Adjective or adverbComparativeSuperlative

farlittle

much

many

good

well

bad

badlyfarther

further

less

more

better

worsefarthest

furthest

least

most

best

worst

Lu : farther : dng cho khong cch

further : dng cho thng tin hoc mt s trng hp tru tng khc

The distance from your house to school is farther than that of mine.

If you want more/further information, please call to the agent.

Next year he will come to the U.S for his further (= more) education

5. So snh a bi

Tng ng cu trc ting Vit: gp ri, gp hai...

Khng c s dng so snh hn km m s dng so snh bng, khi so snh phi xc nh danh t l m c hay khng m c, v ng trc chng c many/much

This encyclopedy costs twice as much as the other one.

Ex:Jerome has half as many records now as I had last year.

Ng php hin i ngy nay, c bit l ng php M cho php dng so snh hn km n gp 3 ln tr ln, nhng i vi gp 2 hoc 1/2 th tuyt i khng.

Cc li ni: twice that many/twice that much = gp i ngn y... ch c dng trong khu ng, khng c dng vit.

We have expected 80 people at that rally, but twice that many showned up. (twice as many as that number).

6. So snh kp L loi so snh vi cu trc: Cng... cng...

Cc Adj/Adv so snh phi ng u cu, trc chng phi c The

The + comparative + S + V + the + comparative + S + V

The hotter it is, the more miserable I feel.

Nu ch mt v c Adj/Adv so snh th v cn li c th dng The moreThe more + S + V + the + comparative + S + V

The more you study, the smarter you will become.

Sau The more v th nht c th c that nhng khng nht thit.

The more (that) you study, the smarter you will become.

The more (that) we know about it, the more we are assured

Trong trng hp nu c hai v u c thnh ng it is th b chng i

The shorter (it is), the better (it is).

Hoc nu c hai v u l to be th b i

The closer to one of the Earths pole (is), the greater the gravitational force (is).

Cc thnh ng: all the better (cng tt hn), all the more (cng... hn), not... any the more... (chng... hn... t no), none the more... (chng cht no) dng nhn rt mnh cho cc tnh t hoc ph t c em ra so snh ng sau. N ch c dng vi cc tnh t tru tng:

Ex: Sunday mornings were nice. I enjoyed them all the more because Sue used to come round to breakfast.

(cc sng ch nht tri tht p. Ti li cng thch nhng sng ch nht hn nu v Sue thng gh qua n sng.)

Ex: He didnt seem to be any the worse for his experience.

(Anh ta cng kh hn ln v nhng kinh nghim ca mnh.)

Ex: He explained it all carefully, but I was still none the wiser.

(Anh ta gii thch ton b iu cn thn nhng ti vn khng sng ra cht no c.)

Cu trc ny tuyt i khng dng cho cc tnh t c th:

Ex: Incorrect: Those pills have made him all the slimmer.

7. Cu trc No sooner... than = Va mi ... th ...

Ch dng cho thi Qu kh v thi Hin ti, khng dng cho thi Tng lai.

No sooner ng u mt mnh , theo sau n l mt tr ng t o ln trc ch ng nhn mnh, than ng u mnh cn li:

No sooner + auxiliary + S + V + than + S + V

No sooner had we started out for California than it started to rain. (Past)

Mt v d thi hin ti (will c ly sang dng cho hin ti)

No sooner will he arrive than he want to leave.(Present) Mt cu trc tng ng cu trc ny:

No sooner ... than ... = Hardly/Scarely ... whenScarely had they felt in love each other when they got maried.

Lu : No longer ... = not ... anymore = khng ... na, dng theo cu trc:

S + no longer + Positive Verb

8. So snh gia 2 ngi hoc 2 vt

Khi so snh gia 2 ngi hoc 2 vt, ch c dng so snh hn km, khng c dng so snh bc nht, mc d trong mt s dng vn ni v c vn vit vn chp nhn so snh bc nht. (Li c bn).

Trc adj v adv so snh phi c the, trong cu c thnh ng of the two + noun thnh ng c th ng u hoc cui cu.

Harvey is the smarter of the two boys.

Of the two shirts, this one is the prettier.

9. So snh bc nht

Dng khi so snh 3 ngi hoc 3 vt tr ln:

i vi tnh t v ph t ngn dng ui est.

i vi tnh t v ph t di dng most hoc least.

ng trc so snh phi c the. Dng gii t in vi danh t s t.

John is the tallest boy in the family

Dng gii t of vi danh t s nhiu

Deana is the shortest of the three sisters Sau thnh ng One of the + so snh bc nht + noun phi m bo chc chn rng noun phi l s nhiu, v ng t phi chia s t.

One of the greatest tennis players in the world is Johnson.

Mt s cc tnh t hoc ph t mang tnh tuyt i th cm dng so snh bc nht, hn ch dng so snh hn km, nu buc phi dng th b more:

unique/ extreme/ perfect/ supreme/ top/ absolute/Prime/ Primary

His drawings are perfect than mine.preferable to Sb/Sth... = c a thch hn...

superior to Sb/Sth... = siu vit hn...

inferior to Sb/Sth... = h ng hn...

Danh t dng lm tnh t

Trong ting Anh c hin tng mt danh t ng trc mt danh t khc lm nhim v ca mt tnh t. lm c chc nng nh vy, chng phi bo m nhng tnh cht

ng ngay trc danh t m n b ngha.

Khng c php c hnh thi s nhiu tr mt s trng hp c bit.

No frills store = ca hng khng trang tr mu m.

a sports/sport car

small-claims court = phin to x nhng v n vt.

Nu c hai danh t cng lm tnh t th gia chng phi c du gch ni -.

Trong mt s trng hp nu dng danh t lm tnh t th mang ngha en:

A gold watch ( a watch made of gold.

Nhng nu dng tnh t gc mang ngha bng:

A golden opportunity = a chance that it is very rare and precious (qu gi).

Khng c dng tnh t b tr cho danh t khi cho n ch tnh cht ngh nghip hoc ni dung:

mathematics teacher/ a biology book

Enough

Enough lun ng ng sau Adj/Adv nhng li phi ng trc danh t:

well enough...

Ex:enough food, enough water...

Trong mt s trng hp nu danh t c nhc n trn, th di c quyn dng enough nh mt i t l

I forgot money. Do you have enough?

Mt s trng hp c th dngmuch & many

Many/ Much + noun/ noun phrase nh mt nh ng.

Ex: She didnt eat much breakfast

(C ta khng n sng nhiu)

Ex: There arent many large glasses left

(Khng cn li nhiu cc ln)

Tuy nhin much of + personal and geographic names c th c dng m khng cn dnh ng i km theo danh t ng sau:

Ex: I have seen too much of Howard recently.

(Gn y ti hay gp Howard)

Ex: Not much of Denmark is hilly.

(an mch khng c my i ni)

Many/Much of + determiner (a, the, this, my... ) + noun.

Ex: You cant see much of a country in a week.

(Anh khng th bit nhiu v mt nc trong vng mt tun u.)

Ex: I wont pass the exam. I have missed many of my lessons.

(Ti s khng thot c k thi ny mt, ti b qu nhiu bi.)

Many v much dng nhiu trong cu ph nh v cu nghi vn, nhng trong cu khng nh nn dng cc loi t khc nh plenty of, a lot, lots of... thay th.

Ex: How much money have you got? Ive got plenty.

Ex: He got lots of men friends, but he doesnt know many women.

Tuy nhin trong ting Anh chun (formal) much v many vn c dng bnh thng trong cu khng nh.

Ex: Much has been written about the causes of unemployment in the opinion of many economists.

Much dng nh mt ph t:

Ex: I dont travel much these days.

Much c th dng trc mt s ng t din t s a thch v mt s tng t c bit trong dng ting Anh qui chun.

Ex: I much appreciate your help.

Ex: We much prefer the country to the town.

Ex: Janet much enjoyed her stay with your family.

i vi mt s ng t (nh like/ dislike... ) ch nn dng much sau very v trong cu trc ph nh.

Ex: I very much like your brother.

Ex: I dont much like your dog. Its very cruel.

Mt s cch dng c bit ca much v many:

c ng: Much too much/ many so many dng c lp sau mnh trc danh t m n b ng.

Ex: The cost of a thirty-second commercial on a network television station is $300,000, much too much for most business.

Many a + singular noun + singular verb: Bit bao nhiu.

Many a strong man has disheartened before such a challenge.

Ex: I have been to the top of the Effeil tower many a time.

Manys the (bit bao nhiu) + singular verb

Ex: Manys the student who couldnt follow the post-graduate courses at Universities and colleges under the pressure of money.

(Bit bao nhiu sinh vin khng th... )

Manys the promise that has been broken.

(Bit bao nhiu li ha... )

Phn bit thm v cch dngalot/ lots of/ plenty/ a great deal so vi many/ much

Cc thnh ng trn tng ng vi much/ many (nhiu) v most (a phn).

A lot of/ lots of (informal) = a great deal/ alarge number of/ much/ many (formal)

Khng c khc nhau g my gia "a lot of" v lots of. Ch ng chnh sau hai thnh ng ny s quyt nh vic chia ng t.

A lot of/ lots of +uncountable noun + singular verb

plural noun + plural verb

A lot of time is needed to learn a language.

Lots of us think its time for an election.

Plenty of c dng ph bin trong informal English.

Dont rush, theres plenty of time.

Plenty of shops take checks.

A large a mount of = a great deal of + non-count noun (formal English)

I have thrown a large amount of old clothing.

Mr Lucas has spent a great deal of time in the Far East.

A lot v a great deal c th c dng lm ph t v v tr ca n l cui cu.

Ex: On holiday we walk and swim a lot.

Ex: The gorvernment seems to change its mind a great deal.

Mt s cch dng c th ca more & most

More + noun/noun phrase: dng nh mt nh ng

We need more time.

More university students are having to borrow money these day.

More + of + personal/geographic names

It would be nice to see more of Ray and Barbara.

Rt hay khi c gp Ray v Barbara thng xuyn hn.

Five hundred years ago, much more of Britain was covered with trees.

500 nm trc y, a phn nc Anh ph nhiu rng hn by gi nhiu.

More of + determiner/pronoun (a/ the/ my/ this/ him/ them...)

He is more of a fool than I thought.

N l mt thng ngu hn ti tng nhiu.

Three more of the missing climbers have been found.

Could I have some more of that smoked fish.

I dont think any more of them want to come.

One more/ two more... + noun/ noun phrase

Ex: There is just one more river to cross.

Nhng phi dng cardinal number (s m) + noun + more (Five dollars more) nu more mang ngha thm na.

He has contributed $50, and now he wants to contribute $50 more.

Most + noun = a phn, a s

Most cheese is made from cows milk.

Most