TOEFL 词汇题精选 T po · 2017-08-10 · 001. Most of these leaders were involved in ... 004. During most of their lives, surge glaciers behave like normal glaciers, ... during

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TOEFLTOEFLTOEFLTOEFL词汇题精选

001. Most of these leaders were involved inpublic life as reformers, activists working forwomen's right to vote, or authors, and were notrepresentativerepresentativerepresentativerepresentative at all of the great of ordinarywomen.The word "representative" is closest inmeaning to which of following?(A) typical(B) satisfied(C) supportive(D) distinctive

002. In the United States, Louis ComfortTiffany (1843-1933) was the most notedexponent of this style, producing a great varietyof glass forms and surfaces, which were widelycopied in their time and are highly prizedprizedprizedprizedtoday.The word "prized" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) valued(B) universal(C) uncommon(D) preserved

003. The Art Nouveau style was a major forcein the decorative arts from 1895 until 1915,although its influence continued throughoutthe mid-1920's. It was eventually to beovertakenovertakenovertakenovertaken by a new school of thought knownas Functionalism that had been present sincethe turn of the century.The word "overtaken" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) surpassed(B) inclined(C) expressed(D) applied

004. During most of their lives, surge glaciersbehave like normal glaciers, traveling perhaps

only a couple of inches per day. However, atintervalsintervalsintervalsintervals of 10 to 100 years, these glaciersmove forward up to 100 times faster than usual.

The word "intervals" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) records(B) speeds(C) distances(D) periods

005. The increasing water pressure under theglacier might lift it off its bed, overcoming thefriction between ice and rock, thus freeingfreeingfreeingfreeing theglacier, which rapidly sliders downhill. Surgeglaciers also might be influenced by the climate,volcanic heat, or earthquakes.The word "freeing" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) pushing(B) releasing(C) strengthening(D) draining

006. A flood of ice would then surge into theSouthern Sea. With the continued rise in sealevel, more ice would plungeplungeplungeplunge into the ocean,causing sea levels to rise even higher, which inturn would release more ice and set in motion avicious cycle.The word "plunge" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) drop(B) extend(C) melt(D) drift

007. Group members look to instrumentalleaders to "get things done." Expressiveleadership, on the other hand, is leadershipthat emphasizes the collectivecollectivecollectivecollectivewell-being of a

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social group's members.The word "collective" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) necessary(B) typical(C) group(D) particular

008. They offer sympathy when someoneexperiences difficulties or is subjected todiscipline, are quick to lighten a seriousmoment with humor, and try to resolveresolveresolveresolve issuesthat threaten to divide the group.The word "resolve" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) avoid repeating(B) talk about(C) avoid thinking about(D) find a solution for

009. Thousands of tons were extracted before1875, when it was first noticednoticednoticednoticed that the tarcontained fossil remains. Major excavationswere undertaken that established thesignificance of this remarkable site.The word "noticed" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) predicted(B) announced(C) corrected(D) observed

010. Since then, over 100 tons of fossils, 1.5million from vertebrates, 2.5 million frominvertebrates, have been recovered, often indensely concentrated tangledtangledtangledtangledmasses.The word "tangled" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) buried beneath(B) twisted together(C) quickly formed(D) easily dated

011. The asphalt at La Brea seeps to the surface,especially in the summer, and forms shallow

puddles that would often have beenconcealedconcealedconcealedconcealed by leaves and dust.The word "concealed" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) highlighted(B) covered(C) transformed(D) contaminated

012. The ocean bottom --- a region nearly 2. 5times greater than the total land area of theEarth --- is a vast frontier that even today islargely unexplored and uncharted, until about acentury ago, the deep-ocean floor wascompletely inaccessibleinaccessibleinaccessibleinaccessible, hidden beneathwaters averaging over 3,600 meters deep.The word "inaccessible" is closest in meaningto which of following?(A) unrecognizable(B) unreachable(C) unusable(D) unsafe

013. The DSDP's drill ship, the GlomarChallenger, was able to maintain a steadyposition on the ocean's surface and drill in verydeep waters, extractingextractingextractingextracting samples of sedimentsand rock from the ocean floor.The word "extracting" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) breaking(B) locating(C) removing(D) analyzing

014. Today, largely on the strengthstrengthstrengthstrength ofevidence gathered during the GlomarChallenger's voyages, nearly all earth scientistsagree on the theories of plate tectonics andcontinental drift that explain many of thegeological processes that shape the Earth.The word "strength" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) basis(B) purpose




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(C) discovery(D) endurance

015. For every three Canadians in 1945, therewere over five in 1966. In September 1966Canada's population passed the 20 millionmark. Most of this surgingsurgingsurgingsurging growth came fromnatural increase.The word "surging" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) new(B) extra(C) accelerating(D) surprising

016. When the prairies were being settled,undoubtedly, the good economic conditions ofthe 1950's supported a growth in thepopulation, but the expansion also derivedfrom a trendtrendtrendtrend toward earlier marriages and anincrease in the average size of families.The word "trend" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) tendency(B) aim(C) growth(D) directive

017. After the peakpeakpeakpeak year of 1957, the birth ratein Canada began to decline. It continued fallinguntil in 1966, it stood at the lowest level in 25years.The word "peak" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) pointed(B) dismal(C) mountain(D) maximum

018. Although the growth in Canada'spopulation had slowed down by 1966 (theincrease the first half of the 1960's was onlynine percent) , another large population wavewas coming over the horizon. It would becomposed of the children who were born

during the period of the high birth rate priorpriorpriorpriortotototo 1957.The phrase "prior to" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) behind(B) since(C) during(D) preceding

019. AdvocatesAdvocatesAdvocatesAdvocates of organic foods --- a termwhose meaning varies greatly --- frequentlyproclaim that such products are safer and morenutritious than others.The word "Advocates" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) Proponents(B) Merchants(C) Inspectors(D) Consumers

020. There are numerous unsubstantiatedunsubstantiatedunsubstantiatedunsubstantiatedreports that natural vitamins are superior tosynthetic ones, that fertilized eggs arenutritionally superior to unfertilized eggs, thatuntreated grains are better than fumigatedgrains, and the like.The word "unsubstantiated" is closest inmeaning to which of following?(A) unbelievable(B) uncontested(C) unpopular(D) unverified

021. But in many cases consumers are misled ifthey believe organic foods canmaintainmaintainmaintainmaintainhealth and provide better nutritional qualitythan conventionally grown foods. So there isreal cause for concern if consumers,particularly those with limited incomes,distrust the regular food supply and buy onlyexpensive organic foods instead.The word "maintain" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) improve(B) monitor




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(C) preserve(D) restore

022. In addition, there were performers andsince considerableconsiderableconsiderableconsiderable importance was attachedto avoiding mistakes in the enactment of rites,religious leaders usually assumed that task.The word "considerable" is closest in meaningto which of following?(A) thoughtful(B) substantial(C) relational(D) ceremonial

023. In addition, there were performers andsince considerable importance was attached toavoiding mistakes in the enactmentenactmentenactmentenactment of rites,religious leaders usually assumed that task.The word "enactment" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) establishment(B) performance(C) authorization(D) season

024. StaggeringStaggeringStaggeringStaggering tasks confronted the peopleof the United States, North and South, whenthe Civil War ended. About a million and a halfsoldiers from both sides had to be demobilized,readjusted to civilian life, and reabsorbed bythe devastated economy.The word "Staggering" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) specialized(B) confusing(C) various(D) overwhelming

025. About a million and a half soldiers fromboth sides had to be demobilized, readjusted tocivilian life, and reabsorbed by the devastateddevastateddevastateddevastatedeconomy.The word "devastated" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) developing

(B) ruined(C) complicated(D) fragile

026. Some botanists hypothesized that theliving cells of plants acted as pumps. But manyexperiments demonstrateddemonstrateddemonstrateddemonstrated that the stems ofplants in which all the cells are killed can stillmove water to appreciable heights.The word "demonstrated" is closest inmeaning to which of following?(A) ignored(B) showed(C) disguised(D) distinguished

027. As water is lost from the surface of theleaves, a negative pressure, or tension, iscreated. The evaporated water is replaced bywater moving from inside the plant inunbroken columns that extendextendextendextend from the top ofa plant to its roots. The same forces that createsurface tension in any sample of water areresponsible for the maintenance of theseunbroken columns of water.The word "extend" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) stretch(B) branch(C) increase(D) rotate

028. By opening vastvastvastvast areas of unoccupied landfor residential expansion, the omnibuses, horserailways, commuter trains, and electric trolleyspulled settled regions outward two to fourtimes more distant from city centers than theywere in the premodern era.The word "vast" is closest in meaning to whichof following?(A) large(B) basic(C) new(D) urban




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029. The new accessibility of land around theperiphery of almost every major city sparkedsparkedsparkedsparkedan explosion of real estate development andfueled what we now know as urban sprawl.Between 1890 and 1920, for example, some250,000 new residential lots were recordedwithin the borders of Chicago, most of themlocated in outlying areas.The word "sparked" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) brought about(B) surrounded(C) sent out(D) followed

030. Anxious to take advantage of thepossibilities of commuting, real estatedevelopers added 800,000 potentialpotentialpotentialpotential buildingsites to the Chicago region in just thirty years-lots that could have housed five to six millionpeople.The word "potential" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) certain(B) popular(C) improved(D) possible

031. The quality of preservation isoutstandingoutstandingoutstandingoutstanding, but what is even moreimpressive is the number of ichthyosaur fossilscontaining preserved embryos.The word "outstanding" is closest in meaningto which of following?(A) extensive(B) surprising(C) vertical(D) excellent

032. Ichthyosaurs with embryos have beenreported from 6 different levels of the shale in asmall area around Holzamden, suggesting thata specific sitesitesitesitewas used by large numbers ofichthyosaurs repeatedly over time.The word "site" is closest in meaning to which

of following?(A) example(B) location(C) development(D) characteristic

033. The quality of preservation is almostunmatched, and quarry operations have beencarried out carefully with an awareness of thevalue of the fossils. But these factors do notaccountaccountaccountaccount forforforfor the interesting question of howthere came to be such a concentration ofpregnant ichthyosaurs in a particular place veryclose to their time of giving birth.The phrase "account for " is closest in meaningto which of following?(A) record(B) describe(C) equal(D) explain

034. In the seventeenth century the organ, theclavichord, and the harpsichord became thechief instruments of the keyboard group, asupremacysupremacysupremacysupremacy they maintained until the pianosupplanted them at the end of the eighteenthcentury.The words "a supremacy" in line 9 are closestin meaning to(A) a suggestion(B) an improvement(C) a dominance(D) a development

035. A series of mechanical improvementscontinuing well into the nineteenth century,including the introduction of pedals to sustaintone or to soften it, the perfection of a metalframe, and steel wire of the finest quality,finally produced an instrument capable ofmyriadmyriadmyriadmyriad tonal effects from the most delicateharmonies to an almost orchestral fullness ofsound, from a liquid, singing tone to a sharp,percussive brilliance.The word "myriad" is closest in meaning to




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which of following?(A) noticeable(B) many(C) loud(D) unusual

036. Each one was virtually a stone town,which is why the Spanish would later call thempueblos, the Spanish word for towns. Thesepueblos represent one of the Anasazis'supremesupremesupremesupreme achievements. At least a dozen largestone houses took shape below the bluffs ofChiaco Canyon in northwest New Mexico.The word "supreme" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) most common(B) most outstanding(C) most expensive(D) most convenient

037. They functioned as sanctuaries where theelders met to plan festivals, perform ritualdances, settlesettlesettlesettle pueblo affairs, and impart triballore to the younger generation.The word "settle" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) sink(B) decide(C) clarify(D) locate

038. Then, to connect the pueblos and to giveaccess to the surrounding tableland, thearchitects laid out a system of public roads withstone staircases for ascendingascendingascendingascending cliff faces.The word "ascending" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) arriving at(B) carving(C) connecting(D) climbing

039. Within a very short time, however, theincongruity of playing lively music to a solemnsolemnsolemnsolemnfilm became apparent, and film pianists began

to take some care in matching their pieces tothe mood of the film.The word "solemn" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) simple(B) serious(C) short(D) silent

040. Certain films had music especiallycomposedcomposedcomposedcomposed for them. The most famous ofthese early special scoresscoresscoresscoreswas that composedand arranged for D. W. Griffith's film Birth of aNation, which was released in 1915.The word "composed" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) selected(B) combined(C) played(D) createdThe word "scores" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) totals(B) successes(C) musical compositions(D) groups of musicians

041. The Earth comprisescomprisescomprisescomprises three principallayers: the dense, iron-rich core, the mantlemade of silicate rocks that are semimolten atdepth, and the thin, solid-surface crust.The word "comprises" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) adapts to(B) benefits from(C) consists of(D) focuses on

042. These plates move over the semimoltenlower mantle to produce all of the majortopographical features of the Earth. Activezones where intenseintenseintenseintense deformation occurs areconfined to the narrow, interconnectingboundaries of contact of the plates.The word "intense" is closest in meaning to




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which of following?(A) surface(B) sudden(C) rare(D) extreme

043. New oceanic crust is formed along one ormoremarginsmarginsmarginsmargins of each plate by materialissuing from deeper layers of the Earth's crust,for example, by volcanic eruptions of lava atmidocean ridges.The word "margins" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) edges(B) peaks(C) interiors(D) distances

044. If at such a spreading contact the twoplates supportsupportsupportsupport continents, a rift is formed thatwill gradually widen and become flooded by thesea. The Atlantic Ocean formed like this as theAmerican and Afro-European plates move inopposite directions.The word "support" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) separate(B) create(C) reduce(D) hold

045. Coincident with concerns about theaccelerating loss of species and habitats hasbeen a growing appreciationappreciationappreciationappreciation of theimportance of biological diversity, the numberof species in a particular ecosystem, to thehealth of the Earth and human well-being.The word "appreciation" is closest in meaningto which of following?(A) ignorance(B) recognition(C) tolerance(D) forgiveness

046. An alien exploring Earth would probably

give priority to the planet's dominant, most-distinctive feature-the ocean. Humans have abiasbiasbiasbias toward land that sometimes gets in theway of truly examining global issues.The word "bias" is closest in meaning to whichof following?(A) concern(B) disadvantage(C) attitude(D) prejudice

047. The prevailingprevailingprevailingprevailingwinds in the Great Basinare from the west. Warm, moist air from thePacific Ocean is forced upward as it crosses theSierra Nevada.The word "prevailing" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) most frequent(B) occasional(C) gentle(D) most dangerous

048. There seem to have been several periodswithin the last tens of thousands of years whenwater accumulatedaccumulatedaccumulatedaccumulated in these basins. The riseand fall of the lakes were undoubtedly linked tothe advances and retreats of the great ice sheetsthat covered much of the northern part of theNorth American continent during those times.The word "accumulated" is closest in meaningto which of following?(A) dried(B) flooded(C) collected(D) evaporated

049. All living creature, especially humanbeings, have their peculiarities, but everythingabout the little sea cucumber seems unusual.What else can be said about a bizarrebizarrebizarrebizarre animalthat, among other eccentricities, eats mud,feeds almost continuously day and night butcan live without eating for long periods, andcan be poisonous but is considered supremelyedible by gourmets?




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The phrase "bizarre" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) odd(B) marine(C) simple(D) rare

050. Its major enemies are fish and crabs,when attacked, it squirts all its internal organsinto the water. It also castscastscastscasts offoffoffoff attachedstructures such as tentacles. The sea cucumberwill eviscerate and regenerate itself if it isattacked or even touched; it will do the same ifthe surrounding water temperature is too highor if the water becomes too polluted.The phrase "casts off" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) grows again(B) grabs(C) gets rid of(D) uses as a weapon

051. A folk culture is small, isolated, cohesive,conservative, nearly self-sufficient group that ishomogeneoushomogeneoushomogeneoushomogeneous in custom and race, with astrong family or clan structure and highlydeveloped rituals.The word "homogeneous" is closest inmeaning to which of following?(A) uniform(B) general(C) primitive(D) traditional

052. Unaltered folk cultures no longer exist inindustrialized countries such as the UnitedStates and Canada. Perhaps the nearestmodern equivalent in Anglo-America is theAmish, a German American farming sect thatlargelylargelylargelylargely renouncesrenouncesrenouncesrenounces the products and laborsaving devices of the industrial age.The phrase "largely renounces" is closest inmeaning to which of following?(A) generally rejects(B) greatly modifies

(C) loudly declares(D) often criticizes

053. Secular institutions, of control such as thepolice and army take the place of religion andfamily in maintaining order, and a money-based economy prevailsprevailsprevailsprevails. Because of thesecontrasts, "popular" may be viewed as clearlydifferent from "folk".The word "prevails" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) dominates(B) provides(C) develops(D) invests

054. Conventional computer models of theatmosphere have limited value in predictingshort-lived local storms like the Edmontontornado, because the available weather data aregenerally not detailed enough to allowcomputers to discern the subtlesubtlesubtlesubtle atmosphericchanges that precede these storms.The word "subtle" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) complex(B) regular(C) imagined(D) slight

055. Communications satellites can transmitdata around the world cheaply andinstantaneously, and modern computers canquickly compilecompilecompilecompile and analyzing this largevolume of weather information.The word "compile" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) put together(B) look up(C) pile high(D) work over

056. Meteorologists and computer scientistsnow work together to design computerprograms and video equipment capable of




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transforming rawrawrawrawweather data into words,symbols, and vivid graphic displays thatforecasters can interpret easily and quickly.The word "raw" is closest in meaning to whichof following?(A) stormy(B) inaccurate(C) uncooked(D) unprocessed

057. People in the United States in thenineteenth century were haunted by theprospectprospectprospectprospect that unprecedented change in thenation's economy would bring social chaos.The word "Prospect" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) regret(B) possibility(C) theory(D) circumstance

058. Although the birth rate continued todecline from its high level of the eighteenth andearly nineteenth century, the populationroughlyroughlyroughlyroughly doubled every generation during therest of the nineteenth centuries. As thepopulation grew, its makeup also changed.The word "roughly" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) harshly(B) surprisingly(C) slowly(D) approximately

059. Rapid industrialization and increasedgeographic mobility in the nineteenth centuryhad special implications for women becausethese changes tended tomagnifymagnifymagnifymagnify socialdistinctionsdistinctionsdistinctionsdistinctions. As the roles men and womenplayed in society became more rigidly defined,so did the roles they played in the home.The word "magnify" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) solve(B) explain

(C) analyze(D) increase

The word "distinctions" is closest in meaningto which of following?(A) differences(B) classes(C) accomplishments(D) characteristics

060. In science, a theory is a reasonableexplanation of observed events that arerelated.related.related.related. A theory often involves an imaginarymodel that helps scientists picture the way anobserved event could be produced.The word "related" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) connected(B) described(C) completed(D) identified

061. If observations confirm the scientists'predictions, the theory is supported.supported.supported.supported.The word "supported" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) finished(B) adjusted(C) investigated(D) upheld

062. The ice trade grew with the growth ofcities. Ice was used in hotels, taverns, andhospitals, and by some forward-lookingforward-lookingforward-lookingforward-looking citydealers in fresh meat, fresh fish, and butter.The phrase "forward-looking" is closest inmeaning to which of following?(A) progressive(B) popular(C) thrifty(D) well-established

063. Making an efficient icebox was not as easyas we might now suppose. In the earlynineteenth century, the knowledge of the




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physics of heat, which was essential to a scienceof refrigeration, was rudimentary.rudimentary.rudimentary.rudimentary.The word "rudimentary" is closest in meaningto which of following?(A) growing(B) undeveloped(C) necessary(D) uninteresting

064. Aside from perpetuating itself, the solesolesolesolepurpose of the American Academy andInstitute of Arts and Letters is to "foster, assistand sustain an interest" in literature, music,and art.The word "sole" is closest in meaning to whichof following?(A) only(B) honorable(C) common(D) official

065. One award subsidizessubsidizessubsidizessubsidizes a promisingAmerican writer's visit to Rome. There is evenan award for a very good work of fiction thatfailed commercially-once won by the youngJohn Updike for The Poorhouse Fair and, morerecently, by Alice Walker for In Love andTrouble.The word "subsidizes" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) assures(B) finances(C) schedules(D) publishes

066. Committee membership rotatesrotatesrotatesrotates everyyear, so that new voices and opinions areconstantly heard.The word "rotates" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) alternates(B) participates(C) decides(D) meets

067. One important line of evidence comesfrom flaking patterns of stone cores used intool making: implementsimplementsimplementsimplements flaked with aclockwise motion (indicating a right-handedtoolmaker) can be distinguished from hoseflaked with a counter-clockwise rotation(indicating a left-handed toolmaker) .The word "implements" is closest in meaningto which of following?(A) tools(B) designs(C) examples(D) pieces

068. Even scratches found on fossil humanteeth offer clues.clues.clues.clues. Ancient humans are thoughtto have cut meat into strips by holding itbetween their teeth and slicing it with stoneknives, as do the present-day Inuit.The word "clues" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) solutions(B) details(C) damage(D) information

069. The variation between the hemisphereshemisphereshemisphereshemispherescorresponds to which side of the body is usedto perform specific activities. Such studies, aswell as studies of tool use, indicate that right-orleft-sided dominance is not exclusive tomodern Homo sapiens.The word "hemispheres" is closest in meaningto which of following?(A) differences(B) sides(C) activities(D) studies

070. Plants are subjectsubjectsubjectsubject totototo attack and infectionby a remarkable variety of symbiotic speciesand have evolved a diverse array ofmechanisms designed to frustrate the potentialcolonists.The phrase "subject to" is closest in meaning to




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which of following?(A) susceptible to(B) classified by(C) attractive to(D) strengthened by

071. The external surfaces of plants, in additionto being covered by an epidermis and a waxycuticle, often carry spiky hairs known astrichomes, which either prevent feeding byinsects or may even puncturepuncturepuncturepuncture and kill insectlarvae.The word "puncture" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) pierce(B) pinch(C) surround(D) cover

072. Orchids are unique in having the mosthighly developed of all blossoms, in which theusual male and female reproductive organs arefusedfusedfusedfused in a single structure called the column.The word "fused" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) combined(B) hidden(C) fertilized(D) produced

073. To lurelurelurelure their pollinators from afar,orchids use appropriately intriguing shapes,colors, and scents. At least 50 differentaromatic compounds have been analyzed in theorchid family, each blended to attract one, or atmost a few, species of insects or birds.The word "lure" is closest in meaning to whichof following?(A) attract(B) recognize(C) follow(D) help

074. Once the right insect has been attracted,some orchids present all sorts of one-way

obstacle courses to make sure it does not leaveuntil pollen has been accurately placedplacedplacedplaced orremoved.The word "placed" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) estimated(B) measured(C) deposited(D) identified

075. By such ingenious adaptations to specificpollinators, orchids have avoided the hazardsof rampant crossbreeding in the wild, assuringthe survival of species as discretediscretediscretediscrete identities.At the same time they have made themselvesirresistible to collectors.The word "discrete" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) complicated(B) separate(C) inoffensive(D) functional

076. The public school system suddenly founditself overtaxedovertaxedovertaxedovertaxed. While the number ofschoolchildren rose because of wartime andpostwar conditions, these same conditionsmade the schools even less prepared to copewith the flood.The word "overtaxed" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) well prepared(B) plentifully supplied(C) heavily burdened(D) charged too much

077. Therefore, in the 1950's and 1960's, thebaby boom hit an antiquated and inadequateinadequateinadequateinadequateschool system. Consequently, the "custodialrhetoric" of the 1930's and early 1940's nolonger made sense; that is, keeping youths agedsixteen and older out of the labor market bykeeping them in school could no longer be ahigh priority for an institution unable to findspace and staff to teach younger children aged




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five to sixteen.The word "inadequate" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) deficient(B) expanded(C) innovative(D) specialized

078. With the baby boom, the focus ofeducators and of laymen interested ineducation inevitablyinevitablyinevitablyinevitably turned toward the lowergrades and back to basic academic skills anddiscipline.The word "inevitably" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) unwillingly(B) impartially(C) irrationally(D) unavoidably

079. Deeply philosophical historians such asHenry Adams lamentedlamentedlamentedlamented the role that the newfrenzy for business was playing in erodingtraditional values. A distrust of industry andbusiness continued among writers throughoutthe rest of the nineteenth century and into thetwentieth.The word "lamented" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) complained about(B) analyzed(C) explained(D) reflected on

080. One thinks of melodramas, boys' books,thrillers, romances, and the like rather thannovels of the firstfirstfirstfirst rankrankrankrank.The phrase "first rank" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) largest category(B) highest quality(C) earliest writers(D) most difficult language

081. These writers, who can genuinely be said

to have created a genre, the "railroad novel,"are now mostly forgotten, their names havingfadedfadedfadedfaded fromfromfromfrommemory.The words "faded from" in line 21 are closest inmeaning to(A) grew in(B) disappeared from(C) remained in(D) developed from

082. The engine that became standard onwestern steamboats was of a different andnovelnovelnovelnovel design. It was the work primarily of anunsung hero of American industrial progress,Oliver Evans (1755-1819) .The word "novel" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) fictional(B) intricate(C) innovative(D) powerful

083. The self-educated son of a Delawarefarmer, Evans early became obsessed by thepossibilities of mechanized production andsteam power. As early as 1802 he was using astationarystationarystationarystationary steam engine of high-pressuredesign in his mill. Engines of this type were notunknown, but before Evans they were generallyconsidered impractical and dangerous.The word "stationary" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) single(B) fixed(C) locomotive(D) modified

084. In shallow western rivers the weight ofvesselvesselvesselvessel and engine was important; a heavyengine added to the problem of navigation.The word "vessel" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) fuel(B) crew(C) cargo




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(D) craft

085. The key concepts emergedemergedemergedemerged about 1957.Townes and Arthur Schawlow, then at BellTelephone Laboratories, wrote a long paperoutliningoutliningoutliningoutlining the conditions needed to amplifystimulated emission of visible light waves.The word "emerged" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) increased(B) concluded(C) succeeded(D) appearedThe word "outlining" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) assigning(B) studying(C) checking(D) summarizing

086. On this perfect surface, the artist wouldsketch a composition with chalk, refine it withinks, and then begin the deliberatedeliberatedeliberatedeliberate process ofapplying thin layers of egg tempera paint (eggyolk in which pigments are suspended) withsmall brushes.The word "deliberate" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) decisive(B) careful(C) natural(D) unusual

087. The quick-drying tempera demandeddemandeddemandeddemandedthat the artist know exactly where each strokebe placed before the brush met the panel, and itrequired the use of fine brushes.The word "demanded" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) ordered(B) reported(C) required(D) questioned

088. The painter or master who is credited

with having created the painting may havedesigned the work and overseen its production,but it is highly unlikely that the artist's handapplied every stroke of the brush. More likely,numerous assistants, who had been trained toimitateimitateimitateimitate the artist's style, applied the paint.The word "imitate" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) copy(B) illustrate(C) promote(D) believe in

089. On the other hand, when it comes tosubstantive-particularly behavioral-information, crows are less well known thanmany comparablycomparablycomparablycomparably common species and, forthat matter, not a few quite uncommon ones:the endangered California condor, to cite oneobvious example. There are practical reasonsfor this.The word "comparably" is closest in meaningto which of following?(A) interestingly(B) similarly(C) otherwise(D) sometimes

090. Being so educable, individual birds havemarkedly different interests and inclinationsinclinationsinclinationsinclinations,strategies and scams.The word "inclination" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) tricks(B) opportunities(C) preferences(D) experiences

091. The confusion and congestion ofindividual citizens looking for their letters wasitself enough to discourage use of the mail. It isno wonder that, during the years of thesecumbersomecumbersomecumbersomecumbersome arrangements, private letter-carrying and express businesses developed.The word "cumbersome" is closest in meaning




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to which of following?(A) burdensome(B) handsome(C) loathsome(D) quarrelsome

092. But this delivery service was at firstconfinedconfinedconfinedconfined to cities, and free home deliverybecame a mark of urbanism. As late as 1887, atown had to have 10,000 people to be eligiblefor free home delivery.The word "Confined" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) granted(B) scheduled(C) limited(D) recommended

093. They were, by training, social scientists,not historians, and their work tended to reflectthis bias. The questions they framedframedframedframed and thetechniques they used were designed to helpthem understand, as scientists, how peoplebehaved.The word "framed" is closest in meaning towhich of following?

(B) read(C) avoided(D) posed

094. In Kingston, New York, for example,evidence has been uncovered that indicatesthat English goods were being smuggled intothat city at a time when the Dutch supposedlysupposedlysupposedlysupposedlycontrolled trading in the area.The word "supposedly" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) ruthlessly(B) tightly(C) barely(D) seemingly

095. And in Sacramento an excavation at thesite of a fashionable nineteenth-century hotel

revealed that garbage had been stashed in thebuilding's basement despite sanitationsanitationsanitationsanitation lawsto the contrary.The word "sanitation" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) city(B) housing(C) health(D) trade

096. When Jules Verne wrote Journey to theCenter of the Earth in 1864, there were manyconflictingconflictingconflictingconflicting theories about the nature of theEarth's interior. Some geologists thought that itcontained a highly compressed ball ofincandescent gas, while others suspected that itconsisted of separate shells, each made of adifferent material.The word "conflicting" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) controlling(B) outdated(C) opposing(D) important

097. Beyond a depth of around 2,900kilometers, a great change takes place and themantle givesgivesgivesgives waywaywayway totototo the core.< Some seismicwaves cannot pass through the core and othersare bent by it. From this and other evidence,geologists conclude that the outer core isprobably liquid, with a solid center. It is almostcertainly made of iron, mixed with smalleramount of other elements such as nickel.The phrase "gives way to" is closest inmeaning to which of following?(A) runs along(B) rubs against(C) turns into(D) floats on

098. Although scientists can speculatespeculatespeculatespeculate aboutits nature, neither humans nor machines willever be able to visit it.The word "speculate" is closest in meaning to




15

which of following?(A) report(B) learn(C) worry(D) hypothesize

099. Farmers could get better prices for theircrops if the alternativealternativealternativealternative existed of sendingthem directly eastward to market, andmerchants could sell larger quantities of theirmanufactured goods if these could betransported more directly and moreeconomically to the west.The word "alternative" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) option(B) transition(C) intention(D) authorization

100. The distance was more than 350 miles,and there were ridges to cross and a wildernessof woods and swamps to penetrate.penetrate.penetrate.penetrate.The word "penetrate" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) cut down(B) go through(C) fill up(D) take over

101. The range of the New York canal systemwas still further extendedextendedextendedextendedwhen the states ofOhio and Indiana, inspired by the success ofthe Erie Canal, provided water connectionsbetween Lake Erie and the Ohio River.The word "extended" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) increased(B) constructed(C) deepened(D) measured

102. The answer lay in a resource thatunknowing Americans had trampled underfootin their haste to cross the "Great American

Desert" to reach lands that sometimes provedbarren.barren.barren.barren. In the eastern parts of the UnitedStates, the preferred grass for forage was acultivated plant.The word "barren" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) lonely(B) dangerous(C) uncomfortable(D) infertile

103. In the eastern parts of the United States,the preferredpreferredpreferredpreferred grass for forage was a cultivatedplant. It grew well with enough rain, then whencut and stored it would cure and becomenourishing hay for winter feed.The word "preferred" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) ordinary(B) available(C) required(D) favored

104. They were not juicy like the cultivatedeastern grasses, but had short, hardhardhardhard stems.The word "hard" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) firm(B) severe(C) difficult(D) bitter

105. Nevertheless, most domestic architectureof the first three-quarters of the eighteenthcentury displays a wide divergencedivergencedivergencedivergence of tasteand freedom of application of the rules laiddown in these books.The word "divergence" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) description(B) development(C) difference(D) display

106. New England still favored wood, though




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brick houses became common in Boston andother towns, where the danger of fire gave animpetus to the use of more durabledurabledurabledurablematerial.A few houses in New England were built ofstone, but only in Pennsylvania and adjacentareas was stone widely used in dwellingsdwellingsdwellingsdwellings.The word "durable" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) attractive(B) expensive(C) refined(D) long-lasting

The word "dwelling" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) houses(B) towns(C) outbuildings(D) rural areas

107. Doorways were larger and more decorative.Fireplaces became decorative features of rooms.Walls were made of plaster or wood, sometimeselaboratelyelaboratelyelaboratelyelaborately paneled.The word "elaborately" is closest in meaningto which of following?(A) done in great detail(B) put together carefully(C) using many colors(D) reinforced structurally

108. Whereas schooling has a certainpredictability, education quite often producessurprises. A chancechancechancechance conversation withstranger may lead a person to discover howlittle is known of other religions. People areengaged in education from infancy on.The word "chance" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) unplanned(B) unusual(C) lengthy(D) lively

109. Education, then, is a very broad, inclusive

term. It is should be an integralintegralintegralintegral part of one'sentire life.The word "integral" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) an equitable(B) a profitable(C) a pleasant(D) an essential

110. For example, the edge of the Pacific Oceanhas been called the "Ring of Fire" because somany volcanic eruptions and earthquakeshappen there. Before the 1960's, geologistscould not explain why active volcanoes andstrong earthquakes were concentratedconcentratedconcentratedconcentrated in thatregion.The word "concentrated" is closest in meaningto which of following?(A) allowed(B)clustered(C) exploded(D) strengthened

111. In the United States in the early 1800's,individual state governments had more effecteffecteffecteffecton the economy than did the federalgovernment. States chartered manufacturing,banking, mining, and transportation firms andparticipated in the construction of variousinternal improvements such as canals,turnpikes, and railroads.The word "effect" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) value(B) argument(C) influence(D) restraint

112. The states encouraged internalimprovements in two distinctdistinctdistinctdistinct ways: first, byactually establishing state companies to buildsuch improvements; second, by providing partof the capital for mixed public-privatecompanies setting out to make a profit.The word "distinct" is closest in meaning to




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which of following?(A) separate(B) innovative(C) alarming(D) provocative

113. Finally, state governments experimentedwith direct labor and business regulationdesigned to help the individual laborer orconsumer, including settingsettingsettingsettingmaximum limitson hours of work and restrictions on price-fixing by businesses.The word "setting" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) discussing(B) analyzing(C) establishing(D) avoiding

114. Although the states dominated economicactivity during this period, the federalgovernment was not inactive. Its goals were thefacilitation of western settlement and thedevelopment of native industries. Toward theseendsendsendsends the federal government pursued severalcourses of action.The word "ends" is closest in meaning to whichof following?(A) benefits(B) decisions(C) services(D) goals

115. What forms of life were able to make sucha drasticdrasticdrasticdrastic change in lifestyle? The traditionalview of the first terrestrial organisms is basedon mega fossils-relatively large specimens ofessentially whole plants and animals.The word "drastic" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) widespread(B) radical(C) progressive(D) risky

116. It turns out that some fossils can beextractedextractedextractedextracted from these sediments by putting therocks in an acid bath. The technique hasuncovered new evidence from sediments thatwere deposited near the shores of the ancientoceans-plant microfossils and microscopicpieces of small animals.The word "extracted" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) located(B) preserved(C) removed(D) studied

117. The technique has uncovered new evidencefrom sediments that were deposited near theshores of the ancient oceans-plant microfossilsand microscopic pieces of small animals. Inmany instancesinstancesinstancesinstances the specimens are less thanone-tenth of a millimeter in diameter.The word "instances" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) methods(B) processes(C) cases(D) reasons

118. In many instances the specimens are lessthan one-tenth of a millimeter in diameter.Although they were entombedentombedentombedentombed in the rocks forhundreds of millions of years, many of thefossils consist of the organic remains of theorganism.The word "entombed" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) crushed(B) trapped(C) produced(D) excavated

119. Citizens of prosperous, essentially middle-class republics --- whether ancient Romans,seventeenth-century Dutch burghers, ornineteenth-century Americans --- have alwaysshown amarkedmarkedmarkedmarked taste for portraiture.




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The word "marked" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) pronounced(B) fortunate(C) understandable(D) mysterious

120. In 1839 the daguerreotype was introducedto America, usheringusheringusheringushering inininin the age ofphotography, and within a generation the newinvention put an end to the popularity ofpainted portraits. Once again an originalportrait became a luxury, commissioned by thewealthy and executedexecutedexecutedexecuted by the professional.The phrase "ushering in" is closest in meaningto which of following?(A) beginning(B) demanding(C) publishing(D) increasing

The word "executed" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) sold(B) requested(C) admired(D) created

121. Local crafts people-sign, coach, and housepainters-began to paint portraits as a profitablesideline; sometimes a talented man or womanwho began by sketchingsketchingsketchingsketching family membersgained a local reputation and was besieged withrequests for portraits; artists found it worththeir while to pack their paints, canvases, andbrushes and to travel the countryside, oftencombining house decorating with portraitpainting.The word "sketching" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) drawing(B) hiring(C) helping(D) discussing

122. Both the number and the percentage ofpeople in the United States involved innonagricultural pursuits expanded rapidlyduring the half century following the Civil War,with some of the most dramatic increasesoccurring in the domainsdomainsdomainsdomains of transportation,manufacturing, and trade and distribution.The word "domains" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) fields(B) locations(C) organizations(D) occupations

123. The development of the railroad andtelegraph systems during the middle third ofthe nineteenth century led to significantimprovements in the speed, volume, andregularity of shipments and communications,making possible a fundamentalfundamentalfundamentalfundamentaltransformation in the production anddistribution of goods.The word "fundamental" is closest in meaningto which of following?(A) possible(B) basic(C) gradual(D) unique

124. To be sure, there were still smallworkshops, where skilledskilledskilledskilled craftspeoplemanufactured products ranging fromnewspapers to cabinets to plumbing fixtures.The word "skilled" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) hardworking(B) expert(C) well-paid(D) industrial

125. And there were factories in occupationssuch as metalwork where individualcontractors presidedpresidedpresidedpresided overoveroveroverwhat wereessentially handicraft proprietorships thatcoexisted within a single building.




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The words "presided over" in line 20 are closestin meaning to(A) managed(B) led to(C) worked in(D) produced

126. Objects in the universe show a variety ofshapes: round planets (some with rings) , tailedcomets, wispy cosmic gas and dust clouds,ringed nebulae, pinwheel-shaped spiralgalaxies, and so on. But none of the shapes onthis list describes the largest single entitiesentitiesentitiesentities inthe universe.The word "entities" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) factors(B) processes(C) objects(D) puzzles

127. Stone carvers engraved theirmotifsmotifsmotifsmotifs ofskulls and crossbones and other religious iconsof death into the gray slabs that we still seestanding today in old burial grounds.The word "motifs" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) tools(B) prints(C) signatures(D) designs

128. Although they often achieved expressionand formal excellence in their generallyprimitive style, they remained artisans skilledin the craft of carving and constituted a groupdistinctdistinctdistinctdistinct from what we normally think of as"sculptors" in today's use of the word.The word "distinct" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) separate(B) assembled(C) notable(D) inferior

129. On the rarerarerarerare occasion when a fine piece ofsculpture was desired, Americans turned toforeign sculptors, as in the 1770's when thecities of New York and Charleston, SouthCarolina, commissioned the EnglishmanJoseph Wilton to make marble statues ofWilliam Pill.The word "rare" is closest in meaning to whichof following?(A) festive(B) infrequent(C) delightful(D) unexpected

130. Desert mammals also depart from thenormal mammalian practice ofmaintainingmaintainingmaintainingmaintaining aconstant body temperature. Instead of trying tokeep down the body temperature deep insidethe body, which would involve the expenditureof water and energy, desert mammals allowtheir temperatures to rise to what wouldnormally be fever height, and temperatures ashigh as 46 degrees Celsius have been measuredin Grant's gazelles.The word "maintaining" is closest in meaningto which of following?(A) measuring(B) inheriting(C) preserving(D) delaying

131. Another strategy of large desert animals isto toleratetoleratetoleratetolerate the loss of body water to a pointthat would be fatal for nonadapted animals.The camel can lose up to 30 percent of its bodyweight as water without harm to itself, whereashuman beings die after losing only 12 to 13percent of their body weight.The word "tolerate" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) endure(B) replace(C) compensate(D) reduce




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132. The tolerance of water loss is of obviousadvantage in the desert, as animals do not haveto remain near a water hole but can obtainobtainobtainobtainfood from grazing sparse and far-flung pastures.

The word "obtain" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) digest(B) carry(C) save(D) get

133. In 1979 Santa Monica's municipalgovernment ordered landlords to rollrollrollroll backbackbackbacktheir rents to the levels charged in 1978. Futurerents could only go up by two thirds as much asany increase in the overall price level.The phrase "roll back" in lines 11-12 is closest inmeaning to which of following?(A) credit(B) measure(C) vary(D) reduce

134. In any housing market, rental pricesperform three functions: (1) promoting theefficient maintenance of existing housing andstimulatingstimulatingstimulatingstimulating the construction of new housing.The word "stimulating" is closest in meaningto which of following?(A) experimenting with(B) identifying(C) estimating(D) encouraging

135. One result of rent control is a decrease inthe construction of new rental units. RentControls have artificially depresseddepresseddepresseddepressed the mostimportant long-term determinant ofprofitability-rents.The word "depressed" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) saddened(B) created(C) lowered

(D) defeated

136. In the same year, in San Francisco,California, only 2,000 units were built. SanFrancisco has only a 1. 6 percent vacancy ratebut stringentstringentstringentstringent rent control laws.The word "stringent" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) straightforward(B) strict(C) expanded(D) efficient

137. For example, sometimes the shape orveining in a piece of stone or wood suggests,perhaps even dictatesdictatesdictatesdictates, not only the ultimateform, but even the subject matter.The word "dictates" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) reads aloud(B) determines(C) includes(D) records

138. In 1905 he was sent to Paris as anapprentice to an art dealer, and in the yearsthat followed hewitnessedwitnessedwitnessedwitnessed the birth ofCubism, discovered primitive art, and learnedthe techniques of woodcarving from a framemaker.The word "witnessed" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) influenced(B) studied(C) validated(D) observed

139. The plank's form dictated the rigidlyfrontal view and the low relief. Even itsirregular shape must have appealed to Laurentas aaaa breakbreakbreakbreakwithwithwithwith a long-standing tradition thatrequired a sculptor to work within a perfectrectangle or square.The phrase "a break with" is closest inmeaning to which of following?




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(A) a destruction of(B) a departure from(C) a collapse of(D) a solution to

140. In winter especially, it is important forbirds to keep warm at night and conserveconserveconserveconserveprecious food reserves.The word "conserve" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) retain(B) watch(C) locate(D) share

141. One way to do this is to find a shelteredroost. Solitary roosters shelter in densevegetation or enter a cavity-horned larks digholes in the ground and ptarmigan burrow intosnow banks-but the effect of sheltering ismagnifiedmagnifiedmagnifiedmagnified by several birds huddling togetherin the roosts, as wrens, swifts, brown creepers,bluebirds, and anis do.The word "magnified" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) caused(B) modified(C) intensified(D) combined

142. The second possible benefit of communalroots is that they act as "information centers."During the day, parties of birds will havespread out to forageforageforageforage over a very large area.When they return in the evening some will havefed well, but others may have found little to eat.The word "forage" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) fly(B) assemble(C) feed(D) rest

143. Finally, there is safety in numbers atcommunal roosts since there will always be a

few birds awake at any given moment to givethe alarm. But this increased protection ispartially counteractedcounteractedcounteractedcounteracted by the fact that massroosts attract predators and are especiallyvulnerable if they are on the ground.The word "counteracted" is closest in meaningto which of following?(A) suggested(B) negated(C) measured(D) shielded

144. Drying, smoking, and salting couldpreserve meat for a short time, but theavailability of fresh meat, like that of fresh milk,was very limited; there was no way to preventpreventpreventpreventspoilage.The word "prevent" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) estimate(B) avoid(C) correct(D) confine

145. The icebox became a fixturefixturefixturefixture in mosthomes and remained so until the mechanizedrefrigerator replaced it in the 1920's and 1930's.Almost everyone now had a more diversifieddiet.The word "fixture" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) luxury item(B) substance(C) commonplace object(D) mechanical device

146. Some people continued to eat mainlyfoods that were heavy in starches orcarbohydrates, and not everyone could affordmeat.NeverthelessNeverthelessNeverthelessNevertheless, many families could takeadvantage of previously unavailable fruits,vegetables, and dairy products to achieve morevaried fare.The word "Nevertheless" is closest in meaningto which of following?




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(A) therefore(B) because(C) occasionally(D) however

readilyreadilyreadilyreadily change its orientation, or phase. Catsknow this instinctively, but scientists could notbe sure how it happened until they increasedthe speed of their perceptions a thousand fold.The word "readily" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) only(B) easily(C) slowly(D) certainly

147. The changing profile of a city in the UnitedStates is apparent in the shifting definitionsused by the United States Bureau of the Census.In 1870 the census officially distinguisheddistinguisheddistinguisheddistinguishedthe nation's "urban" from its "rural" populationfor the first time.The word "distinguished" is closest in meaningto which of following?(A) differentiated(B) removed(C) honored(D) protected

148. Each SMSA would contain at least (a) onecentral city with 50,000 inhabitant or more or(b) two cities having shared boundaries andconstitutingconstitutingconstitutingconstituting, for general economic and socialpurposes, a single community with a combinedpopulation of at least 50,000, the smaller ofwhich must have a population of at least15,000.The word "constituting" is closest in meaningto which of following?(A) located near(B) determined by(C) calling for(D) making up

149. The Anasazi lived in houses constructed of

adobe and wood. Anasazi houses wereoriginally built in pitspitspitspits and were entered fromthe roof.The word "pits" is closest in meaning to whichof following?(A) stages(B) scars(C) seeds(D) holes

150. Each kiva had a fire pit and hole that wasbelieved to lead to the underworld. The largestpueblos had five storiesstoriesstoriesstories and more than 800rooms.The word "stories" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) articles(B) tales(C) levels(D) rumors

151. The village chief dealt with land disputesdisputesdisputesdisputesand religious affairs. The war chief led the menin fighting during occasional conflicts thatbroke out with neighboring villages anddirected the men in community buildingprojects.The word "disputes" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) discussions(B) arguments(C) developments(D) purchases

152. This had a considerable effect on cattleranching, since the herds no longer hadunrestrictedunrestrictedunrestrictedunrestricted use of the plains for grazing, andthe fencing led to conflict between the farmersand the cattle ranchers.The word "unrestricted" is closest in meaningto which of following?(A) unsatisfactory(B) difficult(C) considerable(D) unlimited




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153. The steel wires used are galvanized-coatedwith zinc to make them rustproof. The twowires that make up the line wire or cable arefedfedfedfed separately into a machine at one end. Theyleave it at the other end twisted together andbarbed.The word "fed" is closest in meaning to whichof following?(A) put(B) eaten(C) bitten(D) nourished

154. The pressure exerted on the human bodyincreases by 1 atmosphere for every 10 metersof depth in seawater, so that at 30 meters inseawater a diver is exposedexposedexposedexposed totototo a pressure ofabout 4 atmospheres.The words "exposed to" in line 6 are closest inmeaning to(A) leaving behind(B) prepared for(C) propelled by(D) subjected to

155. Deep dives are less dangerous if helium issubstituted for nitrogen, because under thesepressures helium does not exertexertexertexert a similarnarcotic effect.The word "exert" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) cause(B) permit(C) need(D) change

156. As a scuba diver descends, the pressure ofnitrogen in the lungs increases. Nitrogen thendiffusesdiffusesdiffusesdiffuses from the lungs to the blood, and fromthe blood to body tissues.The word "diffuses" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) yields(B) starts

(C) surfaces(D) travels

157. During ascent from a depth of 10 meters,the volume of air in the lungs will doublebecause the air pressure at the surface is onlyhalf of what it was at 10 meters. This change involume may cause the lungs to distend andeven rupture.rupture.rupture.rupture.The word "rupture" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) hurt(B) shrink(C) burst(D) stop

158. In the twentieth century, electronmicroscopes have provided direct views ofviruses andminusculeminusculeminusculeminuscule surface structures. Theword "minuscule" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) circular(B) dangerous(C) complex(D) tiny

159. Unlike conventional electron microscopy,x-ray microscopy enablesenablesenablesenables specimens to bekept in air and in water, which means thatbiological samples can be studied underconditions similar to their natural state.The word "enables" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) constitutes(B) specifies(C) expands(D) allows

160. Because of the wavelength of the x-raysused, soft x-ray microscopes will never matchthe highest resolution possible with electronmicroscopes. Rather,Rather,Rather,Rather, their special propertieswill make possible investigations that willcomplement those performed with light-andelectron-based instruments.




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The word "Rather" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) significantly(B) preferably(C) somewhat(D) instead

161. What they do is look at familiar conditionsfrom a perspective that makes these conditionsseem foolish, harmful, or affected. Satire jars usout of complacence into a pleasantly shockedrealizationrealizationrealizationrealization that many of the values weunquestioningly accept are false.The word "realization" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) certainty(B) awareness(C) surprise(D) confusion

162. It was the manner of expression, thesatiric method, that made them interesting andentertaining, satires are read because they areaestheticallyaestheticallyaestheticallyaesthetically satisfying works of art, notbecause they are morally wholesome orethically instructive.The word "aesthetically" is closest in meaningto which of following?(A) artistically(B) exceptionally(C) realistically(D) dependably

163. They are stimulating and refreshingrefreshingrefreshingrefreshingbecause with commonsense briskness theybrush away illusions and secondhand opinions.The word "refreshing" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) popular(B) ridiculous(C) meaningful(D) unusual

164. Soldiers rarely hold the ideals that moviesattribute to them, nor do ordinary citizens

devotedevotedevotedevote their lives to unselfish service ofhumanity.The word "devote" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) distinguish(B) feel affection(C) prefer(D) dedicate

165. Hotels were among the earliest facilitiesthat boundboundboundbound the United States together. Theywere both creations and creators ofcommunities, as well as symptoms of thefrenetic quest for community.The word "bound" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) led(B) protected(C) tied(D) strengthened

166. The growing custom of regularlyassemblingassemblingassemblingassembling from afar the representatives ofall kinds of groups, not only for politicalconventions, but also for commercial,professional, learned, and avocational ones... inturn supported the multiplying hotels.The word "assembling" is closest in meaningto which of following?(A) announcing(B) motivating(C) gathering(D) contracting

167. In the past, as today, men, women, andchildren adornedadornedadornedadorned themselves with beads. Insome cultures still, certain beads are oftenworn from birth until death, and then areburied with their owners for the afterlife.The word "adorned" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) protected(B) decorated(C) purchased(D) enjoyed




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168. Besides their wear ability, either as jewelryor incorporated into articles of attire,attire,attire,attire, beadspossess the desirable characteristics of everycollectible: they are durable, portable, availablein infinite variety, and often valuable in theiroriginal cultural context as well as in today'smarket.The word "attire" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) ritual(B) importance(C) clothing(D) history

169. Beads are miniature bundles of secretswaiting to be revealed: their history,manufacture, cultural context, economic role,and ornamental use are all points ofinformation one hopes to unravel.unravel.unravel.unravel.The word "unravel" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) communicate(B) transport(C) improve(D) discover

170. Even the mostmundanemundanemundanemundane beads may havetraveled great distances and been exposed tomany human experiences.The word "mundane" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) carved(B) beautiful(C) ordinary(D) heavy

171. The crossed mandibles enable the birds toexert a powerful biting force at the bill tips,which is critical for maneuvering them betweenthe scales and spreading the scales apart. Next,the crossbill snakes its long tongue into thegapgapgapgap and draws out the seed.The word "gap" is closest in meaning to whichof following?

(A) opening(B) flower(C) mouth(D) tree

172. Next, the crossbill snakes its long tongueinto the gap and draws out the seed. Using thecombined action of the bill and tongue, thebirds cracks open and discardsdiscardsdiscardsdiscards the woodyseed covering and swallows the nutritious innerkernel.The word "discards" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) eats(B) breaks(C) finds out(D) gets rid of

173. As a rule, large billed crossbills are betterat seeming seeds from large cones while smallbilled crossbills are more deftdeftdeftdeft at removing theseeds from small, thin scaled cones.The word "deft" is closest in meaning to whichof following?(A) hungry(B) skilled(C) tired(D) pleasant

174. This bird has a large, robustrobustrobustrobust bill, yet mostof Newfoundland's conifers have small cones,the same kind of cones that the slender-billedwhite-wings rely on.The word "robust" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) strong(B) colorful(C) unusual(D) sharp

175. It was she, a Baltimore printer, whopublished the first official copies of theDeclaration, the first copies that included thenames of its signers and therefore heraldedheraldedheraldedheraldedthe support of all thirteen colonies.




26

The word "heralded" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) influenced(B) announced(C) rejected(D) ignored

176. She was also the city's postmaster from1775 to 1789 --- appointed by BenjaminFranklin --- and is considered to be the firstwoman to hold a federal positionpositionpositionposition.The word "position" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) job(B) election(C) document(D) location

177. Galaxies are themajormajormajormajor building blocks ofthe universe. A galaxy is a giant family of manymillions of stars, and it is held together by itsown gravitational field.The word "major" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) intense(B) principal(C) lunge(D) unique

178. The elliptical galaxies have asymmetricalsymmetricalsymmetricalsymmetrical elliptical or spheroidal shapewith no obviousobviousobviousobvious structure. Most of theirmember stars are very old and since ellipticalare devoid of interstellar gas, no new stars areforming in them.The word "symmetrical" is closest in meaningto which of following?(A) proportionally balanced(B) commonly seen(C) typically large(D) steadily growing

The word "obvious" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) discovered

(B) apparent(C) understood(D) simplistic

179. Their light was already halfway here beforethe Earth even formed. The light from thenearby Virgo galaxy set out when reptiles stilldominateddominateddominateddominated the animal world.The word "dominated" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) threatened(B) replaced(C) were developing in(D) were prevalent in

180. This meant that wagon freighting, stagecoaching and steam boating did not come to anend when the first train appeared; rather theybecame supplementssupplementssupplementssupplements or feeders.The word "supplements" is closest in meaningto which of following?(A) extensions(B) reformers(C) dependents(D) influences

181. Wagon freighters continued operatingthroughout the 1870's and 1880's and into the1890's,although over constantly shrinkingroutes, and coaches and wagons continued tocrisscrosscrisscrosscrisscrosscrisscross the West wherever the rails hadnot yet been laid.The word "crisscross" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) lead the way(B) separate(C) move back and forth(D) uncover

182. The primary reason was skepticismskepticismskepticismskepticism thata railroad built through so challenging andthinly settled a stretch of desert, mountain, andsemiarid plain could pay a profit.The word "skepticism" is closest in meaning towhich of following?




27

(A) doubt(B) amazement(C) urgency(D) determination

183. In discussing the Pacific Railroad bill, thechair of the congressional committee bluntlystated that without government subsidysubsidysubsidysubsidy noone would undertake so unpromising a venture;yet it was a national necessity to link East andWest together.The word "subsidy" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) persuasion(B) financing(C) explanation(D) penalty

184. However, the concept of number and thecounting process developed so long before thetime of recorded history (there is chaeologicalevidence that counting was employed byhumans as far back as 50,000 years ago) thatthe manner of this development is largelyconjectural.conjectural.conjectural.conjectural.The word "conjectural" is closest in meaningto which of following?(A) complex(B) based on guessing(C) unbelievable(D) supported by careful research

185. Probably the earliest way of keeping acount was by some simple tally method,employingemployingemployingemploying the principle of one-to-onecorrespondence. In keeping a count of sheep,for example, one finger per sheep could beturned under.The word "employing" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) using(B) paying(C) focusing(D) hiring

186. Counts could also bemaintainedmaintainedmaintainedmaintained bymaking scratches in the dirt or on a stone, bycutting notches in a piece of wood, or by tyingknots in a string.The word "maintained" is closest in meaningto which of following?(A) justified(B) asserted(C) located(D) kept

187. Then, perhaps later, an assortmentassortmentassortmentassortment ofvocal sounds was developed as a word tallyagainst the number of objects in a small group.The word "assortment" is closest in meaningto which of following?(A) instrument(B) variety(C) surplus(D) symbol

188. Their products, primarily silver plates andbowls, reflected their exaltedexaltedexaltedexalted status andtestified to their customers' prominence.The word "exalted" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) unusual(B) uncertain(C) surprising(D) superior

189. Colonial coppersmithing also camecamecamecame ofofofofageageageage in the early eighteenth century andprospered in northern cities.The phrase "came of age" is closest in meaningto which of following?(A) established itself(B) declined(C) became less expensive(D) was studied

190. Fossils are the remains and tracestracestracestraces (suchas footprints or other marks ) of ancient plantand animal life that are more than 10,000years old.




28

The word "traces" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) structures(B) importance(C) skeletons(D) imprints

191. The woolly mammoth, a long-hairedrhinoceros, and other mammals have beenperiodically exposedexposedexposedexposed in the tundra of Siberia,the hair and red flesh still frozen in cold storage.

The word "exposed" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) photographed(B) uncovered(C) located(D) preserved

192. A useful definition of an air pollutant is acompound added directly or indirectly byhumans to the atmosphere in such quantitiesas to affect humans, animals, vegetation, ormaterials adversely.adversely.adversely.adversely.The word "adversely" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) negatively(B) quickly(C) admittedly(D) considerably

193. As the Earth developed, the concentrationsof these pollutants were alteredalteredalteredaltered by variouschemical reactions; they became componentsin biogeochemical cycles.The word "altered" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) eliminated(B) caused(C) slowed(D) changed

194. The result is an increased concentration ofnoxiousnoxiousnoxiousnoxious chemicals in the air. Theconcentrations at which the adverse effects

appear will be greater than the concentrationsthat the pollutants would have in the absenceof human activities.The word "noxious" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) harmful(B) noticeable(C) extensive(D) weak

195. The actual concentration need not be largefor a substance to be a pollutant; in fact thenumerical value tells us little until we knowhow much of an increase this represents overthe concentration that would occur naturally inthe area. For example, sulfur dioxide hasdetectabledetectabledetectabledetectable health effects at 0. 08 parts permillion (ppm) , which is about 400 times itsnatural level.The word "detectable" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) beneficial(B) special(C) measurable(D) separable

196. The acute,acute,acute,acute, growing public awareness ofthe social changes that had been taking placefor some time was tied to tremendous growthin popular journalism in the late nineteenthcentury, including growth in quantity andcirculation of both magazines and newspapers.The word "acute" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) useful(B) intense(C) genuine(D) controversial

197. Furthermore, the introduction in 1890 ofthe first successful linotype machine promisedeven further growth. In 1872 only two dailynewspapers could claim a circulation of over100,000, but by 1892 seven more newspapersexceededexceededexceededexceeded that figure. A world beyond the




29

immediate community was rapidly becomingvisible.The word "exceeded" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) controlled(B) surpassed(C) affected(D) equaled

198. Magazines as they are known today beganpublication around 1882, and, in fact, thecirculation of weekly magazines exceeded thatof newspapers in the period which followed. By1892, for example, the circulation of the Ladies'Home Journal had reached an astoundingastoundingastoundingastounding700,000.The word "astounding" is closest in meaningto which of following?(A) surprising(B) estimated(C) encouraging(D) sudden

199. It is lightweight, impermeable to liquids,readily cleaned and reused, durabledurabledurabledurable yet fragile,and often very beautiful.The word "durable" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) lasting(B) delicate(C) heavy(D) plain

200. In effect, as molten glass cools, itprogressively stiffens until rigid, but does sowithout setting up a network of interlockingcrystals customarilycustomarilycustomarilycustomarily associated with thatprocess.The word "customarily" is closest in meaningto which of following?(A) naturally(B) necessarily(C) usually(D) certainly

201. This is why glass shatters so easily whendealt a blow, why glass deteriorates over time,especially when exposedexposedexposedexposed totototomoisture, andwhy glassware must be slowly reheated anduniformly cooled after manufacture to releaseinternal stresses induced by uneven cooling.The words "exposed to" in line 19 are closest inmeaning to(A) hardened by(B) chilled with(C) subjected to(D) deprived of

202. This is why glass shatters so easily whendealt a blow, why glass deteriorates over time,especially when exposed to moisture, and whyglassware must be slowly reheated anduniformly cooled after manufacture to releaseinternal stresses inducedinducedinducedinduced by uneven cooling.The word "induced" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) joined(B) missed(C) caused(D) lost

203. The best-known specimens are theremarkableremarkableremarkableremarkable tracks discovered at Lactoli,Tanzania, by Mary Leakey.The word "remarkable" is closest in meaningto which of following?(A) extraordinary(B) enormous(C) various(D) orderly

204. The pressures exertedexertedexertedexerted along the foot,together with the length of stride, whichaveraged 87 centimeters, indicated that thehominids had been walking slowly. In short, allthe detectable morphological features impliedthat the feet that left the footprints were verylittle different from those of contemporaryhumans.The word "exerted" is closest in meaning to




30

which of following?(A) influenced(B) applied(C) returned(D) lessened

205. The study of fossil footprints is notrestrictedrestrictedrestrictedrestricted to examples from such remoteperiods. Hundreds of prints are known, forexample, in French caves dating from the endof the last ice age, approximately 10, 000 yearsago.The word "restricted" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) limited(B) improved(C) continued(D) succeeded

206. The livelihood of each species in the vastand intricateintricateintricateintricate assemblage of living thingsdepends on the existence of other organisms.The word "intricate" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) difficult(B) widespread(C) critical(D) complex

207. A multitude of microorganisms (includingviruses and bacteria) and anananan armyarmyarmyarmy ofinvertebrates ---The expression "an army" is closest inmeaning to which of following?(A) an illness(B) an attack(C) a large number(D) a distinct type

208. Members of the animal kingdom havedeveloped a variety of defense mechanisms fordealing with parasites. Although thesemechanisms varyvaryvaryvary considerably, all majorgroups of animals are capable of detecting andreacting to the presence of "foreign" cells.

The word "vary" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) differ(B) endure(C) balance(D) contribute

209. Unimprovised, completely structured jazzdoes exist, but the ability of the best jazzmusicians to create music of great cohesioncohesioncohesioncohesionand beauty during a performance has been ahallmark of the music and its major source ofinspiration and change.The word "cohesion" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) sorrow(B) fame(C) unity(D) vibration

210. The second distinguishing characteristic ofjazz is a rhythmic drive that was initiallyinitiallyinitiallyinitiallycalled "hot" and later "swing."The word "initially" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) at first(B) shortly(C) alphabetically(D) in fact

211. In playing hot, a musician consciouslyconsciouslyconsciouslyconsciouslydeparts from strict meter to create a relaxedsense of phrasing that also emphasizes theunderlying rhythms.The word "consciously" is closest in meaningto which of following?(A) carelessly(B) easily(C) periodically(D) purposely

212. Not all jazz is hot, however; many earlybands played unadornedunadornedunadornedunadorned publishedarrangements of popular songs.The word "unadorned" is closest in meaning to




31

which of following?(A) lovely(B) plain(C) disorganized(D) inexpensive

213. The tight arrangement enabledenabledenabledenabled theMandans to protect themselves more easilyfrom the attacks of others who might seek toobtain some of the food these highly capablefarmers stored from one years to the next.The word "enabled" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) covered(B) reminded(C) helped(D) isolated

214. They had to exercise considerableconsiderableconsiderableconsiderable skillto produce the desired results, for theirnorthern location meant fleeting growingseasons.The word "considerable" is closest in meaningto which of following?(A) planning(B) much(C) physical(D) new

215. This green corn was boiled, dried, andshelled, with some of the maize slated forimmediate consumptionconsumptionconsumptionconsumption and the rest storedin animal-skin bags.The word "consumption" is closest in meaningto which of following?(A) decay(B) planting(C) eating(D) conversion

216. With appropriate banking of the extrafood,the Mandans protected themselves against thedisasterdisasterdisasterdisaster of crop failure and accompanyinghunger.The word "disaster" is closest in meaning to

which of following?(A) control(B) catastrophe(C) avoidance(D) history

217. Helium nuclei have also been found to beconstituentsconstituentsconstituentsconstituents of cosmic rays that fall on theearth (cosmic "rays" are not really a form ofradiation; they consist of rapidly movingparticles of numerous different kinds) .The word "constituents" is closest in meaningto which of following?(A) relatives(B) causes(C) components(D) targets

218. Its relative abundance never seems tovaryvaryvaryvarymuch. In some places, there may beslightly more of it; in others, slightly less, butthe ratio of helium to hydrogen nucleial waysremains about the same.The word "vary" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) mean(B) stretch(C) change(D) include

219. However, the amount of helium that couldhave been produced in this manner can becalculated,calculated,calculated,calculated, and it turns out to be no morethan a few percent.The word "calculated" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) ignored(B) converted(C) increased(D) determined

220. By the time the universe was a fewminutes old, helium production has effectivelyceased.ceased.ceased.ceased.The word "ceased" is closest in meaning to




32

which of following?(A) extended(B) performed(C) taken hold(D) stopped

221. Wealthy and socially prominentprominentprominentprominent settlersmade quilts of the English type, cut from largelengths of cloth of the same color and texturerather than stitched together from smallerpieces.The word " prominent" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) isolated(B) concerned(C) generous(D) distinguished

222. This term was usually appliedappliedappliedapplied totototo a fabricof wool and linen used in heavy clothing andquilted petticoats worn in the wintertime.The phrase "applied to" is closest in meaningto which of following?(A) sewn onto(B) compared to(C) used for(D) written down on

223. Rather, they were made of a top layer ofwoolen or glazed worsted wool fabric,consisting of smooth, compact yarn from longwool fibers, dyed dark blue, green, or brownwith a bottom layer of a coarsercoarsercoarsercoarserwoolenmaterial, either natural or a shade of yellow.The word "coarser" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) older(B) less heavy(C) more attractive(D) rougher

224. The linsey-woolsey covering was found inthe colder regions of the country because of thewarmth it afforded.afforded.afforded.afforded.The word "afforded" is closest in meaning to

which of following?(A) provided(B) spent(C) avoided(D) absorbed

225. Growing tightly packed together andcollectively weaving a densedensedensedense canopy ofbranches, a stand of red alder trees can totallydominate a site to the exclusion of almosteverything else.The word "dense" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) dark(B) tall(C) thick(D) broad

226. Farm dwellers in their isolation not onlyfound it harder to locate companions in playbut also, thanksthanksthanksthanks totototo the unending demandsand pressures of their work, felt it necessary tocombine fun with purpose.The phrase "thanks to " is closest in meaningto which of following?(A) grateful for(B) help with(C) because of(D) machines for

227. The most eagerlyeagerlyeagerlyeagerly anticipatedanticipatedanticipatedanticipated socialevents were the rural fairs. Hundreds of men,women, and children attended from far andnear.The phrase "eagerly anticipated" is closest inmeaning to which of following?(A) well organized(B) old-fashioned(C) strongly opposed(D) looked forward to

228. Although the phlogiston theory was self-consistent, it was awkward because it requiredthat imaginative, even mysterious, propertiespropertiespropertiespropertiesbe ascribed to phlogiston.




33

The word "properties" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) interpretations(B) locations(C) characteristics(D) virtues

229. Although the phlogiston theory was self-consistent, it was awkward because it requiredthat imaginative, even mysterious, propertiesbe ascribedascribedascribedascribed totototo phlogiston.The phrase "ascribed to" is closest in meaningto which of following?(A) analyzed and isolated in(B) returned to their original condition in(C) assumed to be true of(E) diagrammed with

230. In the eighteenth century, AntoineLavoisier, on the basis of carefulexperimentation was led to propose a differenttheory of burning, one that required aconstituentconstituentconstituentconstituent of air-later shown to be oxygen-for combustion.The word "constituent" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) component(B) opposite(C) principle(D) temperature

231. SinceSinceSinceSince the weight of the oxygen is alwaysadded, the weight of the products ofcombustion, including the evolved gases, wouldalways be greater than the weight of thestarting material.The word "Since" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) later(B) because(C) during(D) although

232. Iron production was revolutionizedrevolutionizedrevolutionizedrevolutionized inthe early eighteenth century when coke was

first used instead of charcoal for refining ironore.The word "revolutionized" is closest inmeaning to which of following?(A) quickly started(B) gradually opened(C) dramatically changed(D) carefully examined

233. Apart from its low cost, the appealappealappealappeal of ironas a building material lay in its strength, itsresistance to fire, and its potential to span vastareas.The word "appeal" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) adjustment(B) assignment(C) attraction(D) attempt

234. Significantly, the use of exposed ironoccurred mainly in the new building typesspawnedspawnedspawnedspawned by the Industrial Revolution: infactories, warehouses, commercial offices,exhibition halls, and railroad stations, where itspractical advantages far outweighed its lack ofstatus.The word "spawned" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) created(B) maintained(C) rejected(D) exposed

235. Designers of the railroad stations of thenew age explored the potential of iron, coveringhuge areas with spans that surpassedsurpassedsurpassedsurpassed thegreat vaults of medieval hurches and cathedrals.

The word "surpassed" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) imitated(B) exceeded(C) approached(D) included




34

236. Their composition is thought to be similarto that of Earth's iron core,core,core,core, and indeed theymight have once made up the core of a largeplanetoid that disintegrated long ago.The word "core" is closest in meaning to whichof following?(A) center(B) surface(C) mineral(D) field

237. When meteorites fall on the continent,they are embeddedembeddedembeddedembedded in the moving ice sheets.At places where the glaciers move upwardagainst mountain ranges, meteorites are leftexposed on the surface.The word "embedded" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) isolated(B) encased(C) enhanced(D) enlarged

238. The pale, smooth desert plain provides aperfect backdrop for spottingspottingspottingspottingmeteorites,which are usually dark brown of black.The word "spotting" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) removing(B) identifying(C) cooling(D) falling

239. A pioneering set of experiments has beenimportant in the revolution in ourunderstanding of animal behavior-a revolutionthat eroded the behaviorist dogmadogmadogmadogma that onlyhumans have minds.The word "dogma" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) evaluation(B) proof(C) intention(D) belief

240. These experiments were designed todetectdetectdetectdetect consciousness ---The word "detect" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) imitate the behavior of(B) provide a reason for(C) discover the presence of(D) report a need for

241. The scientific investigation of anexperience as private as consciousness isfrustratingly beyond the usual tools of theexperimental psychologist. This may be onereason that many researchers have shiedshiedshiedshiedawayawayawayaway fromfromfromfrom the notion of mind andconsciousness in nonhuman animals.The phrase "shied away from" is closest inmeaning to which of following?(A) approached(B) avoided(C) respected(D) allowed

242. Gallup' report of the experiment,published in a 1970 article, was amilestonemilestonemilestonemilestone inour understanding of animal minds, andpsychologists wondered how widespread self-recognition would prove to be.The word "milestone" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) significant development(B) initial step(C) universal concept(D) obstruction to progress

243. Biological diversity has become widelyrecognized as a criticalcriticalcriticalcritical conservation issueonly in the past two decades.The word "critical" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) negative(B) essential(C) interesting(D) complicated




35

244. The high rate of species extinctions inthese environments is joltingjoltingjoltingjolting, but it isimportant to recognize the significance ofbiological diversity in all ecosystems.The word "jolting" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) predicted(B) shocking(C) unknown(D) illuminating

245. However, nothing has ever equaled themagnitudemagnitudemagnitudemagnitude and speed with which the humanspecies is altering the physical and chemicalworld and demolishing the environment.The word "magnitude" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) concern(B) determination(C) carelessness(E) extent

246. The conservatism of the early Englishcolonists in North American, their strongattachmentattachmentattachmentattachment totototo the English way of doingthings, would play a major part in the furniturethat was made in New England.The phrase "attachment to " is closest inmeaning to which of following?(A) control of(B) distance from(C) curiosity about(D) preference for247. The mortise is the hole chiseled and cutinto one piece of wood, while the tenon is thetongue of protrudingprotrudingprotrudingprotruding element shaped fromanother piece of wood so that it fits into themortise; and another small hole is then drilled(with the auger) through the mortised end andthe tenon so that a whittled peg can secure thejoint-thus the term "joiner.鈥?br /> The word"protruding" is closest in meaning to which offollowing?(A) parallel

(B) simple(C) projecting(D) important

248. Locks and escutcheon plates-the latter toshieldshieldshieldshield the wood from the metal key-wouldoften be imported.The word "shield" in line 23 closest in meaningto(A) decorate(B) copy(C) shape(D) protect

249. The establishment of these posts openednew roads and provided for the protection ofdaringdaringdaringdaring adventurers and expeditions as well asestablished settlers.The word "daring" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) lost(B) bold(C) lively(D) foolish

250. Throughout the wilderness, post bandsprovided entertainment and boostedboostedboostedboostedmorale.The word "boosted" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) influenced(B) established(C) raised(D) maintained

251. It slowed construction of forts andinhibitedinhibitedinhibitedinhibited their military function.The word "inhibited" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) involved(B) exploited(C) united(D) hindered

252. Anyone who has handled a fossilized boneknows that it is usually not exactly like its




36

modern counterpartcounterpartcounterpartcounterpart, the most obviousdifference being that it is often much heavier.The word "counterpart' is closest in meaningto which of following?(A) species(B) version(C) change(D) material

253. But it is a wrong interpretation; fossils arefrequently so dense because the poresporesporespores andother spaces in the bone have become filledwith minerals taken up from the surroundingsediments.The word "pores" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) joints(B) tissues(C) lines(D) holes

254. Although nothing remains of the originalcollagen, some of its component amino acidsare usually still detectabledetectabledetectabledetectable, together withamino acids of the noncollagen proteins ofbone.The word "detectable" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) sizable(B) active(C) moist(D) apparent

255. In spite of Hunt's invitinginvitinginvitinginviting facade, theliving space was awkwardly arranged. Thosewho could afford them were quite content toreunion in the more sumptuous, single-familyhomes, leaving the Stuyvesant to youngmarried couples and bachelors.The word "inviting" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) open(B) encouraging(C) attractive(D) asking

256. Those who could afford them were quitecontent to reunion in the more sumptuoussumptuoussumptuoussumptuous,single-family homes, leaving the Stuyvesant toyoung married couples and bachelors.The word "sumptuous" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) luxurious(B) unique(C) modern(D) distant

257. The lot could also accommodate arectangular tenement, though it could notyieldyieldyieldyield the square, well-lighted, and logicallyarranged rooms that great apartment buildingsrequire.The word "yield" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) harvest(B) surrender(C) amount(D) provide

258. A snowfall consists of myriads ofminuteminuteminuteminuteice crystals that fall to the ground in the form offrozen precipitation.The word "minute" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) tiny(B) quick(C) clear(D) sharp

259. The process can be very rapid, quicklycreating sizable ice crystals, some of whichadhereadhereadhereadhere to each other to create a cluster of icecrystals or a snowflake.The word "adhere" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) belong(B) relate(C) stick(D) speed




37

260. In addition, mountainous sections orrising terrain can initiateinitiateinitiateinitiate snowfalls by thegeographical lifting of a moist airstream.The word "initiate" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) enhance(B) alter(C) increase(D) begin

261. It dissolves, transports, and precipitatesmany chemical compounds and is constantlymodifyingmodifyingmodifyingmodifying the face of the Earth. Evaporatedfrom the oceans, water vapor forms clouds,some of which are transported by wind over thecontinents.The word "modifying" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) changing(B) traveling(C) describing(D) destroying

262. This last figure shows the importance ofthe ocean as the principal reservoir of thehydrosphere but also the rapidityrapidityrapidityrapidity of watertransport on the continents.The word "rapidity" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) significance(B) method(C) swiftness(D) reliability

263. The erosion of the continents thus resultsfrom two closely linked and interdependentprocesses, chemical erosion and mechanicalerosion. Their respective interactions andefficiencyefficiencyefficiencyefficiency depend on different factors.The word "efficiency" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) relationship(B) growth(C) influence(D) effectiveness

264. Among the species of seabirds that use thewindswept cliffs of the Atlantic coast of Canadain the summer to mate, lay eggs, and rearrearrearrear theiryoung are common murres, Atlantic puffins,black-legged kittiwakes, and northern gannets.The word "rear" is closest in meaning to whichof following?(A) visit(B) watch(C) reverse(D) raise

265. The advantage of nesting on cliffs is theimmunity it gives from foxes, which cannotscalescalescalescale the sheer rocks, and from ravens andother species of gulls, which have difficulty inlanding on narrow ledges to steal eggs.The word "scale" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) climb(B) avoid(C) approach(D) measure

266. This immunityimmunityimmunityimmunity has been followed by arelaxation of the defenses, and kittiwakes donot react to predators nearly as fiercely as doground-nesting gulls.The word "immunity" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) distance(B) transition(C) protection(D) reminder

267. Kittiwakes defecate over the edge of thenest, which keeps it clean, but this practice, aswell as their tendency to leave the nest litteredwith eggshells, makes its location veryconspicuousconspicuousconspicuousconspicuous.The word "conspicuous" is closest in meaningto which of following?(A) disordered(B) suspicious




38

(C) noticeable(D) appealing

268.OnOnOnOn thethethethe otherotherotherother handhandhandhand, nesting on a narrowledge has its own peculiar problems, andkittiwake behavior has become adapted toovercome them.The phrase "On the other hand " is closest inmeaning to which of following?(A) therefore(B) however(C) for example(D) by no means

269. Throughout the nineteenth century andinto the twentieth, citizens of the United Statesmaintained a biasbiasbiasbias against big cities.The word "bias" is closest in meaning to whichof following?(A) diagonal(B) slope(C) distortion(D) prejudice

270. These new urbanites, already convincedthat cities were overwhelmed with greatproblems, eagerly embracedembracedembracedembraced the progressivereforms that promised to bring order out of thechaos of the city.The word "embraced" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) suggested(B) overestimated(C) demanded(D) welcomed

271. Reformers feared that the privately ownedutility companies would charge exorbitantexorbitantexorbitantexorbitantrates for these essential services and deliverthem only to people who could afford them.The word "exorbitant" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) additional(B) expensive(C) various

(D) modified

272. ProponentsProponentsProponentsProponents of these reforms argued thatpublic ownership and regulation would insurewidespread access to these utilities andguarantee a fair price.The word "Proponents" is closest in meaningto which of following?(A) Experts(B) Pioneers(C) Reviewers(D) Supporters

273. By 1776 the fine art of painting as it haddeveloped in western Europe up to this timehad been introduced into the Americancolonies through books and prints, Europeanvisitors and immigrants, and traveling colonistswho brought back copies of old masterpaintings and acquaintance with European artinstitutions. By the outbreakoutbreakoutbreakoutbreak of theRevolution against British rule in 1776, thestatus of the artist had already undergoneundergoneundergoneundergonechange.The word "outbreak" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) cause(B) beginning(C) position(D) explanation

The word "undergone" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) led to(B) transformed(C) preferred(D) experienced

274. Some colonial urban portraitist, such asJohn Singleton Copley, Benjamin West, andCharles Willson Peale, consortedconsortedconsortedconsortedwithaffluent patrons.The word "consorted" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) made decisions




39

(B) studied(C) agreed(D) associated

275. Although subject to fluctuations in theireconomic status, all three enjoyed sufficientsufficientsufficientsufficientpatronage to allow them to maintain an imageof themselves as professional artists, an imageindicated by their custom of signing theirpaintings.The word "sufficient" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) adequate(B) temporary(C) friendly(D) expensive

276. The railroad simultaneously stripped thelandscape of the natural resources, madevelocity of transport and economy of scalenecessary parts of industrial production, andcarried consumer goods to households;itdispatched immigrants to unsettled places,drewdrewdrewdrew emigrants away from farms and villagesto cities, and sent men and guns to battle.The word "drew" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) obliged(B) designed(C) helped(D ) attracted

277. It standardized time and travel, seeking toannihilateannihilateannihilateannihilate distance and space by allowingmovement at any time and in any season ortype of weather.The word "annihilate" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) conquer(B) utilize(C) separate(D) mechanize

278.MoreoverMoreoverMoreoverMoreover, in addition to its being atransportation pathway equipped with a

mammoth physical plant of tracks signals,crossings, bridges, and junctions, plustelegraph and telephone lines the railroadnurtured factory complexes, coat piles,warehouses, and generating stations, formingalong its right-of-way what has aptlyaptlyaptlyaptly beencalled "the metropolitan corridor" of theAmerican landscape.The word "Moreover" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) consequently(B) furthermore(C) although(D) because

The word "aptly" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) appropriately(B) virtually(C) consistently(D) incessantly

279. The Native Americans of northernCalifornia were highly skilled at basketry, usingthe reeds, grasses, barks, and roots they foundaround them to fashionfashionfashionfashion articles of all sortsand sizes-not only trays, containers, andcooking pots, but hats, boats, fish traps, babycarriers, and ceremonial objects.The word "fashion" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) maintain(B) organize(C) trade(D) create

280. In addition, they made used of fourdistinct variations on the basic twining process,often employing more than one of them in asingle article.article.article.article.The word "article" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) decoration(B) shape(C) design




40

(D) object

281. Though other materials were sometimesused, these four were the staplesstaplesstaplesstaples in their finestbasketry.The word "staples" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) combinations(B) limitations(C) accessories(D) basic elements

282. Every Pomo basket maker knew how toproduce from fifteen to twenty distinctdistinctdistinctdistinctpatterns that could be combined in a number ofdifferent ways.The word "distinct" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) systematic(B) beautiful(C) different(D) compatible

283. Periodically, molten material wells out ofthe Earth's interior to invadeinvadeinvadeinvade the surfacelayers or to flow onto the surface itself.The word "invade" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) move into(B) neutralize(C) cover(D) deposit

284. Granite may be found on the surface ofthe contemporarycontemporarycontemporarycontemporary landscape, but from itscoarse texture we know that it must haveformed through slow cooling at a great depthand later been laid bare by erosion.The word "contemporary" is closest inmeaning to which of following?(A) vast(B) natural(C) existing(D) uneven

285. The most finelyfinelyfinelyfinely grained igneous rock isvolcanic glass or obsidian, which has nocrystals.The word "finely" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) minutely(B) loosely(C) sensitively(D) purely

286. It was in the cities that the elements thatcan be associated with modern capitalism firstappeared-the use of money and commercialpaper inininin placeplaceplaceplace ofofofof barter, open competition inplace of social deference and hierarchy, with anattendantattendantattendantattendant rise in social disorder, and theappearance of factories using coal or waterpower in place of independent craftspeopleworking with hand tools.The phrase "in place of" is closest in meaningto which of following?(A) connected to(B) in addition to(C) because of(D) instead of

The word "attendant" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) avoidable(B) accompanying(C) unwelcome(D) unexpected

287. Except for Boston, whose populationstabilized at about 16, 000 in 1760, cities grewby exponentialexponentialexponentialexponential leapsleapsleapsleaps through the eighteenthcentury.The phrase "exponential leaps" is closest inmeaning to which of following?(A) long wars(B) new laws(C) rapid increases(D) exciting changes

288. The quality of the hinterland dictateddictateddictateddictated the




41

pace of growth of the cities.The word "dictated" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) spoiled(B) reduced(C) determined(D) divided

289. The land surrounding Boston had alwaysbeen poor farm country, and by the mid-eighteenth century it was virtuallyvirtuallyvirtuallyvirtually stripped ofits timber. The available farmland wasoccupied; there was little in the region beyondthe city to attract immigrants.The word "virtually" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) usually(B) hardly(C) very quickly(D) almost completely

290. Although there are several variations onthe exact format that worksheet can take, theyare all similar in their essentialessentialessentialessential aspects.The word "essential" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) introductory(B) changeable(C) beneficial(D) fundamental

291. Next, the pertinentpertinentpertinentpertinent considerations thatwill be affected by each decision are listed, andthe relative importance of each considerationor consequence is determined.The word "pertinent" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) relevant(B) preceding(C) insightful(D) responsive

292. A decision-making worksheet begins witha succinctsuccinctsuccinctsuccinct statement of the problem that willalso help to narrow it. It is important to be

clear about the distinction between long-rangeand immediate goals because long-range goalsoften involve a different decision than short-range ones.The word "succinct" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) creative(B) satisfactory(C) personal(D) concise

293. Focusing on long-range goals, agraduating student might reviserevisereviserevise the questionabove to "What will I do after graduation thatwill lead to a successful career?"The word "revise" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) ask(B) explain(C) change(D) predict

294. The ecosystems of the Earth provide anarrayarrayarrayarray of free public services that are essentialfor the support of civilizations.The word "array" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) large number(B) excess(C) requirement(D) model

295. They do know, however, that the theoryonce advancedadvancedadvancedadvanced in the nineteenth century ---that the productivity of the land can beinfinitely increased by the application of capital,labor, and science --- is wrong.The word "advanced" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) debated(B) ignored(C) proved(D) proposed

296. Two reasons are usually advanced to




42

account for this tardytardytardytardy development, namely,the mental difficulties and the physicaldifficulties encountered in such work.The word "tardy" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) historical(B) basic(C) unusual(D) late

297. The first of these, the mental difficulties,must be somewhat discounted.discounted.discounted.discounted. Theimpression that the ancient numeral systemsare not amenable to even the simplestcalculations is largely based on lack offamiliarity with these systems.The word "discounted" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) reduced(B) contradicted(C) disregarded(D) interpreted

298. Without a plentiful and convenient supplyof some suitable writing medium, any veryextended development of the arithmeticprocess was bound to be hampered.hampered.hampered.hampered.The word "hampered" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) impeded(B) concluded(C) unnoticed(D) rejected

299. In the core of the Sun, the pressures are sogreatgreatgreatgreat against the gases that, despite the hightemperature, there may be a small solid core.The word "great" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) dangerous(B) unknown(C) variable(D) strong

300. The corona is a brilliant, pearly white,

filmy light, about as bright as the full Moon. Itsbeautiful rays are a sensationalsensationalsensationalsensational sight duringan eclipse. The corona's rays flash out in abrilliant fan that has wispy spike like rays nearthe Sun's north and south poles.The word "sensational" is closest in meaningto which of following?(A) spectacular(B) predictable(C) bizarre(D) constant

301. She also photographs away from herstudio at various architectural sites, bringingcamera, lights, mirrors, and a crew of assistantsto transformtransformtransformtransform the site into her own abstractimage.The word "transform" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) move(B) extend(C) change(D) interpret

302. At first she works only with objects,concentrating on their compositioncompositioncompositioncomposition ; thenshe lights them and adds color from lightscovered with colored filters.The word "composition" is closest in meaningto which of following?(A) arrangement(B) brightness(C) quality(D) size

303. She visits each location several times tomake sketches and test shotsshotsshotsshots. Until she bringsin the lights, however, she cannot predictexactly what they will do to the image, so thereis some improvising on the spot.The word "shots" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) injections(B) photographs(C) loud noises




43

(D) effective remarks

304. With its radiant color and plantlike shapeshapeshapeshape,the sea anemone looks more like a flower thanan animal.The word "shape" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) length(B) grace(C) form(D) nature

305. The upper end of the sea anemone has amouth surrounded by tentacles that the animaluses to capturecapturecapturecapture its food.The word "capture" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) catch(B) control(C) cover(D) clean

306. When disturbed, a sea anemone retractsretractsretractsretractsits tentacles and shortens its body so that itresembles a lump on a rock.The word "retracts" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) pulls back(B) relaxes(C) reproduces(D) lifts up

307. The first such attempt, the ambitiousProject Mohole, got under way during the1960's and proved the value of deep-sea drillingby making several test holes in the mantlebeneath the crust before spiralingspiralingspiralingspiraling costs led toits cancellation.The word "spiraling" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) rising(B) necessary(C) unpredictable(D) circular

308. Soon afterward, however, work began onthemoremoremoremoremodestmodestmodestmodestDeep Sea Drilling Project,which is not aimed at reaching the mantle butat exploring the crust itself.The expression "more modest " is closest inmeaning to which of following?(A) more sophisticated(B) more timid(C) less ambitious(D) less controversial

309. This venture uses a special ship, theGlomar Challenger, which can be heldpreciselypreciselypreciselyprecisely in position in the sea --- without anyanchor --- by sound-wave guiding systems andcomputer-controlled propellers.The word " precisely" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) exactly(B) clearly(C) economically(D) practically

310. Throughout the colonial period there wasamarkedmarkedmarkedmarked shortage of women, which variedwith the regions and was always greatest in thefrontier areas.The word "marked" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) underlined(B) graded(C) prolonged(D) distinct

311. Puritan town councils expected widowsand unattachedunattachedunattachedunattached womenwomenwomenwomen to be self-supporting and for a long time provided needyspinsters with parcels of land.The phrase "unattached women" is closest inmeaning to which of following?(A) women without high social status(B) women without property(C) unmarried women(D) unemployed women




44

312. The artisan who makes pottery in NorthAmerica today utilizes his or her skill andimagination to create items that are beautifulas well as functionalfunctionalfunctionalfunctional, transforming somethingordinary into something special and unique.The word "functional" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) useful(B) strong(C) inexpensive(D) original

313. The potter uses one of the Earth's mostbasicbasicbasicbasicmaterials: clay. Clay can be found almostanywhere.The word "basic" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) familiar(B) fundamental

(D) dirty

314. They then pour on the liquid glaze and letit run over the clay surface, making any kind ofdecorative patternpatternpatternpattern that they want.The word "pattern" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) model(B) color(C) puzzle(D) design

315. Horses live in amonochromemonochromemonochromemonochromeworld.Light visible to human eyes, however, occupiesonly a very narrow band in the wholeelectromagnetic spectrum.The word "monochrome" is closest in meaningto which of following?(A) monotonous(B) ultraviolet(C) one-dimension(D) one-color

316. The world would look eerilyeerilyeerilyeerily different ifhuman eyes were sensitive to infra-red

radiation.The word "eerily" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) strangely(B) increasingly(C) slightly(D) superficially

317. They are, in fact, remarkably discerning incolor gradation. The color sensitivity of normalhuman vision is rarely surpassedsurpassedsurpassedsurpassed even bysophisticated technical devices.The word "surpassed" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) recorded(B) exceeded(C) found(D) provided

318. Once, just before he died, when he wassick with the flu, I took him a sack full oforanges. The joy I felt in giving that simple giftis undiminishedundiminishedundiminishedundiminished by time. He said he likedoranges, too. "The word "undiminished" is closest in meaningto which of following?(A) not exaggerated(B) not lessened

(D) unequaled

319. And he was kind to me; I will always begrateful that in his absolute warmth andgenerosity he fulfilled my deepest dreamdreamdreamdream (andneed) of what a poet should be. "The word "dream" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) nightmare(B) expectation(C) sleep(D) misconception

320. "After my first meeting with LangstonHughes I vowedvowedvowedvowed I would write a book abouthim for children someday.




45

The word "vowed" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) confided(B) b<elieved(C) denied(D) promised

321. A third process by which salinity may bealteredalteredalteredaltered is associated with the formation andmelting of sea ice. When seawater is frozen, thedissolved materials are left behind.The word "altered" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) determined(B) changed(C) accumulated(D) needed

322. With encouragement from the park, locallandowners initiatedinitiatedinitiatedinitiated a land-use planningeffort to guide the future of the North Fork.The word "initiated" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) started(B) requested(C) purchased(D) considered

323. The willingness of local landowners toparticipate in this protection effort may havebeen stimulatedstimulatedstimulatedstimulated by concerns that Congresswould impose a legislative solution.The word "stimulated" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) motivated(B) anticipated(C) substituted(D) undermined

324. Nevertheless, many local residents want toretainretainretainretain the existing the character of the area.The word "retain" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) preserve(B) possess

(C) enjoy(D) improve

325. There were two widely divergentdivergentdivergentdivergentinfluences on the early development ofstatistical methodsThe word "divergent" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) different(B) distributed(C) recorded(D) prominent

326. Descriptive statistics is a tool fordescribing or summarizing or reducing tocomprehensible form the properties of anotherwise unwieldyunwieldyunwieldyunwieldymass of data.The word "unwieldy" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) unmanageable(B) unpredictable(C) understandable(D) unreliable

327. From then on, humans would increasinglytake their living from the controlledcontrolledcontrolledcontrolledproduction of a few plants, rather than gettinga little here and a little there from manyvarieties that grew wild-and the accumulatedknowledge of lens of thousands of years ofexperience and intimacy with plants in the wildwould begin to fade away.The word "controlled" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) abundant(B) managed(C) required(D) advanced

328. This century, the work of cognitivepsychologists has illuminatedilluminatedilluminatedilluminated the subtleforms of daily learning on which intellectualprogress depends.The word "illuminated" is closest in meaningto which of following?




46

(A) illustrated(B) accepted(C) clarified(D) lighted

329. They have also suggested that the veryconcept of abstract numbers-the idea of aoneness, a twoness, a threeness that applies toany class of objects and is a prerequisiteprerequisiteprerequisiteprerequisite fordoing anything more mathematicallydemanding than setting a table-is itself farfrom innate.The word "prerequisite" is closest in meaningto which of following?(A) reason(B) theory(C) requirement(D) technique

330. The droplets or ice crystals in clouds areexceedingly small. The effect of gravity on themisminuteminuteminuteminute. Air currents move and lift dropletsso that the net downward displacement is zero,even though the droplets are in constantmotion.The word "minute" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) second(B) tiny(C) slow(D) steady

331. Air currents move and lift droplets so thatthe net downward displacement is zero, eventhough the droplets are in constantmotionmotionmotionmotion.The word "motion" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) wind(B) change(C) movement(D) humidity

332. To the casual observer, dust seems to actin a totally randomrandomrandomrandom fashion, moving aboutchaotically without fixed direction.

The word "random" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) unpredictable(B) perplexing(C) independent(D) abnormal

333. During the 1920's she was editor of TheDial, an important literary magazine of theperiodperiodperiodperiod.The word "period" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) movement(B) school(C) region(D) time

succeedingsucceedingsucceedingsucceeding generations of poets and readers.The word "succeeding" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) inheriting(B) prospering(C) diverse(D) later

334. The Southwest has always been a drycountry, where water is scarce.scarce.scarce.scarce. The Hopi andZuni brought water from streams to their fieldsand gardens through irrigation ditches.The word "scarce" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) limited(B) hidden(C) pure(D) necessary

335. Like tree roots breaking up a sidewalk, thegrowing crystals exertexertexertexert pressure on the rockand eventually pry the rock apart along planesof weakness, such as banding in metamorphicrocks, bedding in sedimentary rocks, orpreexisting or incipient fractions, and alongboundaries between individual mineral crystalsor grains.The word "exert" is closest in meaning to




47

which of following?(A) put(B) reduce(C) replace(D) control

336. A rock durabledurabledurabledurable enough to have withstoodnatural conditions for a very long time in otherareas could probably be shatteredshatteredshatteredshattered into smallpieces by salt weathering within a fewgenerations.The word "durable" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) large(B) strong(C) flexible(D) pressured

The word "shattered" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) arranged(B) dissolved(C) broken apart(D) gathered together

337. The dominantdominantdominantdominant salt in Death Valley ishalite, or sodium chloride, but other salts,mostly carbonates and sulfates, also causeprying and wedging, as does ordinary ice.The word "dominant" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) most recent(B) most common(C) least available(D) least damaging

338. Overland transport in the United Stateswas still extremely primitiveprimitiveprimitiveprimitive in 1790. Roadswere few and short, usually extending frominland communities to the nearest river townor seaport.The word "primitive" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) unsafe(B) unknown

(C) inexpensive(D) undeveloped

339. Nearly all interstate commerce was carriedout by sailing ships that served the bays andharbors of the seaboard. Yet, in 1790 the nationwas onononon thethethethe thresholdthresholdthresholdthreshold ofofofof a new era of roaddevelopment.The phrase "on the threshold of" in line 4 and 5is closest in meaning to which of following?(A) in need of(B) in place of(C) at the start of(D) with the purpose of

340. The company built a gravel road withintwo years, and the success of the Lancaster Pikeencouraged imitationimitationimitationimitation. Northern statesgenerally relied on private companies to buildtheir toll roads, but Virginia constructed anetwork at public expense.The word "imitation" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) investment(B) suggestion(C) increasing(D) copying

341. Its peoples became great traders,barteringbarteringbarteringbartering jewellery, pottery, animal pelts,tools, and other goods along extensive tradingnetworks that stretched up and down easternNorth America and as far west as the RockyMountains.The word "bartering" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) producing(B) exchanging(C) transporting(D) loading

342. Over the next centuries, it wassupplantedsupplantedsupplantedsupplanted by another culture, theMississippian, named after the river alongwhich many of its earliest villages were located.




48

The word "supplanted" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) conquered(B) preceded(C) replaced(D) imitated

343. Most of these towns boasted at least onemajor flat-topped mound on which stood atemple that contained a sacred flame. Onlypriests and those chargedchargedchargedchargedwithwithwithwith guarding theflame could enter the temples.The phrase "charged with" is closest inmeaning to which of following?(A) passed on(B) experienced at(C) interested in(D) assigned to

344. Printmaking is the generic term for anumber of processes, of which woodcut andengraving are two primeprimeprimeprime examples.The word "prime" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) principal(B) complex(C) general(D) recent

345. Engraving, which grew out of thegoldsmith's art, originated in Germany andnorthern Italy in the middle of the fifteenthcentury. It is an intaglio process (from Italianintagliare, "to carve") . The image is incisedincisedincisedincisedinto a highly polished metal plate, usuallycopper, with a cutting instrument, or burin.The word "incised" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) burned(B) cut(C) framed(D) baked

346. Both woodcut and engraving havedistinctivedistinctivedistinctivedistinctive characteristics. Engraving lends

itself to subtle modeling and shading throughthe use of fine lines.The word "distinctive" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) unique(B) accurate(C) irregular(D) similar

347. Both methods can yieldyieldyieldyield several hundredgood-quality prints before the original block orplate begins to show signs of wear.The word "yield" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) imitate(B) produce(C) revise(D) contrast

348. But not all animal parents, even those thattendtendtendtend their offspring to the point of hatching orbirth, feed their young.The word "tend" is closest in meaning to whichof following?(A) sit on(B) move(C) notice(D) care for

349. Few insects feed their young afterhatching, but some make other arrangement,provisioningprovisioningprovisioningprovisioning their cells and nests withcaterpillars and spiders that they haveparalyzed with their venom and stored in astate of suspended animation so that theirlarvae might have a supply of fresh food whenthey hatch.The word "provisioning" is closest in meaningto which of following?(A) supplying(B) preparing(C) building(D) expanding

350. For animals other than mammals, then,




49

feeding is not intrinsic to parental care.Animals add it to their reproductive strategiesto give them an edgeedgeedgeedge in their lifelong quest fordescendants.The word "edge" is closest in meaning to whichof following?(A) opportunity(B) advantage(C) purpose(D) rest

351. Young that are fed by their parents becomenutritionally independent at a much greaterfraction of their full adult size. And in themeantime those young are shieldedshieldedshieldedshielded againstthe vagaries of fluctuating of difficult-to-findsupplies.The word "shielded" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) raised(B) protected(C) hatched(D) valued

352. A second, more dense atmosphere,however, gradually envelopedenvelopedenvelopedenveloped Earth as gassesfrom molten rocks within its hot interiorescaped through volcanoes and steam vents.The word "enveloped" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) surrounded(B) changed(C) escaped(D) characterized

353. With much of the water vapor alreadycondensed into water and the concentration ofcarbon dioxide dwindling, the atmospheregraduallygraduallygraduallygradually became rich nitrogen.The word "gradually" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) accidentally(B) quickly(C) in the end(D) by degrees

354. AtAtAtAt anyanyanyany raterateraterate, plant growth greatlyenriched our atmosphere with oxygen. Thereason for this enrichment is that plants, in thepresence of sunlight, process carbon dioxideand water to produce oxygen.The word "At any rate" is closest in meaningto which of following?(A) regardless(B) in addition(C) although unlikely(D) fortunately

355. Over 25,000 islands are scatteredscatteredscatteredscattered acrossthe surface of the Pacific, more than in all theother oceans combined, but their land areaadds up to little more than 125,000 squarekilometers, about the size of New York State,and their inhabitants total less than two millionpeople, about a quarter of the number that livein New York City.The word "scattered" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) widely known(B) usually estimated(C) rarely inhabited(D) irregularly distributed

356. Many are uninhabitable, bybybyby virtuevirtuevirtuevirtue ofofofoftheir small size and particular characteristics,but even the most favored are very isolatedfragments of land, strictly circumscribedcircumscribedcircumscribedcircumscribed bythe ocean, strictly limited in terms of thenumbers of people they can support.The phrase "by virtue of" is closest in meaningto which of following?(A) regarding(B) because of(C) taking advantage of(D) in place of

The word "circumscribed" is closest inmeaning to which of following?(A) located(B) flooded




50

(C) restricted(D) pushed

357. Simply surviving those ocean crossings ofindeterminateindeterminateindeterminateindeterminate length, in open canoes, toarrive on the shores of uninhabited andhitherto unknown islands, was a formidableachievement.The word "indeterminate" is closest inmeaning to which of following?(A) undecided(B) uncertain(C) unacceptable(D) increasing

358. The Rosetta stone thwartedthwartedthwartedthwarted scholars'efforts for several decades until the earlynineteenth century when several keyhieroglyphic phrases were decoded using theGreek inscriptions.The word "thwarted" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) continued(B) influenced(C) encouraged(D) frustrated

359. Lichens, probably the hardiesthardiesthardiesthardiest of allplants, live where virtually nothing else can---not just on rugged mountain peaks but also onsunbaked desert rocks.The word "hardest" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) most unusual(B) most basic(C) most abundant(D) most vigorous

360. Unlike other members of the plantkingdom, lichens are actually a partnershipbetween two plants. The frameworkframeworkframeworkframework of alichen is usually a network of minute hairlikefungus that anchors the plant.The word "framework" is closest in meaningto which of following?

(A) structure(<B(C) condition(D) environment

361. When water is scarce (as is often the caseon a mountain) , lichens may become dormantand remain in that condition for prolongedprolongedprolongedprolongedperiods of time.The word "prolonged" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) precise(B) extended(C) approximate(D) regular

362. For decades, scientists wondered how theoffspring of an alga and a fungus got togetherto form a new lichen; it seemed unlikely thatthey would just happen to encounterencounterencounterencounter oneanother.The word "encounter" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) lose(B) support(C) meet(D) create

363. Newbery notwithstandingnotwithstandingnotwithstandingnotwithstanding, Americansstill looked on children's books as vehicles forinstruction, not amusement, though they wouldaccept a moderate amount of fictionalentertainment for the sake of more successfulinstruction.The word "notwithstanding" is closest inmeaning to which of following?(A) in spite of(B) in addition to(C) as a result of(D) as a part of

364. As the children's book market expanded,then, what both public and publishers wantedwas the kind of fiction Maria Edgeworth wrote:stories interesting enough to attract children




51

and morally instructive enough to allayallayallayallay adultdistrust of fiction.The word "allay" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) clarify(B) attack(C) reduce(D) confirm

365. The characters of children in this fictionwere serious, conscientious, self-reflective, andindependent --- strong>testimony to thecontinuing influence of the earlier Americanmoralistic tradition in children's books.The word" testimony to" is closest in meaningto which of following?(A) inspiration for(B) evidence of(C) requirement for(D) development of

366. The Moon, which has undergoneundergoneundergoneundergone adistinct and complex geological historypresents a striking appearance.The word "undergone" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) altered(B) substituted(C) experienced(D) preserved

367. It is now known that the vastvastvastvastmajority ofthe Moon's craters were formed by the impactof solid bodies with the lunar surface.The word "vast" is closest in meaning to whichof following?(A) special(B) Known(C) varied(D) great

368. The term "latent heat" refers to the energythat has to be used to convertconvertconvertconvert liquid water towater vapor.The word "convert" is closest in meaning to

which of following?(A) mix(B) change(C) adapt(D) reduce

369. In the atmosphere, a large portion of theSun's incoming energy is used to evaporatewater, primarilyprimarilyprimarilyprimarily in the tropical oceans.The word "primarily" in the line 19 is closest inmeaning to which of following?(A) chiefly(B) originally(C) basically(D) clearly

370. Other species may become better adaptedto an environment, resulting in competitionand, ultimatelyultimatelyultimatelyultimately, in the death of a species.The word "ultimately" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) exceptionally(B) dramatically(C) eventually(D) unfortunately

371. One of the best-known examples of massextinction occurred 65 million years ago withthe demisedemisedemisedemise of dinosaurs and many otherforms of life.The word "demise" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) change(B) recovery(C) help(D) death

372. One interesting, and controversial,findingfindingfindingfinding is that extinctions during the past 250million years have tended to be more intenseevery 26 million years.The word "finding" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) published information(B) research method




52

(C) ongoing experiment(D) scientific discovery

373. Even the name is an epithet, a synonymfor the stunted, the scruffy, the insignificantinsignificantinsignificantinsignificant,what is beautiful about such a place?The word "insignificant" is closest in meaningto which of following?(A) unimportant(B) undisturbed(C) immature(D) inappropriate

374. Potter, for instance, found it convenient tolocate their workshops near their source of clay,regardlessregardlessregardlessregardless ofofofof its relation to the center ofsettlement.The phrase "regardless of" is closest inmeaning to which of following?(A) as a result of(B) no matter what(C) proud of(D) according to

375. The techniques of pottery manufacturehad evolved well before the Greek period, butmarkedmarkedmarkedmarked stylistic developments occurred inshape and in decoration, for example, in theinterplay of black and other glazes with the redsurface of the fired pot.The word "marked" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) original(B) attractive(C) noticeable(D) patterned

376. The broad utility of terra-cotta was suchthat workers in clay could generally afford toconfineconfineconfineconfine themselves to either decorated wareand house wares like cooking pots and storagejars or building materials like roof tiles anddrainpipes.The word "confine" is closest in meaning towhich of following?

(A) adapt(B) train(C) restrict(D) organize

377. Some sixth-and fifth-century B. C.Athenian pottery establishments are known tohave concentrated on a limited range of fineware, but a rural pottery establishment on theisland of Thasos produced many types ofpottery and roof tiles too, presumablypresumablypresumablypresumably tomeet local demand.The word "presumably" is closest in meaningto which of following?(A) frequently(B) practically(C) preferably(D) probably

378. The expense of moving a family to theever-receding frontier exceeded the means ofmany, and the cost of tools draft animals, awagon, a well, fencing, and of building thesimplest house, might come to$1,000---aformidableformidableformidableformidable barrier.The word "formidable" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) obvious(B) predictable(C) difficult(D) manageable

379. Homesteaders usually came from districtsnot far removed from frontier conditions. Anddespite the intentintentintentintent of the law, speculators oftenmanaged to obtain large tracts.The word "intent" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) purpose(B) power(C) effect(D) invention

380. The smoothsmoothsmoothsmooth operationoperationoperationoperation of an ant colonydepends on ten to twenty different signals,




53

most of which are pheromones(chemicalsignals triggering behavioral responses) .The phrase "smooth operation" is closest inmeaning to which of following?(A) daily activity(B) effective functioning(C) delicate balance(D) permanent location

381. The simple of these is the carbon dioxidefrom the respiration of an ant clusterclusterclustercluster, achemical that acts pheromone to promoteaggregation.The word "cluster" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) organ(B) activity(C) group(D) cycle

382. Fire ants also make use of an alarmpheromone to alertalertalertalertworkers to an emergency,and their scouts lay down a trail pheromone asa guide during mass migrations.The word "alert" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) allow(B) transport(C) warn(D) provide

383. A fire ant queen emits a chemical signalthat identifies her to the colony's workers. Theyrespond by scurryingscurryingscurryingscurrying to gather around her.The decomposing corpse of a dead ant alsogenerates a signal, to which workers respondby eliminating the corpse from the nest.The word "scurrying" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) agreeing(B) appearing(C) competing(D) rushing

384. Rivers also reveal clay along their banks,

and erosion on a hillside may make clay easilyaccessibleaccessibleaccessibleaccessible.The word "accessible" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) buried(B) improved(C) available(D) workable

385. Variations of clay composition and thetemperatures at which they are fired accountaccountaccountaccountforforforfor the differences in texture and appearancebetween a china teacup and an earthenwareflowerpot.The phrase "account for" is closest in meaningto which of following?(A) reduce(B) explain(C) combine with(D) list all of

386. One researcher observed babies and theirmothers in six diversediversediversediverse cultures and found that,in all six languages, the mothers usedsimplified syntax, short utterances andnonsense sounds, and transformed certainsounds into baby talk.The word "diverse" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) surrounding(B) divided(C) different(D) stimulating

387. Other investigators have notednotednotednoted that whenmothers talk to babies who are only a fewmonths old, they exaggerate the pitch, loudness,and intensity of their words.The word "noted" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) theorized(B) requested(C) disagreed(D) observed




54

388. They also exaggerate their facialexpressions, hold vowels longer, andemphasizeemphasizeemphasizeemphasize certain words.The word "emphasize" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) stress(B) repeat(C) explain(D) leave out

389. When songs have been subjectedsubjectedsubjectedsubjected tothese processes, their origin is usuallyimpossible to trace.The word "subjected" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) reduced(B) modified(C) exposed(D) imitated

390. This constant reshaping and re-creation isthe essenceessenceessenceessence of folk music. Consequently,modern popular songs and other publishedmusic, even though widely sung by people whoare not professional musicians, are notconsidered folk music.The word "essence" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) basic nature(B) growing importance(C) full extent(D) first phase

391. In 1903 the members of the governingboard of the University of Washington, inSeattle, engagedengagedengagedengaged a firm of landscape architects,specialists in the design of outdoorenvironments --- Olmsted Brothers ofBrookline, Massachusetts --- to advise them onan appropriate layout for the universitygrounds.The word "engaged" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) trained(B) hired

(C) described(D) evaluated

392. John Olmsted did the investigation andsubsequentsubsequentsubsequentsubsequent report on Seattle's parks.The word "subsequent" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) complicated(B) alternate(C) later(D) detailed

393. With such unparalleled sumssumssumssums at theirdisposal, with the Olmsted guidelines to follow,and with the added incentive of wanting tohave the city at its best for the Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition of 1909, the Parks Boardbought aggressively.The word "sums" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) problems(B) amounts(C) services(D) debts

394. Many prehistoric people subsisted ashunters and gatherers. UndoubtedlyUndoubtedlyUndoubtedlyUndoubtedly, gameanimals, including some very large species,provided major componentscomponentscomponentscomponents of human diets.The word "Undoubtedly" is closest in meaningto which of following?(A) occasionally(B) unexpectedly(C) previously(D) certainlyThe word "components" is closest in meaningto which of following?(A) parts(B) problems(C) changes(D) varieties

395. Hunter-gatherers may have contributed toPleistocene extinctions in more indirect ways.BesidesBesidesBesidesBesides overhunting, at least three other




55

kinds of effects have been suggested: directcompetition, imbalances between competingspecies of game animals, and early agriculturalpractices.The word "Besides" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) caused by(B) whereas(C) in addition to(D) in favor of

396. If such hunters first competed with thelarger predators and then replaced them, theymay have allowed more young to survive eachyear, gradually increasing the populations offavoredfavoredfavoredfavored species.The word "favored" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) large(B) escaping(C) preferred(D) local

397. They became an integralintegralintegralintegral part of thegardens of the Ottoman Empire from thesixteenth century onward, and, soon after, partof European life as well.The word "integral" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) interesting(B) fundamental(C) ornamental(D) overlooked

398. They flourishedflourishedflourishedflourished in Pennsyvania too,where in 1698 William Penn received a reportof John Tateham's "Great and Stately Palace,"its garden full of tulips.The word "flourished" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) were discovered(B) were marketed(C) combined(D) thrived

399. Thomas Hancock, an English settler,wrote thanking his plant supplier for a gift ofsome tulip bulbs from England, but his letter ofthe following year grumbledgrumbledgrumbledgrumbled that they were alldead.The word "grumbled" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) denied(B) warned(C) complained(D) explained

400. No two comets ever look identicalidenticalidenticalidentical, butthey have basic features in common, one of themost obvious of which is a coma.The word "identical" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) equally fast(B) exactly alike(C) near each other(D) invisible

401. At the heartheartheartheart of a comer's coma lies anucleus of solid material, typically no morethan 10 kilometers across.The word "heart" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) center(B) edge(C) tail(D) beginning

402. The most graphicgraphicgraphicgraphic proof that the grandspectacle of a comet develops from a relativelysmall and inconspicuous chunk of ice and dustwas the close-up image obtained in 1986 by theEuropean Giotto probe of the nucleus ofHalley's Comet.The word "graphic" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) mathematical(B) popular(C) unusual(D) vivid




56

403. As a comet's orbit brings it closer to theSun, first the coma grows, then two distinctdistinctdistinctdistincttails usually form.The word "distinct" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) visible(B) gaseous(C) separate(D) new

404. Pheromones are substances that serveserveserveserve aschemical signals between members of the samespecies.The word "serve" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) improve(B) function(C) begin(D) rely

405. Pheromones are the predominant mediumof communication among insects (but rarelythe solesolesolesolemethod) . Some species have simplepheromone systems and produce only a fewpheromones, but others produce many withvarious functions.The word "sole" is closest in meaning to whichof following?(A) obvious(B) best(C) only(D) final

406. Some species, such as ants, seem to bevery articulate creatures, but their medium ofcommunication is difficult for humans to studyand appreciate because of our own olfactoryinsensitivity and the technological difficultiesin detectingdetectingdetectingdetecting and analyzing there pheromones.The word " detecting " is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) controlling(B) storing(C) questioning(D) finding

407. Aphids, which are particularly vulnerableto predators because of their gregarious habitsand sedentarysedentarysedentarysedentary nature, secrete an alarmpheromone when attacked that causes nearbyaphids to respond by moving away.The word "sedentary" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) inactive(B) inefficient(C) unchangeable(D) unbalanced

408. These innovations in manufacturingboostedboostedboostedboosted output and living standards to anunprecedented extent;the average per capitawealth increased by nearly 1 percent per year-30 percent over the course of a generation.The word "boosted" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) ensured(B) raised(C) arranged(D) discouraged

409. Since the 1790's, North Americanentrepreneurs --- even without technologicalimprovements --- had broadened the scopescopescopescope ofthe outwork system that made manufacturingmore efficient by distributing materials to asuccession of workers who each performed asingle step of the production process.The word "scope" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) value(B) popularity(C) extent(D) diversity

410. As early as 1782 the prolificprolificprolificprolificDelawareinventor Oliver Evans had built a highlyautomated, laborsaving flour mill driven bywater power.The word "prolific" is closest in meaning towhich of following?




57

(A) efficient(B) productive(C) self-employed(D) progressive

411. This new technology enabled them to buildfactories in the Nation's largest cities, takingadvantage of urban concentrations ofinexpensive labor, Good transportationnetworks, and eagereagereagereager customers.The word "eager" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) wealthy(B) knowledgeable(C) regular(D) enthusiastic

412. Small, both in format and number of pages,they were generally bound simply, in board(aform of cardboard) or merely stitched in paperwrappers (a sewn antecedentantecedentantecedentantecedent of modern-daypaperbacks) .The word "antecedent" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) predecessor(B) format(C) imitation(D) compontent

413. By far, the most appealingappealingappealingappealing publishinginvestments were to be found in small booksthat had proven to be steady sellers, providinga reasonably reliable source of income for thepublisher.The word "appealing" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) dependable(B) respectable(C) enduring(D) attractive

414. Almanacs, annual publications thatcontained information on astronomy andweather patterns arranged according to thedays, week, and months of a given year,

provided the perfect steady seller because theirinformation pertained to the localelocalelocalelocale in whichthey would be used.The word "locale" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) topic(B) season(C) interest(D) place

415. What unusual or uniqueuniqueuniqueunique biological trainled to the remarkable diversification andunchallenged success of the ants for over 50million years?The word "unique" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) inherited(B) habitual(C) singular(D) natural

416. The answer appears to be that they werethe first group of predatory ensocial insectsthat both lived and foraged primarily in the soiland in rottingrottingrottingrotting vegetation on the ground.The word "rotting" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) decaying(B) collected(C) expanding(D) cultivated

417. Richly organized colonies of the kind madepossible by eusociality enjoy several keykeykeykeyadvantages over solitary individuals.The word "key" is closest in meaning to whichof following?(A) uncommon(B) important(C) incidental(D) temporary

418. Composers today use awiderwiderwiderwider variety ofsounds than ever before, including many thatwere once considered undesirable noises.




58

The word "wider" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) more impressive(B) more distinctive(C) more controversial(D) more extensive

419. Non-Western music typically divides andinterval between two pitches more finely thanWestern music does, therebytherebytherebythereby producing agreater number of distinct tones, or microtones,within the same interval.The word "thereby" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) in return for(B) in spite of(C) by the way(D) by that means

420. The population of Los Angeles (114,000 in1900) rose spectacularly in the early decades ofthe twentieth century, increasing a dramatic1,400 percent from 1900 to 1930. A number ofcircumstances contributed to themeteoricmeteoricmeteoricmeteoricrise of Los Angeles.The word "meteoric" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) rapid(B) famous(C) controversial(D) methodical

421. The downtown business district did notgrow apaceapaceapaceapace withwithwithwith the city as a whole, and therapid transit system designed to link the centerwith outlying areas withered away from disuse.The phrase "apace with" is closest in meaningto which of following?(A) anew with(B) apart from(C) as fast as(D) at the middle of

422. After the 1870's, a number of importantauthors began to reject the romanticism that

had prevailedprevailedprevailedprevailed immediately following the CivilWar of 1861-1865 and turned instead to realism.

The word "prevailed" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) dominated(B) transformed(C) entered(D) generalized

423. Realists such as Joel Chandler Harris andEllen Glasgow depicteddepicteddepicteddepicted life in the South;Hamlin garland described life on the GreatPlains; and Sarah Orne Jewett wrote abouteveryday life in rural New England.The word "depicted" in line11 is closest inmeaning to which of following?(A) emphasized(B) described(C) criticized(D) classified

424. Theodore Dreiser, the foremostforemostforemostforemostnaturalist writer, in novels such as Sister Carrie,grimly portrayed a dark world in which humanbeings were tossed about by forces beyondtheir understanding or control.The word "foremost" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) most difficult(B) interesting(C) most focused(D) leading

425. Even in this current era of large scale,intensiveintensiveintensiveintensive research and development, theinterrelationships involved in this process arefrequently misunderstood.The word "intensive" is closest in meaning towhich of following?.(A) decreased(B) concentrated(C) creative(D) advanced




59

426. The widespread and usually uncriticalacceptance of this thesis led in turn to theassumptionassumptionassumptionassumption that application of science toindustrial purposes was a linear process,starting with fundamental science, thenproceeding to applied science or technology,and through them to industrial use.The word "assumption" is closest in meaningto which of following?(A) understanding(B) public awareness(C) scientific knowledge(D) expansion

427. The most thoroughly studied cases ofdeception strategies employed by ground-nesting birds involve plovers, small birds thattypically nest on beaches or in open fields, theirnestsmerelymerelymerelymerely scrapes in the earth.The word "merely" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) often(B) only(C) usually(D) at first

428. One technique involves first movingquietly toward an approaching animal and thensetting off noisily through the grass or brush ina low, crouching run away from the nest, whileemittingemittingemittingemitting rodentlike squeaks.The word "emitting" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) bringing(B) attracting(C) producing(D) minimizing

429. The plover's most famous stratagem is thebroken --- wing display, actually a continuumof injury --- mimicking behaviors spanningspanningspanningspanningthe range from slight disability to near -complete helplessness.The word "spanning" is closest in meaning towhich of following?

(A) covering(B) selecting(C) developing(D) explaining

430. Few predators fail to pursuepursuepursuepursue suchobviously vulnerable prey. Needless to say,each short run between "flight attempts" isdirected away from the nest.The word "pursue" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) catch(B) notice(C) defend(D) chase

431. Glass fibers were little more than a noveltyuntil the 1930's, when their thermal andelectrical insulating properties wereappreciatedappreciatedappreciatedappreciated and methods for producingcontinuous filaments were developed.The word "appreciated" is closest in meaningto which of following?(A) experienced(B) recognized(C) explored(D) increased

432. The scarcescarcescarcescarce fossils of the Proterozoic,mostly single-celled bacteria, provide littleevidence in this regard. However, the rocksthemselves do include the earliest evidence forglaciation, probably a global ice age.The word "scarce" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) ancient(B) tiny(C) available(D) rare

433. In 2.3-billion-year-old rocks in Canadanear Lake Huron (dating from the early part ofthe Proterozoic age), there are thin laminae offine-grained sediments that resembleresembleresembleresemble varves,the annual layers of sediment deposited in




60

glacial lakes.The word "resemble" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) result from(B) penetrate(C) look like(D) replace

434. Watching the behaviors diversediversediversediverse animalspecies in their natural habitats, Lorenz, andTinbergen observed behavior patterns thatpromote survival.The word "diverse" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) small(B) varied(C) wild(D) particular

435. The most well-known of these isimprinting, the early following behavior ofcertain baby birds that ensuresensuresensuresensures that the youngwill stay close to their mother and be fed andprotected from danger.The word "ensures" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) guarantees(B) proves(C) teaches(D) assumes

436. It refers to a limited time span duringwhich the child is biologically prepared toacquire certain adaptive behaviors but needsthe support of suitablysuitablysuitablysuitably stimulatingenvironment.The word "suitably" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) willingly(B) moderately(C) appropriately(D) emotionally

437. The development of attachment in humaninfants is a lengthy process involving changes

in psychological structures that lead to a deepaffectionalaffectionalaffectionalaffectional tietietietie between parent and baby.The phrase "affectional tie" is closest inmeaning to which of following?(A) cognitive development(B) emotional attachment(C) psychological need(D) behavioral change

438. Locke strongly suggested that individuals,while accepting their Americanism, take pridein their African ancestral arts and urgedurgedurgedurgedartists to look to Africa for substance andinspiration.The word "urged" is closest in meaning towhich of following?(A) prepared(B) defined(C) permitted(D) encouraged

439. From this unity created by theconvergenceconvergenceconvergenceconvergence of artists from various socialand geographical backgrounds came a newspirit, which, particularly in densely populatedHarlem, was to result in greater groupawareness and self-determination.The word "convergence" is closest in meaningto which of following?(A) gathering(B) promotion(C) expression(D) influence

440. African American graphic artists tooktheir place beside the poets and writers of theHarlem Renaissance and carriedcarriedcarriedcarried onononon efforts toincrease and promote the visual arts.The phrase "carried on" is closest in meaningto which of following?(A) continued(B) praised(C) transformed(D) connected




61




62

AnswerAnswerAnswerAnswer KeyKeyKeyKey

001 A

002 A

003 A

004 D

005 B

006 A

007 C

008 D

009 D

010 B

011 B

012 B

013 C

014 A

015 C

016 A

017 D

018 D

019 A

020 D

021 C

022 B

023 B

024 D

025 B

026 B

027 A

028 A

029 A

030 D

031 D

032 B

033 D

034 C

035 B

036 B

037 C

038 D

039 B

040 D C

041 C

042 D

043 A

044 D

045 B

046 D

047 A

048 C

049 A

050 C

051 A

052 A

053 A

054 D

055 A

056 D

057 B

058 D

059 D A

060 A

061 D

062 A

063 B

064 A

065 B

066 A

067 A

068 D

069 B

070 A

071 A

072 A

073 A

074 C

075 B

076 C

077 A

078 D

079 A

080 B

081 B

082 C

083 B

084 D

085 D

086 B

087 C

088 A

089 B

090 C

091 A

092 C

093 D

094 D

095 C

096 C

097 C

098 D

099 A

100 B

101 A

102 D

103 D

104 A

105 C

106 D A

107 A

108 A

109 D

110 B

111 C

112 A

113 C

114 D

115 B

116 C

117 C

118 B

119 A

120 A D

121 A

122 A

123 B

124 B

125 A

126 C

127 D

128 A

129 B

130 C

131 A

132 D

133 D

134 D

135 C

136 B

137 B

138 D

139 B

140 A

141 C

142 C

143 B

144 B

145 C

146 D B

147 A

148 D

149 D

150 C

151 B

152 D

153 A

154 D

155 A

156 D

157 C

158 D

159 D

160 D

161 B

162 A

163 C

164 D

165 C

166 C

167 B

168 C

169 D

170 C

171 A

172 D

173 B

174 A

175 B

176 A




63

177 B

178 A B

179 D

180 A

181 C

182 A

183 B

184 B

185 A

186 D

187 B

188 D

189 A

190 D

191 B

192 A

193 D

194 A

195 C

196 B

197 B

198 A

199 A

200 C

201 C

202 C

203 A

204 B

205 A

206 D

207 C

208 A

209 C

210 A

211 D

212 B

213 C

214 B

215 C

216 B

217 C

218 C

219 D

220 D

221 D

222 C

223 D

224 A

225 C

226 C

227 D

228 C

229 C

230 A

231 B

232 C

233 C

234 A

235 B

236 A

237 B

238 B

239 D

240 C

241 B

242 A

243 B

244 B

245 E

246 D

247 C

248 D

249 B

250 C

251 D

252 B

253 D

254 D

255 C

256 A

257 D

258 A

259 C

260 D

261 A

262 C

263 D

264 D

265 A

266 C

267 C

268 B

269 D

270 D

271 B

272 D

273 B D

274 D

275 A

276 D

277 A

278 B A

279 D

280 D

281 D

282 C

283 A

284 C

285 A

286 D B

287 C

288 C

289 D

290 D

291 A

292 D

293 C

294 A

295 D

296 D

297 C

298 A

299 D

300 A

301 C

302 A

303 B

304 C

305 A

306 A

307 A

308 C

309 A

310 D

311 C

312 A

313 B

314 D

315 D

316 A

317 B

318 B

319 B

320 D

321 B

322 A

323 A

324 A

325 A

326 A

327 B

328 C

329 C

330 B

331 C

332 A

333 D D

334 A

335 A

336 B C

337 B

338 C

339 C

340 D

341 B

342 C

343 D

344 A

345 B

346 A

347 B

348 D

349 B

350 B

351 B

352 A

353 D

354 A

355 D

356 C C

357 B

358 D

359 D

360 A

361 B

362 C

363 A

364 C

365 B

366 C

367 D

368 B




64

369 A

370 C

371 D

372 D

373 A

374 B

375 C

376 C

377 D

378 C

379 A

380 B

381 C

382 C

383 D

384 C

385 B

386 C

387 D

388 A

389 C

390 A

391 B

392 C

393 B

394 D

395 C

396 C

397 B

398 D

399 C

400 B

401 A

402 D

403 C

404 B

405 C

406 D

407 A

408 B

409 C

410 B

411 D

412 A

413 D

414 D

415 C

416 A

417 B

418 D

419 D

420 A

421 C

422 A

423 B

424 D

425 B

426 A

427 B

428 C

429 A

430 D

431 B

432 D

433 C

434 B

435 A

436 C

437 B

438 D

439 A

440 A


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