CMBYkTI22

eellaahh³³qqøøgg nniiggssmmaassFFaattuukkUUGGDDIINNaassüü úúgg TT rr aa nn ss ii tt ii oo nn MM ee tt aa ll ss aa nn dd CC oo oo rr dd ii nn aa tt ii oo nn CC oo mm pp oo uu nn dd ss

esrIénFatuenAkñúgtaragxYbEdlmaneGLicRtugbMeBjtamlMdab;lMeday enAkñúgG½rb‘Í tal; d nig f ehAfaFatuqøg. manFatuqøgRbEhlCa50 nigmanlkçN³ERbRbYlxøaMg nigKYr[ cab;GarmμN_. edIm,IbgðajlMGitGMBIlkçN³rbs;FatuqøgnImYy² eyIgRtUvkarBiBN’naeRcInNas; EtenAkñúgemeronenHeyIgnwgelIkykEtFatuqøgNaEdlbMeBjeGLicRtugenAG½rb‘Ítal; dminTan; eBj nigmanTMenarbegáItCaGIuy:ugkMupøicmksikSa. 1 lkçN³rbs;elah³qøg elah³qøgCaelah³Edlmin)anbMeBjeGLicRtugEq¥tenARsTab;rg d b¤Caelah³Edl GackøayCaGIuy:ugTaMgRsTab;rg d minTan;Eq¥t ¬rUbTI1¦. ¬elah³Rkum 2B - Zn, Cd nigHg

minmanr)ayeGLicRtugEbbenHeT dUecñHeTaHbICaCYnkaleKehAvafaCaelah³qøgk¾edayk¾vamin sßitenAkñúgEpñkenHEdr¦. karkMNt;enHedayeyageTAelIlkçN³EdlKYr[kt;sMKal;CaeRcIndUc Cavapþl;BN’xus²Kña karbegIátCasmasFatu):ar:am:aej:Tic skmμPaBCakatalIkr nigCaBiess karbegáItCaGIuy:ugkMMpøic. enAkñúgemeronenH eyIgsikSalMGiteTAelIFatuEdlenAkñúgCYredkTImYy edayrab;cab;BIság;düÚmrhUtdl;Tg;EdgEdlCaelah³qøgsamBaØbMput. taragTI1 bgðajBI lkçN³xøH²rbs;BYkva.

rUbTI1 Rkumelah³qøg. KYrkt;sMKal;fa eTaHbICaFatukñúgRkum 2B (Zn, Cd, Hg) RtUv)an BN’nafaCaelah³qøgedayKImIviTUxøHk¾edayk¾K μanelah³NamYy b¤ GIuy:ugrbs;vaman eGLicRtugbMeBjkñúgRsTab;rg d minTan;eBjEdr.

22-1

elah³qøg nigsmasFatukUGDINasüúg cab;BIeqVgeTAsþaMéntaragxYbm:asGatUmekIneLIg eGLicRtugRtUv)anbMeBjCabnþbnÞab; enARsTab;eRkAehIybnÞúkéNVy:Uk¾ekIneLIgeTAtamkMeNInénRbUtug.FatuenAkñúgxYbTIbI-BIsUdüÚm eTAGakugeGLicRtugRsTab;eRkARtUv)anRsUbTajedaybnÞúkéNVy:UxøaMgeTA² eTAtamkMMeNInRbU tugEdlCaehtueFVI[RbEvgkaMGatUmecHEtfycuHCalMdab;BIsUdüÚmeTAGakug ehIykRmiteGLic RtUGviC¢man nigfamBlGIuy:ugkmμekIneLIgFMeTA². sRmab;elah³qøgvamanTMenarxus²Kña. tamry³taragTI1 eyIgeXIjfabnÞúkéNVyU: ekIneLIgBIság;cUmeTATg;Edg EteGLicRtugRtUv)anbMeBjcUleTAkññúgRsTab;rg 3d . eGLicRtug kñúgRsTab;rg 3d TaMgenH)anCYykarBareGLicRtugenAkñúgRsTab;rg 4s BIbnÞúkéNVy:UEdlekIn eLIgy:agmanRbsiT§PaBCageGLicRtugRsTab;eRkAkarBarKña. dUecñH RbEvgkaMGatUmk¾minsUv fycuHxøaMgEdr. ehtupldUcKñaenHEdrkRmiteGLicRtUGviC¢man nigfamBlGIy:ugkmμekIneLIg EtbnþicbnþÜcb:ueNÑaHBIsþg;cUmrhUteTAdl;Tg;EdgebIeRbobeFobkarekIneLIgBIsUUdüÚmeTAGakug. taragTI1 r)ayeGLicRtug niglkçN³epSg²eTotrbs;elah³qøgCYrTImYYy

Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu

r)ayeGLicRtug

M 4s23d1 4s23d2 4s23d3 4s13d5 4s23d5 4s23d6 4s23d7 4s23d8 4s13d10

M2+ - 3d2 3d3 3d4 3d5 3d6 3d7 3d8 3d9

M3+ [Ar] 3d1 3d2 3d3 3d4 3d5 3d6 3d7 3d8

kRmiteGLicRtU GviC¢¢man

1,3 1,5 1,6 1,6 1,5 1,8 1,9 1,9 1,9

famBlGIuy:ugkm μ (kJ/mol)

TI1 631 658 650 652 717 759 760 736 745

TI2 1235 1309 1413 1591 1509 1561 1645 1751 1958

TI3 2389 2650 2828 2986 3250 2956 3231 3393 3578

kaMGatUm (pm)

M 162 147 134 130 135 126 125 124 128 M2+ - 90 88 85 80 77 75 69 72 M3+ 81 77 74 64 66 60 64 - -

b:Utg;Esül erduksþg;da(V)*

-2,08 -1,63 -1,2 -0,74 -1,18 -0,44 -0,28 -0,25 0,34

* Bak;kNþalsmIkarKW M2+(aq) + 2e- � M(s) elIkElgEt Sc nigCr EdlGIuy:grbs;vaKW Sr3+ nigCr3+ erogKña.

22-2

CMBYkTI22

eTaHbICaelah³qøgTaMgenHmankRmiteGLicRtUGviC¢mantUc rW FMCagelah³Gal;kaLaMg nigGal;kalINUETrWk¾edayk¾b:Utg;Esülsþg;darbs;vabgðajfa RKb;elah³qøgTaMgenaHelIkElg EtTg;EdgecjGacmanRbtikmμ μCamYyGasIutxøaMgdUcCaGasIutkørIRDic[plCa]sμ ½n. eTaHCay:ag Nak¾elah³qøgPaKeRcInBMumanRbtikmμ b¤Rbtikm μyWtCamYyGasIuteRBaHEtvamanRsTab;GuksIut karBarBIeRkAdUcCakñúgkrNIRkUmeRkABImanb:Utg;Esülerduksþg;daGviC¢man vaCaFatuKImIGnicl edaysarEtvamanRsTab;RkUm (III) GuksIut, Cr2O3 eRsabBIxageRkA. dUecññHHehIy)anCaRkUm RtUv)aneKeRbIsRmab;eRsabelah³epSg²eTot edIm,IkarBarkMNUt dUcCaERcHCaedIm. 1>1 lkçN³rUbTUeTA elah³qøgPaKeRcInmanTRmg;hab; EdlGatUmrbs;vanImYy²mancMnYnkUGrDINasüúg mYykñúgcMeNam 12elIsBIenHeTotelah³TaMgenHmankaMGatUmtUceTotpg. edaysarlT§pl énkarP¢ab;BIGatUmmYyeTAGatUmmYYyy:agENn nigvamanTMhMGatUmtUceTotpgenaH CamUlehtu eFVI[vabegáIt)anCasm<½næelah³y:agrwgmaM. dUecñH elah³qøgmandg;sIuetFM cMNucrlay nig cMNuc rMBuHx<s; ebIeRbobeFobCamYYyelah³Rkum 1A, 2A nig 2B.

taragTI2 lkçN³rUbrbs;FatuBI K dl; Zn 1A 2A elah³qøg 2B

K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn

kaMGatUm (pm)

235 197 162 147 134 130 135 126 125 124 128 138

cMNucrlay (oC)

63,7 838 1539 1668 1900 1875 1245 1536 1495 1453 1083 149,5

cMNucrMBuH (oC)

760 1440 2730 3260 3450 2665 2150 3000 2900 2730 2595 906

dg;sIuet (g/cm3)

0,86 1,54 3,0 4,51 6,1 7,19 7,43 7,86 8,9 8,9 8,96 7,14

1>2 r)ayeGLicRtug enAemeron :TMnak;TMngénFatukñúgtaragxYb : )anbgðajrYcmkehIyGMBIrebobénkarray eGLicRtugenAtamRsTab;nImYy²kñúgGatUm. kal;süÚmmanr)ayeGLicRtug [Ar]4s2. BIság; düÚmrhUtdl;Tg;EdgeGLicRtugRtUv)anbEnßmCabnþbnÞab;enAelIG½rb‘Ítal; d . dUecñHr)ayeGLic RtugRsTab;eRkArbs;ság;düÚmKW 4s23d1 ehIyTItaj:ÚmKW 4s23d2 nigCabnþþbnÞab;eTot. mankrNI elIkElgBIrKW RkUm nigTg;EdgEdlr)ayeGLicRtugRsTab;eRkArbs;vaKW 4s13d5 nig 4s13d10

22-3

elah³qøg nigsmasFatukUGDINasüúg tamerog. PaBmineTogTat;enH KWbNþalmkBIvamanesßrPaBenABak;kNþalEq¥t nigEq¥trbs; RsTab;rg d. enAeBlelah³qøgkñúgCYrTI 1 køayCakacug eGLicRtugRtUvpþac;ecjBIG½rb‘Ítal; 4s mun bnÞab;mkeTIbpþac;ecjBIG½rb‘Ítal; 3d CaeRkay. ]TahrN_ r)ayeGLicRtugRsTab;eRkArbs; GIuy:ug Fe2+ KW 3d6 minEmn 2s2d4 eT. 1>3 cMnYnGuksIutkmμ elah³qøgmancMnYnGuksIutkmμERbRbYleTAtamsmasFaturbs;va ¬rUbTI2 bgðajBIcMnYn GuksIutkmμBIság;cUmeTATg;Edg¦ . eyIgGackt;sMKal;eXIjfacMnYnGuksIutkm μrbs;Fatuqøg nImYYy² rYmman +II nig +III b¤TaMgBIr. cMnYnGuksIutkm μ +III manesßrPaBenAcMNucepþIménes‘rI EtenAxagcuges‘rIvijcMnYnGuksIutkm μ +II manesßrPaBCag.enHKWedaysarEtkarpþac;eGLicRtug TIbIecjBIG½rb‘Ítal; 3d rbs;FatuqøgenACitcugCYredkRtUvkarfamBleRcInCagFatuqøgenACitxag edImCYredk. dUecñH FatuqøgEdlenACitcugCYredkmanTMenarbegáItCaGIuy:ug M+2 CaCag M+3. sM rab;ehtuplénRTwsþIenHGacEsVgyl;)antamRkabénfamBlGIuy:ug ¬rUbTI3¦. CaTUeTAfamBl GIuy:ugekIneLIgBIeqVgeTAsþaM. eTaHbICay:agNa famBlGuIy:ugTI3¬eBleGLicRtugpøas;TIBIG½rb‘Í tal; 3d ¦ekIneLIgCagfamBlGIuy:ugkm μTI1 nig TI2eRBaHvaRtUvkarfamBleRcInkñúgkarpøas;TI rbs;eGLicRtugTI3BIelah³enAcugxYbCagelah³enAedImxYb elah³enAcugxYbmanTMenarCaGIu y:ug M+2 Cag M+3 GIuy:ug.

Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu +7 +6 +6 +6 +5 +5 +5 +5 +5 +4 +4 +4 +4 +4 +4 +4

+3 +3 +3 +3 +3 +3 +3 +3 +3 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +1

rUbTI2 cMnYnGuksIutkm μrbs;elah³qøgCYredkTI1. cMnYnGuksIutkm μEdleRTt KWmanesßrPaB. cMnYnGuksIutkm μesμ IsUnüRtUv)anrkeXIjcMeBaHsarFatuxøHdUcCa Ni(CO)4 nig Fe(CO)5

cMnYnGuksIutkmμx<s;bMputrbs;elah³qøgKW +VIIsRmab;Fatum:gkaENs(4s2d5).cMeBaH FatuenAxagsþaMm:g;kaENs (BIEdkeTATg;Edg) cMnYnGuksIutkmμrbs;vaTabCagenH. elah³qøg

22-4

CMBYkTI22 CaTUeTAmancMnYnGuksIutkmμx<s;bMput kalNavabegáItCasmasFatuCamYyFatuEdlmankRmit eGLicRtUGviC¢¢manFM dUcCaGuksIuEsn nigPøúyGr. ]TahrN_ V2O5 , CrO3 nig Mn2O7.

rUbTI3 bERmbRmYlfamBlGIuy:ugkm μTI1 TI2 nigTI3 rbs;elah³qøgCYredkTI1

2 KImIénEdk nigTg;Edg rUbTI4 bgðajBIelah³qøgenACYredkTI1. kñúgemeronenHeyIgsikSaBIlkçN³KImIrbs;Fatu

BIrKWEdk nigTg;EdgBIkarekIteLIg erobcM eRbIR)as; nigsarRbeyaCn¾rbs;smasFatuenH. 2>1 Edk bnÞab;BIGaluymIj:ÚmEdkCaelah³EdlsMbUrCageKbMputenAkñúgRsTab;EpndI ¬6.2% Ca ma:s¦. vaRtUv)aneKrkeXIjenAkñúgEr:EdlEr:EdkmYycMnYnkñúgcMeNamEr:EdksMxan;²CaeRcInKW eGm:aTic (Fe2O3), sIuedric (FeCO3), nig m:aej:Tic (Fe3O4). EdksuT§KWCaelah³BN’RbepH nigBMusUvrwgeT. vaCaFatusMxan;enAkñúgRbB½n§CIvit. EdkRbtikmμCamYyGasIutkørIRDic[Ca]s μ ½nGIuRdUEsn

Fe(s) + 2H2+(aq) � Fe2+(aq) + H2(g)

GasIuts‘ulPYricxab;eFVIGuksIutkmμEdk[eTACa Fe3+ b:uEnþCamYyGasIutnIRTicxab;vijva bgáCaRsTab; Fe2O3 BasenABIelIelah³Edk. Rbtikm μmYykñúgcMeNamRbtikm μEdleKsÁal;Ca eRcInrbs;EdkKWkareLIgERcH. cMnYnGuksIutkmμBIrrbs;EdkKW +II nig+III. smasFatuEdk (II) rYmman FeO (BN’ex μA), FeSO4 . 7H2O (BN’ébtg), FeCl2 (BN’elOg), nigFeS (BN’ex μA). kñúgvtþmanGuksIuEsnGIuy:ug Fe2+ nwgrgGuksIutkm μeTACaGIuy:ug Fe3+. Edk (III) GuksIutmanBN’ Rkhmetñat nigEdk (III) kørYmanBN’etñatRkem:A.

22-5

elah³qøg nigsmasFatukUGDINasüúg

rUbTI5 Er:Edkma:ejTic Fe3O4

2>2 Tg;Edg Tg;EdgCaFatukRmEdlmanRbmaNRbEhl 6,8×10-3 % b:ueNÑaHCam:asenAkñúgRsTab; EpndI. vaRtUv)aneKrkeXIjenACaPaBsuTæ nigenAkñúgEr:rbs;vadUcCa kal;kUBIric (CuFeS2) Ca edIm.elah³EdlmanBN’RkhmetñatKWGacTTYl)anBIkardutEr:Tg;Edg[eTACa Cu2SbnÞab;mk RtUv)anbMElg[eTACaelah³Tg;Edg.

2CuFeS2(s) + 4O2(g) � Cu2S(s) + 2FeO(s) + 3SO2(g) Cu2S(s) + O2(g) � 2Cu(l) + SO2(g)

rUbTI4 FatuqøgenACYredkTI1

Tg;EdgEdlminsuTæRtUv)aneKbnSúTæedayviFIGKÁisnIviPaK. bnÞab;BIR)ak;EdlCaelah³ eBjniymsRmab;kareRbIR)as; nigmantémøéføenaHTg;Edg KWCaelah³cmøgcrnþGKÁisnI nigkemþA )anl¥. Tg;EdgRtUv)aneKeRbIenAkñúgsMelah³ ExScmøg m:asIunbUmTwk bMBg;TueyaTwk nigkak;.

22-6

CMBYkTI22 Tg;EdgRbtikm μEtCamYyGasIuts‘ulPYric nigGasIutnIRTicxab;ekþAb:ueNÑaH. cMnYnGuksIut km μBIrsMxan;²rbs; vaKW +I nig +II. cMnYnGuksIutkm μ +I BMusUvmanesßrPaBeTvanwgbMElgeTACa +II enAkñúgsUluysüúg.

2Cu+(aq) � Cu(s) + Cu2+(aq)

RKb;smasFatu Cu(I) TaMgGs;CaDIma:ejTic nigKμanBN’eTelIkElgEt Cu2O man BN’Rkhm. cMENkÉsmasFatu Cu(II) vijKWCa)a:ra:ma:ejTic nigmanBN’ dUcCaGIuy:ug Cu2+

GIuRdaetmanBN’exov. smasFatu Cu(II) sMxan;²xøHmandUcCa CuO (BN’ex μA), CuSO4 .

5H2O (BN’exov) nig CuS (BN’ex μA).

rUbTI6 kal;tUBIric CuFeS2

3 smasFatukUGrDINasüúg elah³qøgmanTMenarbegáItCaGIuy:ugkMupøicEdlGacP¢ab;CamYyGIuy:ug b¤GIuy:ugkMupøicdéT eTotedIm,IbgáCasmasFatukUGrDINasüúg. smasFatukUGrDINasüúg KWCasmasFatuNWtEdl pSMeLIgBIGIuy:ugkMupøicmYy b¤eRcIn. enAqñaM 1893 elak Alfred Werner Gayu)an 26 qñaMKat; )anesñIrnUvRTwsþImYymaneQ μaHfa RTwsþIkUGrDINasüúg evIn½r EdleyIgkMBugeRbIR)as;sBVéf¶enH. kñúgstvtSTI19 KImIviTU)anmancm¶l;eTAelIRbePTRbtiikmμxøHEdlhak;dUcCa RbqaMgeTA nwgRTwsþIv:aLg;. ]TahrN_ v:aLg;énFatuenAkñúgkU)al; (III) kørY nigenAkñúgGam:Ujak;hak;dUcCa )anbMeBjlkçxNÐRKb;RKan;Gs;ehIy b:uEnþsmasFatuTaMgBIrenHenAEtGacmanRbtikmμCamYy KñabegáIt)anCasmasFatumanesßrPaBmYyepSgeTotEdlmanrUbmnþCoCl3.6NH3. edIm,IBnül; lkçN³enHelak Werner )andak;ecjnUvsm μtikmμrbs;Kat;faFatuPaKeRcInmanv:aLg;BIrRbePT KWv:aLg;TI1 nigv:aLg;TI2.enAkñúgBakübec©keTsTMenIbv:aLg;TI1KWCacMnYnGuksIutkm μehIyv:aLg; TI2CacMnYnkUGrDINasüúgénFatuenaH. ebItamelak Werner enAkñúg CoCl3 . 6NH3 kU)al;man v:aLg;TI1rbs;va 3 nigv:aLg;TI2rbs;va 6. sBVéf¶enHeyIgeRbIrUbmnþ [Co(NH3)6]Cl3 edIm,Ibgðajfam:UelKulGam:Ujak; nigGatUm kU)al;pSMKñabegáIt)anCaGIuy:ugkMupøic cMENkÉGIuy:ugkørminEmnCaEpñkénkMupøiceT EtvaP¢ab;CamYy

22-7

elah³qøg nigsmasFatukUGDINasüúg GIuy:ugkMupøicedaysarkmøaMgGIuy:ug. PaKeRcInénelah³EdlsßitenAkñúgsmasFatukUGrDINasüúg KWCaelah³qøg. taragTI3 lIkg;sMxan;²mYycMnYn eQ μaH TRmg; lIkg;m:UNUdg;tat Gam:Ujak;

kabUnm:UNUGuksIut GIuy:ugkørY GIuy:ugsüanY GIuy:ugtüÚsüaNat lIkg;b‘Ídg;tat eGTIELnDIGamIn GIuy:ugGuksaLat

lIkg;b:UlIdg;tat GIy:ugeGTIELnDIGamIn etRtaGaestat (EDTA)

H N H

H

..

.

. . - .: Cl :

: C O :

[: C N :]-

[: S C N :]- . .. .

[H2N CH2 CH2 NH2

. . . .

O O C C O O

. . . .

. . . .

. . . . . . . . . .

. . 2-

4

22-8

CMBYkTI22 m:UelKul b¤GIuy:ugEdlenACMuvijelah³enAkñúgGIuy:ugkMupøic[eQμaHfa lIkg;. Gnþrkmμ rvagGatUmelah³ niglIkg;GacRtUv)aneKKittamry³RbtikmμGasIut-)asLWvIs. dUcEdl eyIg)andwgrYcmkehIyfa)asLWvIsKWCasmasFatuTaMgLayNaEdlGacpþl; b¤[eTVtaeGLic RtugmYy b¤eRcIn. RKb;lIkg;TaMgGs;y:agehacNas;k¾maneTVtaeGLicRtugv:aLg;mincgsm<½n§ mYyEdrdUcbgðajkñúg]TahrN_enHRsab;.

. . H N H

H

rUbTI7 (a) TRmg;rbs;kMupøicelah³-emTIELnDIGamIn. m:UelKulemTIELnDIGamIn nImYy²man GatUmGñk[ (N) cMnYn2 dUecñH vaCalIkg;b‘Ídg;tat. (b) TRmg;gayrbs; kMupøicdUcKñaenH.

(b)

O

H H.. . .

: C O :

(a)

dUecñH lIkg;edIrtYCa)asLWvIs. mü:ageTot GatUménelah³qøgmYy ¬TaMgPaBCaGIuy:ug viC¢man b¤CaGatUmNWtrbs;va¦ mannaTIdUcCaGasIutLWvIsedaysarvacab;yk ¬nigdak;h‘un¦ KU eGLicRtugEdl)anmkBI)asLWvIs. dUecñH sm½<n§lIkg;CamYynwgelah³CaTUeTACasm<½n§kUGrDI Nasüúg. GatUmkñúglIkg;Edlcgsm½<n§pÞal;CamYyGatUmelah³[eQμaHfa GatUmGñk[. ]TahrN_ GasUt KWCaGatUmGñk[enAkñúgkMupøic [Cu(NH3)4]2+. cMnYnkUGrDINasüúg enAkñúg smasFatukUGrDINasüúg es μ InwgcMnYnGatUmGñk[EdlsßitenACMuvijGatUmelah³kNþalkñúg GIuy:ugkMupøic. ]TahrN_ cMnYnkUGrDINasüúgrbs; Ag+ enAkñúg [Ag(NH3)2]+ man2/ Cu2+ enA kñúg [Cu(NH3)4]2+ man4 nig Fe3+ enAkñúg [Fe(CN)6]3- man6. cMnYnkUGrDINasüúgEdlsMbUr CageKKW 4 nig6 Etk¾mancMnYnkUGrDINasüúg2 nig5pgEdr.

22-9

elah³qøg nigsmasFatukUGDINasüúg edayEp¥keTAelIcMnYnGatUmGñk[lIkg;RtUv)aneKcat;fñak;Ca m:UNUdg;tat b‘Ídg;tat b¤ b:UlIdg;tat. H2O nig NH3 CalIkg;m:UNUdg;tateRBaHm:UelKulnImYy²manGatUmGñk[EtmYy. cMENkÉemTIELnDIGamInCalIkg;b‘Ídg;tateRBaHGatUmTaMgBIrGacP¢ab;CamYy nwgGatUmelah³ mYy.

lIkg;b‘Ídg;tat nigb:UlIdg;tateKGacehAmü:ageTotfa Pñak;garP¢ab;(Chelating agent) eRBaHsmtßPaBrbs;vaGaccab;GatUmelah³dUcCaRkjúaM (Chele CaBaküRkicmann½yfa :RkjúaM :). ]TahrN_ dUcCaeGTIELnDIGamInetRtaGaestat (EDTA) CalIkg;b:UlIdg;tatEdl RtUv)aneKeRbIedIm,IEjkykelah³Bul. GatUmGñk[cMnYn6 EdlGac[ EDTA begáItCaGIuy:ug kMupøicmYyy:agmanesßrPaBbMputCamYynwgsMN. enAkñúgTRmg;enHvaRtUv)andkecjBIQam nigCalikaehIyk¾beBa©jecalBIragkay. EDTA k¾RtUv)aneKeRbIedIm,Ilagelah³viTüúskm μ EdlkMBb;pgEdr. rUbTI8 TRmg;rbs;kMupøic EDTA CamYysMN. kMupøicmanbnÞúksrub-2edayGatUm O KWCaGatUm Gñk[manbnÞúk(-) nigGIuy:ugsMNmanbnÞúk+2. TMrg;FrNImaRtrbs;GIuy:ug sMNKWqmuxniy½t.

3>1 cMnYnGuksIutkmμrbs;elah³enAkñúgsmasFatukUGrDINasüúg lkçN³sMxan;mYyeTotrbs;smasFatukUGrDINasüúg KWcMnYnGuksIutkmμrbs;GatUm elah³kNþal. bnÞúksrubrbs;GIuy:ugkMpøícKWCaplbUkénbnÞúkenAelIGatUmelah³kNþal nig enAelIlIkg;EdlenACMuvijva. ]TahrN_ enAkñúgGIuy:ug [PtCl6]2- GIuy:ugkørYnImYy²mancMnYnGuk sIutkmμ -I dUecñH cMnYnGuksIutkmμrbs; Pt RtUvEt +IV. RbsinebIlIkg;KμanbnÞúkeTenaHcMnYn GuksIutkmμrbs;elah³RtUves μ IeTAnwgbnÞúkrbs;GIuy:ugkMupøic. ]TahrN_ enAkñúg [Cu(NH3)4]2+, NH3 nImYy²CamUelKulNWt dUecñHcMnYnGuksIutkm μrbs; Cu KW +II.

22-10

CMBYkTI22 ]TahrN¾ 1³ kMnt;cMnYnGuksuItrbs;GatUmelah³enAkñúgsmasFatudUcxageRkam³ a) [Ru(NH3)5(H2O)]Cl2 , b) [Cr(NH3)6](NO3)3

c) [Fe(CO)5] , d) K4[Fe(CN)6]

cMelIy a) TaMg NH3 nig H2O KWCam:UelKulNWt. edayGuIy:ugkørnImYy²manbnÞúk-1ehIyman GIuy:ugkørcMnYn2 enaHcMnYnGuksIutkm μrbs; Ru Kw +2. b) GuIy:ugnIRtatnImYy²manbnÞúk -1 dUecñaH kacugRtUvEtCa [Cr(NH3)6]3+. NH3Cam:Uel KulNWt dUcenH cMnYnGuksuItkmμrbs; Cr KW -3. c) eday Co KWCamU:elKulNWt enaHcMnYnGuksIutkmμrbs; Fe KW 0. d) GIuy:ugb:UtasüÚmnImYy²manbnÞúk +1 dUecñaHGajú:gKW [Fe(CN)6]4-. bnÞab;mkeyIgdwg faRkumsüanItmanbnÞúksrub -1 enaH Fe mancMnYnGuksIutkmμ +2. lMhat;Gnuvtþn¾ ³ sresrcMnYnGuksIutkmμrbs;elah³kñúgsmasFatukMupøic K[Au(OH)4]

3>2 karehAeQμaHsmasFatukMupøic eyIg)ansikSaGMBIRbePTepSg²rbs;lIkg; nigcMnYnGuksIutkm μrbs;elah³rYcehIydUecñH CMhanbnÞab;eyIgnwgsikSaGMBIrebobehAeQ μaHsmasFatuTaMgenH. viFIehAeQμaHsmasFatuTaMg enHmandUcxageRkam ÷

o dUcCaenAkñúgsmasFatuGIuy:ugEdreKehAeQμaHkacugmunGaj:úg. karehAeQμaHenHeK minRbkan;faetIGIuy:ugkMupøicenaHmanbnÞúkviC¢man b¤GviC¢maneT. ]TahrN_ enAkñúgsmasFatu K3[Fe(CN)6] nig [Co(NH3)4Cl2]Cl eyIgehAeQ μaH kacug K+ nig [Co(NH3)4Cl2]+ mun.

o enAkñúgGIuy:ugkMupøiceKehAeQ μaHlIkg;mun ¬tamlMdab;lMedayGkSrRkm¦ nigGIuy:ug elah³CaeRkay.

o lIkg;CaGaj:úgeQ μaHxagcugRtUvbBa©b;eday :GU : CamYyKñaenHEdrlIkg;EdlmanbnÞúk NWtCaFm μtaRtUvehAeQμaHm:UelKulrbs;vaEtmþg. elIkElgEt H2O ¬GakU¦ CO

¬kabUnIl¦ nigNH3 ¬GamIn¦.

o enAeBlEdlmancMnYnlIkg;eRcIneyIgRtUveRbIbuBVbTRkic :DI-RTI-etRta-b:g;ta nig GicsaCamYynwglIkg;enaH. dUecñHlIkg;enAkñúgkacug [Co(NH3)4Cl2]+ KW :etRta GamInDIkørU :¬cMnaMfabuBVbTenHminRtUv)anrab;bBa©ÚlkñúgkartMerobGkçrRkmlIkg;eT¦.

22-11

elah³qøg nigsmasFatukUGDINasüúg

RbsinebIlIkg;enaHmanbuBVbTRkicrYceTAehIyeyIgRtUveRbIbuBVbT b‘ͬ2¦ RTIs¬3¦ nigetRta¬4¦ edIm,IbBa¢ak;BIcMnYnvtþmanrbs;lIkg;enaH. ]TahrN_ lIkg;eGTIELnDIGamInmanBakü :DI :rYceTAehIydUecñHebImanvtþmanlIkg; enHBIreKehAfa :b‘ͬeGTIELnDIGamIn¦ :.

o cMnYnGuksIutkmμrbs;elah³ RtUvsresrCaelxr:UmuaMgenACab;BIeRkayeQ μaHelah³ enaH. ]TahrN_ elxr:UmuaMg III tMNag[cMnYnGuksIutkmμ +3 rbs;elah³RkUmenAkñúg [Cr(NH3)4Cl2]+ EdlmaneQ μaHfa :GIuy:ugetRtaGamInDIkørURkUm (III) : .

o RbsinebIkMupøicCaGaj:úgvijeQ μaHrbs;vaRtUvbBa©b;eday :Gat :. ]TarhrN_ enAkñúgsmasFatu K4[Fe(CN)6] Gaj:úg [Fe(CN)6]4- eK[eQ μaHfa GIuy:ugGicsatüaNUEhVr:at (II). elxr:UmaMug II bBa¢ak;BIcMnYnGuksuItkmμrbs; Fe.

taragTI4 eQ μaHlIkg;smBaØenAkñúgsmasFatukUGrDINasüúgmYycMnYn lIkg; eQμaHlIkg;enAkñúgsmasFatukUGrDINasüúg RbUmY Br- RbUmU kørY Cl- kørU süanY CN- süaNU GIuRduksIut OH- GIuRduksU GuksIut O2- GuksU kabUNat CO3

2- kabUNatU nIRTIt NO2

- nIRtU GuksaLat C2O4

2- GuksaLatU Gam:Uj:ak; NH3 GamIn kabUnm:UNUGuksIUt CO kabUnIl Twk H2O GakU eGTIELnDIGamIn eGTIELnDIGamIn eGTIELnDIGamInetRtaGaestat eGTIELnDIGamInetRtaGaestU

22-12

CMBYkTI22

taragTI5 eQμaHGaj:úgEdlmanGatUmelah³ elah³ eQμaHelah³enAkñúgGaj:úgkMupøic

GaluymIj:Úm GaluymINat RkUm RkUm:at

kU)al; kU)al;tat Tg;Edg Kb;R)at mas Guyr:at Edk EhVr:at sMN bøúm)at

m:g;kaENs m:g;kaNat m:UlIEdn m:UlIdat nIEkl nIEkLat R)ak; GahSg;tat

sMN):ahaMg sþaNat tg;Esþn tg;sþat s½gásI s½gáat

]TahrN¾TI2 ³ sresreQμaHsmasFatutamRbBn§½GnþrCati a) Ni(CO)4 , b) [Co(NH3)Cl2]Cl c) K[Fe(CN)6] , d) [Cr(en)3]Cl3

cMelIy ³ a) lIkg; Co KWCamU:elKulNWtehIyGatUmnIEklK μanbnÞúk dUcenHeyIgGacehAeQ μaH smasFatuenHfa etRtakabUnIlnIEkl (0) rW GacehAmüa:geTotfa nIEkletRtakabUnIl. b)cab;epþImCamYykacug/lIkg;kørcMnYnBIrmanbnÞúkGviC¢manehIymU:elKulGamU:jak;man bnÞúkNWt. enaHGatUmkU)al;RtUvmancMnYnGuksIutkm μ +3 ¬edIm,ImanlMnwgCamYyGuIy:ug Cl- ¦. smasFatuenHKW etRtaGamInDIkørUkU)al; (III) kørIt. c) kMupøicGIuy:ugKWCaGaj:úgehIyvamanbnÞúkGviC¢man -3. dUecñaHGatUmEdkRtUvmancMnYn GuksIutkmμ +3. eQμaHrbs;smasFatuKWb:UtasüÚmhicsasüaNUEhVra:t (III). smasFatuenHk¾ RtUv)aneKehACaTUeTAfa b:UtasüÚmEhVricsüanIt.

22-13

elah³qøg nigsmasFatukUGDINasüúg d) dUcEdreyIg)andWgehIyfa en CaGkSrkat;rbs;lIkg;eGTIELnDIGamIn. eday manRkum en cMnYnbIehIyeQ μaHlIkg;manbuBVbTDIrYcehIyenaHeQ μaHrbs;smasFatu KWRTI¬eGTI ELnDIGamIn¦ RkUm (III) kørIt. lMhat;Gnuvtþn¾ ³ eGayeQ μaHGnþrCatirbs; [Cr(H2O)4Cl2]Cl ? ]TahrN¾TI3 ³ sresrrUbmnþénsmasFatuxageRkam a) b:g;taGamInkørUkU)al; (III)kørIt b) DIkørUb‘ͬeGTIELnDIGamIn¦)aøTINUm(IV) nIRtat c) sUdüÚmhicsanIRtUkU)al;tat(III) cMelIy ³ a) kMupøickacugmanpÞúkRkum NH3cMnYn 5GIuy:ugkør nigGIuy:ugkU)al;EdlmancMnYnGuksIut km μ +3 bnÞúksrubelIkacugKW 2+. dUcenH rUbmnþrbs;smasFatuKW [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2

b) manGIuy:ugkørcMnYnBIr RkumeGTIELnDIGamInBIr GIuy:ug)aøTINUmEdlmancMnYnGuksIut km μ +4 kñúgkMupøickacugenaHsmasFatumanrUbmnþ [Pt(en)2Cl2](NO3)2

c) kMupøicGaj:úgmanRkumnIRtU 6 ehIyGIuy:ugkU)al;EdlmancMnYnGuksIutkmμ+3. enaH smasFatumanrUbmnþ Na3[Co(NO2)6] lMhat;Gnuvtþn¾ ³ sresrrUbmnþmU:elKulrbs;smasFatuRTI¬eGTIELnDIGamIn¦kU)al; (III)s‘ul pat.

4 TRmg;eRKagrbs;smasFatukUGrDINasüúg kñúgkarsikSaBITRmg;FrNImaRtrbs;smasFatukUGrDINasüúg Cajwkjab;eyIgeXIjfa manviFICaeRcInedIm,IteRmoblIkg;enACMuvijGatUmkNþal. smasFatuEdlRtUv)anteRmobkñúg TRmg;epSgKñamanlkçN³rUb nigKImIxusKña. kñúgrUbTI9 bgðajBIkarteRmobFrNImaRtxusKñaTaMg bYnrbs;GatUmelah³CamYynwglIkg;m:UNUdg;tat. enAkñúgdüaRkamTaMgenHeyIgeXIjfa TRmg; nigcMnYnkUGrDINasüúgénGatUmelah³manTMnak;TMngKñaeTAvijeTAmkdUcxageRkam ÷

cMnYnkUGrDINasüúg TRmg;eRKag Structure

2 ExSRtg; b¤lIenEG‘ Linear

4 ctumuxniy½t b¤bøg;rabkaer Tetrahedral or Square planar

Gdæmuxniy½t 6 Octahedral

22-14

CMBYkTI22 esþerGUGIusUEmKWCasmasFatuEdlmanRbePTGatUm nigcMnYnGatUmdUcKñacgsm<½næCamYy KñakñúglMdab;EtmYyEtmankarteRmobkñúglMhxusKña. esþrIGUGIusUEmmanBIrRbePT KWGIusUEm FrNImaRt nigGIusUEmGubTic. smasFatukUGrDINasüúgGacmanTRmg;GIusUEmenHmYy b¤TaMgBIr RbePTEtk¾mansmasFatukUGrDINasüúgCaeRcInEdlK μanGIusUEmRbePTenH.

rUbTI9 TRmg;FrNImaRténGIuy:ugkMupøicsamBaØ Edl M Caelah³ nig L lIkg;m:UNUdg;tat 4>1 GIusUEmFrNImaRt GIusUEmFrNImaRt KWCaesþrIGUGIusUEmEdlminGacRtLb;cuHeLIg)anedayKμankarEbk )ak;sm<½næKImI. GIusUEmFrNImaRtekItmanCaKUehIyeKeRbIBakü "cis" nig "trans" edIm,IEjk GIusUEmFrNImaRtnImYy²enH. cis mann½yfaGatUmsMxan;TaMgBIr (b¤RkumGatUm) sßitenATItaMg RsbKñakñúgrUbmnþeRKag ehIy trans KWGatUmsMxan;TaMgBIr rWRkumGatUmzitenATItaMgpÞúyKñakñúg rUbmnþeRKag. GIusUEm cis nig trans énsmasFatukUGDINasüúgmanBN’ cMNucrlay m:Um:g; DIb:Ul nigskm μPaBKImIxusKñadac;RsLH.

rUbTI10 (a) GIusUEm cis nig (b) GIusUEm trans rbs;DIGamInDIkørU)øaTIn (II). cMnaMfa GatUmkør cMnYnBIrzitenATItaMgRsbKñakñúgGIusUEmr cis ehIyzitenApÞúyKñakñúgTMrg;Ca GIusUEmr trans.

22-15

elah³qøg nigsmasFatukUGDINasüúg

KYrkt;sMKal;fa eTaHbIGIusUEmTaMgBIrmanRbePTsm<½nædUcKñak¾eday(sm<½næBIrCa Pt-N nig BIreTotCa Pt-Cl)k¾karteRmobkñúglMhrbs;vaxusKñaEdr. rUbTI11 bgðajnUv]TahrN_mYyeTot énGIuy:ugetRtaGamInDIkørUkU)al; (III).

rUbTI11(a) GIusUEm cis nig(b) GIusUEm trans rbs;GIuy:ugetRtaDIGamInDIkørUkU)al; (III) (c) CaGIusUEm)anmkBIkarbgVilGIusUEm (a) ehIy (d) )anmkBIkarbgVilGIusUEm (b). dUecñHeyIg eXIjfa GIuy:ugenHmanGIusUEmEtBIrRbePTb:ueNÑaH KW (a) b¤ (c) nig (b) b¤ (d)

4>2 GIusUEmGubTic GIusUEmrGubTicKWCavtßúEdlminRtYtsIuKñanwgrUbPaBkñúgkBa©ak;¬RtYtsIuKña superimposable

mann½yfaRKb;TItaMgénGatUmrbs;va KWRtYtelIKñaenAeBlsarFatumYydak;elIsmasFatumYy eTot. dUcKñanwgGuIsUEmrFrNImaRtEdrGIUsUEmrGubTicmanlkçNCaKU. eTaHbICaya:gNa GIusU EmrGubTicrbs;smasFatumYybgðajBIlkçNrUb niglkçNKImIdUcCa cMnucrMBuH cMnucrlay m:Um:g; DIb:Ul nigmanRbtikmμCamYym:UelKulEdlminEmnCaGIusUEmrGubTicnwgva. GIusUEmrGubTicxus EbøkBIKñaeTAvijeTAmk edaykMlaMgGnþrkmμCamYyBnøWbøg;-b:UEldUcEdleyIgnwgeXIjenAeBl bnþiceTotenH.

rUbTI12 rUbPaBédeqVgenAkñúgkBa©ak;KWCaédsþaM

22-16

CMBYkTI22 TMnak;TMngénTMrg;eRKagrbs;GIusUEmrGubTicBIr KWmanlkçN³RsedogKñaeTAnwgTMnak;TMng rvagédsþaM nigédeqVg. ebIGñkdak;édeqVgenAmuxkBa©ak;enaHrUbPaBEdlGñk)aneXIjKWédxagsþaM ¬rUbTI12¦eyIgGacniyay)anfaédeqVg nigédsþaMKWCarUbPaBqøúHKñaeTAvijeTAmkkñúgkBa©ak;. eTaHbICaya:gNak¾edayédeqVg nigédsþaMminRtYtsIuKñaeTeRBaHeBleyIgdak;édeqVgelIédsþaM ¬)atédTaMgBIrp¶ab;cuHeRkam¦vaminRtUvKñaeT. rUbTI13 bgðajBIGIusUEmr Cis nig trans rbs; GIuy:ugDIkørUb‘Í ¬eGTIELnDIGamIn¦kU)al; (III) nigrUbPaBkñúgkBa©ak;rbs;va. cUrRbugRby½tñcMeBaH karRblgeRBaHfaGIusUEmr Cis nigrUbPaBkñúgkBa©ak;KWRtYtsIuKña b:uEnþGIusUEmr trans nigrUbPaBkñúg kBa©k;rbs;va KWminRtYtsuIKñaeT. dUecñHGuIsUEm Cis nigrUbPaBkñúgkBa©k; KWCaGuIsUEmGubTik. GuIsUEmrGubTic KWmanlkçN³dUc KIra:l; ¬PasaRkicfa :éd :¦ eRBaHédsþaM nigédeqVgKWCam:U elKulKIra:l;EdlminRtYtsIuKña. GuIsUEmrEdlRtYtsuIKñanwgrUbPaBkñúgkBa©ak;rbs;vaKWCam:UelKul GKIra:l;. m:UelKulKIra:l;edIrtYsMxan;sMrab;RTRTg;CIvitkñúgRbtikm μRtUvkarGg;suImkñúgRbB½n§CIvi³. fñaMejónCaeRcInCam:UelKulKIra:l;. vaCaerOgmYyKYreGaycab;GarmμN¾ nigkt;sMKal;famanEtKUr énGIusUEmrKIra:l;eTEdlman\Ti§BlelIRbB½n§CIvi³.

rUbTI13 (a) GIusUEmr Cis nig trans rbs;GIuy:ugDIkørUb‘ͬeGTIELnDIGamIn¦kU)al; (III) nigrUbPaBrbs;vakñúgkBa©ak;. (b) RbsinebIeyIgGacbgVilrUbPaBkñúgkBa©ak; 900 Rsb RTnicnaLikaRtg;TItaMgQr ehIydak;vaelIGIusUEmr trans enaHeyIgeXIjfasmasFatu TaMgBIrRtYtsIuKña. cMeBaHGIusUEmr cis nigrUbPaBvakñúgkBa©ak;eTaHbICaeyIgbgVilvaya:g Na rWrebobNak_eyIgminGaceFVIeGayGIusUEmr cis nigrUbPaBrbs;vakñúgkB©ak;RtYtelI Kña)anEdr. m:UelKulKIra:l;manskm μPaBGubTic eRBaHBYkvamansmtßPaBbgVilbøg;énb:UlIEmrenA eBlEdlBnøWb:Ulkmμqøgkat;va. xusEbøkBIBnøWFm μtaEdlmanrMj½rRKb;TisBnøWb:Ul-bøg;manlMj½r cMeBaHbøg;EtmYyb:ueNÑaH. kñúgrUbTI14 eyIgeRbIb:ULarIEmRtedIm,Ivas;rgVilrbs;GIusUEmrGubTic eBlBnøWb:Ulkmμqøgkat;.karbBa©aMgBnøWminb:UlkmμelIkdMbUgb:HépÞb:UlLarUGIut ( Polaroid) ehA

22-17

elah³qøg nigsmasFatukUGDINasüúg fab:ULarIEs‘r ( polarizer) bnÞab;mkqøgkat;bMBg;sakmanpÞúksUluysüúgskmμGubTic ¬smas FatuKIra:l;¦. BnøWb:Ulkm μqøgkat;bMBg;sakGaceFVIeGaybøg;b:Ulkm μrgiVlTaMgxagsþaM rWxageqVg.

rUbTI14 karsegáténb:ULarIEmRt. dMbUgbMBg;sakRtUvbMeBjedaysmasFatuGKIra:l;. GñkviPaK)anbgVilbøg;bU:lkmμeGaykat;Ekgnwgb:ULarIEs‘rkñúglkçxNÐenH K μanBnøWqøgkat; ]bkrN_eT. bnÞab;mkeKyksmasFatuKIra:l;dak;cUlkñúgbMBg;sakdUcmun ehIybøg;én bU:lkm μrbs;BnøWb:Ulkm μcab;epþImrgVilqøgkat;bMBg;sak dUcenHmanBnøWxøHb:H]bkrN_ Binitü. GñkviPaKcab;epþImbgVil¬TaMgsþaM nigeqVg¦rhUtdl;K μanBnøWqøgkat;]bkrN_mþgeTot EdleFVI eGayeKGacvas;mMuénrgVilGubTic)an.

rUbTI15 karbgVilenHGacvas;)anedaykarRtLb;GñkviPaKkñúgTisedAmYysmRsbrhUt

dl;karbBa¢ÚnBnøWkan;EtticeTA². RbsinebIbøg;b:Ulkm μrgVileTAxagsþaMGIusUEmrenaH KWdicRtUrUtaTUrI (dextrorotatory) [d] ebIvargVileTAxageqVgKW eLvUrUtaTUrI ( levorotatory) [l] . GuIsUEmr (d) nig (l) rbs;smasFatuKIra:l;ehAfa eGNg;tüÚEmrEdlCanic©CakalRtUvkarBnWøesμ IKñakñúgkarrgVil b:uEnþkñúgTisedApÞúyKña. dUecñaH l,ayéneGKVImU:La ( equimolar mixture ) rbs;eGNg;tüÚEmr TaMgBIrehAfal,ayra:esmic EdlmankMritrgVilesμ IsUnü.

22-18

CMBYkTI22

rUbTI15 ebIpÞaMgbU:LarUGuItzitenAelIrUbPaBmYyBnøWGacqøgkat;)an. CamYypÞaMgb:ULarUGIutTI2 Edldak;elIpÞaMgb:ULarUGIutTI1munenaH tMbn;bU:lkmμénRkdaskat;Ekgnwg GkS½nwgmanBnøWtic rWKμanBnøWqøgkat;. ebIGkS½éntMbn;bU:lkm μrbs;RkdasTaMgBIrRsb KñaenaHBnøWGacqøgkat;)an.

5 karcgsm<½n§enAkñúgsmasFatukUGDINasüúg-RTwsþIRkam RTwsþIsþIGMBIkarcgsm<½n§enAkñúgsmasFatukUGDINasüúgRtUvEtKitGMBIlkçN³mYycMnYndUcCa BN’ nigkarRsUbedayemEdk RBmTaMgesþrIGUKImI nigkmøaMgénsm<½n§. rhUtmkdl;\LÚv BMuTan;manRTwsþINamYyniyayGMBIbBaðaenHeT.b:uEnþmanRTwsþIEdlbgðajBIlkçN³Rbhak;RbEhl nwgbBaðaenHCaeRcInRtUv)aneKGnuvtþcMeBaHkMupøicelah³qøg. eyIgnwgeFVIkarsikSaGMBIRTwsþImYykñúg cMeNamRTWsþITaMgenaHKW RTwsþIRkam eRBaHRTwsþIenH)anbkRsayGMBIlkçN³TaMgBIrrbs;smas FatukUGrDINasüúgCaeRcInKW BN’ nigkarRsUbedayemEdk. dMbUgeyIgnwgBiPakSaGMBIRTwsþIRkam CamYynwgkrNIEdlcMbg²dUcCa karehAeQ μaHkMupøic GIuy:ugkMupøicCamYyTMrg;Gdæmuxniy½t. eyIg nwgeXIjkan;Etc,as;eTotfaetIvaGacbMElgCactumuxniy½t nigbøg;kaerya:gdUcemþc? 5>1 karbMEbkEdnRkamenAkMupøicGdæmuxniy½tñ RTwsþIEdnRkam)anBnül; GMBIkarcgsm<½n§enAkñúgGIuy:ugkMupøicy:agc,as;las;tamkmøaMg eGLicRtUsþaTic. enAkñúgGIuy:ugkMupøicekItmannUvkmøaMgGnþrkmμeGLicRtUsþaTicBIrRbePT. RbePT TImYuyCakmøaMgGnþrkm μrvagGIuy:ugelah³bnÞúkviC¢manCamYynwglIkg;bnÞúkGviC¢man b¤CamYynwg

22-19

elah³qøg nigsmasFatukUGDINasüúg bnÞúkGviC¢manrbs;lIkg;b:UElmYy.kmøaMgenH)aneFVI[lIkg;cgP¢ab;eTAnwgGatUmelah³.RbePT TIBIr CakmøaMgcRmaneGLicRtUsþaTicrvageTVtaeGLicRtugminsm<½n§rbs;lIkg;CamYynwgeGLic RtugenAkñúgG½rb‘Ítal; d rbs;GatUmelah³. dUceyIg)andwgrYcmkehIyfa G½rb‘Ítal; d TaMgGs;manTisedAepSg²Kña b:uEnþebIK μankar rMxanBIxageRkAeTenaHvamanfamBldUc²Kña. enAkñúgkMupøicGdæmuxniy½tGatUmelah³kNþalRtUv )anrMuB½T§edayeTVtaeGLicRtugesrIcMnYn6¬enAelIlIkg;6¦ dUecñHG½rb‘Ítal; d TaMg5RtUvrgnUvkmøaMg cRmaneGLicRtUsþaTic. TMhMénkmøaMgcRmanenHGaRs½yedayTisrbs;G½rb‘Ítal; d. ]TahrN_ G½rb‘Ítal; dUcEdl)aneXIjenAkñúgrUbTI16 e)øakG½rb‘Ítal;nImYy²manTisedAeTArkRCug rbs;Gdæmuxniy½ttamG½kS x nig y EdlCaTItaMgrbs;KUeGLicRtugesrI. dUecñH eGLicRtugmYy EdlmanTItaMgenAkñúgG½rb‘Ítal;enH)anrgnUvkmøaMgcRmanBIlIkg;xøaMgCagkmøaMgcRmanrbs;eGLic RtugkñúgG½rb‘Ítal; d

22 yxd

−

xy CaehtueFVI[famBlrbs;G½rb‘Ítal; ekIneLIgeFobeTAnwgG½rb‘Ítal; d

22 yxd

−

xy, dyz,nig dxz. famBlrbs;G½rb‘Ítal; dz2 k¾FMEdreRBaHe)øakG½rb‘Ítal;rbs;vamanTiseTArk lIkg;tamG½kS Z.

rUbTI16 G½rb‘Ítal; d TaMg5zitenACaGdæmuxniy½t. GatUmelah³ rWGIuy:ugKWsßitenAkNþal énTMrg;Gdæmuxniy½t ehIyeGLicRtugTaMg6KUEdlmincgsMB½n§sßitenARCugrbs; Gdæmuxniy½t.

22-20

CMBYkTI22 edaysarkmøaMgGnþrkm μrvagelah³ niglIkg;G½rb‘Ítal; d TaMg5enAkñúgkMupøicGdæmuxRtUv bMEbkCakRmitfamBlBIrKWkRmitfamBlx<s;manG½rb‘Ítal;2 ¬G½rb‘Ítal; nig d22 yx

d− z2¦ nig

kRmitfamBlTab ¬G½rb‘Ítal; dxy, dyz,nig dxz¦ ehIyG½rb‘Ítal;enAkRmitfamBlnImYy²man famBlesμ I²KñadUcmanbgðajkñúgrUbTI17. karbMEbkEdnRkam (Δ) plsgfamBlrvagsMnMuBIr énG½rb‘Ítal; d enAkñúgGatUmelah³enAeBlmanvtþmanlIkg;. TMhMrbs; Δ GaRs½yeTAnwg elah³ nigFmμCatirbs;lIkg;vaman\T§iBlpÞal;eTAelIBN’ niglkçxNÐRsUbtamedayemEdk rbs;GIuy:ugkMupøic.

rUbTI17 karbMEbkEdnRkamrvagG½rb‘Ítal; d kñúgkMupøicGdæmuxniy½t.

5>1>1 BN’ eyIg)andwgehIyfa BnøWBN’sdUcCaRBHGaTitüKWCabnSMrbs;BN’TaMgGs;. sarFatu mYy[CaBN’ex μAluHRtaEtvaRsUbnUvBnøWemIleXIjTaMgGs;EdlCHeTAelIva EtebIvaminRsUbBnøW enHesaHvanwg[CaBN’s b¤K μanBN’. vtßúmYymanBN’ébtgRbsinebIvaRsUbBnøWenHTaMgGs; ehIypøatecjnUvPaKbgáBN’ébtg.vtßúmYyk¾GacemIleXIjBN’ébtgEdrRbsinebIpøatecjnUv BN’TaMgGs;elIkElgEtBN’RkhmEdlCaBN’bEnßmrbs;BN’ébtg.

rUbTI18 rgVg;énBN’)anbgðajBICMhanrlk EdlsmRsbeTAnwgBN’nImYy². cMeBaHBN’ bEnßmKñadUcCaRkhm nigébtgKWsßitenATItaMg pÞyKñaénrgVg;.

Rkhm sVay TwkRkYc exov elOg ébtg

GVIEdl)anBiBN’naGMBIBnøWpøatRtUv)aneKGnuvtþpgEdrenAkñúgkarepÞrBnøW ¬BnøWEdlqøgkat; smasFatuGVImYy ]TahrN_ sUluysüúgmYy¦. cUrBicarNaeTAelIGuIy:ugTg;EdgGIuRdat [Cu(H2O)6]2+ EdlGacRsUbBnøWBN’TwkRkUcehtuenHsUluysüúg CuSO4 eyIgeXIjdUcCaBN’

22-21

elah³qøg nigsmasFatukUGDINasüúg exov. eFIVkarrMlwkBICMBUkTI7GMBIRTwsþIkg;TicEdlR)ab;faenAeBlEdlfamBlénpUtugKwes μ Inwg karxusKñarvagPaBRKwHnwgPaBePJackarRsUb ekItmaneLIgBIeRBaHeGLicRtugmYyRtUv)aneLIgeTA elIkMritmYyx<s;Cag. cMeNHdwgenHpþl;[eyIgnUvkarKNnaBIbMErbMrYlfamBlEdl)ancUlrYm kñúgkarcMlgeGLicRtug. eyIgGacKNnafamBlénpUtugedayeRbIsmIkareRkam ³

E = hv

enAkñúgsmIkarenH h tMNag[ef Planck (6.63 x 10-34 J.s) nwg v KwCaeRbkg;kaMrsμIEdlesμ I 5.00 x 1014 /s sMrab;cMhanrlk 600nm. Edl E = Δ dUecñH eyIg)an Δ = hv = (6,63 10-34J.s)(5,00 1014/s) = 3,32 10-19J

cUrcMnaMfa tMélenHKWCafamBlEdlRsUb)an1eGLicRtug. ebICMhanrlkénRbUtugEdl RsUbedayGIuy:ugenARsTab;xageRkAéntMbn;EdlCHBnøWenaHBnøWEdlepÞreTAKWdUcCaBnøWFmμtaKWman BN’sehIyGIuy:ugenaHKWKμanBN’. vIFIl¥kñúgkarvas;karbMEbkEdnRkamKWkareRbIma:suIns,icRtUsáúbBI ( spectroscopy) edIm,I kMnt;nUvCMhanrlkEdlBnøW)anRsUb. GuIy:ug [Ti(H2O)6]2+ KWCa]TahrN_mYy eRBaH Ti3+ man eGLicRtugenARsTab; 3d EtmYyb:ueNÑaH ¬rUbTI19¦. GIuy:ug [Ti(H2O)6]2+ RsUbBnøWenAtMbn; emIleXIjrbs;s,iúcRtUm¬rUbTI20¦. CMhanrlkEdlRsUbBnøWx<s;bMputKW 498nm ¬rUbTI19 b¦

rUbTI19 (a) KWCalMnaMénkarRsUbeGLicRtug (b) RkaPicénsMrUbs,iúcRtUrbs;famBlénkarbBa¢Ún RbUtuges μ InwgfamBlénkarbMEbkGuIy:ug. BicénsMrUbGtibrimakñúgtMbn;emIleXIj KW 498nm.

22-22

CMBYkTI22

rUbTI20 sUluysüúgBN’énelah³qøgenACYrTI1 mYycMnYn. BIeqVgeTAsþaM Ti3+, Cr3+, Mn2+,

Fe3+, Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+. Sc3+ nig V5+ KWK μanBN’.

sVay sVay føa elOg Rkhm ébtg exov

tamBt’manxagelIenHeFVIeGayeyIgGacKNnakarbMEbkEdnRkam ³

υh=Δ (1) dUcenH

λυ c=

Edl KWCael,ÓnBnøW / λ KWCaCMhanrlk

enaH J

nmmnmsmsJ

hc

1919

834

1099,31/101)(498(

/1000,3)(.1063,6( −−

−

×=×

××=

=Δλ

famBlenHKWCafamBlsMrab;ePJacmYyeGLicRtugrbs;GuIy:ug [Ti(H2O)6]2+ . edIm,I sresrkMritfamBlenHeGaykan;EtRsYleyIgGaceRbIxñatKILÚs‘UlkñúgmYym:Ul ( kJ/mol) ³

Δ = ( 3,99 10-19J/ion )( 6,02 1023ions/mol) = 240000J/mol = 240kJ/mol

GñkKImIGacKNnakarbMEbkEdnRkamsMrab;lIkg;nImYy² eRkamCMnYyrbs;Tinñn½yEdl )anBIs,iúcRtUsáúbBIrbs;cMnYnkMupøicmYyEdlmanGIuy:ugelah³dUcKña b:uEnþlIkg;xusKña nigbegáItes‘rI s,iúcRtUKImIEdlCataragtMerobénlIkg;karekIneLIgénlT§PaBkñúgkarbMEbkfamBlenAkMritG½rb‘Í tal; d ³ I- < Br- < Cl- < OH- < F- < H2O < NH2 < en < CN- < CO

lIkg;xagelIRtUv)antMerobtamlMdab;ekIneLIgéntMél Δ. GIuy:ug CO nig CN- RtUv)an eKehAfa lIkg;EdnxøaMg eRBaHvamankMritfamBlbMEbkénG½rb‘Ítal; d x<s;. BBYkGIuy:ug GaLÚEsn nigGuIy:ug OH- KWCalIkg;EdnexSayeRBaHvamankMritfamBlbMEbkénG½rb‘Ítal; d Tab.

22-23

elah³qøg nigsmasFatukUGDINasüúg 5>1>2 lkçN³ma:ejTic Ednma:ejTicrbs;karbMEbkEdnRkamk_RtUv)aneRbIedIm,IkMnt;lkçN³ma:ejTicrbs;GIuy:ug kMupøic. GIuy:ug [Ti(H2O)6]2+ maneGLicRtugenARsTab; d EtmYyehIyCanic©CakalvaCa)a:ra: ma:ejTic. eTaHbICaya:gNacMeBaHGuIy:ugEdlmaneGLicRtugeRcInkñúgRsTab; d minRtUv)aneK ykcitþTukdak;eT. ]TahrN_ kMupøicGdæekan [FeF6]3- nig [Fe(CN)6]3- ¬rUbTI21¦.

rUbTI21 KMnUstagénkMritfamBlrbs;GIuy:ug Fe3+ , [FeF6]3- nig [Fe(CN)6]3-

TMrg;eGLicRtugrbs; Fe3+ KW [Ar]3d5 ehIymanviFI 2 ya:gedIm,IEckeGLicRtugTaMg5 enARsTab; d eTAkñúgG½rb‘Ítal; d . eyageTAtamc,ab;han; ( Hund’s rule) ³ esßrPaBGtibrima ekIteLIgenAeBleGLicRtugTaMg5)andak;cUlkñúgG½rb‘Ítal;epSg²KñaCamYynwgs<InEdlRsbKña. b:uEnþkarerobcMenHGacsMerc)anEtenAkñúgtMélmYyb:ueNÑaH. eGLicRtugBIrkñúgcMenameGLicRtug TaMg 5 RtUvEtbnSaycUlkñúgG½rb‘Ítal; dx

2-y

2 nig dz2 EdlmanfamBlx<s;Cag. famBlmin RtUv)aneRbIeTRbsinebIeGLicRtugTaMg5)anbnSaycUleTAkñúgG½rb‘Ítal; dxy , dyz nigdxz . eyageTAelIkarbdiesFéneKalkarN_b:UlI ( Pauli’s exclusion principle) )anniyayfanwg manEtmYyeGLicRtugmincgsm<½n§b:ueNÑaHEdlmanvtþmankñúgkrNIxagelI.

rUbTI22 bgðajBIkarEckcayeGLicRtugkñúgG½rb‘Ítal; d EdleGayCakMpiøcs<InTab nig x<s;. kartMerobBitR)akdéneGLicRtugRtUv)ankMnt;edaycMnYnesßrPaBEdlsMerc)anedayman s<InRsbGtibrmaRbTl;nwgkarpþl;famBledIm,IbnSayeGLicRtugeTAkñúgG½rb‘Ítal; d Edlx<s; Cag. edaysarEt F- KWCalIkg;EdnexSayenaHeGLicRtugTaMg5 enARsTab; d cUleTAkñúg G½rb‘Ítal; dTaMg5epSg²KñaCamYys<InRsbedIm,IbegáItCakMupøics<Inx<s; ¬rUbTI21¦. müa:gvijeTot GIuy:ugsüanItKWCalIkg;EdnxøaMg dUecñaHvamancMnUlcitþxøaMgsMrab;eGLicRtugTaMg 5 cUleTAkñúg

22-24

CMBYkTI22 G½rb‘Ítal; d EdlTabCagCalT§plkMupøics<InTab)anekIteLIg. kMupøics<Inx<s;KWCa)a:ra:ma:ejTic CagkMupøics<InTab.

cMnYnBitR)akdéneGLicRtugmincgsm<½n§ ¬b£s<In¦ kñúgGuIy:ugkMupøicGackMnt;)anedaykar vas;PaBma:ejTic ehIyCaTUeTAkarBiesaFeFVIeLIgedIm,IKaMRTkarsnμtTukEdlEp¥kelIkarbMEbk EdnRkam. eTaHbICaya:gNaPaBxusKñarvagkMupøics<InTab nigx<s;GacekItmaneLIgluHRtaEt kMupøicmanpÞúkGIuy:ugelah³eRcInCag3 b£ticCag8 eGLicRtugenARsTab; d ¬rUbTI22¦.

rUbTI22 KMnUstagénG½rb‘Ítal;rbs;s<InTab nigx<s;rbs;kMupøicGdæmuxniy½tEdlsuIKñanwg rUbsNæaneGLicRtug d4 , d5 , d6 nig d7. vaK μanPaBxusKñaekItmaneLiIgeTsMrab; d1 , d2 , d3 , d8 , d9 nig d10

22-25

elah³qøg nigsmasFatukUGDINasüúg ]TahrN_TI4 ³ cUrTsSTayBIcMnYns<InKμanKUkñúgGIuy:ug [Cr(en)3]2+

cMelIy ³ rUbsNæaneGLicRtugrbs; Cr2+ KW [Ar]3d4 ehIy en KWCalIkg;EdnxøaMg enaHeyIg sn μtfa KWCakMupøics<InTab. eyageTAtamrUbTI22 eGLicRtugTaMg4nwgcUleTAkñúgG½rb‘Ítal; d EdlmanfamBlTabCag ( dxy , dy

2 nig dxz ) enaHnwgmans<InKμanKUcMnYn2 . Gnuvtþn_ ³ etImans<InK μanKUb:unμankñúgGIuy:ug [Mn(H2O)6]2+ ? H2O KWCalIkg;EdnexSay . 5>1>3 kMupøicctumuxniy½t nigbøg;kaer karbMEbkkMritfamBlénG½rb‘Ítal; drbs;kMupøic2RbePT¬ctumuxniy½t nigbøg;kaer¦k_Gac KNna)antamRTwsþIEdnRkamEdr. CakarBitNas;KMrUénkarbMEbkGIuy:ugctumuxKwpÞúyBIkarbMEbk rbs;kMupøicGdæmuxniy½t. kñúgkrNIenH G½rb‘Ítal; dxy , dyz nig dxz KWenACitlIkg;CageK dUcenH vamanfamBleRcInCagG½rb‘Ítal; dx

2-y

2 nig dy2 ¬rUbTI23¦. kMupøicctumuxPaKeRcInCakMupøics<In

x<s;. tamkarsnμt karerobcMkMupøicctumuxniy½tKW)anbnßyTMhMGnþrkm μrvaglIkg;-elah³naM eGay Δ mantMéltUc. enHKWCakarTsSTaynUvehtuplmYyEdlfakMupøicctumuxniy½tmancMnYn lIkg;ticCagGdæmuxniy½t.

rUbTI23 karbMEbkEdnRkamrvagG½rb‘Ítal; d kñúgkMupøicctumuxniy½t tamrUbTI24 )anbgðajfaKMrUénkarbMEbksMrab;kMupøicbøg;kaerKWmankarBi)akNas;. c,as; Nas;faG½rb‘Ítal; dx

2-y

2manfamBlx<s;xøaMg¬dUckñúgkrNIkMupøicGdæmuxniy½t¦ehIyG½rb‘Ítal; dxy manfamBlx<s;bnÞab;. eTaHbICaya:gNaTMnak;TMngTItaMgrbs;G½rb‘Ítal; dz

2, dxz nig dyz KWman GackMnt;)anedaykarBinitüenaHeTKWRtUvEteFVIkarKNna.

22-26

CMBYkTI22

rUbTI24 KMnUstagkMritfamBlsMrab;kMupøicbøg;kaer. edaysarEtvamankMritfamBl eRcInCag2 enaHeyIgminGacrkkarbMEbkEdnRkamdUcEdreyIgGackMnt;)ankñúgkrNI kMupøicGdæmux nigctumuxniy½t)aneT .

6 Rbtikmμrbs;smasFatukUGrDINasüúg GIuy:ugkMupøiccUlrYmkñúgRbtikmμbNþÚrlIkg;kñúgsUluysüúg. el,ÓnénRbtikmμenHFMTUlay Nas;eRBaHvaGaRs½yelIFm μCatiénGIuy:ugelah³ niglIkg;. kñúgkarsikSaRbtikmμbNþÚrlIkg;CaerOy² manRbeyaCn_kñúgkarkMnt;PaBxusKñarvagesßr PaBénGuIy:ug nigTMenarrbs;vakñúgRbtikm μEdleyIgehAfa sIuenTicminesßrPaB (Kinetic lability) . esßrPaBkñúgGtßbTenHKWCalkçN³ETmU:DINamicEdlvas;BIRbePTefrkMN Kf. ]TahrN_ eyIgGacniyayfaGuIy:ugkMupøicetRtasüaNUnIEkLat (II) manesßrPaBeRBaH vamanefrkMNFM ( K = 1 1030 ) Ni2+ + 4CN- � [Ni(CN)4]2- edayeRbIGIuy:ugsüanItEdlbiTsøakviTüúskm μkabUn 14 GñkKImI)anbgðajfaGuIy:ug[Ni(CN)4]2- cUlrYmRbtikm μbNþÚrlIkg;ya:gelOnkñúgsUluysüúg. Rbtikm μQandl;TIlMnwgya:gqab;rh½s enAeBlEdldak;RbePTTaMgBIrcUlKñaPøam ³ [Ni(CN)4]2- + 4*CN- � [Ni(*CN)4]2- + 4CN-

sBaØa * KWCasBaØasMKal;GatUm 14C . kMupøicdUcCaGuIy:ugetRtasüaNUnIEkLat (II) KWCa kMupøicgaycl½teRBaHvacUlrYmya:gelOnkñúgRbtikm μbNþÚrlIkg;. dUecñaH RbePTEdlmanesßrPaB ETm:UDINamic¬manefrkMNFM¦KWminmansar³sMxan;kñúgkarminmanRbtikmμeT.

22-27

elah³qøg nigsmasFatukUGDINasüúg kMupøicEdlminmanesßrPaBETm:UDINamickñúgsUluysüúgGasIutKW [Co(NH3)6]3+ . efr lMnwgsMrab;RbtikmμenHKW 1 1020 : [Co(NH3)6]3+ + 6H+ + 6H2O � [Co(H2O)6]3+ + 6NH4

+ enAeBlRbtikm μQandl;TIlMnwgkMhab;énGIuy:ug [Co(NH3)6]3+ KWexSay. eTaHbICaya:gNa RbtikmμenHRtUvkarry³eBl 3 b£ 4éf¶edIm,IsMercdl;TIlMnwg eRBaHEtPaBniclbs;GIuy:ug [Co(NH3)6]3+. enHKWCa]TahrN_mYyénkMupøicniclEdlCakMupøicGuIy:ugcUlrYmkñúgRbtikmμbNþÚr lIkg;ya:gyWt¬eRcInema:g rWéf¶¦. va)anbgðajfa RbePTK μanesßrPaBETm:UDINamicKWminman sar³sMxan;kúñgRbtikmμKImIeT. el,Ónrbs;RbtikmμKWkMnt;edayskm μPaBEdlx<s;kñúgkrNIenH. GIuy:ugkMupøicPaKeRcInEdlmanpÞúk Co3+ , Cr3+ nig Pt2+ KWCasIuenTicnicl. edaysarEt BYkvamanbNþÚrlIkg;yWt enaHeKmankargayRsYlkñúgkarsikSakñúgsUluysüúg. CalT§plcMenH dWgrbs;eyIgBIkarcgsm<½n§ TMrg; nigGIusUEmrrbs;smasFatukMupøicKWkan;EtFMTUlayeLIgcMeBaH karsikSasmasFatuxagelI.

7 bMerIbMras;smasFatukUGrDINasüúg smasFatukUGrDINasüúgRtUv)aneKrkeXIjkñúgRbB½n§CIvit nigkareRbIR)as;CaeRcInenA tampÞH ]sSahkmμ nigfñaMeBTü. eyIgnwgBiBN’naxøHkñúg]TahrN_xageRkam nigkñúgKImIGnuvtþn_ enATMB½rbnÞab;. 1 ]sSahkmμeFIVelah³ karTajykR)ak; nigmasedaykarbegáItkMupøicsüanIt nigkarbnSúT§nIEkledaykar bMElgelah³eGayeTACasmasFatu]s½ μn Ni(CO)4EdlCa]TahrN_mYyénkareRbIsmasFatu kMupøickñúglMnaMén]sSahkm μeFIVelah³. 2 karBüa)aleraKedayPñak;garekLat eyIgFøab;)andwgehIyfaEDTAKwRtUv)aneRbIkúñgkarBüa)alkarBulelah³.smasFatu manpÞúkpøaTInGacbg¥ak;karrIklUtlas;énekasikamharIkya:gmanRbsiT§PaB. 3 KImIviPaK eTaHbICa EDTA mancMnUlx<s;sMrab;cMnYnGIuy:ugelah³FM¬CaBiessGIuy:ug 2+ nig 3+¦ Pñak;garekLatepSgeTotRtUv)aneRCIserIsCagkñúgkarcgsm<½n§. ]TahrN_ DIemTIlKøIGUsIum

22-28

CMBYkTI22 (demethyglyoxime ) begáItCaGgÁFaturwgminrlayBN’Rkhm\dæCamYy Ni2+ ehIyGgÁFaturwg minrlayBN’elOgcas;CamYy Pb2+ . H3C

C == N – OH

C == N – OH H3C Dimethyglyoxime

lkçN³énBN’TaMgenHKWRtUv)aneRbIkñúgkarviPaKKuNPaBedIm,IkMnt;GtþsBaØaNnIEkl nigsMN. müa:geTotbrimaNénGuIy:ugEdlmanvtþmankñúgsUluysüúgGackMnt;)antamkarviPaKRkavimaRt ¬EpñkmYyénKImIviPaKbrimaNEdlGaRs½yelIkarføwgedIm,IkMnt;smasPaBKImI¦dUcxageRkam ³ sUluysüúgmYymanpÞúkGIuy:ug Ni2+ RtUv)andak;bEnßmedaybrimaNelIsénPñak;garDIemTIl KøIGUsIum bnÞab;mkeKeXIjmankkrBN’\dæekIteLIg. kkrenHRtUvykeTAeRcaH sMgYt nigføwg. edaydwgBIrUbmnþrbs;kMupøic ¬rUbTI25¦ eyIgGacKNna)anya:gelOnBIbrimaNrbs;nIEklEdl manvtþmankñúgsUluysüúgedIm.

rUbTI25 TMrg;rbs;nIEklDIemTIlKøIGUsIum. cMnaMmU:elKulenHmanesßrPaBedaysarsMB½n§GuIRdUEsn

4 sarFatuCMrHEk¥l skmμPaBsMGatrbs;sab‘UenAkñúgTwkrwgRtUv)anraraMgedayRbtikmμénGuIy:ug Ca2+ enAkñúg TwkCamYymU:elKulsab‘UbegáIt)anCaGMbilb£ kkr. munqñaM 1940 ]sSahkm μplitsarFatuCMrH Ek¥l)aneRbIsUdüÚmRTIb:UlIpUsVatedIm,IedaHRsaybBaðaxagelI. GIuy:ugRTIb:UlIpUsVatKWCaPñak;gar ekLatd_manRbsiT§PaBEdlGacbegáItCakMupøicmanTMrg;esßrPaB nigrlaykñúgTwkCamYy Ca2+. sUdüÚmRTIb:UlIpUsVateFVIeGaymankarpøas;bþÚrya:gxøaMgkñúg]sSahkmμplitsarFatuCMrHEk¥l.eTaHbICaya:gNapUsVatKWCaGaharcwBa©wmrbs;rukçCati enAeBlEdrTwkkgVk;manpÞúkpUsVatRtUv)ancak; cUlkñúgTenø nigbwgvaeFIVeGayvarICatiduHlUtlas;eRcInCaehtueFVIeGayGuksIuEsnkñúgTwkfycuH.

22-29

elah³qøg nigsmasFatukUGDINasüúg eRkamlkçxNÐenHeFVIeGaystVrs;enAkñúgTwkPaKeRcIn rWTaMgGs;RtUvsøab;. lMnaMenHehAfa eutrophication CalT§plrdæCaeRcInQb;eRbIR)as;sarFatuCMrHEk¥lpUsVattaMgBIqñaM 1970 ehIy GñkplitCaeRcIn)anerobcMEkERbrUbmnþsabU‘rbs;BYkeKsarCafμ IedaydkpUsVatecj.

KImIkñúgkarGnuvtþn_ smasFatukUGrDINasüúgkúñgRbB½n§Civit

smasFatukUGrDINasüúg)antYnaTIya:gsMxan;kñúgCIvitstV nigrukçCati. BYkvamansar³ sMxan;kñúgkarsþúkTuk nigdwkCBa¢ÚnGuksIuEsn Pñak;garepÞreGLicRtug kataliIkrkñúgdMenIrrsμ I sMeyaK. kñúgemeronenHeyIgepþatGarmμN_eTAelIsmasFatukMupøicEdlmanpÞúkEdk nig ma:ejsüÚm.

eGmU:køÚb‘ÍnKWCakrNIsikSamYyd_eBjniymCageKkñúgcMenamRbUetGuInTaMgGs; eRBaHvaCa GñkdwkCB¢ÚanGuksIuEsnsMrab;lMnaMemtabUlIs. kñúgm:UelKuleGmU:køÚb‘ÍnmanpÞúkRcva:k;bt;4ExSEdl ehAfaÉktarg. eGmU:køÚb‘ÍndwknaMGuksIuEsnkñúgQamBIsYteTAkan;CalikaEdlCaTIkEnøgRtUvEck caym:UelKulGuksIiEsneTAeGaymIy:UkøÚb‘Ín. mIy:UkøÚb‘Ín (Myoglobin) begáIteLIgedayÉktarg EtmYyKt; ehIyvasþúkTukGuksIuEsnsMrab;lMnaMemtabUlIskñúgsac;duM.

m:UelKulpUrBIn ( prophine) KWCaEpñkmYyd_sMxan;kñúgkarbegáItTMrg;eGmU:køÚb‘Ín. BIkUGr DINasüúgeTAelah³ GIuy:ugGIuRdUEsn)ancgsm<½n§CamYyGatUmGasUt 2 kñúgcMenamGatUmGasUt TaMg4 kñúgpUrBIn. kMupøicEdlTaj)anBIpUrBInehAfapUrBIrIn ( porphyrin) ehIy Fe Edl)anBI karcgsMB½n§CamYypUrBIrInehAfaRkumEG‘m.

TMrg;Fm μtarbs;mU:elKulpUrBIn nigkMupøicFe2+ pUrBIrIn. sñambnÞat;tageGaysm<½n§ kUGrDINasüúgkUva:Lg;

RkumEG‘mkúñgeGmU:køÚb‘Ín. GIuy:ug Fe2+ cgsm<½n§CamYyGatUmGasUténRkumEG‘m. lIkg; EdlenAxageRkamKICaRkumhIuesþDIn (Histidine) EdlP¢ab;CamYyRbUetGIun. lIkg;TI6KWCamU:elKulTwk.

22-30

CMBYkTI22 lT§PaBbIya:gsMrab;mU:elKulGuksIuEsnkñúgkarcgsMB½n§CamYyRkumEG‘mkñúgeGmU:køÚb‘Ín. (a) TMrg;mancMnYnkUGrDINasüúg 7 EdlCaTMrg;mincUlcitþsMrab; Fe (II) . eTaHbICaTMrg; (b) emIleTAhak;dUcCamanesßrPaB TMrg; (c) KWCaTMrg;RtwmRtUv .

EdkenAkñúgRkumEG‘mmancMnYnGuksuItkm μ 2. va)ancgsm<½n§CamYyGatUmGasUt4 kúñg RkumpUrBIn nigGasUtGñkeGaykñúglIkg;EdlP¢ab;CamYyRbUetGuIn. lIkg;TI 6KWCam:UelKulTwk EdlcgsMB½n§CamYyGIuy:ug Fe2+ enAcMehogmçageToténvg;edIm,IbMeBjeGay)anCakMupøicGdæmux niy½t. eGmU:køÚb‘ÍnenHehAfaedGuksIueGmU:køÚb‘ÍnehIyvaeFVIeGaysésEvnmanBN’exoveRbOg². lIkg;TwkRtUv)anCMnYsedayGuksIuEsnya:gelOn begáIt)anCaGuksIueGmU:køÚb‘ÍnmanBN’Rkhm EdlmankñúgsésQamGakET. ÉktargnImYy²manpÞúkRkumEG‘mmYy dUcenHEG‘mnImYy²Gac cgsm<½n§CamYym:UelKulGuksIuEsncMnYn4. GuksIueGmU:køÚb‘ÍnGacmanTMrg;mU:elKul3. kalBIb:unμanqñaMmunkarerobcMBitR)akdén m:UelKul O2 CamYyRkumpUrBIrInKWminTan;)andwgnUveLIyeT. PsþútagCaeRcInénkarBiesaF)an GHGagfa karcgsMB½n§rvag O2 nig Fe KWCab;Tak;TgCamYyRkuumEG‘m.

RkumpUrBIrInKWCaPñak;garekLatd_manRbsiT§PaB ehIyvaminKYreGayPJak;ep¥IleTEdl eyIgrkeXIjvtþmanrbs;vakúñgRbB½n§CIv³. kMupøicEG‘mEdkmanvtþmankñúgfñak;epSg²eTotén RbUetGIunehAfasIutURkUm. EdkmanTMrg;CakMupøicGdæmuxniy½tkñúgRbUetGIunTaMgenaHedaysarEtRkum hIuesþDIn nigemtüÚnInTaMg2 )ancgsMB½n§ya:gmaMCamYyGIuy:ugelah³enaHvaminGacCMnYseday GuksIuEsn rWlIkg;epSg²eToteT. CMnYsmkvijsIutURkUm)anedIrtYCaGñkyYreGLicRtugEdlman sar³sMxan;kúñgdMenIremtabUlIs. kñúgsIutURkUm Fe )ancUleTAkñúgRbtikmμerdukEdkGacRtLb;eTA mkya:gelOnEdlCaKUrCamYyGuksIutkmμénm:UelKulsrIragÁdUcCakabUGIuRdat.

Fe3+ + 1e- Fe2+

22-31

elah³qøg nigsmasFatukUGDINasüúg

kør:UPIl KWCam:UelKuld_sMxan;sMrab;kareFVIrsμ IsMeyaKrbs;rukçCatik_manpÞúkvg;pUrBIrInEdr b:uEnþkñúgkrNIenHGIuy:ugelah³ Fe2+ RtUv)anCMnYseday Mg2+.

RkumEG‘mkñúgsIutURkUmc. lIkg;xagelI nigxageRkam pUrBIrInKWCaRkumemtüÚnIn nig hIuesþDInrbs;RbUetGIun erogKña.

TMrg;pUrBIrInkñúgkørUPIl

sUluysüúgmanBN’ébtgrbs;kørU:PIlenAxag

eRkambMBg;sak. )ac;BnøWcaMgcUlBIxag elIehIyRtUv )anRsUbedaymU:elKulkørU:PIl. famBlénkarRsUb BnøWxøH)anbeB©ajBnøWeTAeGayeKdUcCa PøúyGrersg; (fluorescence) kñúgtMbn;Rkhmrbs; Visible

spectrum. PøúyGrersg; b¤ cMNaMgBnøW KW)anbnSay rlkeGLicRtUma:ejTicBIGatUm b¤mU:elKul CaBiess enAtMbn;EdlGacemIleXIj bnÞab;BIsMrUbbUtugdMbUg.

22-32

CMBYkTI22 smIkarsegçb υh=Δ ( 1) karKNnakarbMEbkEdnRkam segçbPaBBit nigbBaØatiþ 1. elah³qøgPaKeRcInmanG½rb‘Ítal; d EdlminTan;bMeBjTaMgRsugnigmanTMenarbegáItCaTMrg;

kMupøic. smasFatuEdlmanpÞúkGIuy:ugkuMpøicehAfa smasFatukUGrDINasüúg. 2. CYrTImYyénelah³qøg ¬BIság;cüÚmeTAdl;Tg;Edg¦ KWCaelah³EdlRtUv)aneKsÁal;eRcInbMput

kñúgcMenamelah³qøgTaMgGs;. KImIrbs;va manlkçN³dUcKñaeRcIny:agkñúgRkumTaMgmUl. 3. GIuy:ugkMupøicmanGIuy:ugelah³EdlB½T§edaylIkg;. RKb;GatUmEdlCaGñkpþl;eGLicRtugenA

kñúglIkg; CaGñkpþl;KUGLicRtugeTAeGayGIuy:ugelah³kNþalkñúgkuMpøic. 4. smasFatukUGrDINasüúg GacbgðajnUvTMrg;GIusUEmrFrNImaRt b¤GuIsUEmGubTic. 5. RTwsþIEdnRkam)anBnül;fa karcgsm<½n§kñúgkuMpøic)anmkBIkMlaMgGnþrkm μeGLicRtUsþaTic.

eyageTAtamRTwsþIEdnRkam Grb‘Ítal; d KW)anbMEbkeTACaGrb‘Ítal;EdlmanfamBlx<s;BIr nigGrb‘Ítal;EdlmanfamBlTabbIkñúgGdæmuxniy½tkuMpøic. plsgfamBlrvagGrb‘Ítal; d TaMgBIrRbePTenH KWCakarbMEbkénEdnRkam.

6. lIkg;EdnxøaMg KWeFVIeGaykarbMEbkEdnRkamFM ehIylIkg;EdnexSayeFVIeGaykarbMEbk EdnRkamk¾tUc. cMeBaHlIkg;EdnexSay sI<neGLicRtugmanTMenarsßitenAkñúgTisRsbKña nigcMeBaHlIkg;EdnxøaMg s<IneGLicRtugmanTMenarpÁúMKñaCaKU EdlkarpÁúMeGLicRtugCaKUenH RtUvkarfamBl eRcInedIm,ICMrujeGLicRtugeTAkñúgRsTab;x<s;énGrb‘Ítal; d.

7. GIuy:ugkMpøiccUlrYmRbtikmμbNþÚrlIkg;kñúgsUluysüúg. 8. smasFatukUGrDINasüúgRtUv)aneKeRbIR)as;kñúgvis½yepSg²KñaCaeRcIn ]TahrN¾dUcCa

fñaMbnSab b¤fñaMkarBarsMrab;karBulelah³ nigkñúgkarviPaKKImI. BaküKnøwH Pñak;garekLat Chelating agent 22-10

KIra:l; Chiral 22-17

smasFatukUGrDINasüúg Coordination compound 22-7

cMnYnkUGrDINasüúg Coordination number 22-9

kMupøicnicl Inert complex 22-28

22-33

elah³qøg nigsmasFatukUGDINasüúg karbMEbkEdnRkam Crystal field splitting (Δ) 22-21

lIkg; Ligand 22-9

GatUmGñkeGay Donor atom 22-9

kMupøicgaycl½t Labile complex 22-27

eGNg;tüÚEmr Enantiomer 22-18

GIusUEmFrNImaRt Geometric isomer 22-15

GIusUEmrGubTic Optical isomer 22-16

l,ayra:esmic Racemic mixture 22-18

b:ULarIEmRt Polarimeter 22-17

esþrIGUGIusUEmr Stereoisomer 22-15

es‘rIs,úicRtUKImI Spectrochemical series 22-23

sMnYr niglMhat;

lkçN³rbs;elah³qøg 1. etIGIVEdlCaPaBxusKñarvagelah³qøg nigelah³epSg²eTot? 2. ehtuGVI)anCaeKmincat; Zn Caelah³qøg? 3. cUrBnül;fa ehtuGVI)anCakaMGatUmfycuHbnþicmþg²BIsþg;cUmeTAdl;Tg;Edg? 4. edayBMueyageTAelIGtßbT cUrsresrrUbsNæanénPaBRKwH ( ground-state) eGLic Rtugrbs;elah³énCYredkTI1énelah³qøgRBmTaMgBnül;BIGIVEdlxusBIFm μtapg? 5. cUrsesrrUbsN§anéneGLicRtugrbs;GIuy:ugxageRkam³ V5+ , Cr3+ , Mn2+ , Fe3+ , Cu2+ , Se3+ , Ti4+

6. ehtu)anCaelah³qøgmanPaBGuksIutkm μeRcInCagFatuepSg²eTot? 7. cUreGaycMnYnGuksIutkmμEdlx<s;bMputBIsþg;cUmeTAdl;Tg;Edg. 8. ehtuGIV)anCaRkUmmanskm μPaBexSayCagbU:tg;Esülerduksþg;darbs;va? smasFatukUGrDINasüúg 9. cUreGayniymn½yénBakü³

- smasFatukUGrDINasüúg lIkg; GatUmGñkeGay - cMnYnkUGrDINasüúg Pñak;garekLat

22-34

CMBYkTI22 10. BiBN’naGMBIGnþrkmμrvagGatUmGñkeGay nigGatUmelah³kñúgRbtikm μGasIut)asLWvis 11. cUrbMeBjcenøaHsMrab;GuIy:ugkMupøic [Co(en)2(H2O)CN]2+

a) en KICaBakükat;én………………………. b) cMnYnGuksuItkmμrbs; Co KW ………………. c) cMnYnkUGrDINasüúgrbs; Co KW …………… d) ……………..KWCalIkg;eFJjBIr. 12. cUrbMeBjcenøaHsMrab;GuIy:ugkMupøic [Cr(C2O4)2(H2O)2]- a) cMnYnGuksuItkmμrbs; Cr KW ……………….

b) cMnYnkUGrDINasüúgrbs; Cr KW ……………

c) ……………..KWCalIkg;eFJjBIr. 13. eGaycMnYnGuksIutkm μénelah³kñúgsmasFatuxageRkam ³ a) K3[Fe(CN)6] , b) K3[Cr(C2O4)3] , c) [Ni(CN)4]2- 14. eGaycMnYnGuksIutkm μénelah³kñúgsmasFatuxageRkam ³

a) Na2MoO4 , b) MgWO4 , c) Fe(Co)5 15. etIsmasFatuxageRkammaneQ μaHkñúgRbBnæ½fadUcemþc ³ a) [Co(NH3)4Cl2]2+ b) Cr(NH3)3Cl3 c) [Co(en)2Br2]+ d) [Co(NH3)6]Cl3 16. cUreGayeQ μaHkñúgRbB½n§rbs;smasFatu nigGIuy:ugxageRkam ³ a) [cis- Co(en)2Cl2]+

b) [Pt(NH3)5Cl]Cl3

c) [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2 17. cUrsresrrUbmnþGIuy:ug nigsmasFatuxageRkam ³ a) etRtaGIuRduksUsaMgkat b) b:gtaGakUkørURkUm ( III) kør c) etRtaRbUmU:kUR)at ( III) d) eGTIELnDIGamInetRtaGaestatUhVara:t (II) 18. cUrsresrrUbmnþGIuy:ug nigsmasFatuxageRkam ³ a) b‘ͬeGTIELnDIGamIn¦DIkørURkUm (III) b) b:gtakabUnIlEdk ( 0) c) b:UtasüÚmetRtasüaNUkUR)at ( II) d) etRtaGamInGakUkørUkU)al; (III) kør

22-35

elah³qøg nigsmasFatukUGDINasüúg TMrg;rbs;smasFatukUGrDINasüúg 19. cUreGayniy½mn½yénBakü - esþrIGUGIusUEmr GuIsUEmrFrNImaRt

- GIusUEmrGubTic BnøWbøg;-b:UEl 20. cUrbBa¢ak;faetITMrg;mYyNaGactaMgenACaGuIsUEmrFrNImaRt)an ³ a) lIenEG‘r b) bøg;kaer c) Gdæekanniy½t d) ctumux 21. etIGVIEdlGackMnt;fasmasFatumYyKWCasmasFatuKIra:l;? etIb:ULarIEm:Rtvas;BIPaB KIra:l;rbs;mU:elKulmYyya:gdUcemþc? 22. cUrBnül;Bakü a) eGNg;tüÚEmr b) l,ayra:esmic 23. kMupøicGIuy:ugmanTMrg;FrNImaRtCabøg;kaer. cUrKUrTMrg;GIusUEmrFrNImaRténkMupøicenH. 24. etImanGIusUEmrFrNImaRtb:un μankñúgRbePTxageRkam ³ a) [Co(NH3)2Cl4]- b) [Co(NH3)3Cl3] 25. cUrKUrTMrg;GIusUEmrFrNImaRt nigGIusUEmrGukTicrbs;kMupøickU)al; ³ a) [Co(NH3)6]3+

b) [Co(NH3)5Cl]2+

c) [Co(C O ) ]2 4 33-

26. cUrKUrTMrg;GIusUEmrFrNImaRt nigGIusUEmrGukTicrbs;kMupøickU)al; ³ a) [Co(NH3)4Cl2]+

b) [Co(en)3]3+

karcgsMB½n§kñúgsmasFatukMupøic 27. cUrBiB’NnaedaysegçbBIRTwsþIEdnRkam. 28. cUreGayniymn½yBakü ³ - karbMEbkEdnRkam kMupøics<Inx<s; - kMupøics<InTab es‘rIs,úicRtUKImI 29. etIsmasFatukUGrDINasüúgmanBN’edImCaBN’GVI? 30. smasFatukMupøicmYymanpÞúk Sc3+ KWKμanBN’ cMEnkÉsmasFatumYyeTotmanpÞúk Ti3+

KWmanBN’ cUrBnül;. 31. etImanktþaGIVEdlGackMnt;fakMupøicmYyCaDIma:ejTic rW)a:ra:ma:ejTic?

22-36

CMBYkTI22 32. cUrBnül;fa ehtuGIV)anCalIkg;RbePTdUcKña karbMEbkEdnRkamrbs;kMupøicGdæmuxniy½tKW FMCagkMupøicctumuxniy½t? 33. GuIy:ug [Ni(CN)4]2- manTMrg;FrNImaRtCabøg;kaerehIyCaDIma:ejTiccMEnkÉ GIuy:ug [NiCl4]2-manTMrg;FrNImaRtCactumuxniy½tehIyCa)a:ra:ma:ejTic. cUrbgðajBIKMnUrtagénkar bMEbkEdnRkamrbs;kMupøicTaMgBIr. 34. elah³qøgEdlmanpÞúklIkg; CN- CaerOy²manBN’elOg cMEnkÉkMupøicmanpÞúklIkg; H2O CaerOymanBN’ébtg rWexov / cUrBnül;. 35. cUrTsSTayBIcMnYneGLicRtugmincgsm<n½§kñúgkMupøicGIuy:ug ³

a) [Cr(CN)6]4-

b) [Cr(H2O)6]2+

36. sMrUbGtibrimarbs;GIuy:ug [Co(NH3)6]3+ KW 470nm a) cUrTsSTayBIBN’rbs;kMupøicenH nig b) KNnakarbMEbkEdnRkamCa KJ/mol 37. cUreRCIserIskMupøicNaEdlmansMrUbBnøWenACMhanrlkEvgCageKcMeBaHKUxageRkam ³ a) [Co(NH3)6]2+ , [Cr(H2O)6]2+

b) [FeF6]3- , [Fe(CN)6]3-

c) [Cu(NH3)4]2+ , [CuCl4]2-

38. sUluysüúgmYybegáItedaykarrMlay 0,875g én Co(NH3)4Cl3 kñúgTwk 25g bgákenA sItuNðPaB -0,56oC . cUrKNnacMnYnm:Ulrbs;GIuy:ugEdlplit)aneBlEdl 1mol én Co(NH3)4Cl3RtUv)anrMlaycUlkñúgTwk nigeGayTMrg;GIuy:ugkMupøicEdlmanvtþmankñúgsmasFatu enH. Rbtikm μrbs;smasFatukUGrDINasüúg 39. cUreGayniymn½yénBakü ³ - kMupøicgaycl½t - kMupøicnicl 40. cUrBnül;faehtuGVI)anCaRbePTkMupøicmanesßrPaBETm:UDINamicGacmanRbtikmμKImI ehIyRbePTEdlK μanesßrPaBETm:UDINamicK μanRbtikm μKImI. 41. GasIutGuksalic H2C2O4 KWRtUv)aneKeRbIedIm,IsMGatsñamERcH sñamRblak;BIFug nigGagTwk. cUrBnül;BIclnkarKImIEdlekItmankñúgkarsMGatenH.

22-37

elah³qøg nigsmasFatukUGDINasüúg 42. kMupøic [Fe(CN)6]3- KWgaycl½tCag [Fe(CN)6]4- . cUrR)ab;BIkarBiesaFn_mYyEdl GHGagfa [Fe(CN)6]3- CakMupøicgaycl½t. 43. sUluysüúgTg;Edg (III) su‘lpatKWmanBN’exov eBlEdleK)andak;bEnßmsUluysüúg b:UtasüÚmPøúyGrYeKsegáteXIjmankkrBN’ébtgekIteLIg b:uEnþenAeBleKbEnßmsUluysüúg b:UtasüÚmkørYvijnwgmansUluysüúgébtgcas;mYyekIteLIg. cUrBnül;nUvGIVEdl)anekIteLIg kñúgkrNITaMgBIrxagelI. 44. enAeBlEdlsUluysüúgb:UtasüÚmsüanItRtUv)anbEnßmcUleTAkñúgsUluysüúgTg;Edg (III) s‘ulpateKeXIjmankkrBN’sekIteLIgkñúgbrimaNénb:UtasüÚmsüanItrlayelIs. enA eBlEdlGIuRdUEsns‘ulpatRtUv)andak;eGayqøgkat;sUluysüúgenAcMnucxagelIenaH KWK μankkr ekIteLIgeT/ cUrBnül;. 45. sUluysüúgTwkénTg;Edg (III) su‘lpatenAkMhab;mYymanBN’ébtgcas;. enAeBl EdlyksUluysüúgenHeTABRgavCamYyTwksUluysüúg)anERbBN’eTACaexovRsal/cUrBnül;. 46. kñúgsUluysüúgGasIutnIRTicravFe3+manRbtikmμCamYyGIuy:ugtüÚsüanItbegIát)anCakMupøic BN’Rkhmex μA ³ [Fe(H2O)6]3+ + SCN- � H2O + [Fe(H2O)5NCS]2+

kMhab;enAeBllMnwgén [Fe(H2O)5NCS]2+ RtUv)ankMnt;edaykMriténBN’exμArbs;sUluysüúg ¬vas;edays,úicRtUEmRt¦. kñúgkarBiesaFn_mYy 1ml énsUluysüúg Fe(NO3)3kMhab; 0,20M RtUv)anlayCamYy 1ml énsUluysüúg KSCN kMhab; 1×10-3 nig 8ml én HNO3 rav. KuNPaBénsUluysüúgBN’)anbgðajfa [Fe(H2O)5NCS]2+ kMhab;sUluysüúgKW7,3×10-5M. KNnaefrkMnrbs;sUluysüúg. lMhat;bEnßm 47. enAeBleyIgGanCYrTI1énelah³qøgBIeqVgeTAsþaMPaBGuksIutkmμ +2 KWmanesßrPaBCag PaBGuksIutkm μ +3. ehtuGIV)anCadUecñaH cUrBnül;. 48. kñúgcMenam Mn3+ nig Cr3+ etImYyNaCaPñak;garGuksIutkrxøaMg? cUrBnül;. 49. etI [Fe(en)3][Fe(CO)4]maneQ μaHkñúgRbB½n§CaGVI? ¬cMnYnGuksIutkmμrbs;Edkkñúgkacug kMupøicKW +2 ¦. 50. etI Fe nig Ti manPaBCaGuksIutkmμb:un μankñúgEr: FeTiO3 ¬emIlfamBlGIuy:ugkmμrbs; Fe nigTi kñúgtarag 1 ehIyfamBlGIuy:ugkm μTI4rbs; Ti KW 4180KJ/mol ¦.

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CMBYkTI22 51. nisSitmYy)anerobcMkMupøickU)al;mYyEdlmanTMrg;mYykñúgcMenamTMrg;3xageRkam³ [Co(NH3)6]Cl3 , [Co(NH3)5Cl ]Cl2 , [Co(NH3)4Cl2]Cl

edayeRbIkarBiesaFBIPaBcMlgcrnþGKÁIsnIcUrBnül;fa etInisSitenaHnwgrkPaBxusKñarvag lT§PaBTaMg3ya:gdUcemþc? nisSitenaH)andkecjnUvsUluysüúgeGLicRtUlItxøaMgcMnYn 3 Edl GaceRbIkñúgkareRbobeFob)anKW NaCl , MgCl2 , FeCl3. 52. GñkviPaKKImI)anbgðajfa mU:elKuleGmU:køÚb‘ÍnmanpÞúk 0,34%énEdkCama:s.etIma:smU:l Gb,brimarbs;m:UelKuleGmU:køÚb‘Ínmanb:unμan? tMélma:sm:UlBitR)akdrbs;eGmU:køÚb‘ÍnKW 65000g. etIGñkKitdUcemþccMeBaHPaBminRsbKñarvagtMélGb,brima nigtMélBitR)akd? 53. cUrBnül;BIPaBBitxageRkam ³ a) Cu nig Fe manPaBCaGuksIutkmμBI 3 eTA 4 cMEnkÉ Zn KWmanEt 1 . b) Cu nig Fe CaGIuy:ugmanBN’ cMEnkÉ Zn KWKμanBN’. 54. kñúgqñaM 1895 mannisSitmñak;)anerobcMsmasFatukUGrDINasüúgcMnYn3EdlmanpÞúkRkUm manlkçN³dUcxageRkam ³

rUbmnþ BN’ cMnYn Cl-enAkñúgrUbmnþ a) CrCl3-6H2O sVay 3

b) CrCl3-6H2O ébtgRsal 2

ébtgcas; c) CrCl3-6H2O 1

sresrBIrUbmnþsm½yTMenIbénsmasFatuxagelI ehIyesñIBIviFIsaRsþEdlGacbBa¢ak;BI cMnYnCl-EdlmanvtþmankñúgsUluysüúgkñúgkrNInImYy². ¬smasFatuxøHGacekItmanedaysar GIuRdatkmμ¦. 55. efrkMNsMrab;Rbtikmμ 2NH3 � [Ag(NH3)2]+ KW 1,5 107 nigRbtikmμ Ag+ + 2CN- � [Ag(CN)2]-

KW 1,0 1021 enAsItuNðPaB 250C cUrKNnaefrlMnwg nig ΔG0 enAsItuNðPaB 250C sMrab; Rbtikmμ ³ [Ag(NH3)2]+ + 2CN- � [Ag(CN)2]- + 2NH3

56. tamtarag 19.1)anbgðajBItMélbU:tg;Esülsþg;daerdukrbs; Zn/Zn2+ nig Cu+/Cu2+

cUrKNna ΔG0nigefrlMnwgénRbtikmμ Zn(s) + 2Cu2+(aq) Zn2+(aq) + 2Cu+(aq)

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elah³qøg nigsmasFatukUGDINasüúg 57. edayeRbIR)as;tarag19.1b:Utg;Esülsþg;daerduknigesovePATinñn½ySI )anbgðajfa RbtikmμxageRkamGacRbRBwtþeTA)aneRkamlkçxNÐsþg;da ³ 2Ag(s) + Pt2+(aq) 2Ag+(aq) + Pt(s)

etIRbtikmμenHmanefrlMnwgb:unμanenAsItuNðPaB 250C?

58. kMupøic Co2+ b:UBIrIn (porphyrin) KWmanesßrPaBCag Fe2+b:UBIrIn cuHehtuGIV)anCa Fe2+

KWCaGIuy:ugmanvtþmankñúgeGmU:køÚb‘Ín¬RbUetGIunEdlmanpÞúkEG‘m (Heme) ¦minEmn Co2+ ?

59. etIGIVCaPaBxusKñarvagGuIsUEmrFrNImaRt nigGIusUEmrGukTic? 60. GuksuIeGmU:køÚb‘ÍnKWmanBN’RkhmRss; cMEnkÉedGuksuIeGmU:køÚb‘ÍnKWmanBN’sVay. cUr bgðajfa PaBxusKñaénBN’GacbgðajBIKuNPaB rWlkçN³elImUldæanRKwHrbs;kMupøicmans<Inx<s; nigkMupøicman s<InTab¬ O2 KWCalIkg;EdnxøaMg¦. 61. GIuRdatkmμénGIuy:ug Mn2+ KWKμanBN’ ¬rUbTI20¦eTaHCaBYkvaman 5eGLicRtugenARsTab; 3d k_eday cUrBnül;. 62. bNþakacugGIuRdatxageRkametImYyNaEdlK μanBN’ ³ Fe2+(aq) , Zn2+(aq) , Cu+(aq) , Cu2+(aq) , V5+(aq) , Ca2+(aq) , Co2+(aq) ,

Sc3+(aq) , Pb2+(aq) cUrBnül;BICMerIsrbs;Gñk. 63. sUluysüúgTwkén CoCl2 KWmanTaMgBN’pþaQUkRsal nigexov. cMeBaHkMbaab;Tab nig sItuNðPaBTabvamanTMenarnwgbegáItBN’páaQUk xN³eBlEdrsItuNðPaBx<s; nigkMhab;x<s;va manTMenarnwgbegáItBN’exov. enAeBlbEnßmGasIutGIuRdUkørIcsUluysüúgBN’páaQUkén CoCl2 ERbBN’eTACaexov b:uEnþBN’páaQUknwgminpøas;bþÚreTenAeBlbEnßm HgCl2cUrBnül;. 64. cUresñIrBIviFIsaRsþEdlGacbgðajBIPaBxusKñarvag Cis-Pt(NH3)2Cl2 nig Trans-

Pt(NH3)2Cl2. 65. GñkRtUv)aneKpþl;eGaynUvsUluuysüúgcMnYnBIrEdlmankMhab;es μImanpÞúk FeCl2 nig FeCl3. sUluysüúgmYymanBN’elOgRsal nigmYyeTotmanBN’etñat. cUrcg¥úlbgðaj sUluysüúgnImYy²edayEp¥kelIBN’Edl)anR)ab;. 66. pøaksBaØaénTwkedaHeKamYy)anbBa¢ak;famanpÞúk EDTA sMrab;karBarGahar. etI EDTA CYykarBarkMueGaymankarxUcp¥ÚmGaharya:gdUcemþc? cMelIylMhat;Gnuvtþn_ 1. K= +1 , Au= +3

2. etRtaGakUDIkørURkUm (III)

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CMBYkTI22 3. [Co(en)3]2(SO4)3 4. 5, kør cMelIysMnYr niglMhat; 12. a) +3 , b) 6 c) GuksaLat 14. a) Na: +1 , Mo: +6 , b) Mg:+2 ,

W: +6 , c) Fe: 0 16. a) Cis-DIkørUb‘ͬeGTIELnDIGamIn¦kU)al; (III) , b)b:gtaGamInkørUpøaTIn

(IV)kør c) b:gtaGamInkørUkU)al; (III)kør. 18. a) [Cr(en)2Cl2]+ b) Fe(CO)5 c) K2[Cu(CN)4] d) [Co(NH3)4(H2O)Cl]Cl2

24. a) 2 b) 2 26. a) GIusUEmrFrNImaRtBIr b) GIusUEmrGubTic

34. GIuy:ug CN- KWCalIkg;EdnxøaMg. edaysMrUbenACit UV ¬exov¦ dUecñaHeyIgeXIjBN’ elOgelceLIg. 36. 255 KJ/mol 38. [Co(NH ) Cl ]Cl 3 4 2

42. eRbI 14CN- EdlbiTsøak¬kñúg NaCN¦ 44. dMbUgkkrBN’s Cu(CN)2 )anekIteLIg varlaymþgeTotkøayCa Cu(CN) 2-

4 46. 1,4 102 48. Mn3+ 50. Ti: +3 , Fe: +3

52. manEdk4 GatUm kñúgmYymU:elKuleGm:UkøÚb‘Ín 54. a) [Cr(H O) ]Cl , b) [Cr(H O)2 6 3 2 5Cl]Cl .H O , c) [Cr(H O) Cl2 2 2 4 2]Cl .2H O 2

56. -1,8 102Kj , 4 1031 58. EdkmaneRcInCageK 60. GuksIueGm:UkøÚb‘ÍnRsUbBnøWenA famBlx<s;Cag 62. RKb;TaMgGs;elIkElgEt Fe2+ 2+ nig Co2+ Cu 64. vas;mU:m:g;DIb:Ul 66. EDTA CaGñkbMEbkGIuy:ugelah³sMxan; ¬Ca2+ , Mg2+ ¦

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