JlHJijaHa MHHOBa - FypKOBa

TPAMATHKAHA MAKEHOHGKHOTCTAHflAPAEH JA3HK

3A CTPAHD;H

CKonje 2007

Liljana Minova - Gjurkova

GRAMMAROF THE STANDARD

MACEDONIAN LANGUAGEFOR FOREIGN SPEAKERS

Skopje 2007

HO MOKedoHCKiioui citumdapdeH ja3UK 3a

COflPXHHA

MAKEflOHCKHOT JA3HK : 16A3EYKA : .-.. 20CAMOrJIACKH (BOKAJIH) , 20nPABOnHC HA BOKAJ1HTE 22CAMOrJIACKHTE (BOKAJ1HTE) BOHEHOCPEflEH flOnHP 24COrJIACKH (KOHCOHAHTH) 24nPABOnHC HA (KOH)COHAHTHTE (COrJIACKHTE) 26ACHMHJIALJHJA (EAHAHEH>E) n o 3BYHHOCT 34ynPOCTYBAH>E HA TPYnH OJ\ COrJIACKH 40YflBOEHH COrJIACKH 40HCnyiHTAHbE HA COrJIACKH 42AKUEHT * 44AKITEHTCKH HEJ1OCTH 52HMEHKH 52ConcTBeHH HMHH>a 54OmiITH HMeHKH 58POROT Kaj HMeHKHTe 60HMeHKH IUTO ce oflHecyBaaT Ha Jinua 60POHOT Kaj omiiTHTe HMeHKH UITO He 03HanyBaaT >KHBH cyuiTecTBa 64

MHOJKHHCKH CJ)OpMH Kaj HMeHKHTe 68MHOJKHHa Kaj COnCTBeHHTe, KOJieKTHBHHTe,ancTpaKTHHTe H MaTepnjajiHHTe HMCHKH 68MHO>KHHa Kaj H36pO]JIHBHTe HMeHKH UITO O3HaHyBaaT JIHII,a 72O6HHHa MHO>KHHa Kaj OniUTHTe H36pOJJIHBH HMeHKHUITO He 03HaqyBaaT JiHii,a 74

36npHa MHoxHHa 80H36pojaHa MHoxHHa (MHOxHHa co 6poeBn) 82OnpefleneHOCTa Ha HMeHKHTe 82OBPA3YBAH)E HA HMEHKHTE 86

o6pa3yBaHH OA rnarojiH 86o6pa3yBaHH OA npHflaBKH 88o6pa3yBaHH 03 HMCHKH 88

HacTaBKH 3a H3pa3yBaH>e nyBCTBeH ORHOC 88npecpHKCH 3a o6pa3yBaite HMCHKH 90

92

Grammar of the standard Macedonian language for foreign speakers

CONTENTS

THE MACEDONIAN LANGUAGE 17THE ALPHABET ; 21VOWELS 7. :. 21ORTOGRAPHY OF VOWELS 23THE VOWELS IN IMMEDIATE CONTACT 25CONSONANTS 25ORTOGRAPHY OF CONSONANTS (SONANTS) 27REGRESSIVE ASSIMILATION OF VOICING 35REDUCTION OF CONSONANT GROUPS 41DOUBLE CONSONANTS 41CONSONANT OMISSION 43STRESS • 45STRESS UNITS ^ 53NOUNS 53Proper nouns 55Common nouns 59Gender of nouns 61Nouns denoting people 61Gender of nouns referring to inanimates 65Plural of nouns 69Plural of proper, collective, abstract and mass nouns 69Plural of countable nouns denoting people 73Regular plural of common nouns referring to inanimates 75Collective plural 81Quantitative plural (plural with numbers) 83Definiteness of nouns 83FORMATION OF NOUNS 87Nouns derived from verbs 87Nouns derived from adjectives 89Nouns derived from nouns 89Suffixes denoting affection 89Formation of nouns with prefixes 91Compound nouns 93ADJECTIVES 93Forms of adjectives 95Formation of adjectives 107NUMBERS I l lADVERBS 119

FpaMaiuuKa HCI MaKedoHCKUoiu ciuaudapdeH jaauK 3a

nPHJIABKH 92OopMHTe Ha npHAaBKHTe 9436opoo6pa3yBaite Ha npHflaBKHTe 106BPOEBH 110nPHJIO3H 11836opoo6pa3yBaHse Ha npHJip3HTe 1203AMEHCKHTE 3BOPOBH BO MAKEflOHCKHOT JA3HK 122JIHHHH 3aMeHKH rr.-. 124

JlHHHonoBpaTHa 3aMeHKa 128FIpHCBOJHH 3aMeHCKH npHflaBKH 130noBpaTHonpHCBOJHa 3aMeHCKa npnpaBKa 134

36opoBH 1363aMeHCKH 36opOBH 1383aMeHCKH 36opOBH 144

3aMeHCKH 36opOBH , 1463aMeHCKH 36opOBH 148HHTHH) 3aMeHCKH 36opOBH ..; 150

>v .'....154O B P A 3 Y B A H D E HA BEPBAJ1HHTE(FJIArOJICKHTE) $OPMH 158

Ha marojicKHTe dpopMH 170Ha ruarojicKHTe cpopMH no rpynn H no pa3flejiH 172

A-rpyna 172H-rpyna 182

182194204

E-rpyna -.'. 214214226236

HyjiTH pa3p,eji 2463HAHEH>A H YnOTPEBA HA BEPBAJ1HHTE(FJIArOHCKHTE) OOPMH 256/fcl-KOHCTpyKUHJa 256npe3eHT (cerauiHO ppeMe) 260Oyryp (HAHO BpeMe) 262HMnepdpeKT (MHHaTO onpeji;eJieHO HecBpuieHO BpeMe) 264<I>yTyp BO MHHaTOTo (MHHaTO-Hfl,HO BpeMe) 264AopncT (MHHaTO onpe,n,ejieHO cBpuieHO BpeMe) 266HMnepcbeKTHBeH H nepdpeKTHBeH nepdpeKT

HeonpepejieHo HecBpuieHO H CBpuieHO BpeMe) 268

Grammar of the standard Macedonian language for foreign speakers 9

Formation of adverbs 121PRONOMINAL WORDS IN MACEDONIAN 123Personal pronouns 125Reflexive pronoun 129Possessive pronominal adjectives 131Reflexive possessive pronominal adjective 135Interrogative pronominal words 137Demonstrative pronominal words ..". „ 139Relative pronominal words 145Negative pronominal words 147General (universal) pronominal words 149Indefinite pronominal words 151VERBS 155FORMATION OF VERB FORMS 159Review of verb forms f. 171Review of verb forms according to groups and subgroups 173A-group 173H-group ". 183H-subgroup \ ; 183E-subgroup 195A-subgroup 205E-group 215A-subgroup 215E-subgroup 227O-subgroup 237Zero-subgroup 247MEANINGS AND USES OF THE VERB FORMS 257MA -construction 257Present 261Future 263Imperfect 265Future-in-the-past 265Aorist 267Imperfective and perfective perfect 269Reported future 273Pluperfect 273Imperative 275Potential 281JfjMfl-constructions 281Cy^i-constructions 283Verbal noun 283Verbal adjective : 285Verbal adverb 285VerbaU-form 287

10 rpaMaimiKCi na MciicedoHCKUout ciitandapdeH jci3UK 3a ciupaHU,u.

cbyTyp (HAHO npeKaxaHO BpeMe) 272FIxiycKBaMnepcpeKT (npeflMHHaTO BpeMe) 272HMneparaB (3anoBefleH HaiHH) 274

(MOiKeH HaHHH) 280280282

Bep6ajieH cyncTaHTHB (rjiamncKa HMeHKa) 282Bep6aneH apjeKTHB (raarojicKa npHAaBK-a) 284Bep6ajieH aflBepS (ruarojicKH npnuor) 284Bep6anHa y?-dpopMa (raarojicKa y7-cpopMa) 286TPAMATHMKH KATEFOPMH HA FJlArOJIOT 286KaKO ce peaJiH3HpaaT o f̂lejiHHTe KaTeropHH? 288J1HIIE 288POflHEPOJ .' 290ACnEKT(BHfl) 290BPEME 294MOJ_ryC (HAHHH) 294TPAH3HTHBHOCT (IIPEOflHOCT) 296PecpjieKCHBHH (noBpaTHn) rjiaronH 298TEHYC / J4HJATE3A (3AJIOE) 3003BOPOOBPA3YBAH>E HA TJIAEOJIHTE 300nPEnO3HLTHH (nPEflJ!O3H) 302KOHJYHKHHH H KOHJYHKLI,HCKH 3BOPOBH 316riAPTHKYJIH (MECTHHKH) 318HHTEPJEKUHH (H3BHUH) H OHOMATOEIEH 320MOAAJ1HH 3BOPOBH 320CHHTAKCA 322CHHTAKCHHKH BPCKH 326CHHTAKCHHKH EflHHHHH 330HMEHCKA TPynA (HF) 334KATEFOPHH HA HMEHCKHTE TPYnH 336KaTeropHJa 3aBHCHOCT 336KaTeropHJa oGpajcaite 340KaTeropnja pofl 342KaTeropHJa 6poj 348KaTeropHJa onpeAejieHocr: pecbepeHii,HJajiHa KapaKTepncTHKaHa HMeHCKaTa rpyna 356HMCHCKH rpynn co reHepHMHa (po^cKa) pecbepeHunja 362HMCHCKH rpynn co cneuHcpHMHa pedpepeHijHJa 364HeonpenejieHH HMCHCKH rpynn 364OnpeflejieHH HMCHCKH rpynn 368

HMBHCKH rpynn 372

Grammar of the standard Macedonian language for foreign speakers \ \

GRAMMATICAL CATEGORIES OF THE VERB 287Implementation of the categories 289PERSON 289GENDER AND NUMBER 291ASPECT 291TENSE 295MOOD : ?.. .- 295TRANSITIVITY : 297Reflexive verbs .7 299VOICE 301FORMATION OF VERBS 301PREPOSITIONS 303CONJUNCTIONS AND CONJUNCTIVE WORDS 317PARTICLES : 319INTERJECTIONS AND ONOMATOPOEIA 321MODAL WORDS .' 321SYNTAX 323SYNTACTIC RELATIONS 327SYNTACTIC UNITS ^ 331NOUN GROUP (NG) 335CATEGORIES OF NOUN GROUPS 337Category of subordination 337Category of address 341Category of gender 343Category of number 349Category of defmiteness: referential characteristic of the noun group 357Noun groups with generic reference 363Noun groups with specific reference 365Indefinite noun groups 365Definite noun groups 369Noun groups with double determination 373Reference versus non-reference specific versus non-specific 375Noun groups with unique reference 377Anaphora as a type of endophoric reference: relative noun groups 381Cataphora as a type of endophoric reference 385Agreement and word order within the noun group 387THE SENTENCE 389MODALITY : 391Types of sentences according to the communicative function 393Means of negation 399GRAMMATICAL STRUCTURE OF THE SENTENCE 405Impersonal sentences 407Diathesis: active and passive sentences 411Main parts of the sentence: subject and predicate 413

12 rpaMaiuiiKa HCI MaKedoncKuom ciucmdapdeH jasiiK 3a ciupctHn,u

Pad^epeHTHOCT HacnpeMa HepedpepeHTHOCT

cneuHcpHHHOCT HacnpeMa HecneuHcpHHHOcT 374

HMeHCKH rpynn co yHHKajma pecbepeHUHJa 376

AHadpopaTa KaKO BUR BHaTpeuiHOja3HMHa

pedpepeHunja: pejiaTHBHH HMCHCKH rpynn 380

KaTadpopaTa KaKO BH# BHaT,peuiHOJa3H^iHa pecpepeHunja 384

KoHrpyeHUHja H 36opopep; BO HMeHCKHTe rpynn 386

P E H E H H H A ." .-•>. 3 8 8

MOflAJIHOCT 390peiieHHii;H cnopefl KOMyHHKaTHBHaTa dpyHKu;HJa 392

Ha o^peKyBaiteTO 398

TPAMATHHKA CTPYKTYPA HA PEHEHHHATA 404Be3JIHMHH peMeHHLJH 406

,D,HJaTe3a: aKTHBHH H nacHBHH peneHHUH 410

FjiaBHHTe peMeHHMHH HJieHOBH: cyGjeKTOT H npeAHKaTOT 412

CySjeKT 414

BH^OBH npejuiKaT 414

KoHrpyeHU,HJa Mefy cy6jeKTOT H npeAHKaTOT .\. 428

KoHrpyeHUHja no jinu,e 428

KoHrpyeHUHja no pop 428

KoHrpyeHUHja no 6poj 430

BwflOBH oSjeKT 434

AKy3aTHBeH oSjeKT 434

Ha aKy3aTHBHHOT o6jeKT 436

o6jeKT 440

Ha flaTHBHHOT o6jeKT 442

444

AjjBep6HJajiHa onpej^eJiSa 446

BnflOBH aflBep6HJajiHH onpepen6a 446

BH^OBH aTpn6yT 448

Ano3HUHJa 450

PEHEHHHHH EKBHBAJ1EHTH 452AKTYEJIHO PACHJIEHYBAKbE HA PEHEHHUATAHJ1H OYHKqHOHAJIHA PEHEHHHHA nEPCnEKTHBA 452Ejinnca 454

CJIOXEHA PEHEHHIJA '. 458napaTaKca H xnnoTaKca. CnHfleTOH H acHHfleTOH 458

nAPATAKCA 4621. KonyjiaTHBHH (cocraBHH) napaTaKCHHKH peMeHHu;H 462

2. AflBepcaTHBHH napaTaKCHHKH peneHHu;H 466

3. jlHCJyHKTHBHH napaTaKCHHKH peMeHHIJ,H 472

Grammar of the standard Macedonian language for foreign speakers 13

Subject 415Types of predicate 415Agreement between the subject and the predicate 429Agreement in person 429Agreement in gender 429Agreement in number 431Types of object T. : 435Direct object (accusative) : „ 435Reduplication of the direct object .^ 437Indirect object (dative) 441Reduplication of the indirect object 443Prepositional object 445Adverbial complement 447Types of adverbial complements 447Types of attribute ? 449Apposition 451SENTENCE EQUIVALENTS 453TOPICAL ANALYSIS OF THE SENTENCE orFUNCTIONAL SENTENCE PERSPECTIVE \ 453Ellipsis 455COMPLEX SENTENCE 459Parataxis and hypotaxis. Syndete and asyndete 459PARATAXIS 4631. Copulative (additive) sentences 4632. Adversative sentences 4673. Disjunctive sentences 473HYPOTAXIS 4771. Relative sentences 477Relative connective (sentence relativization) 479Relative sentences with the subordinate clause in preposition 481Classification of relative sentences 481Individualizing relative sentences 483Qualifying relative sentences 487Comparative relative sentences 487Some features of the relative sentence in Macedonian 4892. Declarative sentences 491Conjunctive means within the declarative sentences 491Sequence of tenses in Macedonian 497Functions of the subordinate clause in relation to the main clause 497Main subtypes of declarative sentences in Macedonian 499Direct and indirect (reported) speech 4993. Adverbially determined hypotactic sentences 501a. Temporal hypotactic sentences 501Specialized temporal conjunctions/conjunctive words 505

14 rpciMaiuuKa na MOKedoHCKUOiu ciuandapdeH ja3UK 3a ciupaHu,u

XHnOTAKCA 476

1. PejiaTHBHH (oflHOCHH) XHTIOTaKCHMKH peHeHHUH 476PenaTHBHo HaflOBp3yBaHje (peneHH^Ha pejiaTHBH3an,HJa) 478PenaTHBHH pelieHHUH co 3aBHCHaTa BO npeno3HUHJa 480KjiaoKpHKauHJa Ha penaTHBHHTe xnnoTaKCHHKH peneHHHH 480HHp,HBHflyajiH3HpaHKH pejia-pHBHH peneHHUH 482KBajiHcpHKaTHBHH penaTHBHH peneHHUH 486KoMnapaTHBHH pejiaTHBHH peneHHUH ...rr.~. 486HeKOH oco6eHOCTH Ha peJiaTHBHaTa peneHHuaBO MaKeAOHCKHOT ja3HK 4882. JJeKJiapaTHBHH (HCKa3Hn) xnnoTaKCHHKH peneHHUH 490CBp3yBaMKH cpep,CTBa BO fleKJiapaTHBHHTe peneHHUH 490CorjiacyBaiteTO Ha BpeMHttaTa BO MaKeflOHCKHOT ja3HK 496OyHKu,HH Ha 3aBHCHaTa ^eji-peMeHHii,a HacnpeMa ruaBHaTa 496

noflBHflOBH ^eKJiapaTHBHH peneHHi^H BO MaKep,OHCKHOT ja3HK ....498H HHflnpeKTeH roBOp 498

3. A,u,Bep6HJajiHOonpefleji6eHH xnnoTaKCHMKH peneHHi^H 500a. TeMnopajiHH (BpeMeHCKn) xnnoTaKCHMKH peHeHHij;H 500Cneu,HJajiH3HpaHH TeMnopajiHHCBp3HHUH / CBp3yBaHKH 36opOBH 5046. Kay3ajiHH (npHHHHCKH) xnnoTaKCHMKH peHeHHUM 504B. KoHceKyTHBHH (nocjieflHMHH) xnnoTaKCHMKH peHeHHij;H 5083aBHCHaTa fleji-peMeHHii,a e ceKoram BO nocTno3HUHJa 508r. <!>HHajiHH (u,ejiHH) xnnoTaKCHHKH peMeHHii,H 510BHCTHHCKH CpHHaJIHH XHnOTaKCHMKH peHeHHUH 512HeqbHHajiHH 3a dfl-peneHHUH 514p. KOHflHII,HOHaJIHH (yCJIOBHH) XHnOTaKCHHKH peMeHHIlH 514KOHJyHKUHHTe BO KOHflHII,HOHaJIHHTe XHnOTaKCH'-IKH peMeHHU,H 518AKO-peHeHHUH 6e3 ycJiOBHO-nocjTeflHMeH oflHOc Mefy fleji-peqeHHii,HTe ..522f. KoHuecHBHH (flonycHn) xnnoTaKCHMKH peMeHHu;H 522/ffl/fo-KOHuecHBHH peHeHHii;H 524H dfl-KOHuecHBHH peHeHHu,H 524e. MoflaJIHH (HaHHHCKH) XHnOTaKCHHKH peMeHHll,H 526CHHTAKCHHKA CHHOHHMHJA,XOMOHHMHJA H nAPOHHMHJA 528TEKCT 532PedpepeHUHJa 532CyncTHTyuHJa H ennnca 532KoHJyHKii;HJa 534JleKCHMKO noBp3yBaH.e 536

Grammar of the standard Macedonian language for foreign speakers \ 5

b. Hypotactic sentences of cause 505c. Hypotactic sentences of result (consecutive) 509The subordinate clause is always in postposition 509d. Hypotactic sentences of purpose 511Hypotactic sentences expressing real purpose 513Sentences withaa da expressing no purpose 515e. Conditional hypotactic sentences- 515Conjunctions in conditional sentences .r. 519Axo-sentences without a relation of condition and effect between the clauses. 523f. Concessive hypotactic sentences 523Jfa/co-concessive sentences 525M da-concessive sentences 525g. Modal hypotactic sentences 527SYNTACTIC SYNONYMY, HOMONYMY AND PARONYMY 529THE TEXT s. 533Reference 533Substitution and ellipsis 533Conjunction 535Lexical cohesion ^ 537