Tokoh-Tokoh Aliran Monetaris

8/8/2019 Tokoh-Tokoh Aliran Monetaris

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2.3 Tokoh-Tokoh Aliran Monetaris

Pandangan-pandangan kaum monetaris baru diperhatikan setelah

terjadinya kasus inflasi bersamaan dengan semakin tingginya tingkat

pengangguran pada tahun 70-an. Tokoh yang menjadi pencetus pertama dalam

aliran monetaris adalah Milton Friedman (Chicago University). Milton

Friedman merupakan tokoh utama dalam aliran monetaris. Milton lahir di

Brooklyn, New York pada tanggal 31 juli 1912 dan meninggal pada tanggal

16 November 2006. Beliau adalah seorang ekonom Amerika yang juga

merupakan profesor ekonomi dari University Chicago. Karena jasa-jasanya

yang sangat besar dalam mengembangkan ilmu ekonomi, beliau mendapatkan

hadiah nobel di tahun 1976.

Awal Karir Milton Friedman

Milton merupakan satu-satunya orang yang berhasil mengalahkan

Keynesian yang merupakan salah satu pandangan paling kuat dalam sejarah

intelektual dan memulihkan kembali ekonomi klasik, dimana pada masa itu,

monetarisme yang berpandangan bahwa yang penting adalah uang, masih

dianggap sebagai pandangan ekstrem dan kuno bagi Keynesian. Akhirnya

Friedman berhasil mencapai tujuannya untuk membangun kembali dasar-dasar dibalik ekonomi alamiah Adam Smith. Kapitalisme pada dasarnya bukan tidak

stabil, namun disebabkan karena guncangan yang disebabkan oleh adanya

mismanagemen pemerintah, seperti yang dikatakan Friedman (yang ditulis

bersama Anna J.Schwartz) dalam bukunya yang berjudul A Monetary

History of the United States. Menurutnya, monetarisme adalah pandangan

dalam ekonomi moneter bahwa variasi dalam jumlah uang beredar

berpengaruh besar terhadap output nasional dalam jangka pendek dan tingkatharga dan periode yang lama dan bahwa tujuan kebijakan moneter yang

terbaik dipenuhi dengan menargetkan laju pertumbuhan jumlah uang beredar.

Setelah mendapat gelar Ph.D dari Columbia pada tahun 1946, Friedman

kembali mengajar di Universitas Chicago dan pada tahun 1955, beliau

melanjutkan tradisi Chicago dan bahkan memperkuatnya dengan versi terbaru

dari teori kuantitas uang Irving Fisher yang diterapkannya dalam kebijakan

moneter. Pada intinya hal tersebut menunjukkan adanya kekuatan uang dan
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kebijakan moneter dalam gejolak perekonomian di Amerika Serikat, termasuk

depresi Besar dan era pasca perang ketika para ekonom arus utama percaya

bahwa uang tidak penting. Monetary History Friedman inilah yang akan

membuka jalan bagi ekonomi menuju puncak profesi ekonomi dan politik.

Friedman awalnya mengusulkan aturan moneter tetap, yang disebut persen

aturan itu k-Friedman , dimana jumlah uang beredar akan dihitung oleh faktor

makro ekonomi dan keuangan yang diketahui, menargetkan tingkat tertentu

atau kisaran inflasi. Friedman menyarankan target moneter antara 3-5 persen.

Aturan moneter ini akan mudah untuk diimplementasikan dan uang cadangan

peningkatan pasokan bisa ditentukan "oleh komputer", dan bisnis dapat

mengantisipasi semua keputusan kebijakan moneter. Friedman tetap berfokus

pada stabilitas harga, yang merupakan keseimbangan antara penawaran dan

permintaan uang. Namun dunia masih belum mengadopsi standar moneter

ideal seperti yang dibayangkan oleh Friedman dan monetaris anti inflasi

dikarenakan hal tersebut masih rawan terhadap guncangan ekonomi atau

financial.

Milton bukanlah satu-satunya tokoh dalam aliran ini, ada beberapa tokoh

yang merpakan pendukung aliran monetaris ini, diantaranya adalah:1. Karl Brunner (University of Rochester)

Karl Brunner lahir pada tanggal 16 Februari 1916. Karl Brunner (1916-

1989) dengan Milton Friedman dan Allan Meltzer merupakan pemimpin

revolusi monetaris dari tahun tujuh puluhan. Karyanya difokuskan pada

kebijakan moneter sebagai sumber utama ketidakstabilan. Bersama dengan

Allan dan Meltzer dia menantang validitas paradigma Keynesian dan

mengusulkan suatu model alternatif ekonomi di mana transmisi impulsmoneter untuk perekonomian tidak tergantung hanya pada sensitivitas bunga

permintaan uang tetapi pada elastisitas kepentingan relatif aset pasar dan juga

pada variasi dalam kekayaan. Sebuah fitur tak terduga dari model alternatif

adalah bahwa kebijakan fiskal menentukan tingkat harga. Karl Brunner

memiliki dasar yang kuat dalam metodologi dan merupakan penganut aliran

filsafat empiris. Selain pasar aset dan makroekonomi, Karl Brunner menulis

secara ekstensif pada sifat manusia, peran pasar dan lembaga.
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2. Allan Meltzer dan Bennet McCallum

Allan H. Meltzer adalah seorang ekonom Amerika dan profesor Ekonomi

Politik di Carnegie Mellon University Tepper School of Business di Pittsburgh

, Pennsylvania . Beliau lahir pada tanggal 6 Februari 1928, di Boston,

Massachusetts . Beliau adalah pengarang puluhan makalah akademik dan

buku tentang kebijakan moneter dan Federal Reserve Bank , dan dianggap

sebagai salah satu ahli terkemuka di dunia pada pengembangan dan penerapan

kebijakan moneter. Bukunya, Sejarah Federal Reserve dianggap sejarah

yang komprehensif oleh sebagian besar bank sentral. Dr Meltzer adalah Ketua

Lembaga Keuangan Internasional Komisi Penasihat , yang dikenal sebagai

Komisi Meltzer . Mayoritas Laporan Komisi mengusulkan perubahan operasi

Dana Moneter Internasional, terutama untuk orang-orang dari Bank Dunia,

yang mayoritas direkomendasikan harus menarik diri dari pinjaman kepada

"negara berpendapatan menengah". Dr Meltzer adalah penerima penghargaan

pertama dari AEI's Irving Kristol pada tahun 2003.

Sedangkan Bennett McCallum lahir pada tanggal 27 Juli 1935 dan

merupakan seorang ekonom moneter Amerika. Beliau adalah Profesor HJ

Heinz Ekonomi di Universitas Carnegie Mellon s ' Tepper School of Business .McCallum meraih gelar BA (Ekonomi) dan B.Sc. (dalam teknik kimia) dari

Universitas Rice . Beliau kemudian menjadi profesor di Carnegie Mellon pada

tahun 1981, setelah mendapat gelar guru di University of Virginia (1974-

1982).

Allan Meltzer dan Bennet McCallum ini merupakan salah satu tokoh

yang dianggap sealiran atau merupakan pendukung-pendukung aliran

monetaris.3. Thomas Mayer (University of Calivornia, Davis)

4. Philip Cagan (Colombia University)

Philip Cagan lahir di Seattle , Washington pada tahun 1927. Cagan

bergabung dengan Angkatan Laut Amerika Serikat pada usia 17 dan ikut

bertempur di Perang Dunia II . Setelah perang, Cagan memutuskan untuk pergi

ke perguruan tinggi, dan meraih gelar BA dari UCLA pada tahun 1948. Cagan

menerima gelar MA pada tahun 1951, dan gelar Ph.D. dalam Ekonomi pada
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4/5

tahun 1954 dari Universitas Chicago . Setelah lulus sekolah, Cagan bergabung

dengan Biro Riset Ekonomi Nasional (NBER) di New York selama dua tahun.

Kemudian kembali memasuki Cagan akademi, mengajar di Universitas

Chicago selama tiga tahun, dan di Brown University selama tujuh tahun. Pada

tahun 1966 Cagan dipekerjakan oleh Columbia University di Washington DC .

Selama di Columbia, Cagan juga dikaitkan dengan American Enterprise

Institute (AEI) di Washington, DC, menulis mengenai isu-isu kebijakan

publik.

Pekerjaan Cagan difokuskan pada kebijakan moneter dan pengendalian

inflasi . Cagan telah menerbitkan lebih dari 100 buku, artikel jurnal, review,

laporan, dan pamflet serta topik-topik berkaitan dengan makroekonomi.

Bukunya yang paling terkenal adalah tentang Penentu dan Dampak

Perubahan di Bursa Uang, 1875-1960, sebuah karya yang berusaha untuk

mengidentifikasi hubungan sebab akibat antara perubahan uang, harga dan

output. Buku ini merupakan bagian dari NBER seri yang mengandung Sejarah

Moneter Amerika Serikat, 1867-1960, yang ditulis oleh Milton Friedman dan

Anna J. Schwartz 's. Cagan menulis buku berjudul Dinamika Moneter

Hyperinflasi yang merupakan suatu karya yang menjadi instan klasik dilapangan. Artikel ini berisi manipulasi luas persamaan diferensial dan

penggunaan cerdas nilai bobot rata-rata eksponensial, dianalisis tujuh

hiperinflasi dan menemukan bahwa " diperkirakan uang sebagai parameter

fungsi permintaan selama hiperinflasi memenuhi kondisi stabilitas dinamis

yang dapat menghalangi inflasi .

5. David Laidler dan Michael Parkin (University of Western Ontario)

David Ernest William Laidler lahir pada tanggal 12 Agustus 1938. Davidtelah menjadi salah satu ulama terkemuka monetarisme. Beliau menerbitkan

artikel jurnal ekonomi utama tentang topik di 1960-an dan awal 1970-an.

Bukunya berkaitan dengan Kebutuhan Uang, diterbitkan dalam empat edisi

dari tahun 1969 sampai 1993 (dengan sub judul diubah sedikit). Buku ini

berisi tentang stabilitas hubungan antara pendapatan dan permintaan terhadap

uang serta mempertimbangkan efek dari hukum, teknologi , dan perubahan

kelembagaan pada permintaan uang. Dipublikasikannya buku ini
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on&prev=/search%3Fq%3DPhilip%2BCagan%26hl%3Did%26sa%3DX%26biw%3D1360%26bih%3D583%26prmd%3Dbo&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhgkMQlacfnXOhyQXJymLWscPo1bBAhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&sl=en&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demand_function&prev=/search%3Fq%3DPhilip%2BCagan%26hl%3Did%26sa%3DX%26biw%3D1360%26bih%3D583%26prmd%3Dbo&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhiSARcggF5akgBbQI3s5Mn0v7yUeQhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&sl=en&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperinflation&prev=/search%3Fq%3DPhilip%2BCagan%26hl%3Did%26sa%3DX%26biw%3D1360%26bih%3D583%26prmd%3Dbo&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhGfWu_Sj0gYxx9o0n5OA73r0rxqAhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&sl=en&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stability&prev=/search%3Fq%3DPhilip%2BCagan%26hl%3Did%26sa%3DX%26biw%3D1360%26bih%3D583%26prmd%3Dbo&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhh8v4fSvBlFjh5DURWJxIHIXva-8ghttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&sl=en&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflation&prev=/search%3Fq%3DPhilip%2BCagan%26hl%3Did%26sa%3DX%26biw%3D1360%26bih%3D583%26prmd%3Dbo&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhh-gfrlx7Fk7h1LauUCXU0ULjzqdghttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&sl=en&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monetarism&prev=/search%3Fq%3DDavid%2BLaidler%26hl%3Did%26biw%3D1360%26bih%3D583%26prmd%3Dio&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhjrqOLrNlbjEreOj9dMeuFhP-czMAhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&sl=en&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Income&prev=/search%3Fq%3DDavid%2BLaidler%26hl%3Did%26biw%3D1360%26bih%3D583%26prmd%3Dio&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhxag0Rm-Lob76-cI-zHyhpSXV2MQhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&sl=en&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demand_for_money&prev=/search%3Fq%3DDavid%2BLaidler%26hl%3Did%26biw%3D1360%26bih%3D583%26prmd%3Dio&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhgVFkAbZ-GB9X26LkM0LehIPoPYWAhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&sl=en&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demand_for_money&prev=/search%3Fq%3DDavid%2BLaidler%26hl%3Did%26biw%3D1360%26bih%3D583%26prmd%3Dio&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhgVFkAbZ-GB9X26LkM0LehIPoPYWA


5/5

menyebabkan David Laidler menerima Hadiah Donner pada tahun 2004.

Kemudian dalam karirnya, Laidler memfokuskan dirinya kepada sejarah

pemikiran ekonomi dan beliau merupakan salah satu pendukung aliran

monetaris.

6. William Poole (Brown University)

William Poole lahir pada tanggal 19 Juni 1937 di Wilmington,

Delaware dan merupakan kepala eksekutif kesebelas dari Federal Reserve

Bank of St Louis . Poole telah menerbitkan dua buku, Uang dan Ekonomi: A

View Monetarist, pada tahun 1978, dan Prinsip Ekonomi, pada tahun 1991.
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Tokoh-Tokoh Aliran Monetaris