tu hoc hoa 10 chương 3

8/2/2019 tu hoc hoa 10 chng 3

1/15

HNG DN THC HA HC 10 D&3H

Ti liu c cung cp bi tp ch dy v hc ha hc

Xin vui lng ghi r ngun bi vit khi pht hnh

http://ngocbinh.dayhoahoc.com


2/15

HNG DN THC HA HC 10 D&3HCh- ng 3

Lin kt ho hcI. Kin thc trng tm

Linkthohc

Cc khi nimCation : L ion mang in dngAnion : L ion mang in tch mLin kt ion : L lin kt c hnh thnh do lcht tnh in gia cc ion mang in tch tri du.

(ion c th l mt hoc mt nhm nguyn t mang in tch)iu kin lin kt: - Xy ra vi cc kim loi in hnh v phi kim in hnh.

Lin kt ionTinh th ion

Tinh th ion c hnh thnh t nhng ion mang intch tri du l cation v anion.Lc lin kt : C bn cht tnh inc tnh : Bn, kh nng chy, kh bay hi

Ha tr ca nguyn ttrong hp cht ion

Tn gi : in ha trCch xc nh : Tr s in ha tr ca mt

nguyn t bng s electron m nguyn tca nguyn t nh ng i hoc thu vo to thnh ion.

Lin ktkim loi :

Khi nim : - Lin kt kim loi l lin kt c hnh thnh gia ccnguyn t v ion kim loi trong mng tinh th do s tham gia ca ccelectron t do.iu kin lin kt : Xy ra hu ht kim loi.Tinh th kim loi : Tinh th c hnh thnh t nhng ion, nguyn t

kim loi v cc electron t do.Lc lin kt : Lc lin kt c bn cht tnh in.c tnh : C nh kim, dn in, dn nhit tt,

Lin ktcng ha tr

Khi nim : - L lin kt c hnh thnh gia hai nguyn t bng mthay nhiu cp electron chung.

iu kin lin kt : - Xy ra gia cc nguyn t ging nhau hoc gnging nhau v bn cht (th ng xy ra vi cc nguyn t phi kimnhm IVA ; VA ; VIA ; VIIA.)

Tinh thnguyn t :

Khi nim : - Tinh th c hnh thnh t cc nguyn t.Lc lin kt : - Lc lin kt l lc t ng tc phn t.c tnh : - Nhit nng chy v nhit si cao.

Tinh thphn t :

Khi nim : - Tinh th c hnh thnh t cc phn t.Lc lin kt : - Lc lin kt l lc t ng tc phn t.c tnh : - t bn, cng nh, nhit nng chyv nit si thp.

Tn gi : Cng ha trCch xc nh : cng ha tr ca mt nguyn t bng slin kt m nguyn t ca nguyn t to ra vi cc

nguyn t khc trong phn t.

Ha tr tronghp cht cngha tr


3/15


II.

Nhng ch quan trng

1. So snh lin kt ion v lin kt cng ho tr

Loi lin ktSo snh Lin kt cng ho trLin kt cng ho tr khngcc Lin kt cng ho trc cc Lin kt ionging

Nguyn nhnhnh thnh lin

kt

Cc nguyn t lin kt vi nhau to thnh phn t c cu hnhelectron bn vng ca kh him

khc

Bn cht L s dng chungelectron (i electronchung khng lch v

nguyn t no)

L s dng chungelectron (i

electron chung lchv nguyn t c m in ln hn)

L s cho v nhnelectron. Lin kt chnh thnh do lc httnh in gia cc ion

mang in tch tri duV d Cl Cl H Cl Na+Cl

iu kin linkt

Xy ra gia hai nguyn tphi kim ging nhau v

bn cht ho hc

Xy ra gia hainguyn t phi kimgnging nhau vbn cht ho hc

Xy ra gia cc nguyntkhc hnnhau v bncht ho hc (kim loiin hnh vi phi kim

in hnh)Hiu m in

0,0 n < 0,4 0,4 n < 1,7 1,7

Soxiho

Khi nim : S oxi ha ca mt nguyn t trong phn t l in tch ca nguyn tnguyn t nu gi nh lin kt gia cc nguyn t trong phn t l linkt ion.

Cch xc nhTheo 4 quy tc

Quy tc 1 : S oxi ha ca nguyn t trong cc n cht bng 0.

Quy tc 2 : Trong mt phn t, tng s s oxi ha ca cc nguyn tbng 0.Quy tc 3 : S oxi ha ca cc ion n nguyn t bng in tch ca

ion .Trong ion a nguyn t, tng s s oxi ha ca cc nguyn t bngin tch ca ion.

Quy tc 4 : Trong hu ht cc hp cht, s oxi ha ca hiro bng +1 (tr

hirua kim loi (NaH ; CaH2...). S oxi ha ca oxi bng2, tr tr ng

hp OF v peoxit (chng hn H O ,...)


4/15


2. Tinh th ion, tinh th nguyn t v tinh th phn t

Tinh th ion Tinh th nguyn t Tinh th phn tKhinim

Cc cation v anion c phn b lun

phin, u n ccim nt ca mngtinh th ion

cc im nt camng tinh th

nguyn t l nhngnguyn t

cc im nt camng tinh th phn

t l nhng phn t

V d Tinh th mui n Tinh th kim c ng Tinh th iotc tnh Lc lin kt c bn

cht tnh in

Tinh th ion bn

Kh nng chy,

kh bay hi

Lc lin kt c bncht cng ho tr.

Tinh th nguyn tbn Nhit nng chy

v nhit si cao

Lc lin kt l lct ng tc gia ccphn t Km bn cng nh Nhit nng chy

v nhit si thp.

3. Da vo hiu m in ta c th xc nh loi lin kt mt cch t- ng i

Hiu m in Loi lin kt

0,0 0,4 Lin kt cng ha tr khng cc

0,4 1,7 Lin kt cng ha tr c cc

> 1,7 Lin kt ion

III. Cu hi, bi tp

1. Mng tinh th ion c c tnh

A. bn vng.

B. d bay hi.

C. nhit nng chy v nhit si kh cao.

D. c A v C u ng.

2. Quy tc bt t khng ng vi tr ng hp phn t cht no d i y ?

A. H2O B. NO2 C. CO2 D. Cl2

3. Trong phn t nit c :

A. Mt lin kt v 2 lin kt

B. Mt lin kt i v mt lin kt cho nhn.

C. Mt lin kt , hai lin kt

D. Lin kt cng ho tr phn cc.


5/15

HNG DN THC HA HC 10 D&3H4. Vit cng thc cu to ca cc cht sau

NH3, SiF4, C2H2, SO2, SO3, H2SO3, H2SO4, H2CO3, H3PO4, CaSO3, CaSO4

Xc nh s OXH ca cc nguyn t trong cc hp cht

5. Vit cu hnh electron v s phn b e theo obitan ca nguyn t Cl (Z = 17). t c

cu hnh kh him gn nht th nguyn t Cl nh ng hay thu thm bao nhiu electron ? Vits to ion clo.

6. Gii thch s hnh thnh cp e lin kt gia nguyn t C vi cc nguyn t hiro trong

phn t CH4, gia hai nguyn t N trong phn t N2.

7. Vit cng thc cu to ca C2H4. M t s hnh thnh cc lin kt trong phn t C2H4.

8. Hy vit cng thc electron ca cc phn t H2, N2, H2O, CO2. Hy cho bit trong cc

phn t th phn t no cha lin kt cng ho tr phn cc v phn t no cha lin kt

cng ha tr khng phn cc, phn t no phn cc v phn t no khng.

9. Nguyn t R nhm IA, nguyn t X nhm VIIA v cng thuc chu k 3 ca bng tunhon.

a) Vit cu hnh electron nguyn t ca R v X.

b) Cho bit loi lin kt trong phn t RX v X2 v gii thch s hnh thnh lin kt .

10. So snh lin kt ion v lin kt cng ho tr.

11. Cho cc nguyn t

Nguyn t S O N Ag Cl H

m in 2,58 3,44 3,04 1,93 3,16 2,20

Hy xc nh bn cht lin kt trong cc phn t v ion sau : AgCl, H2O,2

4

SO ,4

NH

12. Xc nh s oxi ha ca N v Cl trong cc phn t v ion sau : N2O, Cl2O7, 3NO

,4

ClO ,

ClO

, NO2, HClO3, NO2.

13. So snh bn cht ca lin kt kim loi vi lin kt cng ho tr v lin kt ion.

14. N c v mui n c nhit nng chy rt khc nhau. Gii thch da vo hiu bit v cu

to tinh th ca 2 hp cht trn.

15. a) Hy gii thch v sao N2 v Cl2 u c m in gn bng nhau nhng iu kin

thng N2 hot ng km hn Cl2.

b) Bng hnh v hy m t s xen ph obitan nguyn t to ra cc lin kt trong phn t N2.

D. H ng dn tr li Cu hi V BI TP

1. D

2. B

3. A


6/15

HNG DN THC HA HC 10 D&3H4. C

5. D

6. A

7. B

8. C

9. A

10. C.

11. B1 : Xc nh loi lin kt trong phn t da vo hiu m in

B2 : Xc nh loi hp cht, nu thuc loi axit c cha oxi cn xc nh v tr ca nguyn

t trung tm.Thng thng axit c bao nhiu nguyn t H th c by nhiu nhm OH, nguyn

t oxi trong nhm OH s lin kt vi nguyn t trung tm. nguyn t trung tm s lin kt vi cc

nguyn t oxi cn li. Nu hp cht thuc loi mui c cha oxi th phi vit cng thc cu to

ca axit t ng ng tr c sau thay cc nguyn t kim loi c mt trong mui bng cc nguynt H.

V d : Vit cng thc cu to ca H2SO3. Do phn t c 2 nguyn t H, nn c 2 nhm

OH sau 2 nguyn t Oxi ca hai nhm OH s lin kt vi nguyn t trung tm l l u hunh

bng lin kt n, nguyn t l u hunh li lin kt vi nguyn t Oxi th ba bng lin kt cho

nhn.

Do l u hunh c 2e c thn trng thi c bn

NH3 H3PO4

SiF4 H2SO4

C2H2 H2CO3

12. 17Cl : 1s22s22p63s23p5

S phn b e theo obitan :

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5

N HH

H

..

O

OH

OH P

OH

Si FF

F

FO

OH

OH

S

O

C CH H O

OH

OH

C

OOH

OH

S


7/15


.. ..

..

..

t c cu hnh electron ca kh him gn nht th nguyn t clo nhn 1e. S qu

trnh to thnh ion clo :

Cl + 1e Cl

13. Trong phn t CH4, nguyn t C b ra 4 electron lp ngoi cng to thnh

4 cp electron chung vi 4 nguyn t H. Cc nguyn t trong phn t CH 4 u t c cuhnh ca kh him gn nht : mi nguyn t hiro c 2 electron, mi nguyn t cacbon c 8

electron lp v ngoi cng.

Trong phn t N2, mi nguyn t N b ra 3 electron lp ngoi cng to thnh 3 cp electron

chung gia 2 nguyn t N. Cc nguyn t trong phn t N2 u t c cu hnh bn ca kh

him gn nht : mi nguyn t N c 8 electron lp electron ngoi cng.

14. Cng thc cu to ca C2H4 : H H

C = C

H HTrong phn t C2H4 mi nguyn t C trng thi lai ho sp

2 to thnh 3 obitan lai ho, trong

c cha electron c thn. Ba obitan lai ho ny to nn1 lin kt gia 2 nguyn t C v 2 lin kt vi 2 nguyn t H. Mi nguyn t C cn 1 obitan p

khng tham gia lai ho s xen ph bn vi nhau to nn lin kt . Nh vy, lin kt gia 2

nguyn t C l lin kt i gm 1 lin kt v 1 lin kt

15. Cng thc electron ca cc phn t :

H2 H : H CO2 : O : : C : : O :

N2 : : N : : : N : H2O H : O : H

Phn t cha lin kt cng ho tr khng phn cc : N2, H2.

Phn t cha lin kt cng ho tr phn cc : CO, H2O, CO2.

Phn t phn cc : CO, H2O.

Phn t khng phn cc : N2, H2, CO2.

16. a) Cu hnh electron nguyn t ca R : 1s22s22p63s1.

Cu hnh electron nguyn t ca X : 1s22s22p63s23p5.

b) R thuc nhm IA R l kim loi mnh. X thuc nhm VIIA X l phi kim mnh.

Lin kt trong phn t RX l lin kt ion :

R + X [R+] + [X]

1s22s22p63s1 1s22s22p63s23p5 1s22s22p6 1s22s22p63s23p6

Lin kt trong phn t X2 l lin kt cng ho tr khng cc :

:X. .X: :X:X:


8/15

HNG DN THC HA HC 10 D&3H17. Ging nhau : Lin kt ion v lin kt cng ho tr ging nhau v nguyn nhn hnh thnh

lin kt : cc nguyn t lin kt vi nhau c cu hnh electron bn vng ca kh him.

Khc nhau :

Loi lin kt Lin kt ion Lin kt cng ho trBn cht l s cho nhn electron

(lc ht tnh in gia cc

ion mang in tch tri

du)

l s dng chung ccelectron

Th d Na+ + Cl

NaCl H. +.Cl H : Cl

iu kin lin

kt

xy ra gia nhng

nguyn t khc hn

nhau v bn cht ho

hc (thng xy ra vi

cc kim loi in hnhv phi kim in hnh)

xy ra gia hai nguyn t

ging nhau hoc gn ging

nhau v bn cht ho hc

(th ng xy ra vi cc

nguyn t phi kim nhmIV, V, VI, VII)

18.

Lin kt Ag Cl H O S O N H

Hiu m in 1,23 1,24 0,86 0,94

Vy bn cht lin kt trong AgCl, H2O,2

4SO

,4

NH u l lin kt cng ho tr c cc.

19. S oxi ho ca N trong N2O l 1, trong 3NO l +5, trong

2NO

l +3, trong NO2 l +4.

S oxi ho ca Cl trong Cl2O7 l +7, trong4

ClO l +7, trong HClO3 l +5, trong ClO

l

+1.

20. * So snh lin kt kim loi v lin kt cng ho tr :

Ging : u c cc electron dng chung to ra lin kt.

Khc : + Trong lin kt cng ho tr, electron dng chung l ca 2 hay 1 nguyn t tham gia

lin kt.

+ Trong lin kt kim loi, e dng chung l ca tt c cc nguyn t kim loi.

* So snh lin kt ion v lin kt kim loi :

Ging : Lc lin kt l lc ht tnh in gia cc phn t mang in tri du.

Khc : + Trong lin kt ion, lc ht tnh in l ca cc ion dng v ion m.

+ Trong lin kt kim loi, lc ht tnh in to ra gia cc ion d ng kim loi( mt mng

l i) vi cc e t do c trong mng tinh th kim loi.

21. H2O l tinh th phn t, lc lin kt kt cc phn t l lc Van-dec-van, yu d b tch ra

khi nhau nn nhit nng chy thp (0 oC).


9/15

HNG DN THC HA HC 10 D&3HNaCl l tinh th ion, lc lin kt l lc ht tnh in mnh nn kh tch khi nhau c

nhit nng chy cao (801 oC).

22. a) Tuy c cng m in nhng do trong phn t Cl2 c lin kt n Cl Cl cn trong

phn t N2 c lin kt ba N N rt bn vng. Do , iu kin th ng, N2 hot ng km

clo.b) Phn t N2 gm 3 lin kt : 1 lin kt v 2 lin kt .

S to lin kt .

+

p-p

S to lin kt .

+

p-p

+

p-p


10/15


Gii thiu kim tra

A- kim tra 15 pht

Ch- ng 3

lin kt ho hc

1

1. Cu trc kim tra

Ch

Nhn bit Thng hiu Vn dng Tng

TN TL TN TL TN TL

1. Lin kt ion 1

1

1

1

2

2

2. Lin kt cng ha tr 2

2

2

2

1

1

5

5

3. Khi nim ha tr, sOXH

1

1

1

1

2

2

3. Mng tinh th 1

1

1

1

Tng 3

3

5

5

2

2

10

10

Ch :Ch s bn trn, gc tri mi l s cu hi, ch s bn d- i gc phi mi l sim

2. bi

Chn cu tr li ng trong cc cu sau :

1. Lin kt ion c to thnh gia hai nguyn t bng :

A. mt hay nhiu cp electron dng chung.

B. mt hay nhiu cp electron dng chung do mt nguyn t b ra.

C. lc ht tnh in gia cc ion mang in tch tri du.

D. mt hay nhiu cp electron dng chung v cc cp electron ny lch v nguyn t c

m in ln hn.

2. Lin kt cng ha tr khng cc c hnh thnh :

A. do lc ht tnh in gia cc ion mang in tch tri du.

B. t mt hay nhiu cp electron dng chung v cp electron dng chung ny lch v

nguyn t c m in ln hn.


11/15

HNG DN THC HA HC 10 D&3HC. t mt hay nhiu cp electron dng chung v cp electron ny nm chnh gia ng ni

tm 2 ht nhn.

D. gia cc kim loi in hnh v cc phi kim in hnh.

3. Lai ho sp3 l s t hp :

A. 1 AOs vi 3 AOp. B. 2 AOs vi 2 AOp.C. 1 AOs vi 4 AOp. D. 3 AOs vi 1 AOp.

4. Trong phn t CH4 nguyn t C lai ho kiu :

A. sp B. sp2 C. sp3 D. sp3d

5. Hp cht X gm 2 nguyn t l A c Z = 16 v B c Z = 8. Trong X, A chim 40% v khi

l ng.

Cc loi lin kt trong X l :

A. cng ha tr.

B. cng ha tr c cc.

C. cng ha tr khng cc.

D. cng ha tr v lin kt cho nhn.

6. Dy gm cc phn t c cng mt kiu lin kt :

A. Cl2, Br2, I2, HCl C. Na2O, KCl, BaCl2, Al2O3

B. HCl, H2S, NaCl, N2O D. MgO, H2SO4, H3PO4, HCl

7. Dy cht c sp xp theo chiu tng dn s phn cc lin kt trong phn t :

A. HCl, Cl2, NaCl C. NaCl, Cl2, HCl

B. Cl2, HCl, NaCl D. Cl2, NaCl, HCl

8. Mng tinh th iot thuc loi

A. mng tinh th kim loi. B. mng tinh th nguyn t.

C. mng tinh th ion. D. mng tinh th phn t.

9. in ha tr ca natri trong NaCl l

A : +1 B : 1+ C : 1 D. 1

10. S oxi ha ca nguyn t C trong CO2, H2CO3, HCOOH, CH4 ln l t l

A. 4, + 4, +3, +4 B. +4, +4, +2, +4

C. +4, +4, +2, 4 D. +4, 4, +3, +4

p n:

Cu 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

A C C C C D C B D B C


12/15


21. Cu trc kim tra

Ch


TN TL TN TL TN TL1. Lin kt ion 1

1

1

1

2. Lin kt cng ha

tr

2

2

2

2

1

1

5

5

3. Khi nim ha

tr, s OXH

1

1

1

1

1

1

3

3

3. Mng tinh th 1

1

1

1

Tng 4

4

4

4

2

2

10

10

Ch :Ch s bn trn, gc tr i mi l s cu hi, ch s bn d- i gc phi mi l s im

2. bi

1. Cc lin kt trong phn t nit gm

A. 3 lin kt .

B. 1 lin kt , 2 lin kt .

C. 1 lin kt , 2 lin kt .D. 3 lin kt .

2. Cng ha tr ca nit trong hp cht no sau y l ln nht ?

A. N2 B. NH3 C. NO D. HNO3

3. Lin kt ho hc trong phn t HCl l :

A. lin kt ion.

B. lin kt cng ho tr phn cc

C. lin kt cho nhn.

D. lin kt cng ho tr khng phn cc.

4. Cng thc electron ca Cl2 l :

A... ..

.. ..:Cl :Cl : C.

.. ..Cl::Cl:

B...

..: Cl :

..

..Cl : D.

.. ... .

.. ..:Cl::Cl


13/15

HNG DN THC HA HC 10 D&3H5. Lin kt ho hc trong phn t HCl c hnh thnh do :

A. lc ht tnh in gia ion H+ v ion Cl

.

B. s xen ph gia obitan 1s ca nguyn t H v obitan 3p ca nguyn t Cl.

C. s xen ph gia obitan 1s ca nguyn t H vi obitan 3s ca nguyn t Cl.

D. s xen ph gia obitan 1s ca nguyn t H vi obitan 3p c electron c thn ca Cl.

6. Mng tinh th kim cng thuc loi

A. mng tinh th kim loi.

B. mng tinh th nguyn t.

C. mng tinh th ion.

D. mng tinh th phn t.

7. Cho bit m in ca O l 3,44 v ca Si l 1,90. Lin kt trong phn t SiO2 l lin kt

A. ion. B. cng ho tr phn cc.

C. cng ho tr khng phn cc. D. phi tr.8. S oxi ho ca mt nguyn t l :

A. in ho tr ca nguyn t trong hp cht ion.

B. ho tr ca nguyn t .

C. in tch ca nguyn t nguyn t trong phn t nu gi nh lin kt gia cc

nguyn t trong phn t l lin kt ion.

D. cng ho tr ca nguyn t trong hp cht cng ho tr.

9. S oxi ho ca Mn trong K2MnO4 l :

A. +7 B.+6 C. 6 D. +5

10. Cng ho tr ca cacbon v oxi trong phn t CO2 l :

A. 4 v 2 B. 4 v 2

C. +4 v 2 D. 3 v 2

p n:

Cu 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

A C D B A D B B C B A


14/15


31. Cu trc kim tra

Ch


TN TL TN TL TN TL1. Lin kt ion 1

1

1

1

2

2

2. Lin kt cng ha

tr

2

2

2

2

1

1

5

5

3. Khi nim ha

tr, s OXH

1

1

1

1

1

1

3

3

3. Mng tinh th

Tng 4

4

4

4

2

2

10

10

Ch :Ch s bn trn, gc tr i mi l s cu hi, ch s bn d- i gc phi mi l s im

2. bi

Chn cu tr li ng trong cc cu sau

1. Cng thc cu to ng ca CO2 l :

A. O = O C

B. O C = OC. O = C = O

D. O C = O

2. S oxi ho ca nit trong ion4

NH l :

A. +3 B. 3 C. +4 D. 4

3. S oxi ho ca l u hunh trong ion 24SO l

A. +8 B. 6 C. +6 D. +4

4. Hp cht va c lin kt cng ho tr, va c lin kt ion trong phn t l :

A. H2S B. Al2O3 C. H2O D. Mg(OH)25. Cng thc cu to ng ca SO2 l :

A. O = S = O

B. OS = O

C. O S = O

D. A v C


15/15

HNG DN THC HA HC 10 D&3H6. S m t s xen ph cc obitan nguyn t to thnh phn t HBr l :

A. +

H Br HBr

B. +

H Br HBrC. +

H Br HBr

D. +

H Br HBr

7. Trong cng thc CS2, tng s i electron t do ch a tham gia lin kt l :

A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. 5 E. 1

8. Cho cc phn t sau : HCl, NaCl, CaCl2, AlCl3, CCl4. Phn t c lin kt mang nhiu tnh

cht ion nht l :A. HCl B. NaCl C. CaCl2 D. AlCl3

9. Cng thc cu to ca H2SO4 l :

A. H O O B. H O O

S S

H O O H O O

C. H O O D. C A v B

S

H O O10. Ho tr ca l u hunh trong H2SO4 l :

A. +4 B. 6 C. +6 D. 4+

p n :

Cu 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

A C B C D D B C B D B

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tu hoc hoa 10 chương 3