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Group translocation Group translocations is a process in which an organic molecule such as glucose transported into the cell while being chemically modifed. The PEP phospotranse system is an example o group translocation. In this process, the phosphate rom high energy rom high-energy compound phospoenol-pyru ate or PEP, is transerred to !Pr by en"yme I and the product, pyru ate, is release. The phosphate is then transerred rom !Pr to En"yme II # by En"yme II $. The membrane-bound En"yme II % then carriers the glucose across the membrane and the glucose becomes phosporylated as it enters the cell. &odium-potassium pump wor's The sodium potassium pump is an acti e transport mechanism. Three spdium ions bind to the protein channel and an $TP pro ides the energyto change the shape o the channel that in turn dri ers the ions through the channe (ne phosphate group rom the $TP remains bound with the channel. The sodium ions are release on the other side o the membrane outside o the ce the new shape o the channel has a high a)nity or potassium ions and two o th ions now bind to the channel. This binding again causes a change in the shape o the protein channel and this conormational change release the phosphate group on the cytoplasm side. This release allows the channel to re ert to its original shape and as the resu potassium ions are release inside the cell. In its original shape the channel has a high a)nity or sodium ions and when t ions bind again, they initiate another cycle. The important characteristic o this pump is that both sodium and potassium ion mo ing rom areas o low concentration to areas o high concentration i.e., each is mo ing against its concentration gradient. This type o mo ement can only be achie ed by the constant expenditure o $TP energy. %otransport*$ntiport and symport+ &mall molecules such as sugars and amino acids can be transported up a concentration gradient. The sugar mo e ia membrane transport protein rom outside o the cell where th sugar concentration is low to the inside o the cell where the sugar concentrat high.

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Group translocation
Group translocations is a process in which an organic molecule such as glucose is transported into the cell while being chemically modifed. The PEP phospotranserase system is an example o group translocation.
In this process, the phosphate rom high energy rom high-energy compound phospoenol-pyruate or PEP, is transerred to !Pr by en"yme I and the product, pyruate, is release.
 The phosphate is then transerred rom !Pr to En"yme II # by En"yme II $.
 The membrane-bound En"yme II % then carriers the glucose across the membrane and the glucose becomes phosporylated as it enters the cell.
&odium-potassium pump wor's
 The sodium potassium pump is an actie transport mechanism.
 Three spdium ions bind to the protein channel and an $TP proides the energyto change the shape o the channel that in turn driers the ions through the channel.
(ne phosphate group rom the $TP remains bound with the channel.
 The sodium ions are release on the other side o the membrane outside o the cell and the new shape o the channel has a high a)nity or potassium ions and two o these ions now bind to the channel.
 This binding again causes a change in the shape o the protein channel and this conormational change release the phosphate group on the cytoplasm side.
 This release allows the channel to reert to its original shape and as the result, the potassium ions are release inside the cell.
In its original shape the channel has a high a)nity or sodium ions and when these ions bind again, they initiate another cycle.
 The important characteristic o this pump is that both sodium and potassium ions are moing rom areas o low concentration to areas o high concentration i.e., each in ion is moing against its concentration gradient.
 This type o moement can only be achieed by the constant expenditure o $TP energy.
%otransport*$ntiport and symport+
&mall molecules such as sugars and amino acids can be transported up a
concentration gradient.
 The sugar moe ia membrane transport protein rom outside o the cell where the
sugar concentration is low to the inside o the cell where the sugar concentration is
high.
 
 The transport o the sugar through a coupled transport protein is drien by the
moement o counterions such as sodium ions or protons, that are moing down their
concentration gradient, rom a region o high to low concentration.
&odium ions and the specifc sugar or amino acid simultaneously bind to the same
transmembrane protein on the outside o the cell, called a symport.
hen the counterion is sodium, the low concentration o sodium on the inside o the
cell reuired to transport the sugar is maintained by sodiumpotassium pump, which
is powered by $TP.
In related process, called counter transport, the inward moement o sodium ions is
coupled with the outer moement o another substance such as calcium ions.
$s in co-transport, the sodium ions and another substance bind to the same transport
protein, called the antiport, but in this case, they bind on opposite sides o the
membrane and are moed in opposite directions.
 The low internal sodium ion concentration is maintained by the sodiumpotassium
pump.
Endositosis dan E'sositosis
 The substances ta'en in by single celled organism are oten particles or large, polar molecule that cannot cross the hydrophobic plasma membrane.
/any single-celled eu'aryotes employ endocytosis to ingest such ood particles. In this process, the plasma membrane extends outward and surround the ood particle.
%ells use three ma0or type o endocytosis1 phagocytosis, pinocytosis and receptor- mediated endocytosis.
I the material the cell ta'es in is particulate, such as a bacterium or a ragment o organic matter, the process is called phagocytosis.
I the material the cell ta'es in is liuid, it is called pinocytosis.
&pecifc molecules such as low density lipoproteins *232+ are oten transported into eucaryotic cells through receptor-mediated endocytosis. /olecules to be transported frst bind to specifc receptors on the plasma membrane.
 The interior portion o the receptor protein is embedded in the membrane. The protein clathrin coats the inside o the membrane in the area o the pit.
hen an appropriate collection o molecules gathers in the coated pit, the pit deepens and seals o4 to orm a coated esicle, ehich carriers molecules into the cell.
Exocytosis is the reerse o endocytosis. This process result in the discharge o material rom esicles at the cell surace to the outside o the cell.
(smosis
 
3i4usion is the net moement o the molecules down a concentration gradient. This process allow small molecules such as oxygen and carbon dioxide to across the plasma membrane.
/ost polar molecules, as sugars and proteins cannot reely cross this lipid membrane.
$lthough water molecules are polar, the are small enough to pass through the membrane reely. This special case o di4usion that inoles the moement o water molecules across the membrane is called osmosis.
I a molecule such as urea is added to one side o the membrane, it will not be able to di4use across the membrane because it is both large and polar.
#ecause o its polar nature, it will interact with other polar molecules, such as the water. This interaction reduce the number o ree water molecules on the right hand side.
ith ewer ree water molecules on the right hand side, there is now a net moement o water molecules, down their concentration gradient to the side with the urea molecules.
#ecause more water molecules are moing into this area than are leaing, the water leel on the right side will rise.
I the osmotic concentrations o two solutions are eual, the solutions are isotonic.
!oweer, when the solution hae uneual osmotic concentrations, the solution with the higher concentration o solute is hypertonic and the solution with the lower concentration o solutes is hypotonic.
3iusi
/olecules dissoled in a solutions are in constant random motion due to their 'inetic
energy. (ne result o this motion is that dissoled molecules become eenly
distributed throughout the solution.
 This tendency o molecules to spread out is an example o di4usion. #ut how do these
molecules come to eenly distributed5 2et6s start with the ba'er o plain water.
hat will happen i we now add a lump o sugar to the water5 $ lump o sugar is
composed o many indiidual o sugar molecules and, een as a solid lump, the
indiidual sugar molecules are in motion.
hen the lump is dropped into the water, it begins to dissole.
Indiidual sugar molecules moe randomly and constantly rom the area where they
are common to the area where they are scarce.
 This type o motion when molecules moe rom areas o their higher concentration to
areas o their lower concentrations is called di4usion.
3i4usion continues until all the sugar molecules become eenly dispersed throughout
the bea'er. The rate o di4usion is a4ected by temperature, si"e o molecules, and the
steepness o the concentration gradient.
 
$lthough not specifcally shown in this animation, this is one o the processes whereby
 
 Translo'asi 'elompo'
 Translo'asi Group adalah proses di mana sebuah mole'ul organi' seperti glu'osa diang'ut 'e dalam sel saat sedang dimodif'asi secara 'imia. &istem PEP phospotranserase adalah contoh dari 'elompo' translo'asi.
3alam proses ini, osat dari energi tinggi dari energi tinggi senyawa phospoenol- piruat atau PEP, ditranser 'e !P7 oleh en"im I dan produ', piruat, adalah rilis.
8osat tersebut 'emudian ditranser dari !P7 'e En"im II # oleh En"im II $.
/embran-teri'at en"im II % ma'a operator glu'osa melintasi membran dan glu'osa men0adi phosporylated 'arena memasu'i sel.
&odium-'alium 'arya pompa
9atrium 'alium pompa me'anisme transpor a'ti.
 Tiga ion spdium mengi'at saluran protein dan $TP menyedia'an energyto mengubah bentu' saluran yang pada gilirannya drier ion melalui saluran tersebut.
&atu 'elompo' osat dari $TP tetap teri'at dengan saluran.
Ion-ion natrium yang rilis di sisi lain dari membran luar sel dan bentu' baru dari saluran memili'i afnitas tinggi untu' ion 'alium dan dua ion ini se'arang mengi'at saluran.
Ini mengi'at lagi menyebab'an perubahan bentu' saluran protein dan pelepasan perubahan 'onormasi ini 'elompo' osat di sisi sitoplasma.
7ilis ini memung'in'an saluran untu' 'embali 'e bentu' aslinya dan sebagai hasilnya, ion 'alium adalah rilis dalam sel.
3alam bentu' aslinya saluran memili'i afnitas tinggi untu' ion natrium dan 'eti'a ion ini mengi'at lagi, mere'a memulai si'lus lain.
:ara'teristi' penting dari pompa ini adalah bahwa 'edua natrium dan 'alium ion bergera' dari daerah 'onsentrasi rendah 'e daerah 'onsentrasi tinggi yaitu, masing- masing ion bergera' melawan gradien 'onsentrasi.
 ;enis gera'an hanya dapat dicapai dengan pengeluaran 'onstan energi $TP.
%otransport *antiport dan symport+
/ole'ul 'ecil seperti gula dan asam amino dapat diang'ut sebuah gradien 'onsentrasi.
Gula 2ang'ah ia protein transport membran dari luar sel di mana 'onsentrasi gula rendah 'e bagian dalam sel di mana 'onsentrasi gula yang tinggi.
 Transportasi gula melalui protein transpor ditambah didorong oleh gera'an ion lawan seperti ion natrium atau proton, yang bergera' turun gradien 'onsentrasi mere'a, dari daerah tinggi 'e 'onsentrasi rendah.
 
:eti'a ion lawan adalah natrium, 'onsentrasi rendah natrium di dalam sel yang dibutuh'an untu' mengang'ut gula di'elola oleh natrium pompa 'alium, yang didu'ung oleh $TP.
3alam proses ter'ait, yang disebut 'ontra transportasi, gera'an 'e dalam ion natrium digabung'an dengan gera'an luar "at lain seperti ion 'alsium.
&eperti dalam co-transport, ion natrium dan mengi'at "at lain untu' protein transport yang sama, yang disebut antiport, tetapi dalam 'asus ini, mere'a mengi'at di sisi berlawanan dari membran dan dipindah'an dalam arah yang berlawanan.
:onsentrasi internal yang ion natrium yang rendah dipertahan'an oleh pompa natrium 'alium.
Endositosis 3an e'sositosis
<at diambil oleh organisme bersel tunggal sering parti'el atau besar, mole'ul polar yang tida' dapat melintasi membran plasma hidroobi'.
#anya' eu'ariota bersel tunggal mengguna'an endositosis untu' menelan parti'el ma'anan tersebut. 3alam proses ini, membran plasma meluas 'e luar dan mengelilingi parti'el ma'anan.
&el mengguna'an tiga 0enis utama dari endositosis1 agositosis, pinositosis dan endositosis reseptor-mediated.
 ;i'a bahan sel mengambil dalam adalah parti'el, seperti ba'teri atau ragmen bahan organi', proses ini disebut agositosis.
 ;i'a bahan sel mengambil dalam cair, hal itu disebut pinositosis.
/ole'ul tertentu seperti lipoprotein densitas rendah *232+ sering diang'ut 'e dalam sel eu'arioti' melalui endositosis reseptor-mediated. /ole'ul yang a'an diang'ut mengi'at pertama dengan reseptor spesif' pada membran plasma.
#agian interior dari protein reseptor yang tertanam dalam membran. /antel clathrin protein dalam membran di daerah pit.
:eti'a 'ole'si yang sesuai mole'ul mengumpul'an di lubang dilapisi, lubang memperdalam dan segel o4 untu' membentu' esi'el dilapisi, operator ehich mole'ul 'e dalam sel.
E'sositosis adalah 'ebali'an dari endositosis. !asil proses ini dalam mela'sana'an materi dari esi'el pada permu'aan sel 'e luar sel.
(smosa
3iusi adalah gera'an bersih dari mole'ul menuruni gradien 'onsentrasi. Proses ini memung'in'an mole'ul 'ecil seperti o'sigen dan 'arbon dio'sida untu' melintasi membran plasma.
 
/es'ipun mole'ul air polar, yang cu'up 'ecil untu' melewati membran bebas. :asus 'husus ini diusi yang melibat'an pergera'an mole'ul air melintasi membran disebut osmosis.
 ;i'a mole'ul seperti urea ditambah'an 'e salah satu sisi membran, tida' a'an dapat berdiusi melintasi membran 'arena itu adalah bai' besar dan 'utub.
:arena siat polar, ia a'an berintera'si dengan mole'ul polar lainnya, seperti air. Intera'si ini mengurangi 0umlah mole'ul air bebas di sisi 'anan.
3engan mole'ul air bebas sedi'it di sisi 'anan, se'arang ada gera'an bersih mole'ul air, bawah gradien 'onsentrasi mere'a 'e sisi dengan mole'ul urea.
:arena mole'ul air lebih banya' bergera' 'e daerah ini daripada meninggal'an, ting'at air di sisi 'anan a'an nai'.
 ;i'a 'onsentrasi osmoti' dua solusi yang sama, solusi yang isotoni'.
9amun, 'eti'a solusi memili'i 'onsentrasi osmoti' yang tida' sama, solusi dengan 'onsentrasi yang lebih tinggi dari "at terlarut adalah hipertoni' dan solusi dengan 'onsentrasi yang lebih rendah dari "at terlarut adalah hipotoni'.
3iusi
/ole'ul dilarut'an dalam larutan berada dalam gera'an aca' 'onstan 'arena energi 'ineti' mere'a. &alah satu hasil dari gera'an ini adalah bahwa mole'ul terlarut men0adi merata di seluruh larutan.
Ini 'ecenderungan mole'ul untu' menyebar adalah contoh dari diusi. Tapi bagaimana mole'ul ini datang untu' merata5 /ari 'ita mulai dengan roti air putih.
$pa yang a'an ter0adi 0i'a 'ita se'arang menambah'an ben0olan gula 'e dalam air5 &ebuah ben0olan gula terdiri dari banya' indiidu mole'ul gula dan, bah'an sebagai ben0olan padat, mole'ul gula indiidu dalam gera'an.
:eti'a ben0olan di0atuh'an 'e dalam air, ia mulai larut.
/ole'ul gula indiidu bergera' secara aca' dan terus-menerus dari daerah di mana mere'a yang umum untu' daerah di mana mere'a lang'a.
 ;enis gera' 'eti'a mole'ul bergera' dari daerah 'onsentrasi yang lebih tinggi 'e daerah 'onsentrasi yang lebih rendah disebut diusi.
3iusi terus sampai semua mole'ul gula men0adi merata tersebar di seluruh gelas.  Ting'at diusi dipengaruhi oleh suhu, u'uran mole'ul, dan 'ecuraman gradien 'onsentrasi.