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~1~ Topic 12: Nuclear Chemistry Regents Chemistry Mr. Mancuso Nuclear chemistry focuses on the changes ____________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ Radiation Elements with atomic numbers from _______________________________ are stable. o Elements with higher atomic numbers are generally unstable And can be identified by __________________________________________________ Radioisotopes: ________________________________________________________________ An unstable (radioactive) nucleus will spontaneously __________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ In high doses, radiation may ______________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ Radiation may _________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________

Topic 12: Chemistry - hamburgschools.org · Topic 12: Nuclear Chemistry ... 2. Organic molecules react to form a product. ... 5/31/2016 10:22:50 AM

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Page 1: Topic 12: Chemistry - hamburgschools.org · Topic 12: Nuclear Chemistry ... 2. Organic molecules react to form a product. ... 5/31/2016 10:22:50 AM

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Topic 12:  Nuclear Chemistry 

Regents Chemistry Mr. Mancuso 

Nuclear chemistry focuses on the changes ____________________________________________  ______________________________________________________________________________   

______________________________________________________________________________    

Radiation  

Elements with atomic numbers from _______________________________ are stable.  

o Elements with higher atomic numbers are generally unstable  And can be identified by __________________________________________________ 

  

Radioisotopes:  ________________________________________________________________   

An unstable (radioactive) nucleus will spontaneously __________________________________  _____________________________________________________________________________  _____________________________________________________________________________ 

  

In high doses, radiation may ______________________________________________________   

_____________________________________________________________________________   

Radiation may _________________________________________________________________  _____________________________________________________________________________  ______________________________________________________________________________ 

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Transmutations and Radioactive Decay  

Transmutation:    ______________________________________________________________________________   ______________________________________________________________________________ 

  

o Two types:   Natural Transmutations 

 _________________________________________________________________  _________________________________________________________________  

 

    

                                          9                                                                            Be                                                 

                                         4                      

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  Belt of stability:  

     

Artificial Transmutations  _________________________________________________________________  _________________________________________________________________ 

      

             1                                                 9                                           H                   +                              Be                                                 

            1                                               4                     

 

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Reference Table O    Lists specific types of radioactive decay   

Bombardments vs. Emissions    Bombardments_____________________________________________________        ______________________________________________________     Emissions  ______________________________________________________        ______________________________________________________ 

    

o Alpha decay  When an unstable nucleus emits an alpha (α) particle  Law of conservation of mass 

  226          Ra       88                

  

o Alpha bombardment  When an alpha particle collides into an atom with sufficient energy 

  

214          Pb      82            

  

 

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o Beta decay  When an unstable nucleus emits a beta (β) particle   

214          Pb       82            

      

 o Positron emission 

When an unstable nucleus emits a positron   

  37          K       19            

                      

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Writing Nuclear Equations  

1) Bombardment of aluminum‐27 by alpha particles produces phosphorus‐30 and one other particle.  Write the nuclear equation for this reaction and identify the other particle. 

         

2) Plutonium‐238 can be produced by bombarding uranium‐238 with alpha particles.  How many neutrons will be produced by a product of each reaction?  Write the nuclear equation for this reaction. 

         

3) When bombardment with neutrons, cobalt‐59 is converted to cobalt‐60.  What is the nuclear equation for this reaction? 

         

4) One method for producing plutonium‐238 is by bombarding uranium‐238 with deuterium (hydrogen‐2), which produces neptunium‐238 and 2 neutrons.  The unstable neptunium then decays to form plutonium‐238.  Write the nuclear equations for this two step reaction.  What other particle is produced in the second reaction? 

      

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5) Neutron bombardment of plutonium‐239 yields americium‐240 and another particle.  Write the nuclear equation and identity of the other particle produced. 

          

6) Alpha‐particle bombardment of plutonium‐239 produces a neutron and another isotope.  Write the nuclear equation for this reaction and identify the isotope. 

          

7) One possible result of the impact of a neutron on a uranium‐235 nucleus is the splitting of the uranium into tellurium‐137, zirconium‐97, and two other particles.  Write the nuclear equation for this reaction and identify the two other particles. 

          

8) When bombarded with neutrons, lithium‐6 produces an alpha particle and an isotope of hydrogen.  Write the nuclear equation for this reaction.  What isotope of hydrogen is produced? 

        

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9) With what particle would you bombard sulfur‐32 to produce hydrogen‐1 and phosphorus‐32?  Write the appropriate nuclear equation. 

            

10) With what particle would you bombard bismuth‐209 to produce astatine‐211 and 2 neutrons?  Express this reaction in the form of a nuclear equation. 

  

                           

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Fission, Fusion, & Nuclear Energy  

Fission Reactions  

o __________________________________________________________________  __________________________________________________________________    

o __________________________________________________________________    

o Produces:    ______________________________________________________  

______________________________________________________  ______________________________________________________  ______________________________________________________   

o __________________________________________________________________   

o Used in: ___________________________________________________________                 

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Fusion Reactions  

o __________________________________________________________________  __________________________________________________________________             

o __________________________________________________________________    

o Produces __________________________________________________________  __________________________________________________________________   

o Occurs ____________________________________________________________   

o __________________________________________________________________              

 

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Nuclear Energy  

o In both fission and fusion reactions, the mass of the products is  __________________________________________________________________  __________________________________________________________________    

o __________________________________________________________________  __________________________________________________________________     

E  =  mc2   

                 

Page 14: Topic 12: Chemistry - hamburgschools.org · Topic 12: Nuclear Chemistry ... 2. Organic molecules react to form a product. ... 5/31/2016 10:22:50 AM

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Half‐Life  

The time required for the number of atoms in a substance to decrease by half  

Key:  Find out times the substance has decayed 

  Guided Practice:  

1) Cr‐51 has a half life of 28 days.  If it originally had a mass of 52.0 g, what would its mass be after 140 days?      

   

2) How much Cr‐51 was originally present if 0.75 mg remain after 168 days?        

 3) What is the half‐life of 200Hg if a 900.0 g sample decays to 112.5 g in 2250 years? 

    

    

4) Iodine‐131 has a half‐life of 8.07 days.  What fraction will remain after 32.28 days? 

   

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Half‐Life of Radioactive Isotopes  

Guided Practice:

1) A 50.0 g sample of 16N decays to 12.5 g in 14.4 seconds.  What is its half life?           

2) The half‐life of 42K is 12.4 hours.  How much of a 750. g sample is left after 62.0 hours?            

3) The half‐life of 232Th is 1.4 x 1010 years.  If there are 25.0 g of the sample left after 2.8 x 1010 years, how many grams were in the original sample? 

   

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Student Practice:

4) How much of a 100.0 g sample of 198Au is left after 8.10 days if the half‐life is 2.70 days?        

5) What is the half‐life of 99Tc if a 500.g sample decays to 62.5 g in 639,000 years?         

6) There are 5.0 g of 131I left after 40.35 days.  How many grams were in the original sample if its half‐life is 8.07 days? 

         

7) The half‐life of cesium‐137 is 30.2 years.  If the initial mass of a sample of cesium‐137 is 1.00 kg, how much will remain after 151 years? 

        

8) Given that the half‐life of carbon‐14 is 5730 years, consider a sample of fossilized wood that, when alive, would have contained 24 g of carbon‐14.  It now contains 1.5 g of carbon‐14.  How old is the sample? 

     

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9) A 64 g sample of germainium‐66 is left undisturbed for 12.5 hours.  At the end of that period, only 2.0 g remain.  What is the half‐life of this material? 

       

10) With a half‐life of 28.8 years, how long will it take for 1 g of strontium‐90 to decay to 125 mg?        

11) Cobalt‐60 has a half‐life of 5.3 years.  If a pellet that has been in storage for 26.5 years contains 14.5 g of cobalt‐60, how much of this radioisotope was present when the pellet was put into storage? 

        

12) A 1.000 kg block of phosphorus‐32, which has a half‐life of 14.3 days, is stored for 100.1 days.  At the end of this period, how much phosphorus‐32 remains? 

       

13) A sample of air from a basement is collected to test for the presence of radon‐222, which has a half‐life of 3.8 days.  However, delays prevent the sample from being tested until 7.6 days have passes.  Measurements indicate the presence of 6.5 cg of radon‐22.  How much radon‐22 was present in the sample when it was initially collected? 

      

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Positive Uses of Radioisotopes   

Radiological Dating  

o Carbon‐14   ____________________________________________________________ 

  

____________________________________________________________  ____________________________________________________________   

____________________________________________________________         

o Uranium‐238   ____________________________________________________________ 

  

____________________________________________________________   

____________________________________________________________           

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Medical Tracers   

o __________________________________________________________________   

o __________________________________________________________________  __________________________________________________________________    Iodine‐131  ________________________________________________ 

  

Cobalt‐60  ________________________________________________   

Tc‐99    ________________________________________________   

C‐14    ________________________________________________    

Irridation   

o __________________________________________________________________  __________________________________________________________________    

o __________________________________________________________________  __________________________________________________________________    

o __________________________________________________________________  __________________________________________________________________ 

  

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Topic Review 

  

1. Samples of elements that are radioactive must contain atoms (1) With stable nuclei (2) With unstable nuclei (3) In excited state (4) In ground state   

2. Organic molecules react to form a product.  These reactions can be studied using (1)  Sr‐90    (2)  Co‐60    (3)  N‐16    (4)  C‐14   

3. Radiation used in the processing of food is intended to (1)  Increase the rate of nutrient decomposition (2) Kill microorganisms that are found in food (3) Convert ordinary nutrients to more stable forms (4) Replace chemical energy with nuclear energy 

  

4. The age of certain minerals can be determined if they contain the nuclide (1)  P‐32    (2)  Co‐60    (3)  U‐238    (4)  Au‐198   

5. The course of a chemical reaction can be traced by using a (1)  Polar molecule (2) Diatomic molecule (3) Stable isotope (4) Radioisotope 

  

6. Bombarding a nucleus with high‐energy particles that change it from one element into another is called: (1)  A half‐reaction (2) A breeder reaction (3) Artificial transmutation (4) Natural transmutation 

  

7. An alpha decay results in the formation of a new element with the atomic number (1)  Increased by two (2) Increased by four (3) Decreased by two (4) Decreased by four 

  

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8. When a radioactive nucleus emits a beta particle, the atom’s (1)  Mass number is increased by 1 (2) Mass number is decreased by 1 (3) Atomic number is increased by 1 (4) Atomic number is decreased by 1 

  

9. As the temperature increases, pressure remaining constant, the half‐life of a radioactive element (1)  Decreases (2) Increases (3) Remains the same (4) Depends on the mass 

  

10. Which of the following is not deflected by an electric field? (1)  Alpha    (2)  beta    (3)  positron    (4)  gamma ray   

11. Which statement explains why fusion reactions are difficult to initiate? (1)  Positive nuclei attract each other (2) Positive nuclei repel each other (3) Neutrons prevent nuclei from getting close enough to fuse (4) Electrons prevent nuclei from getting close enough to fuse 

  

12. Which particle has the greatest chance of overcoming the electrostatic forces surrounding the nucleus of an atom? (1)  An alpha particle  (2)  a beta particle  (3)  a proton    (4)  a neutron   

13. The diagram below shows a nuclear reaction in which a neutron is captured by a heavy nucleus.  Which type of reaction is illustrated by the diagram?  

1)  An endothermic fission reaction 2) An exothermic fission reaction 3) An endothermic fusion reaction 4) An exothermic fusion reaction

    

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14. Which equation represents a fusion reaction? 

  

 15. Consider this reaction: 

 This reaction can best be described as (1)  Beta decay (2) Artificial transmutation (3) Fission (4) Fusion 

  

16. When I‐131 undergoes radioactive decay, which element is formed? (1)  Te‐132    (2)  Xe‐131    (3)  I‐130    (4)  Sb‐127   

17. Which is a gaseous radioactive waste product that is released into the atmosphere after it has decayed to a safe radiation level? (1)  Radon‐222   (2)  radium‐226   (3)  cesium‐137   (4)  cobalt‐160   

18. Which particle is represented by X in the following correctly balanced nuclear equation? 

   

19. The diagram below shows a nuclear reaction in which a neutron is captured by a heavy nucleus 

 Which type of reaction is illustrated by the diagram? (1)  An endothermic fission reaction (2) An exothermic fission reaction (3) An endothermic fusion reaction (4) An exothermic fusion reaction 

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20. In which list can all particles be accelerated by an electric field? (1)  Alpha, beta, and neutrons (2) Alpha, beta, and gamma (3) Alpha, protons, and neutrons (4) Beta, protons, and electrons   

21. In which process is mass converted to energy by the process of fission? 

   

22. Write a balanced nuclear equation for the positron emission of Al‐24:   ______________________________________________________________________________   

23. How many grams of a 20 g sample of C‐14 would remain after 17,190 years?  ______________________________________________________________________________   

24. Complete the equation: 

     

25. Write an equation for the alpha decay of 214 84 Po, followed by a beta decay of the product:            

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26. Use the diagram to indicate whether each of the following nuclei is stable or unstable 

a)  9040 X           _________________________     

b) 90 60  X             _________________________ 

    

c) 11060  X             _________________________ 

   

27. Explain why it is more difficult to cause an artificial transmutation with an alpha particle than with a neutron:  _____________________________________________________________________________  _____________________________________________________________________________                    

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28. Plot X the following data to determine the half‐life of the isotope:  

  

29. State one possible advantage of using nuclear power instead of burning fossil fuels:  _____________________________________________________________________________   

30. State one possible risk of using nuclear power:  _____________________________________________________________________________   

31. If 12.5 grams of cesium‐137 remained after 90.69 years, what was the mass of the original sample?