Unit 01. T loi C 8 t loi trong ting Anh: 1. Danh t (Nouns): L t gi tn ngi, vt, s vic hay ni chn. Ex: teacher, desk, sweetness, city 2. i t (Pronouns): L t dng thay cho danh t khng phi dng li danh t y nhiu ln. Ex: I, you, them, who, that, himself, someone. 3. Tnh t (Adjectives): L t cung cp tnh cht cho danh t, lm cho danh t r ngha hn, chnh xc v y hn. Ex: a dirty hand, a new dress, the car is new. 4. ng t (Verbs): L t din t mt hnh ng, mt tnh trng hay mt cm xc. N xc nh ch t lm hay chu ng mt iu g. Ex: The boy played football. He is hungry. The cake was cut. 5. Trng t (Adverbs): L t b sung ngha cho mt ng t, mt tnh t hay mt trng t khc. Tng t nh tnh t, n lm cho cc t m n b ngha r rng, y v chnh xc hn. Ex: He ran quickly. I saw him yesterday. It is very large. 6. Gii t (Prepositions): L t thng dng vi danh t v i t hay ch mi tng quan gia cc t ny vi nhng t khc, thng l nhm din t mi tng quan v hon cnh, thi gian hay v tr. Ex: It went by air mail. The desk was near the window. 7. Lin t (Conjunctions): L t ni cc t (words), ng (phrases) hay cu (sentences) li vi nhau. Ex: Peter and Bill are students. He worked hard because he wanted to succeed. 8. Thn t (Interjections): L t din t tnh cm hay cm xc t ngt, khng ng. Cc t loi ny khng can thip vo c php ca cu. Ex: Hello! Oh! Ah! C mt iu quan trng m ngi hc ting Anh cn bit l cch xp loi trn y cn c vo chc nng ng php m mt t m nhim trong cu. V th, c rt nhiu t m nhim nhiu loi chc nng khc nhau v do , c th c xp vo nhiu t loi khc nhau. Xt cc cu di y: (1) He came by a very fast train. Anh ta n bng mt chuyn xe la cc nhanh. (2) Bill ran very fast. Bill chy rt nhanh. (3) They are going to fast for three days; during that time they wont eat anything. H sp nhn n trong ba ngy; trong thi gian y h s khng n g c. (4) At the end of his three-day fast he will have a very light meal. Vo cui t n chay di ba ngy ca anh ta, anh ta s dng mt ba n th t nh . Trong cu (1) fast l mt tnh t (adjective). Trong cu (2) fast l mt trng t (adverb).

Trong cu (3) fast l mt ng t (verb). Trong cu (4) fast l mt danh t (noun). Unit 02. Nouns and Ariticles (Danh t v mo t ) Posted in March 3rd, 2009 by admin in Basic Grammar NOUNS AND ARTICLES Danh t (Nouns) Bt k ngn ng no khi phn tch vn phm ca n u phi nm c cc t loi ca n v cc bin th ca t loi ny. Trc ht chng ta tm hiu v danh t l t loi quen thuc nht v n gin nht trong tt c cc ngn ng. I. nh ngha v phn loi Trong ting Anh danh t gi l Noun. Danh t l t gi tn mt ngi, mt vt, mt s vic, mt tnh trng hay mt cm xc. Danh t c th c chia thnh hai loi chnh: Danh t c th (concrete nouns): chia lm hai loi chnh: Danh t chung (common nouns): l danh t dng lm tn chung cho mt loi nh : table (ci bn), man (ngi n ng), wall (bc tng) Danh t ring (proper nouns): l tn ring nh: Peter, Jack, England Danh t tru tng (abstract nouns): happiness (s hnh phc), beauty (v p), health (sc khe) II. Danh t m c v khng m c (countable and uncountable nouns) Danh t m c (Countable nouns): Mt danh t c xp vo loi m c khi chng ta c th m trc tip ngi hay vt y. Phn ln danh t c th u thuc vo loi m c. V d: boy (cu b), apple (qu to), book (quyn sch), tree (cy) Danh t khng m c (Uncountable nouns): Mt danh t c xp vo loi khng m c khi chng ta khng m trc tip ngi hay vt y. Mun m, ta phi thng qua mt n v o lng thch hp. Phn ln danh t tru tng u thuc vo loi khng m c. V d: meat (tht), ink (mc), chalk (phn), water (nc) S nhiu ca danh t Mt c xem l s t (singular). T hai tr ln c xem l s nhiu (plural). Danh t thay i theo s t v s nhiu I. Nguyn tc i sang s nhiu 1. Thng thng danh t ly thm S s nhiu. V d: chair - chairs ; girl - girls ; dog - dogs 2. Nhng danh t tn cng bng O, X, S, Z, CH, SH ly thm ES s nhiu. V d: potato - potatoes ; box - boxes ; bus - buses ; buzz - buzzes ; watch - watches ; dish dishes Ngoi l: a) Nhng danh t tn cng bng nguyn m + O ch ly thm S s nhiu.

V d: cuckoos, cameos, bamboos, curios, studios, radios b) Nhng danh t tn cng bng O nhng c ngun gc khng phi l ting Anh ch ly thm S s nhiu. V d: pianos, photos, dynamo, magnetos, kilos, mementos, solos 3. Nhng danh t tn cng bng ph m + Y th chuyn Y thnh I trc khi ly thm ES. V d: lady - ladies ; story - stories 4. Nhng danh t tn cng bng F hay FE th chuyn thnh VES s nhiu. V d: leaf - leaves, knife - knives Ngoi l: a) Nhng danh t sau ch thm S s nhiu: roofs : mi nh gulfs : vnh cliffs : b dc reefs : ngm proofs : bng chng chiefs : th lnh turfs : lp t mt safes : t st dwarfs : ngi ln griefs : ni au kh beliefs : nim tin b) Nhng danh t sau y c hai hnh thc s nhiu: scarfs, scarves : khn qung wharfs, wharves : cu tu g staffs, staves : cn b hoofs, hooves : mng guc II. Cch pht m S tn cng S tn cng (ending S) c pht m nh sau: 1. c pht m l /z/: khi i sau cc nguyn m v cc ph m t (voiced consonants), c th l cc ph m sau: /b/, /d/, /g/, /v/, /T/, /m/, /n/, /N/, /l/, /r/. V d: boys, lies, ways, pubs, words, pigs, loves, bathes, rooms, turns, things, walls, cars. 2. c pht m l /s/: khi i sau cc ph m ic (voiceless consonants), c th l cc ph m sau: /f/, /k/, /p/, /t/ v /H/. V d: laughs, walks, cups, cats, tenths. 3. c pht m l /iz/: khi i sau mt ph m rt (hissing consonants), c th l cc ph m sau: /z/, /s/, /dZ/, /tS/, /S/, /Z/. V d: refuses, passes, judges, churches, garages, wishes. III. Cc trng hp c bit 1. Nhng danh t sau y c s nhiu c bit: man - men : n ng woman - women : ph n child - children : tr con tooth - teeth : ci rng foot - feet : bn chn mouse - mice : chut nht goose - geese : con ngng louse - lice : con rn

2. Nhng danh t sau y c hnh thc s t v s nhiu ging nhau: deer : con nai sheep : con cu swine : con heo Mo t (Article) Trong ting Vit ta vn thng ni nh: ci nn, chic nn, trong ting Anh nh ng t c ngha tng t nh ci v chic gi l mo t (Article). Ting Anh c cc mo t: the /T/, a /n/, an /n/ Cc danh t thng c cc mo t i trc. V d: the hat (ci nn), the house (ci nh), a boy (mt cu b) The gi l mo t xc nh (Definite Article), the c thnh /Ti/ khi ng trc mt danh t bt u bng mt nguyn m hay ph m ic (ph m h thng l mt ph m cm nh hour (gi) khng c l /hau/ m l /au/). V d: the hat /ht/ nhng the end /Ti end/ the house /T haus/ the hour /Ti au/ A gi l mo t khng xc nh hay bt nh (Indefinite Article). A c i thnh an khi i trc mt danh t bt u bng mt nguyn m hay ph m ic. V d: a hat (mt ci nn) nhng an event (mt s kin) a boy (mt cu b) nhng an hour (mt gi ng h) v a unit khng phi an unit v m u c pht m l /ju/ (c ging nh /zu/). Mo t bt nh a c c l [] cc m yu; c l [ei] trong cc m mnh. a/an t trc mt danh t s t m c v c dng trong nhng trng hp sau y: 1. Vi ngha mt ngi, mt vt. mt ci bt k. I have a sister and two brothers. (Ti c mt ngi ch v hai ngi anh) 2. Trong cc thnh ng ch mt s o lng. He works forty-four hours a week. (Anh y lm vic 44 gi mt tun) 3. Trc cc ch dozen (chc), hundred (trm), thousand (ngn), million (tri u). There are a dozen eggs in the fridge. (C mt chc trng trong t lnh) 4. Trc cc b ng t (complement) s t m c ch ngh nghip, thng mi, tn gio, giai cp vv.. George is an engineer. (George l mt k s) The King made him a Lord. (Nh Vua phong cho ng ta lm Hun tc) 5. Trc mt danh t ring khi cp n nhn vt y nh mt ci tn bnh th ng. A Mr. Johnson called to see you when you were out. (Mt . Johnson no gi gp bn khi bn ra ngoi) 6. Vi ngha cng, ging (same) trong cc cu tc ng, thnh ng.

They were much of a size. (Chng cng c) Birds of a feather flock together. (Chim cng loi lng hp n vi nhau - Ngu tm ngu, m tm m) 7. Trc mt ng ng v (appositive) khi t ny din t mt ngha khng quen thuc lm. He was born in Lowton, a small town in Lancashire. (ng y sinh ti Lowton, mt thnh ph nh Lancashire) 8. Trong cc cu cm thn (exclamatory sentences) bt u bng What v theo sau l mt danh t s t m c. What a boy! (Mt chng trai tuyt lm sao!) 9. Trong cc thnh ng sau (v cc cu trc tng t): Its a pity that : Tht tic rng to keep it a secret : gi b mt as a rule : nh mt nguyn tc to be in a hurry : vi v to be in a good/bad temper : bnh tnh/cu knh all of a sudden : bt thnh lnh to take an interest in : ly lm hng th trong to make a fool of oneself : x s mt cch ngc nghch to have a headache : nhc u to have an opportunity to : c c hi at a discount : gim gi on an average : tnh trung bnh a short time ago : cch y t lu 10. Trong cc cu trc such a; quite a; many a; rather a. I have had such a busy day. II. Khng s dng Mo t bt nh Mo t bt nh khng c s dng trong cc trng hp sau: 1. Trc mt danh t ch mt tc hiu, cp bc hay mt chc danh ch c th gi bi mt ngi trong mt thi im no . They made him King. (H lp ng ta lm vua) As Chairman of the Society, I call on Mr. Brown to speak. (Trong t cch l Ch tch Hip hi, ti mi .Brown n ni chuyn) 2. Trc nhng danh t khng m c (uncountable nouns) ni chung. He has bread and butter for breakfast. (Anh y n sng vi bnh m v b) She bought beef and ham. (C y mua thit b v tht heo) 3. Trc cc danh t ch cc ba n ni chung. They often have lunch at 1 oclock.

(H thng n tra lc mt gi) Dinner will be served at 5 oclock. (Ba n ti s c dn lc 5 gi) 4. Trc cc danh t ch mt ni cng cng din t nhng hnh ng thng c thc hin ti ni y. He does to school in the morning. (Anh ta i hc vo bui sng) They go to market every day. (H i ch mi ngy) 5. Trc cc danh t ch ngy, thng, ma. Sunday is a holiday. (Ch nht l mt ngy l) They often go there in summer. (H thng n vo ma h) 6. Sau ng t turn vi ngha tr nn, tr thnh. He used to be a teacher till he turned writer. (ng y l mt gio vin trc khi tr thnh nh vn) The c pht m l [T] khi i trc cc nguyn m, l [Ti] trc cc nguyn m, l [Ti:] khi c nhn mnh. Mo t xc nh the c dng trc danh t s t ln s nhiu, c m c cng nh khng m c. The thng c s dng trong cc trng hp sau y: 1. Khi i trc mt danh t ch ngi hay vt c nht. The sun rises in the east. 2. Vi ngha ngi hay vt m chng ta va cp n Once upon a time there was a little boy who lived in a cottage. The cottage was in the country and the boy had lived there all his life. 3. Trc tn cc quc gia dng s nhiu hoc cc quc gia l s lin kt cc n v nh. The United States; The Netherlands 4. Trc cc a danh m danh t chung c hiu ngm. The Sahara (desert); The Crimea (peninsula) 5. Trc danh t ring ch qun o, sng, rng ni, i dng. The Thames; The Atlantic; The Bahamas 6. Trc mt danh t s t m c dng vi ngha tng qut ch c mt chng loi. The horse is being replaced by the tractor. 7. Trc mt danh t chung c danh t ring theo sau xc nh. the planet Mars; the play King Lear 8. Trc mt tc hiu gi theo s th t. Queen Elizabeth II (Queen Elizabeth the Second) 9. Trong dng so snh nht (superlatives) v trong dng so snh kp (double comparative) This is the youngest student in my class.

The harder you work, the more you will be paid. 10. Trc mt danh t c mt ng gii t (prepositional phrase) b ngha. the road to London; the battle of Trafalgar 11. Trc mt danh t c b ngha bng mt mt mnh quan h xc nh (defining relative clause). The man who helped you yesterday is not here. 12. Trc mt tnh t to thnh mt danh t tp hp (collective noun). The rich should help the poor. II. Khng dng mo t xc nh The The khng c dng trong cc trng hp sau y: 1. Trc nhng danh t tru tng dng theo ngha tng qut. Life is very hard for some people (not: The life) 2. Trc cc danh t ch cht liu dng theo ngha tng qut. Butter is made from cream (not: The butter) 3. Trc tn cc ba n dng theo ngha tng qut. Dinner is served at 6:00 (not: The dinner) 4. Trc cc danh t s nhiu dng theo ngha tng qut. Books are my best friends. (not: The books) 5. Trc hu ht cc danh t ring. He lived in London (not: The London) 6. Trc cc t Lake, Cape, Mount. Lake Superior, Cape Cod, Mount Everest 7. Trc cc tc hiu c danh t ring theo sau. King George, Professor Russell 8. Trc cc danh t ch ngn ng. Russian is more difficult than English. (not: The Russian) 9. Trc tn cc ma v cc ngy l. Winter came late that year (not: The winter) 10. Trc cc danh t chung ch mt ni cng cng nhm din t ngha lm hnh ng thng xy ra ni y. He goes to school in the morning (not: the school) Nhng: He goes to the school to meet his old teacher. Unit 03. Verbs and sentences (ng t v cu) Posted in March 3rd, 2009 by admin in Basic Grammar ng t (Verb) ng t trong ting Anh gi l Verb. ng t l t dng ch hot ng. ng t l t loi c rt nhiu bin th. ng t cha bin th gi l ng t nguyn th (Infinitive), cc ng t nguyn th thng c vit c to i trc. V d to go (i), to work (lm vic), ng t TO BE ng t to be c ngha l th, l, .

i vi ch t s t to be bin th thnh is /iz/ i vi ch t s nhiu to be bin th thnh are /a:/ To be cn l mt tr ng t (Auxiliary Verb). Cc tr ng t l nhng ng t gip to thnh cc dng khc nhau ca ng t.Khi gi vai tr tr ng t, nhng ng t ny khng mang ngha r rt. I. ng t c chia v khng c chia (Finites and Non-finites) 1. Nhng hnh thc no ca ng t c th gip hnh thnh mt v ng (predicate) th gi l hnh thc c chia (finites). He walked slowly in the yard. Cc hnh thc c chia ca ng t u nm trong cc th (tense). Khi hnh thnh th qu kh n (simple past) v qu kh phn t (past participle) t t c cc ng t u c xp vo hai nhm: nhm ng t c qui tc (regular verbs) v nhm ng t bt qui tc (irregular verbs). 2. ng t khng c chia gm c cc dng nguyn mu (infinitive), V+ing (present participle v gerund) v qu kh phn t (past participle). II. Thm -ED v thm -ING 1. Cc trng hp thm -ED: Nhng cch thc thm -ED sau y c dng thnh lp th Qu kh n (Simple Past) v Qu kh phn t (Past Participle). a) Thng thng: Thm ED vo ng t nguyn mu. to walk - They walked home. b) ng t tn cng bng E - ch thm D. to live - They lived in Paris for three years. c) ng t tn cng bng ph m + Y - i Y thnh IED. to study - He studied in the lab at weekends. d) ng t mt vn tn cng bng 1 nguyn m + 1 ph m v ng t c nhn mnh (stressed) vn cui (Gp i ph m cui trc khi thm ED. to stop - She stopped to buy some food. to control (controlled e) Mt s ng t 2 vn, tn cng bng L, c nhn mnh (stressed) vn th nht cng gp i ph m cui trc khi thm ED. to travel - They travelled a lot. Tng t: to kidnap - kidnapped; to worship - worshipped. 2. Cch pht m -ED tn cng -ED tn cng c pht m theo 3 cch khc nhau: / id / : sau cc m /t/ v /d/ to want - wanted; to decide - decided /t/ : sau cc ph m ic (voiceless consonant sounds) to ask - asked; to finish - finished /d/ : sau cc nguyn m (vowel sounds) v ph m t (voiced consonant sounds) to answer - answered; to open - opened 3. Cc trng hp thm ING

V.ing c hnh thnh to nn hin ti phn t (present participle), trong cc th ti p din (Continuous Tenses) v to thnh ng danh t (Gerund). C 6 trng h p thm ING: a) Thng thng: thm -ING v cui ng t nguyn mu. to walk - walking; to do - doing b) ng t tn cng bng E - b E trc khi thm -ING to live - living; to love - loving c) ng t tn cng bng -IE - i thnh -Y trc khi thm ING. to die - dying; to lie - lying d) ng t mt vn tn cng bng 1 nguyn m + 1 ph m v ng t c nhn mnh (stressed) vn cui - Gp i ph m cui trc khi thm -ING. to run - running; to cut - cutting e) Mt s ng t 2 vn, tn cng bng L, c nhn mnh (stressed) vn th nht cng gp i ph m cui trc khi thm -ING. to travel - travelling f) Mt s ng t c cc thm -ING c bit trnh nhm ln: to singe (chy xm) - singeing khc vi to sing (ht) - singing to dye (nhum) - dyeing khc vi to die (cht) - dying III. Tr ng t (Auxiliary verbs) v ng t thng (Ordinary verbs) 1. Tr ng t (auxiliary verbs) l nhng ng t gip to thnh cc dng khc nhau ca ng t. Khi gi vai tr tr ng t, nhng ng t ny khng mang ngha r rt. T bn thn cc tr ng t cng c th l nhng ng t chnh (main verb) trong cu. Khi l ng t chnh, n c ngha ring. 2. C hai nhm tr ng t: a) Tr ng t c bn (primary auxiliary verbs) Gm c be, have, do. b) Tr ng t khuyt thiu (modal auxiliary verbs) Gm c will, would, can, could, may, might, shall, should, must, ought to, used to, dare, need. IV. Ngoi ng t (Transitive) v Ni ng t (Intransitive) 1. Ngoi ng t (Transitive verbs) l nhng ng t din t mt hnh ng tc ng ln mt tc t no . Ni tm tt, ngoi ng t lun i hi phi c mt tc t. I hit the ball. He killed the lion. 2. Ni ng t (Intransitive verbs) l nhng ng t khng chuyn hnh ng n mt tc t no. N khng c tc t. Tc t duy nht m ni ng t c th c l loi tc t cng gc (cognate objects). The sun rises. He sings a song. She lived a happy life. 3. Mt s ng t c th c s dng va nh mt ni ng t va nh mt ngoi ng t. Khi y, c th c mt thay i cht t trong ngha. V d:

intransitive The bell rings. The fire lit quickly transitive The waiter rings the bell. He lit the fire V. ng t khuyt thiu (Defective verbs) ng t khuyt thiu (defective verbs cn c gi l model verbs) l nhng ng t c chung mt tnh cht thiu mt s hnh thc (forms) v c chung mt s cch s dng khc bit vi cc ng t cn li. VI. ng t lin kt (linking verbs) ng t lin kt (linking verbs) l nhng ng t ni ch t (subject) vi cc thnh phn khc ca mnh (clause). Nhng thnh phn ny m t mt tnh cht no ca ch t. The soldiers stayed perfectly still. Nhng ng t lin kt (linking verbs) chnh l: be, appear, become, end (up), feel, get, go, grow, keep, look, prove, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn (out) Cu (Sentence) Cu c th c rt nhiu dng, t n gin n phc tp, nhng chng ta c th quy v ba dng c bn sau: Th xc nh (Affirmative) Th ph nh (Negative) Th nghi vn (Interrogative) Trc ht chng ta xt mu cu n gin nht sau y: This is a book (y l mt quyn sch ) Trong cu ny ta thy: This c ngha l y, ci ny, ng vai tr ch t trong cu. Is l ng t to be dng vi s t (v ta ang ni n mt ci bn) v c ngha l l. A book: mt quyn sch. y l mt cu xc nh v n xc nh ci ta ang ni n l mt quyn sch. Vy cu trc mt cu xc nh c bn l: Subject + Verb + Complement (Ch t) (ng t) (B ng) Khi vit cu th ph nh ta vit: This is not a book (y khng phi l mt quyn sch) Cu ny ch khc cu trn ch c thm ch not sau is. Vy cu trc ca cu ph nh l: Subject + Aux. Verb + not + Complement (Ch t) (Tr ng t) (B ng) is not cn c vit tt thnh isnt /iznt/ are not arent /a:nt/

Khi vit cu ny th nghi vn ta vit: Is this a book? (y c phi l mt quyn sch khng?) Trong cu ny vn khng thm ch no khc m ta thy ch is c mang ln u cu. Vy qui tc chung chuyn thnh cu nghi vn l chuyn tr ng t ln u cu. Cu trc: Aux. Verb + Subject + Complement y l dng cu hi ch i hi tr li Phi hay Khng phi. V vy tr li cho cu hi ny chng ta c th dng mu tr li ngn sau: Yes, this is (Vng phi) No, this isnt (Khng, khng phi) Cu trc: Yes, + Subject + Auxiliary Verb No, + Subject + Auxiliary Verb + not. This, That This c ngha l y, ci ny That c ngha l , kia, ci , ci kia Khi dng vi s nhiu this, that c chuyn thnh these, those. V d: Those are tables ( l nhng ci bn) Those arent tables ( khng phi l nhng ci bn) Are those tables? (C phi l nhng ci bn khng?) Yes, those are. (Vng, phi) No, those arent. (Khng, khng phi) Vocabulary and, or , but y l cc lin t dng ni cc t hay cc mnh trong cu. and c ngha l v or c ngha l hoc, hay l but c ngha l nhng, m V d: This is a table and that is a chair. (y l mt ci bn v kia l mt ci gh) Is that a pen or a pencil? ( l mt cy bt mc hay bt ch?) This is a pen but thats a pencil? (y l cy vit mc nhng kia l cy vit ch)

Unit 04. Pronouns ( i t) Posted in March 3rd, 2009 by admin in Basic Grammar I. Cc loi i t i t (pronoun) l t dng thay cho mt danh t. i t c th c chia thnh 8 lo i: 1. i t nhn xng (personal pronouns) 2. i t s hu (possessive pronouns) 3. i t phn thn (reflexive pronouns) 4. i t ch nh (demonstrative pronouns) 5. i t nghi vn (interrogative pronouns) 6. i t bt nh (indefinite pronouns) 7. i t quan h (relative pronouns) 8. i t phn bit (distributive pronouns) II. i t nhn xng (Personal Pronouns) Trong bi ny chng ta s tm hiu trc ht v cc i t nhn xng. i t nhn xng l nhng t dng xng h khi ni chuyn vi nhau. Trong ting Vit c nhiu i t v cch s dng chng cng rt phong ph. Nhng trong ting Anh cng nh hu ht cc ngoi ng ch c mt s cc i t c bn. Cc i t nhn xng (Personal Pronouns) c chia lm 3 ngi: Ngi th nht: dng cho ngi ni t xng h (ti, chng ti,) Ngi th hai: dng gi ngi ang tip xc vi mnh (anh, bn, my,) Ngi th ba: dng ch mt i tng khc ngoi hai i tng ang tip xc vi nhau (anh ta, b ta, hn, n,) Mi ngi li c phn thnh s t v s nhiu. S t ch mt i tng. S nhiu ch nhiu i tng. Cc pronoun trong ting Anh bao gm: Ngi I Ngi II Ngi III S t I You He, She, It S nhiu We You They I /ai/ : ti, tao, You /ju/ : anh, bn, cc anh, cc bn. Khi dng s nhiu hay s t u vit l you. He /hi/ : anh ta, ng ta, n, She /Si/ : c ta, b ta, ch ta, n, It /it/ : n. It thng ch dng ch vt We /wi/ : chng ti, chng ta, They /Tei/ : h, chng n, Cc ng t trong cu lun lun phi ph hp vi cc i t ca n. Cch s dng ng t cho ha hp vi ch t gi l chia ng t. Trc ht ta tm hiu cch chia ng t TO BE. TO BE (th, l, )

I am You are He is She is It is We are They are Nh vy ta thy to be c ba bin th : am, is v are. Ngi ta cng s dng cch vit tt sau: I am Im You are Youre He is Hes She is Shes It is Its We are Were They are Theyre Unit 05. Simple present tense (Th hin ti n gin) Posted in March 3rd, 2009 by admin in Basic Grammar Khi ni v vit ting Anh cn phi quan tm n cc th (tense) ca n. ng t l yu t ch yu trong cu quyt nh th ca cu, tc l n cho bit thi im xy ra hnh ng. Simple Present Tense Simple Present l th hin ti n. Cc cu v cch chia ng t TO BE chng ta hc trong cc bi trc u c vit th hin ti n. Sau y l cch chia ng t TO WORK (lm vic) th hin ti n: I work You work He works She works We work They work Nhn xt: ng t khng bin th trong tt c cc ngi ngoi tr ngi th ba s t c thm s cui. ng t to work l mt ng t thng. Chng ta bit vit cu th ph nh ta thm not sau tr ng t, vit cu th nghi vn ta a tr ng t ln u cu. Nhng chng ta khng thm not sau ng t thng hay chuyn ng t thng ln u cu. vit th ph nh v nghi vn ca cu khng c tr ng t ta dng thm tr ng t TO DO. Do c vit thnh Does i vi ngi th ba s t. Khi dng thm to do ng t chuyn v dng nguyn th ca n. V d:

I work I do not work Do I work? Yes, I do He works He does not work Does work? No, he doesnt. You work You dont work Do you work? No, you dont. Do not c vit tt thnh dont. Does not c vit tt thnh doesnt. Phng php thm s sau ng t cng ging nh danh t. Bn thn tr ng t to do khng c ngha g ht. Nhng to do cn l mt ng t thng c ngha l lm V d: I do exercises (Ti lm bi tp) I dont do exercises. Do I do exercises? He does exercises. He doesnt do exercises. Does he do exercises? Th Simple Present c dng trong cc trng hp sau: Khi ni v mt iu m lc no cng vy, mt iu lp i lp li hng ngy trong hi n ti hoc mt iu c coi l chn l. V d: The earth goes round the sun. (Trt t i xung quanh mt tri) The sun rises in the east. (Mt tri mc hng ng) We get up every morning. (Chng ta thc dy vo mi bui sng) I work in a bank. (Ti lm vic ngn hng). Vocabulary morning : bui sng afternoon : bui chiu ( y l gic qu tra) noon : bui tra evening : bui chiu (chiu ti) night : bui ti every : mi every morning : mi bui sng. every night : mi bui ti Bn danh t theo sau every khng c mo t the on : trn in : trong at : ti on the table : trn bn in the moring : vo bui sng

at office : c quan Unit 06. Adjectives (Tnh t) Posted in March 3rd, 2009 by admin in Basic Grammar ADJECTIVES Tnh t trong ting Anh gi l Adjective. Tnh t l t dng ch tnh cht, mu sc, trng thi, Tnh t c dng m t tnh cht hay cung cp thm thng tin cho danh t. ni : Quyn sch mu ta ni The book is red. Trong cu ny nhn xt: red l tnh t ch mu sc. ng t chnh trong cu l ng t to be. Chng ta khng th ni The book red m phi c mt ng t to be. To be y khng cn dch ngha. Nu dch st ngha c th dch Quyn sch th p. Thiu ng t khng th lm thnh cu c. Cng vy, ta khng th ni The book on the table m phi ni The book is on the table (Quyn sch (th) trn bn). Tnh t cn c th i km vi danh t b ngha cho danh t. Xt cu ny: This is a red book (y l mt quyn sch mu ). Trong cu ny: This ng vai tr ch t is l ng t chnh trong cu. a red book l mt danh t. y c gi l mt danh t kp (Compound Noun). Danh t kp ny gm c: a l mo t ca book, red l tnh t i km m t thm v danh t (book), book l danh t chnh. Trong ting Anh t b ngha cho danh t lun i trc danh t v sau mo t ca danh t . V d: The red book is on the table. (Quyn sch mu trn bn) Thats a pretty book. ( l mt quyn sch p) Mt danh t c th c nhiu b ngha. V d: He holds a red beautiful book. (Anh ta cm mt quyn sch p mu ) Ch very thng c dng vi tnh t ch mc nhiu ca tnh cht. Very c ngha l rt. Mary is very pretty. (Mary rt p) Computer is very wonderful. (My tnh rt tuyt vi) This, that cn c dng nh tnh t vi ngha ny, kia. V d: This book is very bad.

(Quyn sch ny rt t) That red flower isnt beautiful (Bng hoa khng p) Khi danh t l s nhiu this, that vit thnh these, those. Vocabulary nice :p, d thng pretty :p beautiful :p handsome :p, bnh trai C bn t ny trong ting Anh u c ngha l p, nhng mc v i tng khc nhau nice dng ch mt v p c tnh d thng pretty ch v p bnh d c th dng ni ci p ca ngi ln vt beautiful ni n v p sc so, thng c dng cho gii n handsome v p cho phi nam C nhiu cch phn loi tnh t. trnh cn bn chng ti tm thi phn ra cc loi nh sau: Tnh t ch tnh cht (qualificative adjectives). Tnh t s hu (possessive adjectives). Tnh t ch s lng (adjectives of quantity). Tnh t phn bit (distributive adjectives). Tnh t nghi vn (interrogative adjectives). Tnh t ch nh (demonstrative adjectives). Ngoi tnh t ch tnh cht v tnh t s hu cc tnh t cn li cng c th lm i t (pronoun). V th nhng loi tnh t ny s c phn tch trong phn i t (pronouns) II. Hnh thc ca tnh t ch tnh cht Mt t c th t n l mt tnh t ch tnh cht, v d nh blue, big, large Tuy nhin ngi ta cng c th hnh thnh tnh t ch tnh cht theo cc nguyn tc sau: noun + Y : storm - stormy noun + LY : friend - friendly noun + FUL : harm - harmful noun + LESS : care - careless noun + EN : wood - wooden noun + OUS : danger - dangerous noun + ABLE : honour - honourable noun + SOME : trouble - troublesome noun + IC : atom - atomic noun + ED : talent - talented noun + LIKE : child - childlike noun + AL : education - educational noun + AN : republic - republican noun + CAL : histoty - historical

noun + ISH : child - childish III. V tr v tnh cht b ngha ca mt Tnh t Khi b ngha cho mt danh t, tnh t c hai v tr ng, v nh th c hai chc nng ng php khc nhau: Tnh t ng ngay trc danh t m n b ngha. Ngi ta gi trng hp ny tnh t thuc tnh (attributive adjective). Henry is an honest boy. He has just bought a new, powerful and very expensive car. Tnh t ng sau danh t m n b ngha. Khi ng sau, n c ni vi danh t y bng ng t lin kt (linking verbs). Ngi ta gi trng hp ny l tnh t v ng (predicative adjective). That house is new. She looks tired and thirsty. Phn ln cc tnh t ch tnh cht u c th dng nh mt tnh t thuc tnh (attributive adjective) hay tnh t v ng (predicative adjective). That house is blue. That blue house is mine. Tuy nhin c mt s tnh t ch c th dng mt cch m thi. Ch dng nh tnh t thuc tnh (attributive adjective): former, latter, inner, outer Ch dng nh tnh t v ng (predicative adjective): asleep, afraid, alone, alive, afloat, ashamed, content, unable. IV. Phn t (Participle) dng nh mt Tnh t Hin ti phn t (present participle) v qu kh phn t (past participle) u c th dng nh mt tnh t. Khi c dng nh mt tnh t n c y c tnh ca mt tnh t nh lm tnh t thuc tnh hay tnh t v ng, cch thnh lp th so snh hn vi more, th so snh cc cp vi most Khi dng lm tnh t, hin ti phn t mang ngha ch ng (active) trong khi qu kh phn t mang ngha th ng (passive). Hy so snh hai phn t sau y ca ng t to excite c ngha l kch ng, kch thch: (1) Football is an exciting game. (Bng l mt mn chi kch ng) (2) The excited fans ran out in the streets. (Cc c ng vin kch ng chy ra ng) Trong th d (1) game gi ngha ch ng, kch thch ngi khc. Trong th d (2) fans mang ngha b ng, b kch thch. Unit 07. Numbers (S) Posted in March 3rd, 2009 by admin in Basic Grammar C hai loi s trong ting Anh: s m (cardinal numbers) v s th t (ordinal numbers). I. S m (Cardinal Numbers) S m (Cardinal Numbers) la s dng m ngi, vt, hay s vic. C 30 s m c bn trong ting Anh: 1 : one 16 : sixteen

2 : two 17 : seventeen 3 : three 18 : eighteen 4 : four 19 : nineteen 5 : five 20 : twenty 6 : six 30 : thirty 7 : seven 40 : forty 8 : eight 50 : fifty 9 : nine 60 : sixty 10 : ten 70 : seventy 11 : eleven 80 : eighty 12 : twelve 90 : ninety 13 : thirteen trm : hundred 14 : fourteen ngn : thousand 15 : fifteeen triu : million T 30 s cn bn ny ngi ta hnh thnh cc s m theo nguyn tc sau: Gia s hng chc v s hng n v c gch ni khi vit. V d: (38) thirty-eight; (76) seventy-six Sau hundred c and. V d: (254) two hundred and fifty four; (401) four hundred and one. Cc t hundred, thousand, million khng c s nhiu V d: (3,214) three thousand, two hundred and fourteen. A thng dng vi hundred, thousand v million hn l one. V d: (105) a hundred and six. Khng dng mo t (article) khi dng s m trc mt danh t. V d: The cars - Twenty cars II. S th t (Ordinal Numbers) S th t (Ordinal Numbers) l s ch th t ca mt ngi, mt vt hay mt s vic trong mt chui nhng ngi, vt hay s vic. S th t hnh thnh da trn cn bn l s m vi mt s nguyn tc: first (th nht), second (th hai), third (th ba) tng ng vi cc s m 1, 2, 3. Cc s m tn cng bng TY i thnh TIETH V d: twenty - twentieth FIVE i thnh FIFTH; TWEVE i thnh TWELFTH T 21 tr i ch c s n v thay i. V d: forty-six - forty-sixth; eighty-one - eighty-first Cc s cn li thm TH vo s m. V d: ten - tenth ; nine - ninth III. Dozen, hundred, thousand, million Dozen (chc), hundred (trm), thousand (ngn), million (triu) khng c s nhiu d trc c s m s nhiu.

V d: Fifty thousand people, Several dozen flowers . Khi Dozen, hundred, thousand, million s nhiu theo sau phi c OF v mt danh t . Khi y n c ngha l hng chc, hng trm, hng ngn, hng triu. V d: Hundreds of people; millions and millions of ants. Billion c ngha l t (mt ngn triu) trong ting M (American English). Trong ting Anh (British English) billion c ngha l mt triu triu. IV. T loi ca s S (numbers) gi nhiu chc nng ng php trong cu: Mt s (number) c th b ngha cho danh t nh mt tnh t (adjective) v ng trc danh t n b ngha. The zoo contains five elephants and four tigers. (S th gm c nm con voi v bn con h) Ive got five elder sisters. (Ti c nm ngi ch) Mt s (number) c th l mt i t (pronoun). How many people were competing in the race? (C bao nhiu ngi tranh ti trong cuc ua?) About two hundred and fifty. Five of them finished the race, though. (Khong hai trm nm chc ngi. D vy, nm ngi trong s hc v n ch). Mt s (number) cng c th l mt danh t (noun). Seven is a lucky number. (By l con s may mn) Hes in his late fifties. V. Phn s (Fractions) 1. Thng thng: T s (numerator) c vit bng s m; mu s (denominator) c vit bng s th t. V d: 1/10 one-tenth ; 1/5 one-fifth Nu t s l s nhiu mu s cng phi c hnh thc s nhiu. V d: 5/8 five-eighths ; 2/7 two-sevenths Nu phn s c mt s nguyn trc n ta thm and trc khi vit phn s V d: 3 8/5 three and five-eighths 2. Mt s phn s c bit 1/2 a half 1/4 a quarter, a fourth 3/4 three quarters 3. Mt s cch dng c bit This cake is only half as big as that one. (Ci bnh ny ch ln bng na ci kia) My house is three-quarters the height of the tree. (Nh ti ch cao bng 3/4 ci cy) The glass is a third full of water. (Ci ly y 1/3 nc) I couldnt finish the race. I ran only two-thirds of the distance.

(Ti khng th chy n cng cuc ua. Ti ch chy ni 2/3 on ng). VI. Cch c mt vi loi s S khng (0) c cc cch c sau: c l zero /zirou/ trong ton hc, trong nhit . c l nought /n:t/ trong ton hc ti Anh. c l O // trong nhng s di. S in thoi c c tng s mt. V d: 954-730-8299 nine five four, seven three O, eight two double nine. S nm c c t hai s. 1825 eighteen twenty-five; 1975 nineteen seventy-five 2001 two thousand and one; 1700 seventeen hundred Unit 08. Possessive Case ( S hu cch) Posted in March 3rd, 2009 by admin in Basic Grammar S hu cch (possessive case) l mt hnh thc ch quyn s hu ca mt ngi i vi mt ngi hay mt vt khc. Quyn s hu trong trng hp ny c hiu vi ngha rt rng ri. Khi ni cha ca John khng c ngha l John s h u cha ca anh y. Cng vy, ci cht ca Shakespear khng h c ngha l Shakespeare s hu ci cht. Do , S hu cch ch c hnh thnh khi s hu ch (possessor) l mt danh t ch ngi. Mt i khi ngi ta cng dng S hu cch cho nhng con vt thn cn hay yu mn. Trong ting Anh, ch of c ngha l ca. Nhng ni chng hn Quyn sch ca thy gio ngi ta khng ni the book of the teacher, m vit theo cc nguyn tc sau: 1. Thm s vo sau S hu ch khi l mt danh t s t. Danh t theo sau s khng c mo t: The book of the teacher - The teachers book The room of the boy - The boys room (Cn phng ca cu b) 2. i vi mt s tn ring, nht l cc tn ring c in, ta ch thm (apostrophe): Moses laws, Hercules labours 3. Vi nhng danh t s nhiu tn cng bng S, ta ch thm . The room of the boys - The boys room. 4. Vi nhng danh t s nhiu khng tn cng bng S, ta thm s nh vi trng h p danh t s t. The room of the men - The mens room 5. Khi s hu ch gm c nhiu t: a) Ch thnh lp s hu cch danh t sau cht khi s hu vt thuc v tt c cc s hu ch y. The father of Daisy and Peter - Daisy and Peters father (Daisy v Peter l anh ch em) b) Tt c cc t u c hnh thc s hu cch khi mi s hu ch c quyn s hu trn ngi hay vt khc nhau. Daisys and Peters fathers

(Cha ca Daisy v cha ca Peter) 6. Ngi ta c th dng S hu cch cho nhng danh t ch s o lng, thi gian, khong cch hay s lng. a weeks holiday, an hours time, yesterdays news, a stones throw, a pounds worth. 7. Trong mt s thnh ng: at his wits end; out of harms way; to your hearts content; in my minds eye; to get ones moneys worth. 8. S hu cch kp (double possessive) l hnh thc s hu cch i km vi cu trc of. He is a friend of Henrys. (Anh ta l mt ngi bn ca Henry) S hu cch kp c bit quan trng phn bit ngha nh trong hai cm t sau y: A portrait of Rembrandt - Someone portrayed him Bc chn dung ca Rembrandt (do ai v) A portrait of Rembrandts - Someone was painted by him Mt tc phm chn dung ca Rembrandt (bc chn dung ai do Rembrandt v) S hu cch kp cng gip phn bit hai tnh trng sau: A friend of Henrys Mt ngi bn ca Henry (C th l anh ta ch c mt ngi bn) One of Henrys friends Mt trong nhng ngi bn ca Henry (C th anh ta c nhiu bn) Unit 09. Possessive Adjectives (Tnh t s hu) Posted in March 3rd, 2009 by admin in Basic Grammar Khi bn mun ni M ca ti, bn khng th ni Is mother hay the mother of I. Trong trng hp ny, s hu ch l mt i t nhn xng, v vy chng ta phi s dng mt tnh t s hu (possessive adjective). Cc tnh t s hu cng vi cc i t nhn xng (personal pronouns) tng quan nh sau: Ngi i t nhn xng Tnh t s hu 1 s t I my 2 s t you your 3 s t he his she her one ones 1 s nhiu we our 2 s nhiu you your 3 s nhiu they their Ci tnh t s hu lun i trc danh t m n s hu v cc danh t ny khng c mo t i theo. V d: my mother (M ca ti) his work (cng vic ca anh ta) our office (c quan ca chng ti)

your good friend (ngi bn tt ca anh) Cch gi tnh t s hu (possessive adjectives) cng khng c mt s tc gi nh t tr. Xt theo v tr v t m n b ngha th y l mt tnh t v n ng trc v b ngha cho mt danh t. Nhng xt theo nhim v v ngha th y l mt i t. Khi ta ni his house th his phi ch mt ngi no ni trc y. V nh vy his thay cho mt danh t. M chc nng thay cho danh t l chc nng ca mt i t (pronoun). Trong ti liu ny chng ti gi cch gi quen thuc l tnh t s hu. Tnh t s hu c dng ch mt ngi hay vt thuc v mt ngi no . Khi nim thuc v y phi c hiu vi ngha rt rng. Khi ni my car ta c th hiu chic xe thuc v ti, nhng khi ni my uncle th khng th hiu mt cch cng nhc rng ng ch y thuc v ti. Tnh t s hu trong ting Anh l thuc vo ngi lm ch ch khng thay i theo s lng ca vt b s hu. V d: He sees his grandmother. (Anh ta thm b) He sees his grandparents. (Anh ta thm ng b) Ngi Anh c thi quen s dng tnh t s hu trong nhiu trng hp m ngi Vit Nam khng dng. V d: He has lost his dog. (Anh ta lc mt con ch) He put on his hat and left the room. (Anh ta i nn ln v ri phng) I have had my hair cut. (Ti i ht tc) She changed her mind. (C ta i ) Tuy nhin, trong mt s thnh ng, ngi ta li thng dng mo t xc nh the hn l tnh t s hu, nht l nhng thnh ng vi in. V d: I have a cold in the head. (Ti b cm) She was shot in the leg. (C ta b bn vo chn) He got red in the face. (Anh y mt) She took me by the hand. (C y nm ly tay ti) The ball struck him in the back. (Qu bng p vo lng anh ta) Unit 10. Possessive pronouns (i t s hu) Posted in March 3rd, 2009

by admin in Basic Grammar Xt v d ny: a friend of Johns: mt ngi bn ca John. Chng ta bit cch dng ny trong bi S hu cch. Gi s bn mun ni mt ngi bn ca ti, bn khng th vit a friend of my, m phi dng mt i t s hu (possessive pronoun). Tnh t s hu (possessive adjectives) phi dng vi mt danh t . Ngc li i t s hu (possessive pronouns) c th dng mt mnh. Sau y l bng so snh v ngi, s ca hai loi ny: Tnh t s hu i t s hu This is my book. This book is mine. This is your book. This book is yours. This is his book. This book is his. This is her book. This book is hers. This is our book. This book is ours. This is their book. This book is theirs. Tnh theo ngun gc ta c i t s hu ITS tng ng vi tnh t s hu ITS. Tuy nhin nhiu nm ngi ta khng thy loi i t ny c s dng trong thc t. V th nhiu tc gi loi tr ITS ra khi danh sch cc i t s hu. i t s hu (possessive pronouns) c dng trong nhng trng hp sau: 1. Dng thay cho mt Tnh t s hu (possessive adjectives) v mt danh t ni pha trc. V d: I gave it to my friends and to yours. (= your friends) Her shirt is white, and mine is blue. (= my shirt) o c ta mu trng cn ca ti mu xanh 2. Dng trong dng cu s hu kp (double possessive). V d: He is a friend of mine. (Anh ta l mt ngi bn ca ti) It was no fault of yours that we mistook the way. Chng ti lm ng u c phi l li ca anh 3. Dng cui cc l th nh mt qui c. Trng hp ny ngi ta ch dng ngi th hai. V d: Yours sincerely, Yours faithfully, Unit 11. There is, there are, how many, how much, to have Posted in March 3rd, 2009 by admin in Basic Grammar There is, there are Xt cu: There is a book on the table. Cu ny c dch l : C mt quyn sch trn bn. Trong ting Anh thnh ng: There + to be c dch l c Khi dng vi danh t s nhiu vit l there are

y there ng vai tr nh mt ch t. Vy khi vit dng ph nh v nghi vn ta lm nh vi cu c ch t + to be. Ngi ta thng dng cc t sau vi cu trc there + to be: many/much :nhiu some :mt vi any :bt c, ci no many dng vi danh t m c much dng vi danh t khng m c V d: There are many books on the table. (C nhiu sch trn bn) nhng There are much milk in the bottle. (C nhiu sa trong chai) Chng ta dng some trong cu xc nh v any trong cu ph nh v nghi vn. V d: There are some pens on the table. (C vi cy bt trn bn) There isnt any pen on the table. (Khng c cy bt no trn bn) Is there any pen on the table? Yes, therere some. (C cy bt no trn bn khng? Vng, c vi cy). Khi ng ring mt mnh there cn c ngha l . T c ngha tng t nh there l here ( y). The book is there (Quyn sch ) I go there (Ti i n ) My house is here (Nh ti y) How many, How much How many v How much l t hi c dng vi cu trc there + to be, c ngha l bao nhiu. Cch thnh lp cu hi vi How many, How much l How many + Danh t m c + be + there + hoc How much + Danh t khng m c + be + there + V d: How many books are there on the table? (C bao nhiu quyn sch trn bn?) How much milk are there in this bottle? (C bao nhiu sa trong ci chai ny?)

Have To have l mt tr ng t (Auxiliary Verb) c ngha l c. Khi s dng ngha c vi mt ch t ta dng have ch khng phi there + be. Have c vit thnh has khi dng vi ch t ngi th ba s t. V d: I have many books (Ti c nhiu sch) He has a house (Anh ta c mt cn nh) lp thnh cu ph nh v nghi vn ta cng thm not sau have hoc chuyn have ln u cu. V d: I havent any book. (Ti khng c quyn sch no) Have you any book? (Anh c quyn sch no khng?) Khi dng trong cu ph nh vi mt danh t m c ngi ta c khuynh hng dng have no hn l have not. V d: I have no money (Ti khng c tin) ( trong cu ny khng c mo t) Cc cch vit tt vi have have not c vit tt thnh havent has not hasnt I have Ive You have Youve He has Hes She has Shes Vocabulary Khi mun ni: Ti rt thch cng vic ny, ngi ta khng ni I very like this work m thng ni I like this work very much Hay I like this work a lot. Nh vy chng ta khng dng very trc ng t trong trng hp , v y ph i dng very much ch khng phi very many v s thch l mt i lng khng m c. a lot: cng c ngha l nhiu V d: I do a lot of works this morning (Ti lm nhiu vic sng nay) over there: ng kia My house is over there (Nh ti ng kia) She stands over there

(C ta ng ng kia) at home: nh Unit 12. Infinitive (Dng nguyn th) Posted in March 3rd, 2009 by admin in Basic Grammar Chng ta s dng cu vi cc ng t thng, cc ng t ny din t hnh ng xy ra trong cu v phi c chia ph hp vi ch t v th ca cu. Nhng nhiu khi cn dng nhiu ng t trong cu lm r thm hnh ng, cc ng t sau s b sung thm ngha cho ng t trc. Khi s dng cu c nhiu hn mt ng t, ch c ng t chnh c chia ph hp vi ch t v th ca cu, cn cc ng t sau c vit dng nguyn th (infinitive) c to i km. To l mt gii t, n khng c ngha nht nh. Trong trng hp ny c th dch to vi cc ngha ti, ,.. hoc khng dch. V d: I want to learn English (Ti mun hc ting Anh). Trong cu ny want l ng t chnh din t mun ca ch t, v vy c chia ph hp vi ch t; to learn l ng t i theo b sung thm ngha cho want (mun g). Ch to y khng cn dch ngha. He comes to see John. (Anh ta n () thm John) I dont want to see you. (Ti khng mun gp anh) Do you like to go to the cinema? (Anh c mun i xem phim khng?) Vocabulary to go to bed: i ng to go to school: i hc again: li, na V d: I dont want to see you again (Ti khng mun gp anh na) He learns English again (Anh y li hc ting Anh) meal n. ba n breakfast n. ba im tm lunch n. ba n tra dinner n. ba n ti Ngi ta dng to have ni v cc ba n V d: I have a beakfast. (Ti c mt ba n sng = Ti n sng) He has a lunch (Anh y n tra)

Unit 13. Object (Tc t) Posted in March 3rd, 2009 by admin in Basic Grammar Khi ta ni: Ti thch bn th Ti l ch t, k pht sinh ra hnh ng thch l ng t din t hnh ng ca ch t bn l k chu tc ng ca hnh ng do ch t gy ra. Ch bn y l mt tc t. Ting Anh gi tc t l Object. Vy tc t l t ch i tng chu tc ng ca mt hnh ng no . i vi hu ht cc danh t khi ng v tr tc t khng c g thay i nhng khi l cc i t nhn xng th cn c bin th. V d khi ni Ti thch anh ta ta khng th ni I like he. He y l mt tc t v vy ta phi vit n dng tc t. Cc tc t bao gm: i t Tc t (Subject) (Object) I me You you He him She her It it We us They them V d: I like him (Ti thch anh ta) Mr. Smith teaches us (ng Smith dy chng ti) Khi s dng tc t ta cng cn phn bit gia tc t trc tip (direct object) v tc t gin tip (indirect object). Xt cu ny: Ti vit mt bc th cho m ti. y c n hai i tng chu tc ng ca hnh ng vit l bc th v m ti. Trong trng hp ny bc th l tc t trc tip, m ti l tc t gin tip. Thng thng cc tc t gin tip c to i trc. Cu trn s c vit trong ting Anh nh sau: I write a letter to my mother. Ni chung, khi tc t gin tip khng i ngay sau ng t th phi c to dn trc. Ngc li khng cn phi thm to. Cu trn c th vit theo cch khc nh sau: I write my mother a letter. Vocabulary to look to look: trng, c v He looks tired.

(Anh ta trng c v mt mi) This house looks cool. (Cn nh ny trng mt m) to look at: nhn She looks at me (C ta nhn ti) We looks at our books. (Chng ti nhn vo sch) to look for: tm He looks for his key. (Hn tm cha kha ca hn). I looks for my pen. (Ti tm cy vit ca ti) Unit 14. Adverbs (Trng t) Posted in March 3rd, 2009 by admin in Basic Grammar ADVERBS Trng t (hay cn gi l ph t) trong ting Anh gi l adverb. Trng t l nhng t dng b ngha cho ng t, tnh t, mt trng t khc hay cho c cu. Trng t thng ng trc t hay mnh m n cn b ngha. Nhng cng ty trng hp cu ni m ngi ta c th t n ng sau hay cui cu. Trng t c nhiu hnh thc: Nhng ch n thun nh: very (rt, lm), too (qu), almost (hu nh), then (sau , lc ), Trng t cng c th thnh lp bng cch thm -ly vo cui mt tnh t. V d: slow (chm) slowly (mt cch chm chp) quick (nhanh) quickly (mt cch nhanh nhn) clear (sng sa) clearly (mt cch sng sa) L nhng t kp nh: everywhere (khp ni) sometimes (i khi) anyhow (d sao i na) Mt thnh ng (thnh ng l mt cm t gm nhiu t hp nhau to thnh mt ngha khc). next week (tun ti) this morning (sng nay) at the side ( bn) with pleasure (vui lng) at first (trc tin) V d: He walks slowly (Anh ta i (mt cch) chm chp)

We work hard (Chng ti lm vic vt v) I dont go to my office this morning. (Ti khng n c quan sng nay) C th phn loi trng t theo ngha nh sau: Trng t ch cch thc: hu ht cc trng t ny c thnh lp bng cch thm -ly cui tnh t v thng c dch l mt cch. bold (to bo) boldly (mt cch to bo) calm (m ) calmly (mt cch m ) sincere (chn tht) sincerely (mt cch chn tht) Nhng mt s tnh t khi dng nh trng t vn khng thm -ly cui: V d: fast (nhanh). Khi ni ng ta i nhanh, ta vit He walks fast. v fast y va l tnh t va l trng t nn khng thm -ly Trng t ch thi gian: sau y l mt s trng t ch thi gian m ta thng gp nht: after (sau , sau khi), before (trc khi), immediately (tc khc), lately (mi y), once (mt khi), presently (lc ny), soon (chng bao lu), still (vn cn), today (hm nay), tomorow (ngy mai), tonight (ti nay), yesterday (hm qua), last night (t i hm qua), whenever (bt c khi no), instantly (tc thi), shortly (chng my lc sau ). Cc trng t ch thi gian cn c cc trng t ch tn s lp li ca hnh ng nh: always (lun lun), often (thng hay), frequently (th ng hay), sometimes (i khi), now and then (thnh thong), everyday (mi ngy, mi ngy), continually (lc no cng), generally (thng thng), occasionally (thnh thong), rarely (t khi), scarcely (him khi), never (khng bao gi), regularly (u u), ussually (thng thng). V d: She always works well. (C ta lun lun lm vic tt). I rarely come here (Ti t khi n y). I ussually get up at 5 oclock (Ti thng dy lc 5 gi). Trng t ch a im: above (bn trn), below (bn di), along (dc theo), around (xung quanh), away (i xa, khi, mt), back (i li), somewhere (u ), through (xuyn qua). V d: They walk through a field (H i xuyn qua mt cnh ng) Trng t ch mc , cho bit hnh ng din ra n mc no, thng cc trng t ny c dng vi tnh t hay mt trng t khc hn l dng vi ng t. too (qu), absolutely (tuyt i), completely (hon ton), entirely (h t th y), greatly (rt l), exactly (qu tht), extremely (v cng), perfectly (hon ton), slightly (hi), quite (hon ton), rather (c phn). V d: The tea is too hot.

(Tr qu nng). Im very pleased with your success (Ti rt hi lng vi thnh qu ca anh) Cc trng t khng nh, ph nh, phng on: certainly (chc chn), perhaps (c l), maybe (c l), surely (chc chn), of course (d nhin), willingly (sn lng), very well (c ri). Cc trng t dng m u cu: fortunately (may thay), unfortunately (ri thay), luckily (may mn thay), suddenly ( t nhin), Unit 15. Can, May, Be able to Posted in March 3rd, 2009 by admin in Basic Grammar Can Can l mt ng t khuyt thiu, n c ngha l c th. Can lun lun c theo sau bi mt ng t nguyn th khng c to (bare infinitive). Can khng bin th trong tt c cc ngi. Khi dng trong cu ph nh thm not sau can v chuyn can ln u cu khi dng vi cu nghi vn. (Lu : chng ta c th ni ng t to be, to do, to have nhng khng bao gi ni to can). V d: I can speak English (Ti c th ni ting Anh=Ti bit ni ting Anh) She cant study computer (C ta khng th hc my tnh c) Cannot vit tt thnh cant Can c dng ch mt kh nng hin ti v tng lai. i khi can c dng trong cu hi vi ng xin php nh: Can I help you? (Ti c th gip bn c khng?) Can I go out ? (Ti c th ra ngoi c khng?) May May cng c ngha l c th nhng vi ngha l mt d on trong hin ti hay tng lai hoc mt s c php trong hin ti hay tng lai. V d: It may rain tonight (Tri c th ma m nay) May I use this? (Ti c php dng ci ny khng?) May c dng th nghi vn bao hm mt s xin php. dng may th ph nh hay nghi vn ta lm nh vi can. maynot vit tt thnh maynt Cu ph nh dng vi may bao hm mt ngha khng cho php gn nh cm on.

V d: You may not go out (My khng c ra ngoi) Be able to Thnh ng to be able to cng c ngha l c th, c kh nng. Nhng khi ni c th ta phn bit gia kh nng v tim nng. Tim nng l iu t mnh c th lm hoc v nng khiu, hiu bit, ngh nghip, quyn hnh hay a v. Kh nng l iu c th xy ra do mt nng lc ngoi mnh nh mt d on. Tuy rng chng ta c th s dng can v be able to u c nhng be able to dng nhn mnh v tim nng hn. V d: I can speak English = I am able to speak English. Vocabulary because: bi v I dont want to see him because I dont like him. (Ti khng mun gp anh ta v ti khng thch anh ta) so: v th Im very tired so I cant come to your house. (Ti rt mt v vy ti khng n nh anh c) for: cho, i vi Can you make this for me? (Anh c th lm vic ny cho ti khng?) For me, hes very handsome. (i vi ti, anh ta rt p trai). Unit 16. Present continuous tense (Hin ti tip din) Posted in March 3rd, 2009 by admin in Basic Grammar Th Present Continuous l th hin ti tip din, n c dng ch s vic ang ti p din trong hin ti. Cch thnh lp Present Continuous: To be + Verb -ing C ngha l trong cu lun c ng t to be c chia ph hp vi ch t theo sau l mt ng t c thm -ing cui. V d: I am working (Ti ang lm vic) He is doing his exercises. (Anh ta ang lm bi tp) Trong cc cu ny cc ng t to work, to do l cc ng t chnh din t hnh ng trong cu cn am, is v -ing c dng din t s tip din, lc ny am, is khng c ngha bnh thng l th, l, .

Trong trng hp cu c ng t chnh l to be ( din t ngha th, l, ) khi vit th hin ti tip din ta vn phi thm ng t to be v thm -ing ng t chnh bng cch vit thnh being. V d: My book is on the table. (Quyn sch ca ti trn bn) - My book is being on the table (Quyn sch ca ti ang trn bn) He is at his office. (Anh ta c quan) - He is being at his office. (Anh ta ang c quan) i vi can khi dng th Present Continuous khng th thm ing cho can m phi i can thnh be able to ri mi thm ing. V d: He can do this - He is being able to do this Cc trng t sau thng hay dng vi th Present Continuous: at the moment : lc ny, by gi now : by gi presently : hin thi, hin nay at present : hin nay today : hm nay Chng ta cng d on rng khi dng th ph nh s thm not sau ng t to be v th nghi vn chuyn to be ln u cu. V d: Im not working (Ti khng ang lm vic) Are you being busy? (Anh c ang bn khng?) Th Present Continuous c dng trong cc trng hp: Khi ni v mt iu ang xy ra vo lc ni: I wish you to be quiet. Im studying. (Ti mong anh gi im lng. Ti ang hc) Khi ni v mt iu g xy ra quanh hin ti nhng khng nht thit phi ng ngay thi im ang ni. Ta xt cc tnh hung sau: Tom and Ann are talking and drinking in a cafe. Tom say: Im reading an interesting book at the moment. (Tom v Ann tr chuyn v ung nc trong mt qun c ph. Tom ni: Lc ny ti ang c mt quyn sch hay) R rng Tom khng phi ang c vo lc ni cu y, nhng th hin ti tip di n y ch rng anh ta bt u c quyn sch v cho n by gi vn cha xong. Silvia is learning English at the moment.

(Hin gi Silvia ang hc ting Anh) Hes building his house. (Anh ta ang xy nh) Ngi ta cng dng th Present Continuous ni v mt giai on gn hin ti nh : today (hm nay), this season (ma ny), Youre working today? Yes, I have a lot to do. (Hm nay anh c lm vic khng? C, ti c nhiu vic lm) Tom isnt playing football this season (Tom khng chi banh ma ny) Th Present Continuous cn c dng ni v mt tnh th ang thay i: The population of the world is rising very fast. (Dn s th gii ang tng rt nhanh) The number of people without jobs is rising at the moment. (Lc ny s ngi tht nghip ang tng) The economic situation is becoming very bad. (Tnh hnh kinh t ang tr nn ti t) Th Present Continuous cn c dng din t mt hnh ng tng lai nh t l vi cc ng t c ngha di chuyn nh: to go (i), to come (n), to leave (ri b), We are going to Paris on Friday. (Chng ti nh i Pari vo th su) Im going to see you tonigh. (Ti nh gp anh ti nay) Im going to smoke. (Ti nh ht thuc). Phng php thm ing sau ng t Vi hu ht cc ng t c n gin thm ing cui. Cc ng t tn cng bng e v trc e l mt ph m th b e trc khi thm ing. rise rising write writing Cc ng t kt thc bng mt ph m, trc ph m l mt nguyn m v trc nguyn m li l mt ph m th gp i ph m cui trc khi thm ing. get getting Vocabulary to be afraid : e rng, s rng Im afraid he cant come tonight. (Ti e rng ti nay anh y khng n c). Im afraid its too late. (Ti e rng qu tr ri). other : khc I dont want to have these books. I want want to have others. (Ti khng mun c nhng quyn sch ny. Ti mun c nhng cun khc kia.)

one Chng ta bit one c ngha l mt, nhng one cn c dng thay th bt k mt ngi v vt no. Thng dng one trnh lp li mt danh t no . V d: This book is bad, I want to have an other one. (Quyn sch ny d, ti mun mt quyn khc.) I see ones pen. (Ti trng thy cy vit ca ai ). Unit 17. Questions (Cu hi) Posted in March 3rd, 2009 by admin in Basic Grammar Chng ta bit lm thnh cu hi ta t tr ng t ln u cu hay ni chnh xc hn l o tr ng t ln trc ch t. i vi cu ch c ng t thng th Simple Present ta dng thm do hoc does. Tt c cc cu nghi vn vit trong cc bi trc gi l nhng cu hi dng Yes-No Questions tc Cu hi Yes-No, bi v vi dng cu hi ny ch i hi tr li Yes hoc No. Khi chng ta cn hi r rng hn v c cu tr li c th hn ta dng cu hi vi cc t hi. Mt trong cc t hi chng ta bit ri l t hi How many/How much. Trong ting Anh cn mt lot t hi na v cc t hi ny u bt u bng ch Wh. V vy cu hi dng vi cc t hi ny cn gi l Wh-Questions. Cc t hi Wh bao gm: What :g, ci g Which :no, ci no Who :ai Whom : ai Whose :ca ai Why :ti sao, v sao Where :u, u When :khi no, bao gi vit cu hi vi t hi ta ch cn nh n gin rng: l cu hi d nhin s c s o gia ch t v tr ng t, nu trong cu khng c tr ng t ta dng thm do T hi lun lun ng u cu hi. Nh vy cu trc mt cu hi c t hi l: T hi + Aux. Verb + Subject + V d: What is this? (Ci g y? hoc y l ci g?) Where do you live? (Anh sng u?) When do you see him? (Anh gp hn khi no?) What are you doing? (Anh ang lm g th?) Why does she like him? (Ti sao c ta thch hn?) Cu hi vi WHO - WHOM- WHOSE Who v Whom u dng hi ai, ngi no, nhng Who dng thay cho ngi, gi nhim v ch t trong cu, cn Whom gi nhim v tc t ca ng t theo sau. V d:

Who can answer that question? (Who l ch t ca can) Ai c th tr li cu hi ? Whom do you meet this morning? (Whom l tc t ca meet) Anh gp ai sng nay? Lu rng: Trong vn ni ngi ta c th dng who trong c hai trng hp ch t v tc t. V d: Who(m) do they help this morning? H gip ai sng nay? ng t trong cu hi vi who dng xc nh. Ngc li ng t trong cu hi vi whom phi dng nghi vn: Who is going to London with Daisy? Ai ang i London cng vi Daisy vy? With whom is she going to London? (= Who(m) did she go to London with?) C ta ang i London cng vi ai vy? Whose l hnh thc s hu ca who. N c dng hi ca ai. Whose is this umbrella? Its mine. Ci ny ca ai? Ca ti. Whose c th c dng nh mt tnh t nghi vn. Khi y theo sau whose phi c mt danh t. Whose pen are you using? (Bn ang dng cy bt ca ai y?) Whose books are they reading? (Bn ang c quyn sch ca ai?) Cu hi vi WHAT - WHICH What v Which u c ngha chung l ci g, ci no. Tuy vy which c mt s gii hn. Ngi nghe phi chn trong gii hn y tr li. Cu hi vi what th khng c gii hn. Ngi nghe c quyn tr li theo thch ca mnh. V d: What do you often have for breakfast? Bn thng n im tm bng g? Which will you have, tea or coffee? Anh mun dng g, tr hay c ph? What v which cn c th l mt tnh t nghi vn. Khi s dng tnh t nghi vn phi dng vi mt danh t. Cch dng ging nh trng hp whose nu trn. What colour do you like? (Bn thch mu g?) Which way to the station, please? (Cho hi ng no i n ga ?) Which c th dng ni v ngi. Khi y n c ngha ngi no, ai Which of you cant do this exercise? Em no (trong s cc em) khng lm c bi tp ny?

Which boys can answered all the questions? Nhng cu no c th tr li tt c cc cu hi? Lu rng trong vn ni c mt s mu cu kh phn bit trong ting Vit: Who is that man? - Hes Mr. John Barnes. (Hi v tn) What is he? - Hes a teacher. (Hi v ngh nghip) What is he like? - Hes tall, dark, and handsome. (Hi v dng dp) Whats he like as a pianist? - Oh, hes not very good. (Hi v cng vic lm) I dont know who or what he is; and I dont care. (Ti chng bit ng ta l ai hay ng ta lm ngh g v ti cng chng cn bit) Cu hi vi WHY i vi cu hi Why ta c th dng because (v, bi v) tr li. V d: Why do you like computer? Because its very wonderful. (Ti sao anh thch my tnh? Bi v n rt tuyt vi) Why does he go to his office late? Because he gets up late. (To sao anh ta n c quan tr? V anh ta dy tr.) Negative Questions Negative Question l cu hi ph nh, c ngha l cu hi c ng t vit th ph nh tc c thm not sau tr ng t. Chng ta dng Negative Question c bit trong cc trng hp: ch s ngc nhin: Arent you crazy? Why do you do that? (Anh c in khng? Sao anh lm iu ?) L mt li cm thn: Doesnt that dress look nice! (Ci o ny p qu !) Nh vy bn thn cu ny khng phi l cu hi nhng c vit di dng cu hi. Khi trng ch ngi nghe ng vi mnh. Trong cc cu hi ny ch not ch c dng din t ngha cu, ng dch n l khng. Ngi ta cn dng Why vi Negative Question ni ln mt li ngh hay mt li khuyn. Why dont you lock the door? (Sao anh khng kha ca?) Why dont we go out for a meal? (Sao chng ta khng i n mt ba nh?) Why dont you go to bed early? (Sao anh khng i ng sm?) Vocabulary something :iu g someone :ai , mt vi ngi somebody :ai , ngi no , mt vi ngi

anything :bt c iu g anyone, anybody :bt c ai, ngi no Someone is in my room. (Ai ang trong phng ti) I dont like anything (Ti khng thch g c) nothing :khng c g noone, nobody :khng ai Ngi Anh thng dng cc t ny hi khc ngi Vit mt cht. Chng hn mun ni Anh ta khng ni g c ngi Anh thng ni He says nothing ch khng phi He dont say anything. Therere nobody in my room. (Khng c ai trong phng ti c) everything :mi iu everyone, everybody :mi ngi Everyone like football. (Mi ngi u thch bng ) day :ngy every day :mi ngy, hng ngy these days :ngy nay We eat and work everyday. (Chng ta n v lm vic hng ngy) Unit 18. Imperative mood (Mnh lnh cch) Posted in March 3rd, 2009 by admin in Basic Grammar Th Mnh Lnh hay Mnh Lnh cch l mt th sai khin, ra lnh, hay yu cu ngi khc lm mt iu g. V th Mnh Lnh cch ch c ngi 1 s nhiu v ngi 2 s t hay s nhiu. n gin ch v ta khng bao gi ra lnh cho chnh bn thn ta (ngi 1 s t) hay cho mt ngi vng mt (ngi 3). C hai trng hp s dng: I. Mnh Lnh Cch xc nh Ngi 1 s nhiu : Dng LET US + V hay LETS + V Ngi 2 s t hay s nhiu: Dng V (bare infinitive). ng qun dng thm please by t s lch s. V d: Let us go down town with him. (Chng ta hy xung ph vi anh y) Put this book on the table, please. (lm n quyn sch ny ln bn)

II. Mnh Lnh Cch ph nh Dng yu cu ai ng lm mt iu g. Ngi 1 s nhiu: LET US NOT + V hay LETS NOT + V Ngi 2 s t hay s nhiu: Dng DO NOT + V (bare infinitive) hay DONT + V (bare infinitive) v please din t s lch s. Lets not tell him about that. (Chng ta ng ni vi anh y v chuyn ) Please dont open that window. (Lm n ng m ca s y) Must, Have to Must v Have to u c ngha l phi. Ni chung chng ta c th dng Must v Have to u nh nhau. I must go now. I have to go now. (By gi ti phi i) Nhng cng c vi im khc nhau gia hai cch dng ny: Dng Must a ra nhng cm ngh ring ca mnh, iu mnh ngh cn phi lm. V d: I must write to my friend. (Ti phi vit th cho bn ti) The government really must do something about unemployments. (Tht ra chnh ph phi lm ci g cho nhng ngi tht nghip) Dng Have to khng phi ni v cm ngh ca mnh m ni v mt thc t phi nh vy. V d: Mr.Brown has to wear his glasses for reading. (ng Brown phi mang knh c) I cant go to the cinema, I have to work. (Ti khng i xem phim c, ti phi lm vic.) Must ch c th dng ni v hin ti v tng lai trong khi have to c th dng vi tt c cc th. Khi dng th ph nh hai t ny mang ngha khc nhau. Khi dng have to ta ch mun ni khng cn phi lm nh vy, nhng vi must bao hm mt ngha cm on. V d: You dont have to go out. (Anh khng phi ra ngoi) You mustnt go out (Anh khng c ra ngoi) Lu : khi dng have to th ph nh hay nghi vn ta dng tr ng t do ch khng phi thm not sau have hay chuyn have ln trc ch t. V d: Why do you have to go to hospital? (khng phi Why have you to go) (Ti sao anh phi n bnh vin?) He doesnt have to work on Sunday? (khng phi He hasnt to)

(Anh ta khng phi lm vic ngy ch nht) Mt s cu lch s (polite requests) Would you please + V: Would you please put this bag on the shelf ? Would you mind + V. ing: Would you mind putting this bag on the shelf ? I wonder if youd be kind enough to + V: I wonder if youd be kind enough to put this bag on the shelf ? May I + V: May I turn on the lights ? Do you mind if I + V: Do you mind if I turn on the lights ? Mt s cch cn phi c dng cn thn v rt khch so, thiu tnh thn mt. Unit 19. Future Tense (Th tng lai) Posted in March 3rd, 2009 by admin in Basic Grammar Future Tense l th tng lai. Chng ta dng will hoc shall thnh lp th tng lai. Dng will vi tt c cc ngi Ring ngi th nht c th dng will hay shall u c, c bit phi dng shall vi cu hi. will v shall c dch l s Khi vit th ph nh thm not sau will hoc shall. Khi vit th nghi vn chuyn will/shall ln trc ch t. will/shall thng c vit tt thnh ll. will not c vit tt thnh wont. shall not c vit tt thnh shant. V d: Ill help you to do it. (Ti s gip anh lm iu ). Dont your car start? Ill repaire it. (Xe anh khng n my c ? Ti s sa n.) Cch dng: Chng ta dng will/shall khi quyt nh lm iu g vo thi im ni hoc th ng dng trong cc tnh hung t mun lm iu g, ng hay t chi lm iu g, hoc ha hn iu g. V d: That bag looks heavy. Ill help you with it. (Ci b trng nng y. Ti s gip anh ) Ill lend you my book. (Ti s cho anh mn quyn sch ca ti ) Cu hi vi will/shall thng ng yu cu iu g . Will you shut the door, please? (Anh lm n ng dm cnh ca c khng?)

Will you please be quiet? Im studying. (Anh c vui lng im lng khng? Ti ang hc.) What shall I do? (Ti s lm g y?) Where shall we go this evening? (Chiu nay chng ta s i u?) Vocabulary not to Xt cu ny: Ti mun anh ng qun iu . Phn tch cu ny ta thy: Cu c hai ng t mun v qun, ng t chnh l mun, ng t th hai dng th ph nh. Ta bit trong cu c hai ng t ch c ng t chnh c chia ph hp vi ch t v th ca cu cn cc ng t theo sau c vit dng nguyn th c to. Nhng trong trng hp ny ng t th hai li dng th ph nh, y ta khng dng donot vit m dng not to. Cu trn c vit bng ting Anh nh sau: I want you not to forget that. Unit 20. Date and time (Ngy thng v thi gian) Posted in March 3rd, 2009 by admin in Basic Grammar Date Date l ngy thng, nht k. Cc th trong tun ting Anh c vit: Monday :Th Hai Tuesday :Th Ba Wednesday :Th T Thursday :Th Nm Friday :Th Su Saturday :Th By Sunday :Ch Nht Ngi ta thng vit tt bng cch vit ba ch u tin ca cc t ny. V d: Mon. = Monday, Tue. = Tuesday, Cc thng bao gm: January :Thng Ging February :Thng Hai March :Thng Ba April :Thng T May :Thng Nm June :Thng Su July :Thng By August :Thng Tm

September :Thng Chn October :Thng Mi November :Thng Mi Mt December :Thng Mi Hai vit ngy ngi Anh vit theo dng: Th + , + Thng + Ngy (S th t) + , + Nm V d: Monday, November 21st, 1992 (Th Hai ngy 21 thng Mi Mt nm 1992) c s ghi nm khng c theo cch c s bnh thng m bn ch s c chia i c. V d: 1992 = 19 v 92 = nineteen ninety two 1880 = 18 v 80 = eighteen eighty Cc t sau c dng ni v ngy thng: day :ngy week :tun month :thng day of week :ngy trong tun, th year :nm yesterday :hm qua today :hm nay tomorrow :ngy mai hi v ngy thng ta dng cu hi: Whats date today? (Hm nay ngy my?) Khi ni v ngy ta dng km vi cc gii t, khi dng cc gii t ny cch s dng khc nhau. V d ni vo ngy th hai, vo thng ging hay vo nm 1992,.. ta ni on Monday, in January, in 1992, Khi ni v ngy trong tun ta dng gii t on Khi ni v thng, nm ta dng gii t in. Time Time l thi gian. hi v thi gian ta dng cu hi: What time is it? (My gi ri?) hay hin nay ngi ta cng thng dng cu hi ny: Whats the time? (My gi ri?) ni v thi gian ta dng cc cch ni sau: Ngi ta dng it ni n gi gic. Nu ch ni n gi khng c pht ta dng oclock hoc c th ch cn vit s. V d:

Its five oclock (5 gi ri) He ussually gets up at five (Anh y thng dy lc nm gi) Nu ni n gi ln pht ta dng: past nu mun ni pht hn to nu mun ni km V d: Its five past two now. (By gi l hai gi nm pht) Its five to two now (By gi l hai gi km nm). Cc t sau c dng ni v thi gian hour :gi minute :pht second :giy Vocabulary the day before yesterday :ngy hm kia the day after tomorrow :ngy mt Ngi ta thng dng it ni n ngy thng, gi gic v thi tit. V d: Its lovely today. (khng phi Today is lovely) (Hm nay tri p) Its December now (By gi l thng Mi Hai Unit 21. Past simple (Th qu kh n) Posted in March 3rd, 2009 by admin in Basic Grammar Simple Past l th qu kh n. vit cu th Simple Past ta chia ng t dng past ca n. Hu ht cc ng t khi chia th qu kh u thm -ed cui ng t. V d: work, worked; like, liked; Cc ng t c th thm -ed to thnh th qu kh c gi l cc ng t c qui tc (Regular Verbs). Mt s ng t khi i sang dng qu kh s thay i lun c t. Cc ng t ny c gi l cc ng t bt qui tc (Irregular Verbs). bit cch chia cc ng t ny d nhin ta phi hc thuc lng. (Tham kh o bng ng t bt qui tc). Sau y l qu kh ca mt s ng t bt qui tc m ta bit. to be :was (s t), were (s nhiu) to do :did to have :had can :could may :might will :would

shall :should to go :went to see :saw to write :wrote to speak :spoke to say :said to tell :told to get :got to come :came to feel :felt to know :knew to let :let to lend :lent to hear :heard to hold :held to meet :met to stand :stood to mean :meant to read /rid/ :read /red/ to sit :sat to take :took to think :thought * Chng ta dng th Simple Past ch mt s vic xy ra v kt thc ti mt thi im xc nh trong qu kh. Cc cu ny thng c mt trng t ch thi gian i cng. V d: I went to cinema yesterday. (Hm qua ti i xem phim) They worked hard last night. (Ti qua h lm vic vt v) * vit cu dng ph nh hay nghi vn ta cng dng do dng qu kh tc did, lc ny ng t tr v dng nguyn th ca n. V d: I wasnt able to come to your house last night. (Ti qua ti khng n nh anh c) What did you do yesterday? (Hm qua anh lm g?) When did he come here? (Anh ta n khi no?) Did you travel last? Yes, I did. (Nm ngoi anh c i du lch khng? C, ti c i) REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS

Reflexive Pronoun l phn thn i danh t. Chng ta dng phn thn i danh t khi ch t v tc t cng ch mt i tng. C th dch cc phn thn i danh t vi ngha mnh, t mnh, chnh mnh. Cc phn thn i danh t trong ting Anh c vit nh sau: Pronoun Reflexive Pronoun S t I myself You yourself He himself She herself It itself S nhiu We ourselves You yourselves They themselves V d: Tom is shaving and he cuts himself. (khng phi he cuts him) (Tom ang co ru v anh ta ct phi mnh). The old man is talking to himself. (ng gi ang tr chuyn vi chnh mnh) Ngi ta cng dng cc phn thn i danh t nhn mnh. V d: Who repaired your bicycle for you? Nobody. I repaired it myself. (Ai sa xe p cho bn vy?Chng c ai c. Chnh ti t sa ly.) The film itself wasnt very good but I liked the music. (Bn thn b phim th khng hay lm nhng ti thch phn nhc) I dont think Tom will get the job. Tom himself doesnt think hell get it. (Ti khng ngh Tom s tm c vic lm. Chnh Tom cn khng ngh anh ta s tm c na l.) He himself strike me. (Chnh hn nh ti). Unit 22. My own (Ca ring ti) Posted in March 3rd, 2009 by admin in Basic Grammar Dng own ch ci g ca ring mnh, khng chia s v khng vay mn ca ai, nh: my own house (ngi nh ca ring ti) his own car (chic xe ca ring anh y) her own room (phng ring ca c y) Own lun i trc danh t v sau i tnh t s hu. V do ngha ca n ta ch c th ni my own, his own, your own, ch khng ni an own V d: Many people in England have their own house.

(khng ni an own house) (Nhiu ngi nc Anh c nh ring). I dont want to share with anyone. I want my own room. (Ti khng mun chia s vi ai ht. Ti mun cn phng ca ring ti) Why do you want to borrow my car? Why cant you use your own car? (Sao anh li mun mn xe ti? Sao anh khng dng xe ca mnh?) Chng ta cng c th dng own ni t mnh lm iu g thay v ngi khc lm cho mnh. V d: Ann always cut her own hair. (Ann lun lun t ct tc cho mnh) Do you grow your own vegetables? (T anh trng rau ly ?) ON MY OWN, BY MYSELF Cc thnh ng on+tnh t s hu+own nh on my own, on your own, on his own, v by+reflexive pronoun nh by myself, by yourself, by himself, u c ngha l mt mnh. V d: I like to live on my own I like to live by myself (Ti mun sng mt mnh) Hes sitting on his own in a cafe Hes sitting in a cafe by himself. (Anh ta ngi mt mnh trong qun c ph) She went to church on her own. She went to church by herself. (C ta i nh th mt mnh) Unit 23. Prepositions (Gii t) Posted in March 3rd, 2009 by admin in Basic Grammar Gii t trong ting Anh gi l preposition. Gii t l nhng t i vi danh t hay mt gi danh t ch s lin h gia cc danh t y vi mt ch no khc trong cu. Cc gii t ta bit nh: on, in, at, out, for, to, Trong ting Anh cc gii t khng nhiu lm nhng cch s dng chng th rt phc tp v hu nh khng theo mt quy lut no. Cc gii t khng c mt ngha c nh m ty thuc vo cc ch trong cu v vn cnh cu ni m ta dch ngha sao cho ph hp. Xt cc v d: He works in the room (in = trong) (Anh ta lm vic trong phng) The children play in the garden. (in = ngoi) (Bn tr chi ngoi vn) We live in VietNam. (in = )

(Chng ta sng Vit Nam) They swim in the river. (in = di) (H bi di sng) He lay in the bed. (in = trn) (Anh nm trn ging) I get up in the morning. (in = vo) (Ti thc dy vo bui sng) He speaks in English. (in = bng) (Anh ta ni bng ting Anh) Mt iu kh khn na l c mt s cu vi ting Vit ta khng cn dng gii t nhng ting Anh th li c gii t i theo. V d: He is angry with me. (Anh y gin ti) V vy s dng gii t cho ng ta ch c cch tra t in ri hc thuc lng. Ni chung, khi ni n mt ngi hay vt no ngi Vit thng ly chnh mnh lm trung tm im, tri li ngi Anh thng ly ngi hay vt lm trung tm im. V d: The children play in the garden. (Bn tr chi ngoi vn) Ngi Vit ni ngoi vn v i vi ngi ang ni th h ng ngoi khu vn. Ngi Anh ni trong (in) v i vi cc a tr th chng trong khu vn ch khng phi ngoi khu vn. Quan st thm cc cu sau y nhn ra s khc nhau gia ting Anh v ting Vit. The light hangs under the ceiling (Ci n treo di trn nh) The pen falls on the ground. (Cy vit ri xung t) The boy lay on the ground. (Thng b nm trn t). Mt s ng t khi theo sau bi mt gii t li c ngha hon ton khc. Mt trng hp ta gp l ng t to look. to look :trng, c v to look at :nhn to look for :tm to look after :chm sc i vi cc ng t ny chng ta bt buc phi thuc cch s dng chng vi tng gii t ring bit. Vocabulary between, among C hai gii t ny u c ngha l gia.

Chng ta dng between khi mun ni gia hai ci. V d: The teacher is standing between Tom and Ann. (Thy gio ang ng gia Tom v Ann). among : gia, trong s, c dng khi mun ni gia nhiu ci. V d: He is standing among the crowd. (Anh ta ang ng gia m ng). across, through Hai gii t ny u c ngha l ngang qua. Dng through khi ni n ng i quanh co hn. V d: He walks across the road. (Anh ta bng qua ng) We walk through the woods. (Chng i xuyn qua rng) (i qua rng th quanh co hn i qua ng). to give to give :cho to give up :ngng, thi V d: She gives me a book. (C ta cho ti mt quyn sch). Hes given up smoking. (Anh ta ngng ht thuc). with with c ngha l vi, cng vi V d: I go to cinema with Mary. (Ti i xem phim cng vi Mary) Khi ni lm mt hnh ng no bng mt b phn ca thn th ta cng dng with. V d: We watch with our eyes. (Chng ta xem bng mt) He holds it with his hand. (Anh cm n bng tay). Lu : khi ni n mt b phn ca thn th ng thiu tnh t s hu. V d: Chng ta phi ni: We eat with our mouth. (Chng ta n bng ming ca chng ta) Ch khng ni: We eat with the mouth. Unit 24. Comparison of Adjectives and adverbs (So snh ca tnh t v trng t)

Posted in March 3rd, 2009 by admin in Basic Grammar COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS Ghi ch: Cc cch so snh ca tnh t u p dng c cho trng t (adverbs). tin li hn, trong phn ny chng ti gi chung l tnh t. Khi a vo so snh tnh t c ba mc : mc nguyn th (positive degree), mc so snh (comparative degree) v mc cc cp (superlative degree). Cc hnh thc so snh hn, bng, km, u da trn cc mc ny. Ngi Vit Nam khi hc ting Anh quen gi l th so snh hn, so snh bng, so snh km v so snh nht. Cch gi ny c khi khng thch h p v khng th so snh mt ngi hay vt tnh trng nht c. Tuy nhin cch gi ny qu quen thuc nn chng ti cng tm thi sp xp theo cc cch gi y. Trong cc dng so snh ta cn c khi nim tnh t di v tnh t ngn. Tnh t ngn (short adjectives) l tnh t mt vn (syllable) v nhng tnh t hai vn nhng tn cng bng ph m + Y. Tnh t di (long adjectives) l nhng tnh t hai vn cn li v cc tnh t t ba vn tr ln. I. Thay i hnh thc khi thm ER hay EST 1. Tnh t tn cng bng ph m + Y: Chuyn Y thnh I trc khi thm ER/EST. V d: happy - happier/happiest; dirty - dirtier/dirtiest nhng grey - greyer/greyest; gay - gayer/gayest 2. Tnh t tn cng bng 1 nguyn m + 1 ph m: Gp i ph m cui trc khi thm ER/EST. V d: thin - thinner/thinnest; big - bigger/biggest nhng green - greener/greenest 3. Tnh t tn cng bng E: B E trc khi thm ER/EST: ripe - riper/ripest ; white - whiter/whitest. II. Th so snh hn (Comparison of Superiority) Tnh t ngn: adj. + ER (than) Tnh t di: more adj. (than) long - longer ; beautiful - more beautiful Harry is older than William. Alice is more careful than her brother. III. Th so snh bng (Comparison of Equality) Bng: as adjective as Khng bng: not so (as) adjective as

This garden is as large as ours. (Khu vn ny ln bng khu vun ca chng ti.) She is as careful as her sister. (C y cn thn hn ch c y) It is not so (as) hot as it was yesterday. (Tri khng nng bng ngy hm qua) David is not so (as) careful as Kathy. (David khng cn thn bng Kathy.) IV. Th so snh km (Comparison of Inferiority) less adjective (than) It is less cold today than it was yesterday. Ngy hm nay t lnh hn ngy hm qua. Tuy nhin, trong ting Anh ngi ta thng t s dng cu trc so snh km ny. Thay vo , ngi ta dng cu trc so snh bng. V d: Thay v ni: This table is less long than that one. Ngi ta ni: This table is not so (as) long as that one. V. Th so snh cc cp (Superlative) Tnh t ngn: the adj.+ EST Tnh t di: the most adjective clear - the clearest; sweet - the sweetest interesting - the most interesting; splendid - the most splendid VI. Cc tnh t (trng t) c bit Positive Comparative Superlative good/well better best bad/ill worse worst little less (lesser) least near nearer nearest (next) many/much more most far farther (further) farthest (furthest) late later (latter) latest (last) old older (elder) oldest (eldest) (out) outer (utter) outmost (utmost) outermost (uttermost) (up) upper uppermost (in) inner inmost, innermost (fore) former foremost, first VII. Th so snh kp (Double Comparative) Khi cn din t nhng ngh nh cng. cng ngi ta dng th so snh kp (double comparative). Th so snh kp c to thnh ty theo s lng m ta mun din t.

Nu ch c mt ta dng: i vi tnh t ngn: (adjective) and (adjective) It is getting hotter and hotter. (Tri cng ngy cng nng) His voice became weaker and weaker. (Ging ni ca anh ta cng ngy cng yu) i vi tnh t di: more and more adjective The storm became more and more violent. (Cn bo cng ngy cng d di) The lessons are getting more and more difficult. (Bi hc cng ngy cng kh) Nu c hai ta dng The (adjective), the (adjective). cho c tnh t ngn ln tnh t di. (Lu rng trong cc cu trc trn (adjective) c ngha l tnh t th so snh hn). The sooner this is done, the better it is. (Chuyn ny lm cng sm cng tt) The older the boy is, the wiser he is. (Thng b cng ln cng thng thi) VIII. Ghi ch v cc th so snh ca tnh t 1. Well l mt trng t (adverb). Tuy vy n li l mt tnh t v ng (predicative adjective) trong cc thnh ng nh: I am very well, He looks/feels well. 2. In, up, out l nhng trng t (adverbs). Tuy th dng so snh hn v so snh cc cp ca cc t ny li l cc tnh t. V th trong ng php hin i cc dng ny c xem nh c lin quan rt t n t gc ca n. 3. Lesser l dng so snh hn c, ch thy trong thi ca. 4. Nearest cp n khong cch trong khi next ni n th t trc sau. 5. Farther/farthest cp n khong cch khng gian trong khi further/furthest - d c th dng thay cho farther/farthest - cng c ngha l hn na, thm vo. 6. Older/oldest c th dng c cho ngi ln cho vt. Elder v eldest ch dng cho cc thnh vin trong mt gia nh v ch dng nh mt tnh t thuc tnh (attributive adjectives). My elder brother is three years older than me. 7. Latter c ngha l ci / vt / ngi th hai trong hai ngi/vt. N phn ngha vi former. He studied French and German. The former language he speaks very well, but the latter one only imperfectly. Last c ngha l sau cht, sau cng. Hes the last student that came this morning. Latest c ngha l gn y nht, ci sau cng tnh n hin ti. The latest news. 8. Khi c hai ngi hay hai vt c a ra so snh, ta dng th so snh hn. D vy, trong mt s trng hp vn ni ngi ta cng dng th so snh nht cho hai ngi hay vt.

Unit 25. Perfect Tenses (Th hon thnh) Posted in March 3rd, 2009 by admin in Basic Grammar I. Cch thnh lp: Cc th hon thnh (perfect) c chung mt cch thnh lp: (have) + past participle Past Participle l qu kh phn t. Cc ng t trong ting Anh c hai dng qu kh l qu kh thng (Past) v qu kh phn t (Past Participle). i vi cc ng c quy tc qu kh phn t cng c thnh lp bng cch thm ui -ed nh qu kh thng, ring cc ng t bt quy tc c vit khc. V d, sau y l qu kh v qu kh phn t ca mt s ng t bt quy tc: Verb Past Past participle to be was (s t), been were (s nhiu) been to do did done to have had had can could may might will would shall should to go went gone to see saw seen to write wrote written to speak spoke spoken to say said said Ty theo th ca (have) m ta c 3 th hon thnh khc nhau: hin ti hon thnh (present perfect), qu kh hon thnh (past perfect) v tng lai hon thnh (future perfect). V d: to open present perfect : You have opened past perfect : She had opened future perfect : They will have opened to do present perfect : You have done past perfect : She had done future perfect : They will have done II. S dng th Hin ti hon thnh ( Present Perfect) 1. din t mt hnh ng xy ra nhng khng xc nh thi gian. V d:

I have seen this film before. (Ti xem phim ny trc y) So snh vi: I saw this film last month. (Ti xem phim ny thng va ri) 2. din t mt hnh ng xy ra trong qu kh nhng cha kt thc, cn ko di n hin ti. I have learned English for two years (v by gi vn cn hc) Ti hc ting Anh c hai nm. So snh vi: I learned English for two years. (nhng gi khng cn h c na) 3. Thng dng vi mt s t hoc ng: since, for, already, yet, ever, never, so far, up to now, lately I have already explained that. Ti gii thch chuyn y ri. III. S dng th Qu kh hon thnh (Past Perfect) Th Qu kh hon thnh dng din t mt hnh ng hon tt trong qu kh nh ng trc mt hnh ng qu kh khc, hay trc mt thi im qu kh khc. V th, th ny cn c gi l th tin qu kh. Th ny thng dng vi gii t BY v cu trc by the time (that) By the time I left, I had taught that class for ten years. He had never visited London before his retirement. IV. S dng th Tng lai hon thnh ( Future Perfect) Th Tng lai hon thnh ( Future Perfect) din t mt hnh ng s xy ra trong tng lai nhng: trc mt hnh ng tng lai khc, hay trc mt thi im tng lai. Cng nh th Qu kh hon thnh (Past perfect), th ny thng dng vi gii t BY v cu trc by the time (that). The taxi will have arrived by the time you finish dressing. Vo lc anh mc xong th hn taxi n ri. In another year or so, you will have forgotten all about him. u chng mt nm na l anh hn qun ht v anh ta. Unit 26. Question tags (Cu hi ui) Posted in March 3rd, 2009 by admin in Basic Grammar Xt cu sau: It was a good film, wasnt it? ( l mt b phim hay, phi khng?) Cu ny gm c hai phn c ngn cch nhau bng du phy. Phn th nht c vit th xc nh (Positive). Phn th hai th nghi vn ph nh. Phn nghi vn ny c thnh lp bng ch t ca phn th nht v tr ng t ca phn th nht. Dng cu hi ny c gi l cu hi ui (Question Tag).

Phn cu hi ny c th dch l phi khng, phi khng no hay cch khc ty thuc vo cu ni. Cu hi c dng nghi vn ph nh nu phn th nht l xc nh. Cu hi c dng nghi vn nu phn th nht l ph nh. Xem k cc v d sau: Tom wont be late, will he? (Tom s khng b tr, phi khng?) They dont like us, do they? (H khng thch chng ti, phi khng?) Ann will be here soon, wont she? (Chng bao lu na Ann s c mt y, phi khng?) They were very angry, werent they? (H gin lm phi khng?) ngha ca cu hi ui cn ty thuc vo cch chng ta ni. Nu c xung ging cui cu hi th thc s chng ta khng mun hi m l chng ta ang trng ch ngi ta ng vi iu mnh ni. Khi ln ging cui cu hi th mi l mt cu hi tht s . Chng ta cng cn ngha ca cu tr li Yes hoc No i vi cu hi ui. Xt trng hp ny: Youre not going to work today, are you? (Hm nay bn khng c lm vic ?) Yes. (=I am going) (C) No. (= Im not going) (Khng) i vi cc cu mnh lnh cu hi ui dng tr ng t will hoc shall. V d: Lets go out, shall we? (Chng ta i ra ngoi i, c khng?) Open the door, will you? (M ca ra i, c khng?) Dont be late, will you? (ng tr, nh?) Lu : trong cu hi ui ta dng arent I ch khng phi am I not?. V d: Im late, arent I? (Ti n tr, phi khng?) Unit 24. Comparison of Adjectives and adverbs (So snh ca tnh t v trng t) Posted in March 3rd, 2009 by admin in Basic Grammar COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS Ghi ch: Cc cch so snh ca tnh t u p dng c cho trng t (adverbs). tin li hn, trong phn ny chng ti gi chung l tnh t. Khi a vo so snh tnh t c ba mc : mc nguyn th (positive degree), mc so snh (comparative degree) v mc cc cp (superlative degree). Cc hnh thc so snh hn, bng, km, u da trn cc mc ny. Ngi Vit Nam khi hc ting Anh quen gi l th so snh hn, so snh bng, so snh km v so snh nht. Cch gi ny c khi khng thch h p v khng th so snh mt

ngi hay vt tnh trng nht c. Tuy nhin cch gi ny qu quen thuc nn chng ti cng tm thi sp xp theo cc cch gi y. Trong cc dng so snh ta cn c khi nim tnh t di v tnh t ngn. Tnh t ngn (short adjectives) l tnh t mt vn (syllable) v nhng tnh t hai vn nhng tn cng bng ph m + Y. Tnh t di (long adjectives) l nhng tnh t hai vn cn li v cc tnh t t ba vn tr ln. I. Thay i hnh thc khi thm ER hay EST 1. Tnh t tn cng bng ph m + Y: Chuyn Y thnh I trc khi thm ER/EST. V d: happy - happier/happiest; dirty - dirtier/dirtiest nhng grey - greyer/greyest; gay - gayer/gayest 2. Tnh t tn cng bng 1 nguyn m + 1 ph m: Gp i ph m cui trc khi thm ER/EST. V d: thin - thinner/thinnest; big - bigger/biggest nhng green - greener/greenest 3. Tnh t tn cng bng E: B E trc khi thm ER/EST: ripe - riper/ripest ; white - whiter/whitest. II. Th so snh hn (Comparison of Superiority) Tnh t ngn: adj. + ER (than) Tnh t di: more adj. (than) long - longer ; beautiful - more beautiful Harry is older than William. Alice is more careful than her brother. III. Th so snh bng (Comparison of Equality) Bng: as adjective as Khng bng: not so (as) adjective as This garden is as large as ours. (Khu vn ny ln bng khu vun ca chng ti.) She is as careful as her sister. (C y cn thn hn ch c y) It is not so (as) hot as it was yesterday. (Tri khng nng bng ngy hm qua) David is not so (as) careful as Kathy. (David khng cn thn bng Kathy.) IV. Th so snh km (Comparison of Inferiority) less adjective (than) It is less cold today than it was yesterday.

Ngy hm nay t lnh hn ngy hm qua. Tuy nhin, trong ting Anh ngi ta thng t s dng cu trc so snh km ny. Thay vo , ngi ta dng cu trc so snh bng. V d: Thay v ni: This table is less long than that one. Ngi ta ni: This table is not so (as) long as that one. V. Th so snh cc cp (Superlative) Tnh t ngn: the adj.+ EST Tnh t di: the most adjective clear - the clearest; sweet - the sweetest interesting - the most interesting; splendid - the most splendid VI. Cc tnh t (trng t) c bit Positive Comparative Superlative good/well better best bad/ill worse worst little less (lesser) least near nearer nearest (next) many/much more most far farther (further) farthest (furthest) late later (latter) latest (last) old older (elder) oldest (eldest) (out) outer (utter) outmost (utmost) outermost (uttermost) (up) upper uppermost (in) inner inmost, innermost (fore) former foremost, first VII. Th so snh kp (Double Comparative) Khi cn din t nhng ngh nh cng. cng ngi ta dng th so snh kp (double comparative). Th so snh kp c to thnh ty theo s lng m ta mun din t. Nu ch c mt ta dng: i vi tnh t ngn: (adjective) and (adjective) It is getting hotter and hotter. (Tri cng ngy cng nng) His voice became weaker and weaker. (Ging ni ca anh ta cng ngy cng yu) i vi tnh t di: more and more adjective The storm became more and more violent. (Cn bo cng ngy cng d di) The lessons are getting more and more difficult. (Bi hc cng ngy cng kh)

Nu c hai ta dng The (adjective), the (adjective). cho c tnh t ngn ln tnh t di. (Lu rng trong cc cu trc trn (adjective) c ngha l tnh t th so snh hn). The sooner this is done, the better it is. (Chuyn ny lm cng sm cng tt) The older the boy is, the wiser he is. (Thng b cng ln cng thng thi) VIII. Ghi ch v cc th so snh ca tnh t 1. Well l mt trng t (adverb). Tuy vy n li l mt tnh t v ng (predicative adjective) trong cc thnh ng nh: I am very well, He looks/feels well. 2. In, up, out l nhng trng t (adverbs). Tuy th dng so snh hn v so snh cc cp ca cc t ny li l cc tnh t. V th trong ng php hin i cc dng ny c xem nh c lin quan rt t n t gc ca n. 3. Lesser l dng so snh hn c, ch thy trong thi ca. 4. Nearest cp n khong cch trong khi next ni n th t trc sau. 5. Farther/farthest cp n khong cch khng gian trong khi further/furthest - d c th dng thay cho farther/farthest - cng c ngha l hn na, thm vo. 6. Older/oldest c th dng c cho ngi ln cho vt. Elder v eldest ch dng cho cc thnh vin trong mt gia nh v ch dng nh mt tnh t thuc tnh (attributive adjectives). My elder brother is three years older than me. 7. Latter c ngha l ci / vt / ngi th hai trong hai ngi/vt. N phn ngha vi former. He studied French and German. The former language he speaks very well, but the latter one only imperfectly. Last c ngha l sau cht, sau cng. Hes the last student that came this morning. Latest c ngha l gn y nht, ci sau cng tnh n hin ti. The latest news. 8. Khi c hai ngi hay hai vt c a ra so snh, ta dng th so snh hn. D vy, trong mt s trng hp vn ni ngi ta cng dng th so snh nht cho hai ngi hay vt. Unit 25. Perfect Tenses (Th hon thnh) Posted in March 3rd, 2009 by admin in Basic Grammar I. Cch thnh lp: Cc th hon thnh (perfect) c chung mt cch thnh lp: (have) + past participle Past Participle l qu kh phn t. Cc ng t trong ting Anh c hai dng qu kh l qu kh thng (Past) v qu kh phn t (Past Participle). i vi cc ng c quy tc qu kh phn t cng c thnh lp bng cch thm ui -ed nh qu kh thng, ring cc ng t bt quy tc c vit khc. V d, sau y l qu kh v qu kh phn t ca mt s ng t bt quy tc: Verb Past Past participle

to be was (s t), been were (s nhiu) been to do did done to have had had can could may might will would shall should to go went gone to see saw seen to write wrote written to speak spoke spoken to say said said Ty theo th ca (have) m ta c 3 th hon thnh khc nhau: hin ti hon thnh (present perfect), qu kh hon thnh (past perfect) v tng lai hon thnh (future perfect). V d: to open present perfect : You have opened past perfect : She had opened future perfect : They will have opened to do present perfect : You have done past perfect : She had done future perfect : They will have done II. S dng th Hin ti hon thnh ( Present Perfect) 1. din t mt hnh ng xy ra nhng khng xc nh thi gian. V d: I have seen this film before. (Ti xem phim ny trc y) So snh vi: I saw this film last month. (Ti xem phim ny thng va ri) 2. din t mt hnh ng xy ra trong qu kh nhng cha kt thc, cn ko di n hin ti. I have learned English for two years (v by gi vn cn hc) Ti hc ting Anh c hai nm. So snh vi: I learned English for two years. (nhng gi khng cn h c na) 3. Thng dng vi mt s t hoc ng: since, for, already, yet, ever, never, so far, up to now, lately I have already explained that.

Ti gii thch chuyn y ri. III. S dng th Qu kh hon thnh (Past Perfect) Th Qu kh hon thnh dng din t mt hnh ng hon tt trong qu kh nh ng trc mt hnh ng qu kh khc, hay trc mt thi im qu kh khc. V th, th ny cn c gi l th tin qu kh. Th ny thng dng vi gii t BY v cu trc by the time (that) By the time I left, I had taught that class for ten years. He had never visited London before his retirement. IV. S dng th Tng lai hon thnh ( Future Perfect) Th Tng lai hon thnh ( Future Perfect) din t mt hnh ng s xy ra trong tng lai nhng: trc mt hnh ng tng lai khc, hay trc mt thi im tng lai. Cng nh th Qu kh hon thnh (Past perfect), th ny thng dng vi gii t BY v cu trc by the time (that). The taxi will have arrived by the time you finish dressing. Vo lc anh mc xong th hn taxi n ri. In another year or so, you will have forgotten all about him. u chng mt nm na l anh hn qun ht v anh ta. Unit 26. Question tags (Cu hi ui) Posted in March 3rd, 2009 by admin in Basic Grammar Xt cu sau: It was a good film, wasnt it? ( l mt b phim hay, phi khng?) Cu ny gm c hai phn c ngn cch nhau bng du phy. Phn th nht c vit th xc nh (Positive). Phn th hai th nghi vn ph nh. Phn nghi vn ny c thnh lp bng ch t ca phn th nht v tr ng t ca phn th nht. Dng cu hi ny c gi l cu hi ui (Question Tag). Phn cu hi ny c th dch l phi khng, phi khng no hay cch khc ty thuc vo cu ni. Cu hi c dng nghi vn ph nh nu phn th nht l xc nh. Cu hi c dng nghi vn nu phn th nht l ph nh. Xem k cc v d sau: Tom wont be late, will he? (Tom s khng b tr, phi khng?) They dont like us, do they? (H khng thch chng ti, phi khng?) Ann will be here soon, wont she? (Chng bao lu na Ann s c mt y, phi khng?) They were very angry, werent they?

(H gin lm phi khng?) ngha ca cu hi ui cn ty thuc vo cch chng ta ni. Nu c xung ging cui cu hi th thc s chng ta khng mun hi m l chng ta ang trng ch ngi ta ng vi iu mnh ni. Khi ln ging cui cu hi th mi l mt cu hi tht s . Chng ta cng cn ngha ca cu tr li Yes hoc No i vi cu hi ui. Xt trng hp ny: Youre not going to work today, are you? (Hm nay bn khng c lm vic ?) Yes. (=I am going) (C) No. (= Im not going) (Khng) i vi cc cu mnh lnh cu hi ui dng tr ng t will hoc shall. V d: Lets go out, shall we? (Chng ta i ra ngoi i, c khng?) Open the door, will you? (M ca ra i, c khng?) Dont be late, will you? (ng tr, nh?) Lu : trong cu hi ui ta dng arent I ch khng phi am I not?. V d: Im late, arent I? (Ti n tr, phi khng?) Unit 27. Passive Voice ( Th b ng) Posted in March 3rd, 2009 by admin in Basic Grammar Passive Voice l th b ng hay b ng cch. Tt c cc cu m chng ta vit l th ch ng (Active Voice). Trong th ch ng ch t l k pht sinh ra hnh ng, th b ng ch t l k chu tc ng ca hnh ng , hnh ng ny c th do mt i tng no gy ra. Trong ting Vit ta dng th b ng bng cc t c hoc b. Xt v d sau: Active - The teacher punish the pupils. (Thy gio pht cc hc sinh) Passive - The pupils are punished. (Cc hc sinh b pht.) Passive Voice c thnh lp theo cu trc: to be + Past Participle ng t to be phi c chia ph hp vi ch t v th ca cu. Nu chng ta mun ni r hn i tng no gy ra hnh ng ta dng by. V d: The pupils are punished by teacher. (Cc hc sinh b pht bi thy gio) Sau cc ng t nh will, can, must, v have to, be going to, ta dng to be dng nguyn th ca n. Xem k cc v d sau: The new hotel will be opened next year.

(Khch sn mi s c m vo nm ti.) The music at the party was very loud and could be heard from far away. (Nhc bui tic m rt ln v c th nghe t xa) This room is going to be painted next week. (Cn phng ny sp c sn vo tun ti.) Nh rng vi Passive Voice th ca cu thng c xc nh bi ng t to be. Xem cch dng Passive Voice cc th nh sau: Simple Present Somebody cleans this room - This room is cleaned. Present Continuous Somebody is cleaning this room. - This room is being cleaned. Simple Past Somebody cleaned this room. - This room was cleaned. Present Perfect Somebody has cleaned this room. - This room has been cleaned. Simple Future Somebody will clean this room - This room will be cleaned. Get i khi ngi ta dng get thay cho be trong Passive Voice. V d: This room get cleaned often. (Cn phng ny thng c lau.) Dng get trong Passive Voice ni iu g xy ra vi ai hay vi ci g, thng th hnh ng khng c d nh trc m xy ra tnh c, nh: The dog got run over by a car. (Con ch b mt chic xe hi cn phi.) Nhng khng phi lc no cng c th thay be bng get. V d: George is liked by everyone. (George c thch bi mi ngi) (=Mi ngi u thch Goerge.) Trong cu ny ta khng c thay be bng get. It is said that, He is said to Trong ting Anh ngi ta thng dng Passive Voice trong cc trng hp m ngi Vit khng h dng.

Chng ta xt y hai mu c bit ca cch dng ny: It is said that c th dch : ngi ta ni rng He is said to : ngi ta ni rng anh ta V d: It is said that youve just built a large house. - Youre said to have built a large house. (Ngi ta ni anh mi va xy mt cn nh rng lm.) It is said that hes very old. - Hes sa