Tu Tuong Journal

TP SAN NGHIN CU PHT HC P H P L U N

S 1 PHT N 2551 5. th ng ca ban bin tp. 7. Thch Nguyn Tnh nh th pierre emmanuel. 10. L Mnh Tht a vo lun l hc trung qun ca long th. 37. Tu S tot yu ni dung cc kinh trng a-hm. 86. Thch Gii Nghim tm hiu s hnh thnh v pht trin ca thin phi lm t chc thnh ti qung nam. 106. Hng Dng ngn ng trung qun. 141. Thch Phc An thi ca huyn khng vi tui th hc o. 151. Th Ph ng, Minh c Triu Tm nh. 158. Thch Thi Ha t quy y n quy y nht tha. 168. Thch Nhun Chu bin dch gii thiu kinh kim cang. Ba: nh Dominique de MISCAULT.

Tp san Nghin cu Pht hc Php Lun 2

l

sukho buddhnamuppdo, sukh saddhammadesan; sukh saghassa smagg, samaggna tapo sukho.

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

Vn Lm-t-ni

Vui thay c Pht ra i Vui thay Chnh php cao minh

Vui thay Tng gi ha hp Vui thay ha hip ng tu.

TH NG Nhng m vang nh vy lun vang vng t sui ngun chnh php ca bui bnh minh, n mi tn cng cui bi nng du ca hong hn php nhc. D l thi k chnh php hay l mt php, s kin ra i ca c o s vn l mt nhn duyn i s nhm Khai th chng sanh ng nhp Pht chi tri kin. V sau thc hin i s nhn duyn ny, c o s chuyn vn bnh xe chnh php ln u tin ni vn nai cho nm anh em Kiu Trn Nh bn tu trc ca Ngi, sau khi Ngi chng v thng Chnh ng Chnh gic. Cng t gio php ca Ngi c Ngi cng cc t chuyn vn ban b khp th gian, ty theo cn c ca loi Ngi m Ngi khai th khin cho h an vui gii thot, mi cho n ngy hm nay. Tp san nghin cu Php Lun cng mun k tha truyn thng ny, nhm mc ch em chnh Php ca c Pht vo khp nhn gian cng chia s hng v an vui gii thot ny cho mi ngi. p ng nhu cu nng cao trnh kin thc Pht hc v mi mt qua t gio i chiu, cng nhng kin thc nng cao chuyn su qua nghin cu; chng ti ton th Ban bin tp, tp san Nghin Cu Pht Hc Php Lun quyt nh t s ny s thay i t hnh thc trnh by n ni dung bin tp, vi nguyn cp


nht trnh cn c, p ng yu cu tu hc cho mi tng lp, nht l tng lp tri thc ang cn nhng kin gii su xa hn v nhng li dy ca c Pht. Qua , mi ngi c c s nghin cu tu tp cho chnh mnh v, soi sng mi s vt theo mt phong cch c khoa hc, trong vic thit lp tng quan duyn khi gia ngi v vt, gia nhn sinh v v tr. S h tng ny c coi nh l mt nh thc Duyn Khi c trng ca Pht gio, chng kh hp vi tt c mi php trong c c khoa hc hin i. Nhn ma Pht n, chng ti ton th Ban bin tp, tp san Nghin Cu Pht Hc Php Lun, trc ht xin gi li cu chc ch tn Ha Thng, Thng Ta, ch i c Tng Ni php th khinh an chng sanh d trong s nghip chuyn vn bnh xe chnh php li lc mi ngi, v cu chc ch v nam n c s, cc v hc gi, cc v thin hu tri thc cng ton th Pht t trong v ngoi nc, lun lun sng an lnh trong nh ho quang ch Pht; sau cng chng ti xin qu ngi, qu v nhit tnh ng h tp san v mt bi v cng nh mi ng vin khch l tinh thn ln vt cht cho tp san. Nam M V u Th H Th Hin n Sanh Bn S Thch Ca Mu Ni Pht.

Ban bin tp Tp san NCPH Php Lun.

nh th

pierre emmanuel

Trong mi s tp san Php Lun, chng ti s c gng trnh by v gii thiu mt thi s, Vit Nam hoc ngoi quc, cho c gi suy tng nhng bi th ni ting ca thi ca nhn loi. Tp san ln ny m u vi thi s Pierre Emmanuel, mt trong nhng thi s ni danh nht ca thi ca Php thi cn i. Sinh nm 1916, ti vng Basses Pyrnes, t nm ba tui n su tui b cha m b hoang, lu lc M quc, say m trit hc v ton hc, sng qua thi i chin th hai, tham gia khng chin Php, chng kin ni iu linh tang tc ca Hiroshima bng nc mt v mu. Bi th di y m ra ba cu hi tang thng:

1. Mt bc thnh cn nng nh th no? 2. Ti sao vnh cu li mu xanh l cy? 3. Ti sao m ti nm gn trong mt git nc mt n

c? Ba cu hi trn l ba cu hi quan trng thi s a ra trc ni tang tc iu tn ca thi i;


l ba cu hi ca thi ca m ra song thoi vi Trit l v T tng. Ba cu hi trn cn nng nh thi th ca tt c nhng ngi cht ti mnh t Vit Nam ny t hai mi lm nm nay.

SEULS COMPRENNENT LES FOUS

Une once damour dans le sang Un grain de vrit dans lme Ce quil faut de mil au moineau

Pour survivre un jour de dcembre Crois-tu que psent davantage Les plus grands saints? Pourquoi verte, lternit? O douloureuse, O ineffable Fougre encore repli Qui na senti en lui crier Les premires feuilles des arbres Ne sait rien de lternit. O nuit Tu es la saveur du pain sur ma langue Tu es la fraicheur de loubli sur mon corps Tu es la source jamais tarie de mon silence Et chaque soir laurore de ma mort. A quoi bon te chanter A quoi bon te prier Puisquune seule larme Te contient toute O nuit Pierre Emmanuel

* Tnh theo nm khi tc gi vit bi ny. BBT.

S 1 Pht n 2551 9

CH NHNG NGI IN MI HIU C Mt cht tnh thng trong mu Mt ht chn l trong hn

Cng nh mt cht ht k cho chim s sng trn qua mt ngy ng lnh Ngi c ngh rng Nhng bc thnh cao siu nht li cn nng hn? Ti sao vnh cu li mu xanh l cy? i au n khng li Cnh dng x cn khp li K no cha cm thy trong lng mnh ru kh ln nhng chic l u ma Th khng bao gi bit c vnh cu. i m ti Mi l hng v bnh m trn li ta Mi l cn mt ri hn ca qun lng trn hnh hi ta Mi l dng sui khng h cn chy v nim im lng ca ta Vo mi bui chiu l rng ng ca ni cht trong ta. Ca ht mi lm g Cu nguyn mi lm g Bi v ch mt git nc mt c liu Cng cha ng mi trn vn i m ti

Nguyn Tnh dch

A VO LUN L HC TRUNG QUN

CA NGRJUNA (LONG TH)

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S 1 Pht n 2551 11

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7UkQWUQJJLLWKLX Tu S

grjuna thng c coi nh l mt nh bin chng php ca lch s trit hc n- v hnh nh hu ht cc hc gi v

trit hc Trung o (madhyamapratipad) u ng v im , hay nu khng, h mc nhin khng bn n. Trc y, ci th bin chng php m h gi thuyt l ca Ngrjuna c m t nh mt tng hp ca bin chng php hin tng lun Hegel vi bin chng php siu nghim ca Kant, cng thm mt i cht bin chng php Lenin. Hin nhin, ngi ta thy ngay, mt trn ln nh th ch dn n nhng kt lun bun ci. Ci h thoi, nhng trit gia trung o ph nhn gi tr ca lun l hc,1 l mt th d. Hay ci nh ngha, bin chng php l chi b nhng quan im bng phng php gim tr vo phi l (reductio ad absurdum)2...

N

Hn na, khng cn phi l mt nh bin chng php im lng v thc c s nghch l ca tri thc hay v mt nguyn do no , v tuyn b mt cch c l Ti khng c mt ch no chng minh ht [yadi kcana pratij syn me tata ea me bhaved doa / nsti ca mama pratij tasmn naivsti me doa // (29)].3 Mt trit gia thc nghim nh L. Wittgenstein4 cng khn ti mc c th pht biu: nhng g ngi ta khng th ni n, ngi ta phi im lng. V nh th, ngi ta khng th khng bit n kha cnh thc nghim ca trit hc Ngrjuna. Do bin chng php Ngrjuna by gi c ho ln vi trit hc thc nghim vi mt l do n gin l khng th chi b chuyn Ngrjuna thnh cng trong cng tc ty tr nhng vn siu hnh ngy trang nh di ng (gata-agata), thc v (vijna), nguyn nhn (hetu), gii thot (moka), Nit-bn (Nirva)... dy xo n lc tri thc ca cc trit gia n qua nhiu th k, khng phi bng mt khng nh v bng (affirmation gratuite) l

1 T. Stcherbatsky, The Buddhist Conception of Nirvana, 1927, Leningrad, trang 46-47. 2 T.R.V. Murti, The Central Philosophy of Buddhism, 1955, London, trang 131. 3 Ngrjuna, Vigrahvyavartni, trong Mlange chinois et bouddhique (MCB) IX. trang 102-153. 4 L. Wittgenstein, Tractatus philosophicus, 1962 London, trang 150 v 37.


S 1 Pht n 2551 13

nhng vn v ngha, v th chng ti khng th tr li c ngc li, bng chng minh l, chng khng hin hu mt cch kh chng, trong em li mt im lng cho ngn t (prapaca-upaama). Trong mt tnh cnh nh th, vn phng php hc lin quan n cng tc kho cu trit hc Ngrjuna ni chung, v lun l hc Ngrjuna ni ring, phi c t li. Nh n--hc ngi Ba Lan, Stanislaw Schayer, l ngi u tin thc hin vic ti nh ny. Di nh hng ca phng php kho cu lun l hc c in do Jan Lukasiewicz v nhng nh lun l hc Ba Lan khc khi xng v lnh o, Schayer trong mt bi bo bn v phng php kho cu lun l hc n- ber die Methode der Nyy-Forschung, sau khi m t tnh trng ngho nn ca hiu bit Ty phng v lun l hc n-, ph bnh s thiu st ca Stcherbatsky, tc gi hai tp Buddhist Logic, nhn xt rng, tnh hung ny xy ra bi v nhng ngi kho cu lun l hc hnh thc n- khng c mt kin thc no v lun l hc k hiu ca thi i ta Ohne die Kenntnis der Elemente dieser Logik (tc l, symbolischemathematischeLogik sind historische Untersuchungen ber indische Logik genau in demselben Sinne und genau aus denselben Grden undenkbar... Hin nhin Schayer khng phi l khng thc nhng kh khn m lun l hc n- li v phng php ny gp phi. Tuy nhin chng khng phi l khng th vt qua. chng minh iu ny, ng ta ly chn th hai ca mt thnh tit (loka) trong Trung lun (Mlamadhyamaka-krik-stra) ca Ngrjuna lm th d:

anyad anyat prattynyan nnyad anyad te nyata/ yat prattya ca yat tasmt tad anyan nopapadyate (XIV, 5)

(Ci khc l khc trong tng quan vi mt ci khc. Ci khc khng l khc, nu khng c mt ci khc. Nhng nhng g

5 S. Schayer, Uber die Methode der Nyy-Forschung trong Festschrift Moriz Winternitz, 1932, Leipzig, trang 217-257. 6 Ibid. trang 250.


trong tng quan, chng l khc th khng hp l); v k hiu ha nh sau:

(x, y) xRy (x y) (c: i vi bt c gi tr no ca kh bin (variable) x v y, nu x nm trong tng quan vi y, x v y khng ng nht vi nhau, th sai). Vi n phng php ni trn, qua mt bn bo co v cng tc nghin cu lun l hc n- trc Hn Lm Vin Khoa Hc v Vn Chng Ba lan hm 14 thng 2 nm 1933, Schayer bn n s i trc ca n- c in trn phng din lun l hc mnh (Altindische Antizipationen der Aussagenlogik), trong , ring v lun l hc Ngrjuna, ng ta cho rng nhng trit gia Trung o bit p dng lun l hc mnh , v hu qu l l thuyt bn phm tr (catukoi). Sau Schayer, Hajime Nakamura tip tc n phng php hc va ni. Bi kho cu Kkan no kig ronrigaku teki ketsumei (= Mt vi gii minh v Khng qun bng lun l hc k hiu), nh du mt bc tin quan trng v c hai mt, l thuyt v thc tin. N chng minh rng lun l hc k hiu trn bnh din ngn ng gip nhng nh kho cu trnh khi nhng kh khn trong vic thuyn gii l thuyt lun l hc n-, m ngi ta thng gp, nu dng lun l hc c in Ty phng; v thc tin p dng phng php hc Schayer nhm minh gii quan nim Khng ca Ngrjuna trong Trung lun. y, trc ht Nakamura ly mt vi thnh tit (loka) v k hiu ho chng theo cch k hiu ca lun l hc Boole-Schrder v t rng: c nhng lun l m Ngrjuna dng, nu xt theo lun l hc c in th sai nhng nu xt theo lun l hc k hiu ca Boole hay Schrder th vn ng. Chng hn nh:

(2) yady anya bhavet kicit syc chnyam iti kicana/

7 S. Schayer, Altindische Antizipationen der Aussagenlogik, trong Bulletin International de l Acadmie Polonaise des Sciences et des lettres : Classe de Philologie, s 1-6, Janvier-Juin, 1933, trang 90-96. 8 H. Nakamura, Kkan no kig ronrigaku teki ketsumei, trong Indogaku Buhkygaku kenkyu (IBK), s 5, Sept. 1954, trang 223-231.

S 1 Pht n 2551 15

na kicid asty anya ca kuta nyam bhaviyati // (XIII, 7)

(Nu c ci g khng trng thnh c th hin hu, ci g trng thnh mi c th hin hu. Nhng khng c mt ci g hin hu m khng trng thnh, nh vy ci g trng thnh s hin hu u?) Thnh tit ny, theo Nakamura, phm li hon v bng cch i lp (conversion by contraposition), ngha l ph nhn tin ca mt tam on lun, nu xt theo lun l hc c in, nh Aristotle. Nhng Nakamura cho rng nu dng lun l hc lng gi (two valued logic) Boole-Schrder k hiu thnh tit trn, v kha cnh lun chng (proof, reasoning) Ngrjuna vn ng nh thng. Gi (x o), mt ci g khng; (y o), mt ci g trng thnh, theo lun l hc Boole-Schrder, ngi ta c th vit:

(x 0) (y 0) = 1 (Nu c mt ci g khng trng thnh, hin hu, nh vy ci g trng thnh mi c th hin hu).

x 0 = 0 (Khng c mt ci g hin hu m khng trng thnh).

y0 = 0 (Nh vy ci g trng thnh s hin hu u?). Chng minh: 0 (y 0) = 1

-1 (y 0) = 1 1 (y 0) = 1 = 0

(y 0) = 0

Tuy vy Nakamura tha nhn, tin ca lun chng ny theo ch lun l (logistics) l sai. V chnh v lun l hc lng gi Boole-Schrder khng th chng minh c tin ny ca Ngrjuna l ng, Nakamura

9 Ibid. trang 228.


ngh l n c th sai; v do ng ta khng nh, lun l hc k hiu c th gip chng ta hiu mt phn no trit hc Trung o, nhng n khng th thuyn gii ht mi chn l ca t tng Trung o c. Khng nh ny mt ln na t li vn gi tr ca phng php hc Schayer, ngha l nu chng ta dng phng php k hiu ca lun l hc hin i thuyn gii t tng cng nh lun l hc Ngrjuna, v nu phng php ny cng bt lc khng ni ln c ht nhng g Ngrjuna ngh v lun l hc, nu nh vy, ti sao chng ta phi dng n mt phng php kh khn nh lun l hc k hiu? Mc d Nakamura tin xa hn Schayer trong vic dng lun l hc k hiu hnh dung t tng khng qun qua vic kho st bn phm tr (catukoi, Tu dch l t c), vi s gip ca th Venn (Venn Diagramm), v thay v kt lun nh Schayer l bn phm tr: ng (p), sai (p), ng v sai [(p(p)], khng ng cng khng sai [p(p)], nhm biu th quan im cuc i v hin hu l bt thc, mng o, v chng ta khng th gn cho n mt thc tnh (reality) no ht, bi v chnh t tng chng ta cng h vng khng hn khng km (tc l, sarvabhva-svabhva-nyat v vikalpa = avidy), Nakamura, sau khi lp phng trnh: (3) (p) + (p) + [p(p)] + [p(p)] = 0

v nhn mnh n ngha ton hc ca s 0 hay nya (khng) trong truyn thng ton hc n- cng nh Ty phng, tm tt, bn phm tr , nh kt qu phng trnh trn m t, biu th mt cch d dng khi nim khng trong trit hc Ngrjuna. Nu th, nu lun l hc Boole c th din t c chn l mi hin hu ch hin hu v sinh duyn, do chng trng thnh (ya prattyasamutpda nyata t pracakmahe... XXIV, 18), ngi ta ngc nhin v khng nh th d (2) ca Nakamura. Ni chung, Nakamura vn cha c mt xc tn trong vic s dng phng php hc Schayer. iu ny c l mt phn do gii hn t

10 S. Schayer (7), v Ausgewahlte Kapitel aus der Prasannapad (VI, XII, XIII, XIV, XV, XVI). Einleitung trang XXV, Polskon Akademja Umejetnosni, Krokowie, 1931. 11 H. Namakura, ibid., trang 229.

S 1 Pht n 2551 17

ni ca lun l hc k hiu nh mt biu nhm bin minh t tng h Ngrjuna, v mt phn na Nakamura khng mun to ra mt nn lun l hc k hiu hin i da trn nguyn tc t tng ca Ngrjuna. Ba nm sau khi Nakamura ng bi kho lun trn, R.H. Robinson vit mt bi ph bnh Nakamura vi u Some Logical Aspects of Ngrjunas System. Vi bi bo ny, ngi ta chc chn l, phng php hc Schayer chim c mt a v vng vng trong a ht kho cu lun l hc n- ni chung ( y chng ti gii hn vn trong t tng h Ngrjuna; nu khng, chng ta phi k n nhng ng gp ca Daniels H.H. Ingalls, gio s n- hc ti i hc ng Harvard trong vic p dng phng php hc Schayer, v sau ny, J.F. Staal, S.S. Barlingay...), v lun l hc Ngrjuna ni ring. C iu khc l, du vn tip tc p dng phng php hc Schayer, Robinson gi thuyt rng, trnh lun l hc ca Ngrjuna khng vt hn g my so vi lun l hc Plato, do ng ta nht nh ngh rng, nhng trng hp l lun tng t nh th d (2), m Nakamura cho l c gi tr trn phng din lun chng trong gii hn lun l hc Boole-Schrder, u vi phm lut hon v v nh th v gi tr. Gi x, mt ci g; y, trng thnh, thnh tit (XIII, 7) trn c thELXWKWKHR5RELQVRQQKVDX

(1) x = / = 0 xy = / = 0 ; x = 0 ; xy = 0 V Robinson cho rng, v tin x = / = 0 b ph nhn, do lun chng tr thnh bt nh, ngha l v gi tr. Ngoi ra, Robinson ph bnh phng trnh (3) ca Nakamura, v l lun l, bn phm tr ca lun l hc Ngrjuna c th c truy nhn nh l bn kh hu trong lun l hc Aristotle (A,I,E,O), v theo ng ta Aristotle cng nh Ngrjuna u s dng 3 hm nng (functor); tt c (all), vi (some), v khng (not); du rng trong gi bn (truth-table) ca Ngrjuna, (I) v (O) l tng h (conjunction) hn l nhng mnh n gin. V xut pht t 12 R.H. Robinson, Some Logical Aspects of Ngrjunas system, trong

Philosophy East and West, s 1, 1957. 13 Ibid., trang 298. 14 Ibid., trang 303.


mt gi nh va k, bi bo ca Robinson, tuy tng i bn n hu ht nhng vn lin quan lun l hc nh nguyn tc lun l hc (tc l, lut ng nht, mu thun, v trit tam), vn nh ngha, vn cng l (axiom), cch thc (modus), lng s (quantification)..., trn c s v ti liu ly t Trung lun ca Ngrjuna, d dng nu khng l ba bi trong vic dng k hiu, do khng thuyn gii c nhng vn ca lun l hc Ngrjuna. J.F. Staal t hi v gi tr ca nhng ph bnh do Robinson ra. S lc nh th, ngi ta c th thy tng qut lch s kho cu lun l hc Ngrjuna, cng nh cc vn m ngi ta bn n. Nhn chung, ngoi s khm ph ca Schayer v phng php hc v s hin din ca lun l mnh trong lun l hc Pht gio cng s phn bit quan trng v tng quan gia lun l hc mnh v lun l hc danh t (Namenlogik), nhng nh kho cu tip theo hu nh tht bi trong cng tc m t lun l hc Ngrjuna. L do u tin l, mc d mt phng php hc c ra, ngi ta hnh nh khng nhn Ngrjuna c mt lun l hc, v lun l hc c mt gi tr cng nh vin tng hin din ngay chnh trong n. Khuyt im ny dn Nakamura n vic p dng lun l hc Boole-Schrder, vi mt l, dng Boole-Schrder nh mt mu lun l k hiu nhm bin h cho nhng mu l lun ca Ngrjuna, v t minh chng rng Ngrjuna mc nhin m u nhng nguyn tc v kiu mu lun l hc k hiu, bng cch nhn Ngrjuna qua Boole hay Schrder. Nhng nh th l p o v nhn Ngrjuna vi cp knh mu. y cng l trng hp ca Robinson, du ng ta tin xa hn mt cht, khng nh lun l hc Ngrjuna nh mt s kin, t chnh n c th ni ln nhng mu lun l k hiu; nhng b sa ly trm trng v thit lp gi thuyt v bng l, lun l hc Ngrjuna ch ngang vi trnh ca lun l hc Plato. Nhng gi thuyt t nhin phi c thay th bng phng php m t hin tng lun, v ngy nay chnh phng php m t ny ln ln

15 J.F.Staal, Negation and the Law of the Contradiction in Indian Thought: A Comparative Study, trong Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, vol. 25, 1962, trang 52, ch thch 4.

S 1 Pht n 2551 19

chim mt ch ng vng vng trn cc a ht kho cu. Mt l do na l, mc d cc nh kho cu trn t nhn l p dng phng php hc Schayer, ngha l p dng phng php lun l hc k hiu, h khng ch trng n vic s dng k hiu. Ch nhn qua nhng h thc (2) v (4), ngi ta c th thy ngay l nhng k hiu dng thuyn gii ngn t khng theo kp ngn t. Ni mt cch khc, ngn t ca Ngrjuna i hi nhng khm ph mi v k hiu, v do phi nhn mt lun l hc Ngrjuna, nh chnh n by t trong cc tc phm do Ngrjuna vit. Vn nh vy l khng phi nhm to ra mt tho hip gia Ngrjuna vi lun l hc ca thi i chng ta, mt nn lun l hc mi, m nhn loi phi tri qua gn hai mi th k chinh phc, v gii thot ra khi nhng trin phc ca lun l hc u tr c in. Schayer ngi khm ph ra phng php hc va m t, nhn nh, mi mt th h c nhng vn ring t ca n, v chnh n phi t gii quyt ly; do , p dng lun l hc k hiu nhm din t lun l hc Ngrjuna ch l mt cch th tm hiu nhng ng gp m nhng ngi i trc li trong lch s, v hin nhin, hu qu ca vic lm ny s gip th h ny nhn vo nhng chn tri mi hn, trnh khi nhng lm ln gp phi qu kh. xc nh ngha v lch s ca phng php hc Schayer, lun l hc m chng ta bn n y phi i xa hn, ngha l, phi t li v phi gii quyt vn trong tng quan gia lun l hc k hiu v nhng tin thit siu hnh (metaphysical presuppositions). Nhng nh vit s lun l hc k hiu c gng gii quyt vn ny, nhng tht bi. I.M. Bochenski l mt th d. Ni chung, ngi ta tht bi v khng chu nhn nhn s qu thi ca lun l hc c truyn. Trc Bochenski, nh ton hc ni ting c D. Hilbert thc hin vic xc nh ny, v hon thnh n bng cch to ra mt siu h thng, m ring v ton hc gi l siu ton hc (Meta-mathematic), nhm trc tip nghin cu v

16 I.M. Bochenski, Formale Logik, Verlag Karl Alber, Treiburg Munchen, 1956, trang 4. 17 D. Hilbert, Neubegrundung der Mathematik: Erste Mittetlung trong

Abhandlungen aus dem Mathematischen Seminar der Hamburgischen Universitat, vol. 1, 1922, trang 157-177


bo m mt cch m thc (formlich) lun l hc k hiu ton hc. Chnh qua n lc ny, Hilbert khm ph mt thuyt mi gi l thuyt chng minh (Beweisthcorie), lm nn tng cho mi lun l hc k hiu mnh v danh t. Trong mt vin tng nh th, vn kho cu lun l hc Ngrjuna trc ht c mt rng buc mt thit vi vn tng quan trn. THUYT CHNG MINH Ngrjuna khi u tc phm Trung lun (Mlamadhyamaka-krik-stra) vi mt nh ngha, ngy trang di mt hnh thc ca mt tn khc (vandana), v ngha ca duyn sinh (prattyasamutpda). Tuy nhin, trong Prajpradpa, Bhvaviveka (Thanh Bin) cho l nh ngha ny t n khng phi l mt khm ph ring t ca Ngrjuna; tri li, chnh nhng nh ch Kinh-b (Sautrantika) by t nh ngha . Vi mt trng hp nh vy, hin nhin ngi ta c th hy vng l, Ngrjuna s chng minh nu nhng nh ch Kinh b c chp vo quan nim ca h v thuyt duyn sinh, khng nhng n khng ph hp vi ngay chnh thuyt duyn sinh nh chnh n, m ngc li, mt thuyt nh th s khng tm thy mt ch ng no trong h thng ca h. Do , mt nh ngha v n khng th hin din. V Ngrjuna qu dng chng th I ca Trung lun thc hin iu ny. y, Ngrjuna sng to mt phng php lun chng, m nhng trit gia trung o v sau gi l on n tt nhin (prasaga), v cc hc gi Ty phng thng dch reductio ad absurdum (gim tr vo phi l, ngha l, mt mnh c chng minh bng cch din dch t n mt mu thun). Schayer coi n nh mt tng ng ca modus tollendo tollens ca lun l hc Stoa, ngha l, c m thc:

18 i Tng Kinh, quyn XXX, s 1566, trang 51a. Xem thm Ty tng i Tng Kinh, Tohoku Catalogue s 3853; Otani Cat s 5253. Bn dch ting c ch. I ca Prajpradpa ng trong tp ch Wiener Zeitschrift fr die Kunde Sdasiens. 19 Schayer, (7) trang 94...

S 1 Pht n 2551 21

(5) nu p hay q, k hiu p q q q

Vy khng phi p p

Nh vy, lun l hc Ngrjuna xut hin nh mt lun l hc mnh , v do , danh t. Kt lun ny khng c g lm ta ngc nhin cho lm. Nhng trit gia trung o ca nhng th k th VI, th VII m u nhng tranh lun v im ny, v lp thnh hai trng phi chnh: phi ch lun l (Svatantra-anumna, hay Svatantrika) do Bhvaviveka (Thanh Bin) ch xng, v phi ch on n (prasaga-vkya, hay prasagika) do Buddhaplita (Pht H) bt u v Candrakrti (Nguyt Xng) pht trin. Cuc tranh lun xoay quanh vn : Ngrjuna c dng n mt chng no khng, tc l, Ngrjuna c s dng phng php din dch trong h thng trung o nhm minh gii quan im trung o hay khng? Hin nhin, mt cuc tranh lun nh th s ko di n bt tn, v cui cng t tng cng nh lun l hc Ngrjuna bin thnh nh mt thc bi t (ungluckliche Bewusstsein) kiu Hegel, vi mt l do n gin, n vt ra ngoi h thng Ngrjuna, v h thng ny hon ton da vo mt nguyn tc l, nhng g khng th chng minh c mt cch lun l, chng ng nhin khng hin hu, ging nh o thut, nh gic mng, nh thnh xy bng khi. (utpdasthitibhagnm asiddher nsti sasktam/ sasktasyaprasiddhau ca katha setsyaty asasktam // yath my yath svapno gandharvanarara yath / tathotpdas tath sthna tath bhaga udhtam //. VII, 33-34).

20 V cuc tranh lun ny, xem Candrakrti, Prasannapd Madhyamakavitti, ch. I. Bn dch Anh ng ca T. Stcherbatsky trong (1). V Bhvavivek, Chng trn lun, TK, XXX, 1578. Bn dch Php ng ca L. de la Valle-Poussin Le joyau dans la main, trong MCB, s 2, 1933.


Do , cp n lun l hc Ngrjuna l cp trc ht n mt lun l hc chng minh, ngha l mt lun l hc, trong c bit l s ni bt vai tr ca thnh kt (Sequenz, hay Php dch: nonc des consquents) hn l vai tr ca mnh ; v nh vy, trong din trnh lun chng chng khng da hon ton vo nhng cng l (axiom), nhng dng nhng lut din dch vi mt mc ng ch . Ni mt cch khc, lun hc Ngrjuna l mt lun l hc ca th nhm th ho (schemization) nhng tin (antecedent) v nhng tip (Suksedent) vo trong nhng thnh kt theo nhng lut chuyn ho (derivation), nhm t n mt kt lun no .

Trc Gerhard Gentzen, lun l hc cng l (axiomatic logic hay Axiomlogik), gm c lun l hc Hilbert, thc hin chng minh vi mt tin trnh tng t nh tin trnh ca modus ponens, ngha l c m thc nh:

(6) nu S l P k hiu: S P

v Q l S Q S

Vy Q l P Q P

trong on n ch c th t n, bng cch loi tr mt hng t no , m xut hin tin . Th d (6), on n ch gi li Q v P, cn S th b loi. trnh nhng ct xn ny (Schnitt, ch ca Gentzen), Gentzen ra nhng phng php din dch t nhin gi l phng php thnh kt, khng nh rng, thit lp mt nh l, ngi ta khng cn phi loi b mt hng t mnh no ht. Nh vy, mt thnh kt c th cha ng mt s lng tin no , v nu nhng tin ny c khng nh, nhng tip ca chng cng theo m khng nh. Do , tip c th chnh n tr thnh mt trong nhng tin mi, v hin nhin lut ng nht gim khinh (weak identity) c s dng y:

21 G. Gentzen, Untersuchungen uber das logische Schliessen trong

Mathematische Zeitschrift, quyn 39, nm 1935, trang 167-210 v 405-431.

S 1 Pht n 2551 23

t mt b (set: tp hp) nhng tin , ngi ta c th kt lun mt s tin no trong s .

Phng php khi u bng cch chuyn ho mt thnh kt mi t mt hay hai thnh kt c nhn nhn nh c bn v hu gi. thc hin iu ny, n i hi phi c nhng th chuyn ho, tc nhng hnh nhm biu th c cu ca lun chng (Schemata fr Structur-Schlufiguren), dng quyt nh di nhng iu kin no s chuyn ho c th p dng. Trong trng hp chng ta, gi P, Q l nhng thnh kt; m, n l nhng mnh hay mt chui nhng mnh ; du cho xc nhn (assertion); du , cho bao hm; du cho mu thun, v du () cho ph nhn; chng ta c th vch ra mt vi th chuyn ho m Ngrjuna mc nhin s dng:

1) th thm (scheme of addition, Verdunnungsschemats)

P Q (7) tin (a): tip (s)

..........................................

P Q, m, n... (P). na svato npi parato na dvbhy npy ahetuta/ utpann jtu vidyante bhv kvacana kecana // (1, 1) (Khng th tm thy bt c thi no cng nh a vc no nhng hin hu, sinh xut t chnh chng, t mt ci khc, t c hai hp li, hay khng t mt nguyn nhn no). (Q). catvra pratyay hetu clambanam anantara/ tathaivdhipateya ca pratyayo nsti pacama // (1, 2) (Do ) (Ch c bn sinh duyn: nhn duyn, s duyn duyn, ng v gin duyn, v tng thng duyn. Khng c mt sinh duyn th nm no khc na). (m). na hi svabhvo bhvn pratyaydiu vidyate / avidyamne svabhve parabhvo na vidyate // (1, 3)


(Bi v t hu ca hin hu khng hin hu trong sinh duyn, mt khi t hu khng hin hu, tha hu khng th hin hu c).

2) th ph nhn

P ^ P

(8) _____________________ hay ____________

P ^ anlambana evyam sandharma upadiyate/ athnlambane dharme kuta lambana puna // (1, 8)

(). Hin th c vch ra l khng c duyn- -b-duyn; mt khi hin th khng c duyn--b-duyn, (P) u l duyn--b-duyn.

[ y, (P) c hiu ngm trong khng nh ca thnh tit (1, 2)]. Ty thuc vo hai th nguyn u ny, Ngrjuna thc hin vic chng minh, v chng th nht ca Trung lun l mt th d in hnh. Ngoi hai thnh tit ca tn khc, chng th nht gm c thy 14 thnh tit; trong hai thnh tit u c th c coi nh hai thnh kt c bn (Grundsequenzen) (P), (P), v thnh kt m Ngrjuna mun chng minh l [ (P) v (P)]. Mt trong hai hng t mnh ca thnh tit ny t c: (P), do , cng tc chng minh s quay v (P). iu ng ch l, du (), dng y, c du (A) nh mt tng ng; do [(P) Y (P)] tng ng vi [P & (P)] A. d dng vic k hiu ho, 12 thnh tit cn li c xp vo 3 thnh-tit-nh P1, P2, P3 ; tt c u trong thnh kt P.Mi mt thnh-kt-nh ny gm 4 thnh tit.

P1 gm m1, m2, m3, m4 (k hiu ca cc thnh tit 3, 4, 5, 6. Nhng s ny c nh theo nhng s ca bn in 1903, Prasannapad

S 1 Pht n 2551 25

Madhyamaka do L. de La Valle Poussin, xut bn Peterburg, Bibliotheca Buddhica).

P2 gm n1, n2, n3, n4 (k hiu ca cc thnh tit 7, 8, 9, 10)

P2 gm q1, q2, q3, q4 (k hiu ca cc thnh tit 11, 12, 13, 14).

Du () cng c gi tr trong trng hp mnh . Trong din trnh k hiu ho, chng ti s a du () vo k hiu nguyn y, nhm ct ngha, mt mnh mi c chuyn ha t mnh cho. V d m1 l mt mnh mi c chuyn ha t mnh m1. K hiu ~ ch tng ng, ngha l: A ~ B, khi (AB) (BA).

S k hiu ho chng th nht ca Trung lun din ra nh sau. (9) (P) (P)

P

(10) ______________________

P P p

P (11) ________________________________ m m m m _______________________

m m

_______________________

^

BBBBBBBBBBBBBB


P m m m ________________ ___ _____ ______

m m m m ^ ^ ^

___________________________________________________________

P ^

P____________________________________

(12) n n n n _______ _______ _______ _______

n n n n n n n n

^ ^ ^ ^ P ______________ _______________________________

n n n n ^ ________________________________________________

P ^ (13) P

______________________________

q q q q ________ ______ ______

q q q q q q

_______ ______ ________

^ ^ ^

S 1 Pht n 2551 27

______________________________ P3 q4

_______________ _________________

q q q q ^ ________________________________________________

P ^

(14) (P ) (P ) (P ) ~ (P, P, P, ) ^

(15) (P, P, P) ~ (P) . . . . . . . . . (14), (10) 33a>3Y3@ H thc (16) ni ln, khng nhng thuyt phi duyn sinh sai lm, nh cc nh ch Kinh-b vch ra m ngay thuyt duyn sinh do h ch trng cng khng km, vy duyn sinh v khng duyn sinh c th tm thy u? pratyaypratyay kuta Nhng nu thuyt duyn sinh c th chng minh l sai trong h thng ch Kinh-b, nh th c ngha thuyt duyn sinh nu ln mt thc hu no , du b din t mt cch sai lm, v nh trn ni, theo Ngrjuna nhng g chng ta tng tng, chng ta m mng, hay ni mt cch khc, nhng g chng ta t t ra v khng tng quan vi mt thc hu no ht, nhng ci ny Ngrjuna cho rng, chng ta khng th chng minh c, ngay c ci vic chng minh l chng sai. Sai v ng u c th c chng minh, v chng lin quan n thc hu. Nh vy, nu Ngrjuna c th chng minh l thuyt duyn sinh trong quan nim ch Kinh-b l sai, iu ny i hi Ngrjuna phi ra mt chng , th no l mt thuyt duyn sinh ng. Trc khi trnh by thuyt duyn sinh theo quan nim Ngrjuna, ngi ta thy cn phi nu ln hai c im chnh trong thuyt l chng minh ca Ngrjuna:


1) Vic chng minh din ra trong mt m hnh kin trc (constructive model) theo nh ngha c cu [constructive definition ca M. Frechet22 v thuyt duyn sinh ca h thng ch Kinh-b, do n l mt chng minh kin trc (kin trc23 theo ngha ca L.E.J. Brower trong ton trc gic)].

2) Chng minh ny dn n mt ph nhn lng din (binary negation), m J. May24 gi l nguyn tc lin i tng phn (principe de la solidarit des contraires), v P. Dmiville25 coi nh l mt cng l (axiome) trong h thng Ngrjuna. Vn , coi th ph nhn lng din ny c phi l mt nguyn tc, hay mt cng l, hay khng, chng ta s bn sau. THUYT M T Sau khi chng minh nhng nh ch Kinh-b sai lm trong quan nim v thuyt duyn sinh, v nh th, nhng khng nh v thuyt khng th hin din trong h thng y c, ci nh ngha, duyn sinh l khng bin mt, khng hin ra, khng trng tn, khng tiu dit, khng ng nht, khng a bit, khng tm n, khng b i (anirodham anutpdam anucchedam avatam / anekrtham annrtham angamam anirgamam // ...prattyasamutpdam... /), do c th c coi nh l mt pht biu ca Ngrjuna v th no l duyn sinh. nh ngha ny c l l nh ngha duy nht ca Trung lun, t chng ta c th hnh dung c ci b-nh ngha (definiendum); bi v sau ny, Ngrjuna thng dng mt th ng nht nh ngha (definitional identity) trnh nhng trng hp, Ngrjuna bt buc phi nh ngha. Chng th 24 ca Trung lun l mt th d. Khi bt buc phi nh ngha, nyat l g, Ngrjuna ch ni: chng ti ni, nyat l duyn sinh, l ch danh; n ch l mt con ng gia (ya prattyasamutpda nyat t pracakmahe / s

22 M. Frechet, L introduction des lments abstraits en Mathmatique, trong Revue philosophique, s 1 Janvier-Mars 1960, trang 1-12. 23 A. Heyting, Some Remarks on Intuitionism, trong Constructivity in

Mathematics, 1959 Amsterdams, (loi SILFOM), trang 69-71. 24 J. May, Prasannapad Madhyamakavtti, (bn dch Php ng nhng chng cn li), Paris, 1959, trang 16. 25 Ibid. trang II.

S 1 Pht n 2551 29

prajaptir updya pratipat saiva madhyam // (XXIV, 18). Hin nhin, nh ngha theo phng php ny khng ng gp my cho s hiu bit v ci b nh ngha, qu lm th ch gip ngi ta truy nhn ra nhng hn t mi a vo theo ngha ca mt hn t cho. By gi, vi ci b nh ngha pht biu trn, Ngrjuna mun ni n g? Ngha l phi chng Ngrjuna mun ni n i tng duyn sinh, hay ch ni mt duyn sinh nh chnh n (v d, nh mt thuyt l chng hn...)? Nh Candrakrti (Nguyt Xng) nu ln, nh ngha t n chnh l mt pht biu nhng c tnh (vieana), hn l yu tnh hay bn cht (svabhva) ca ci b nh ngha. Nh vy, n trc ht khng phi l mt nh ngha c cu, theo kiu ch Kinh-b, trong bn cht v c cu ca i tng c by t. Ni mt cch khc, n l mt nh ngha m t, bt ton. Hay ng hn, n l mt m t ca duyn sinh. M t l ci c m hnh ci nh th .... y, gi f l duyn sinh (prattya-samutpda), ci nh ngha trn v duyn sinh c th c vit x l ci nh th, nh th , ngha l, c dng thc [(ix) (fx)]. (Chng ti khng cp n vn mo t (article) trong Phn ng, v dng k hiu (i) nh mt by t ca duy nht). Theo B. Russell,26 ci th kin trc ny ca m t ch c ngha, nu ngi ta chng minh, i tng m m t ni n hin hu, v ch mt hin hu m thi. Ni khc i, mt i tng c chng minh l duy nht v hin din; mt khi lm xong cng tc , m t mi c s dng v c ngha. Vi gii hn ny, cu hi dng thc (ix) (fx) c th c coi nh mt m t hay khng, phi c t ra; v nh th, tr li, vn , m t c th c coi nh i tng hay khng, phi c cp n. Trong m t, mt i tng F c nh ngha nh ci x th no cho fx, ngha l, c dng thc (ix) (fx), trong f l mt th thuc t (predicate), v ch c mt x duy nht th no cho fx, ngha l c dng thc [(E!x) (fx)]. Nu x i vi f l mt kh bin duy nht v c lp, nh vy, (ix) (fx) l mt i tng c th F. Hin nhin

26 A.N. Whitehead and B. Russell, Principia Mathematica I, Cambridge U.P. 1950, 14, trang 193 tt.


thuc t f trong nh ngha (ix) (fx) ca duyn sinh khng th no tho mn iu kin , v (aprattya samutpanno dharma kacin na vidyate / yasmt tasmd anya hi dharma kacin na vidyate // XXIV, 19) (Khng c hin th no m khng duyn sinh / Do , khng c hin th no m khng trng thnh); ngha l f tu thuc vo n kh bin khc, v th c dng thc f (y1,..., yn, x); nh vy (ix) [f(y1,...., yn, x)] l mt hm F(y1,....., yn). Vy vn y gii hn trn vn vo k hiu (ix) ca (ix) (fx), v lm sao loi b n (eliminieren). Hilbert27 xut pht t quan nim ch hnh thc (formalismus) v ton hc, c gng thit nh tnh loi b (Eliminierbarkeit) ny. Nm nm sau, J.B. Rosser28 a ra mt lun chng khc. Nm 1950, I. Johansson 29 ph bnh lun chng Hilbert-Bernays, ti chng tnh loi b ca k hiu (ix) trong khun kh ca ton hm bin khng nh Hilbert-Bernays, v ton hm bin trc gic Heyting; thm vo , Johansson dng cng thc ph nhn, nh ngha theo ton hm bin cc tiu (Minimalkakl). Sau hai nm, S.C. Kleene30 ph bnh Hilbert-Bernays v Rosser, cho rng, dng mt k-hiu-hm (function symbol) trong mt lun chng nh vy s n gin hn. Do , vn khng phi nhm chng minh lm sao k hiu (ix) b loi b. V im ny, ngi c c th tm nhng tc gi va k, lin quan n thuyt m t; hay bi kho lun ca ti Thuyt m t ca B. Russell. Vi khun kh bi ny, chng ti ch a ra nhng cng thc khng chng minh v mc nhin c tha nhn nh c chng minh v hu gi. Gi thit, chng ta c mt ton hm bin (calculus) K, trong t nht xut hin nhng k hiu nh (bao hm), & (v), (hoc

27 D. Hilbert v P. Bernays, Grundlagen der Mathematik, 1934. Berlin, trang 422-457. 28 J.B. Rosser, On the consistency of Quines New foundations for

mathematical logic, trong The Journal of Symbolic logic, vol. 4, trang 15-24. 29 I. Johansson, sur le concept de LE (ou CE QUI dans le calcul affirmatif et dans les calculs intuitinnisies, trong Mthodes formelles en Axiomatique, 1953, Paris, trang 65-72. 30 S.C Kleene, Introduction to metamathematics, 1952, New York, trang 405-420.

S 1 Pht n 2551 31

l), x (c, hay, vi), x (tt c). Gi d (x) tho mn iu kin duy nht, ngha l:

(17) (x) (dx) & (x) (y) [(dx) & ((dy) x = y)

trong trng hp ca hm mnh (fonction propositionelle) c mt kh bin, v ch trong trng hp ny, mt vn-t m t (operateur de description) (ix) (dx) y c th c a vo, v c nh ngha:

(18) ((ix) (dx)) y (fx) = (y) ((dx) & (fx)) Dn. Gi Fx mt vn-t thay th, lin kt mi mt i tng F, v c nh ngha: (19) Fx f (....., x,.....) = f (....., F.....) Dn. hin nhin vi h thc sau y c th c vit ra:

(20) Fx [(f(..., x,...)) (h(...,x,...))] ~ Fx f (...,x,...) Fx h (...,x,...) (21) Fx [(f(...,x,...)) & (h(...,x,...))] ~ Fx f (...,x,...) & Fx h(...,x,...) (22) Fx [(f(...,x,...)) V (h(...,x,...))] ~ Fx f (...,x,...) V Fx h(...,x,...) (23) Fx f(...,x,...) ~ Fx f(...,x,...)

(24) Fx y f(...,x,y,...) ~ y Fx f(...,x,y,...)

(25) Fx y f(...,x,y,...) ~ y Fz f(...,x,y,...) (Xem thm: I. Johansson (29), trang 66. V S.C. Kleene (30), Lemma 25, trang 408, 409). i vn t thay th cho vn t m t, ngi ta c nhng h thc hu gi sau:

(26) ((ix) (dx)) y ((fy) (hy)) ~ ((ix) (dx)) y (fy) ((ix) (dx)) y (hy)


(27) ((ix) (dx)) y ((fy) & (hy)) ~ ((ix) (dx)) y (fy) & ((ix) (dx)) y (h) (28) ((ix) (dx)) y ((fy) V (hy)) ~ ((ix) (dx)) y (fy) V ((ix) (dx)) y (hy) (29) ((ix) (dx)) y (fy) ~ ((ix) (dx)) y (fy)

(30) ((ix) (dx)) y t (f(y, t)) ~ t ((ix) (dx)) y (f(y, t))

(31) ((ix) (dx)) y t (f(y, t)) ~ t ((ix) (dx)) y (f(y, t))

(Ch : Nhng du chm tng ng ca f (..., x,...) c hiu ngm, thay v vit ((ix) (dx)) y ((f..., y...,)), chng ti vit ((ix) (dx) y (fy) vn vn ...) Nh vy, nhng h thc (26)(31) nhn nhn m t nh i tng, v do , nh ngha (ix) (fx) ca duyn sinh trong Madhyamaka-krik-stra l mt pht biu duy thc v hin th. iu ny dn n mt kt lun, Ngrjuna l mt trit gia duy thc (sarvstivdin) kiu mi. Ngrjuna khng ph nhn mt hin th no ht, ngc li, tm cch m t n trong mt vin tng mi, v vin tng ny i hi ngi ta phi c mt trit hc khng (philosophie du non kiu G. Bachelard), ngha l, phi ni: hin th khng bin mt, khng hin ra, khng trng tn, khng hoi dit, khng ng nht, khng a bit, khng tm n, khng b i... Hin th by t nh chnh n, v chnh y l s im lng ca ngn t (prapaca-upaama). Thuyt m t ny ra nhiu hu qu trm trng m mt trong l php ph nhn lng din, v v tr n u? Ly th d nh hin hu (bhva) v khng hin hu (abhva), Ngrjuna nh ngha khng-hin-hu nh th ny: bhvasya ced aprasiddhir abhvo naiva sidhyati/ bhvasya hy anyathbhvam abhva bruyate jan // (XV, 5). (Nu hin hu khng th chng minh c nh vy khng-hin-hu khng th chng minh c / Bi v ngi ta ni khng-hin-hu l hin-hu-khc ca hin hu //) Gi h, hin hu, chng ta c th vit (ix) (hx). Nh trn, nu x l mt kh bin c lp duy nht i vi h, nh vy, (ix) (hx) l mt

S 1 Pht n 2551 33

i tng H. Nhng nu h tu thuc vo n kh bin c th khc, tc l, h (z1, z2, ..., zn) nh vy, (ix) (h(x, z1, z2...zn) l mt hm H (z1, z2, ..., zn) v chnh qua dng thc h (z1, z2, ..., zn), m hin hu khc ca hin hu, ngha l khng-hin-hu, c th c vit ra. C (ix) (hx) v H (z1, z2, z3, ..., zn) u l nhng m t. V hin nhin trong tng quan , h thc sau y: (32) H (z1 , z2, z3, ..., zn) = x ~ h (z1, z2, z3, ..., zn, x) c th c chng minh v hu gi. Qua h thc trn, nu ngi ta ph nhn (ix) (hx) th c ngha h (z1, z2, z3, ..., zn, x) tc nhin b ph nhn. Ni khc i, mt khi m t c coi nh i tng v ph nhn m t tc ph nhn i tng, trong trng hp nh vy, hai i tng c chung mt m t ph nhn mt trong hin nhin dn n s ph nhn ci cn li. Nh vy, ph nhn lng din trong h thng Ngrjuna khng phi l mt nguyn tc, nh J. May ch trng; n cng khng phi mt cng l (axiome), nh P. Demiville gi: Ph nhn lng din ch l mt h lun (corollary) ca thuyt m t, khng hn khng km. Chnh bng h lun ny, chng ta c th gip Nakamura vt qua khi cu hi: lm sao tin ca thnh tit XIII, 7 c th chng minh l ng, v lun chng ca thnh tit vn c gi tr; ng thi, thy r, ti sao Robinson khng nhn c vn . Trong th d (2), Nakamura cu vt gi tr lun chng ca (XIII, 7) nhng khng th chng minh c tin , Nu c ci g khng trng thnh mi c th hin hu, l ng. D nhin, nu p dng mt cch my mc v quc lun l hc Boole-Schrder, nhm thuyn gii lun l hc Ngrjuna, trong khi , coi thng v khng n chnh lun l hc Ngrjuna v nhng nguyn tc cng nh h lun c dng, iu ny ch dn n ng ct (impasse) khng li thot, v ngi ta khng bao gi nhn c lun l hc Ngrjuna nh th no. Nakamura k hiu ho tin ny nh sau: (33) (x 0) (y 0) = 1 v l lun: x 0 = x1 = x


y 0 = 0 Vy: (x 0) (y 0) = x 0 = 031

ch khng phi bng 1 nh (33) c. Nakamura cui cng phi ni, tin ny c l sai. Thc ra, tin ny khng nhng khng sai, m cn ni ln tnh duy nht ca lun l hc Ngrjuna, ngha l, Ngrjuna s dng mt s nhng cng thc nguyn u no (primitive formulae), v chng ta c th k hiu ho tin trn nh: (34) (ix) (t)v1, v2, v3,... , vn, x) (ix) (tx) y, t l nya; v ngi ta thy ngay tin ny vt ngoi khun kh v kh nng pht biu ca lun l hc Boole-Schrder. iu ny khng c g l. Sng kin ca Boole lm sao c th d on c nhng vn ch xy ra sau gn mt th k. Hin nhin chng ta khng nhm ni, nh Husserl trc y,32 l, ton hc, nu theo Boole, th ch quanh i qun li trong vng gii hn ca s (1) v s (0). Nhng nhn nh ny cn phi c nhc n, thy tnh cnh gii hn ca lun l hc Boole. Ni n lun l hc Ngrjuna, n i hi phi trung thnh vi chnh nhng nguyn tc chi phi lun l hc . V do , khng th dng nhng chnh sch a dua, khoa i, t mc ch tuyn truyn. Nhng cng khng phi v th ny th n, m, gi thuyt mt cch v bng, lun l hc Ngrjuna l ging v ngang hng vi lun l hc ng ny ng n. Robinson cho thnh tit (XIII, 7) sai, khng phi v tin ca n sai, m lun chng t chnh n hon ton sai. Ti sao? Ngi ta tr li, bi v nguyn tc hon v ca Aristotle khng cho php ph nhn tin , ngha l, c m thc:

(35) p q ~ , p , ~ q

31 H. Nakamura, Some Clarifications of the Concept of Voidness from the Standpoint of Symbolic Logic. Bn dch Anh ng m rng (8) cng ng trong tp ch IBK, vol. VII, s 1. Dec 1958 trang 375-395. Nhng cng thc ny c tc gi dng trong bn dch ny, v khng c trong bn bng ting Nht (8). Chng minh th d (2) cng c trnh by trong bn dch ny. 32 S. Bachelard, La Logique de Husserl, 1957, PUF, trang 84.

S 1 Pht n 2551 35

Trong khi vit m thc ny, chnh Bochenski33 ch thch l, cng thc ny ca Aristotle nm trong gii hn ca lun l hc danh t (logic of term). V nh th cu tr li bng m thc (35) hon ton v gi tr, vi mt l do n gin l, lun chng (XIII, 7) vo v tr ca mt lun chng trong lun l hc mnh (propositional logic). Chnh s kh khn trong vic phn bit lun l hc danh t v lun l hc mnh to ra nhng ph bnh lm ln trn. Schayer,34 ngi u tin khng nh v s hin din ca lun l hc mnh trong lun l hc n-, c gng gii thch, ti sao nhng trit hc trung o tha nhn nh hu gi s i (Ubergang) t m thc. (36) (S l P) Sang m thc: (37) (S l P) V kt lun l, bi v cc trit gia ny ch trng tnh bt thc ca mi hin hu, do mi thuc t ho (Pradizierung) u tr thnh bt kh. Ni mt cch khc, chnh bi khng tha nhn ch th c mt hin thc no, nn nu chp nhn m thc (28), cc trit gia ny s b mu thun. Ngi con ca mt ngi n b khng con (vandhyputra) khng hin hu, th lm sao ngi ta c th ni n nhng ph nhn thuc t ca n. Gii thch ny ca Schayer phi k l mt gii thch th v. Nhng c phi l mt gii thch chnh ng hay khng? y ch cn nhn tr li h thc (21), ngi ta thy ngay, ti sao gii thch ch l mt m mng trit l v hin nhin, khng mt lun l hc no li chp nhn m mng nh mt nguyn tc. Chnh s t chi v tnh giao thng ca hai m thc (36) v (37) t li vn gi bn (truth-function) ca mi mnh , mi khng nh. Thm vo , php ph nhn lng din c p dng mt cch thng xuyn, i hi phi c cch thc quyt nh

33 I.M. Bochenski, Ancien Formal Logic, 1971, Amsterdam (trong loi Studies in Logic and the Foundation of Mathematics SILFOM) trang 35, ch thch 21. 34 S. Schayer. (7) trang 93-94.


ng v sai. Thuyt bn phm tr (catukoi) gip gii quyt vn ny. Schayer coi bn phm tr ny nh mt hu qu tt nhin ca lun l hc hai m thc (36) v (37). Nakmura vit thnh phng trnh (3) trn. V Robinson ko n tr li vi A, I, E, O ca Aristotle. Ngi ta c th ni vn tt y l bn phm tr khng c pht biu qua nhng khun kh , v n phi nhn trong thuyt chng minh v m t, m Ngrjuna s dng trong tc phm ca ngi. Vn bn phm tr c mt lch s lu di v phc tp, do n cn c trnh by trong mt bi kho lun khc. KT LUN Mc ch bi kho cu ny l nhm a ra mt vi nguyn tc cn bn chi phi lun chng ca Ngrjuna v khng c nhng nh kho cu trc cp n. N a vo vic kho cu lun l hc Ngrjuna mt cch c h thng v y hn v sau ny. N ng thi cng nhm chng minh l, h thng trit hc Ngrjuna l mt h thng din dch t nhin (naturliche Schliessen) do , nhng khng nh v s hin din ca bin chng php Ngrjuna phi c t li. Hin nhin, lun l hc Ngrjuna l mt lun l hc, v nh th phi c nhn bng chnh ngay nhng vin tng m n nhm t n.

/07

TOT YU NI DUNG CC KINH

Tu S

1. Kinh i bn [Tng ng Pli: Mahnpadnasutta, D 14]

Cng c gi l i bn duyn. Hn dch i bn, tng ng Pli l mahpadna. Pli ni apadna hay Sanskrit ni avadna l mt th loi vn hc Thnh in nguyn thy, c k trong chn loi gi l cu phn gio, sau ny pht trin thnh mi hai phn gio. Hn dch m l a-ba--na, v dch ngha thng dng l th d. l cc on th d trong Kinh c k minh gii mt ti gio l hay mt ngha no . Ni rng ra, y l loi ng ngn trong vn hc Pht gio nguyn thy. Kinh ny k s tch cc c Pht qu kh m t vo th loi th d hay ng ngn cho thy u tin Kinh c k cho qun chng nghe v cuc i cc c Pht thay v ging gii gio l i khi kh hiu i vi h. C l v c k cho qun chng nghe cng vi nhiu loi truyn k khc, nh chuyn tin thn, nhn duyn cc t, v cc chuyn ng ngn Pht gio khc, nn Kinh u tin c k theo th loi th d. Nhng v y l chuyn k v cuc i cc c Pht, nn thm t i vo gi l i bn (Mahpadna). Trong Kinh i bn, c Pht truyn k s xut hin ln lt su v Pht, cho n c Thch-ca l v th by. Kinh c th c chia thnh ba phn chnh. Phn I: Lc thut v kip s, danh tnh, chng tc, quc gia, ph mu, cc i t, th gi, cc hi thuyt php.


Phn II: Tng thut chi tit s tch Pht T-b-thi (P. Vipass), t u-sut ging thn, n sinh, hin th dc lc, xut du bn ca thnh, xut gia, thnh o, thuyt php, thuyt gii, v sau cng nhp Nit-bn. Ni dung s tch hon ton ng nht vi s tch c Thch Tn. S ng nht ny c th din dch l tnh cch chung ca ht thy ch Pht, cho nn, mi khi bt u tng thut mt s kin, Kinh gii thiu bng cm t php thng ca ch Pht l nh vy. Cm t ny tng ng trong bn Pli l dhammat es: php tnh nh th hay php nh nh th, php tnh l nh vy. PHN III: c Thch Tn xut hin trn Tnh c thin (Suddhvsa). y l Thnh a ca cc Thnh gi Bt hon (Angam). Cc v Bt hon trong nm tng Tnh c thin ln lt n gp c Thch Tn. Cc v ny u l t ca su v Nh Lai trong qu kh, cho n by gi vn tn ti. Sau khi cht Dc gii, h ti sinh ln y v s nhp Nit-bn ti y, khng tr li di na. V hnh thc vn hc, sau mi on tng thut bng vn xui (vn trng hng), Kinh lp li bng th k. iu ny c th gii thch l dng truyn bn xa nht ca Kinh c ni bng k. V sau, phn vn xui c thm vo nh thng thy trong lch s hnh thnh Thnh in Pht gio. Nu iu ny c xc nhn, truyn bn c dch Hn y c th c xa hn so vi Pli.

2. Kinh Du hnh [Tng ng Pli: a. Mahparinibbnasutta, D 16;

b. Mahsudassanasutta, D 17] Trong nguyn bn Hn dch, Kinh c chia lm ba quyn theo s trang trung bnh ca bn Hn. Cn c theo , Kinh thng c chia lm ba on ln. S phn chia ny tt nhin ch c trong bn Hn, v da theo s quyn ch Hn. Cn c theo ni dung ca Kinh, bn dch Vit phn on Kinh li nh sau. Kinh c chia lm ba phn chnh:

S 1 Pht n 2551 39

Phn I: Khi i t thnh Vng-x (Rjagaha) cho n xm Trc phng (Beuva) gn thnh T-x-li (Vesal); ti y Pht dng chn cho ma an c cui cng. Gio php Pht dy trong khong thi gian ny bao gm cc php cho s ha hip v hng thnh ca Tng, cng vi hng thnh ca quc gia v i sng c nhn ca c s ti gia. y Pht cng huyn k v s hng thnh ca Hoa t thnh (Paliputta), m theo s thc lch s sau ny l kinh ca i A-dc, trung tm t Pht php c lan ta sang cc nc v khp th gii. Phn II: Ti lng Trc phng, Th Tn tri qua mt cn bnh nng (atha kho bhagavato vasspagatassa kharo bdho uppajji, bh vedan vattanti mraantik), m theo tng thut ca A-nan l khin cho A-nan kinh s, hong ht, v Pht c th nhp Nit-bn. Nhng Th Tn dng nng lc ca nh lu li mng hnh (jvitasakhra adhihya vihsi), tc ko di thm s sng mt thi gian, v cha c li di gio cho cc T kheo. Mc d c nhng du hiu d bo Pht sp nhp Nit-bn, A-nan khng nhn thy nn khng c thnh cu. Mt lt sau, Ma Ba-tun n thnh cu Pht nhp Nit-bn. Th Tn ha kh. Sau , Pht x th hnh sau khi lu mng hnh (jvitasakhra adhihya yusakhra ossajji), tc l ct t dng chy tn ti, nhng duy tr mng cn hay s sng. Pht lu mng hnh trong thi gian ba thng. T y cho n sau khi th ba cng dng cui cng ca Chu-na hay Thun- (Cunda) ri Pht i n tm trong dng sng Cu-tn (Kakuh hay Kakutth), c th c ghi nhn l on ng v khong thi gian m du n v thng, sinh-lo-bnh-t th hin r nt nht trong cuc i c Thch Tn. Phn III: T sng Cu-tn, Pht li vt qua sng Hi-lin (Hiraavati) ri n rng Sa-la song th (Yamakasl), thuc a phn thnh Cu-thi (Kusinr) ca dng h Mat-la (Malla). y l phn tng thut nhng ngy v gi cui cng ca c Thch Tn: nghi thc tn tng, l tr-tr, cng dng v phn b x-li. Phn quan trng trong on ny l


nhng gio hun ti hu Pht dn d cc T kheo nhng iu cn lm, php g l ch nng ta sau khi Pht nhp Nit-bn. Cng quan trng khng km trong phn ny l on tng thut s kin Ma-ha Ca-dip cng chng t v Cu-thi tham d l ha tng. Tng thut cho thy v tr ca Tn gi trong Tng gi t Pht lc by gi, v cng bo trc nhng g c th xy ra trong hng cc T kheo sau khi Pht dit . Cui Kinh l phn ghi nh cc ngy thng trong cuc i ca c Thch Tn. Phn ny chc khng phi l kt tp nguyn thy bi A-nan, m c th do nhng v lu truyn Kinh thm vo sau ny. Phn ny khng c trong bn Pli.

3. Kinh in tn [Tng ng Pli: Mahgovindasutta, D. 19]

Kinh gm ba phn. Phn I: Ban-gi-dc (Pacasikha), con ca nhc thn (gandhabba), tng thut mt bui tp hi ca ch thin tri ao l (Tvatisa). Trong bui qun tin hi ny, Thin Thch ni cho ch thin nghe v tm php V ng ni mt v Pht. Tm php V ng l tm iu nh thc (yathbhucca) ch c th tm thy ni mt v Pht ch khng th ni no khc (na aatra tena bhagavat). Tip theo , Phm Thin xut hin, xc nhn tm php V ng, v cng gii thiu mt php V ng ca Pht. Phn II: Ton b ni dung l nhng chi tit v i in Tn, mt tin thn ca Pht, c chnh Phm Thin k li cho ch thin ao-l nghe. Ni dung ny c Ban-gi-dc thut li cho c Pht. Trong qu kh, B tt tc tin thn ca c Thch Tn, ti sinh lm mt ngi b-la-mn, c vua by nc phong lm Ph tng i thn, v va l Quc s ca by vua. Chnh s phn chia ton th quc th thnh by nc by chi st-l (khattiya) cng cai tr cng do ngh ca i in Tn. iu ny l s thc lch s lin h n s xut hin cc

S 1 Pht n 2551 41

quc gia c i trong lch s n . Mt thi gian sau, i in Tn tm gc vic nc, sng bit c trong bn thng ma ma tu tp bn v lng tm, v ng c hi kin vi Phm Thin. Sau bui hi kin, i in Tn nhn ra nhng trin phc v nhng thp km ca i sng th tc, nn quyt nh t chc xut gia hc o. Ln lt, cc quc vng, cc gia ch b-la-mn, cng cc ph n ca h, cng xut gia theo i in Tn. Sau khi cht, tt c u sinh thin. Ring i in Tn ti sinh ln Phm thin gii. Phn III: Ban-gi-dc thnh cu Pht xc nhn chuyn c k bi Phm Thin. Pht xc nhn i in Tn cng chnh l tin thn ca Pht. Tuy rng khi sng th tc i in Tn lm c li ch cho nhiu ngi, v sau khi xut gia cng lm li ch cho nhiu ngi; nhng s tu tp v gio ha y cha phi l o cu cnh, cn phi chu ti sinh, chu kh ca sinh t mc d c th dn ti sinh ln Phm thin. Ch n nay c Thch Tn mi t n o cu cnh y v cng khai th cho th gian o cu cnh y, dn n cu cnh an n v Nit-bn.

4. Kinh X-ni-sa [Tng ng Pli: Janavasabhassutta, D 18]

ca Kinh ny trong Pli l Janavasabha, trong jana: con ngi, vasabha: ngu vng, c th dch l Nhn trung Ngu vng ch cho bc th lnh tn qu trong loi ngi (S gii Pli: dasasahassdhikassa janassatasasassassa jeho hutv sotpanno jto, tasm javanasabhotissa nma ahosi: v y vn tng l bc nhn ch, ng u trn hng triu triu ngi, ri chng Thnh qu D lu, cho nn c tn l Janavasabha). Trong bn dch Hn, t phin m l X-ni-sa, km theo li chua l Thng kt s. Bn Hn dch n hnh ca Kinh ny c nhan l Nhn tin kinh; theo y c th truy gc ting Phn l Nararshabha: bc Ngu vng hay i Tin ca loi ngi. T ny xut hin trong i tha B tt tp hc lun di dng l nhn trung tin, m nguyn hnh c


th tm thy trong Phn bn hin c iksamuccaya ca ntideva. Nhng phin m trong bn Kinh hin ti l X-ni-sa cho php truy gc Phn Janarsabha m ngha vn khng thay i, v trong ting Phn nara v jana c th dng nh ng ngha. Tuy vy, t Phn c gi thit ny khng hon ton ph hp vi t phin m ta c. V vy, cn tm li ngun gc hn chng ca n, so snh vi t Pli. T Janarsabha ni trn l dng ca Sanskrit nh ng, m gc hn chng ca n c th cn lu li trong Pli l Janesabha, t kp ca Jana (loi ngi vi Isabha (Ngu vng). Trong kinh i hi (Pli, Mahsamayasutta 20) xut hin t Janesabha ny v c S gii ng nht n vi Janavasabha. Ta thy t Janesabha gn vi phin m Hn dch, nn c th tm xc nhn y l dng nguyn thy ca t ang c tm hiu. X-ni-sa, hay Janesabha, l tn mi ca vua Bnh-sa (Tn-b-sa-la, Bimbisra) sau khi cht ti sinh ln tri ao-l lm con trai ca T-sa-mn Thin vng (Vessavana). Phn u ca Kinh, A-nan khi ln nghi vn v cc t ti gia t th ti Ma-kit-, trong c vua Bnh-sa (Bimbisra). Tip theo, X-ni-sa m trc kia l vua Bnh-sa t ao-l hin xung hu Pht, v tng thut ni dung bui lun Php ca ch thin ao-l. Khi ch thin tp hi, Phm Thin xut hin trong hnh dng mt ng t. Phn ny tng t nh Ban-gi-dc k vi Pht trong kinh in tn. Trong bui hi ny, Phm Thin trnh by cho ch thin ao-l cc php vi diu c Pht thuyt: bn nim x, by nh c, bn thn tc, v ba li i m Pht m ra cho ch thin v loi ngi hng n Chnh gic.

5. Kinh Tiu duyn [Tng ng Pli: Agaasutta, D 27]

Kinh ni v ngun gc ca loi ngi v x hi loi ngi, hnh thnh ch giai cp.

S 1 Pht n 2551 43

C hai thanh nin thuc chng tc b-la-mn l B-tt-tra (Vseha) v B-la-a (Bhradhbka) mun xut gia theo Pht v ang trong thi gian bn thng cng tr c th gii c tc, by gi thn quyn ca h, nhng ngi cng huyt thng, ch trch kch lit v quyt nh ny. Bi v, nhng ngi b-la-mn thuc giai cp cao qu, l Con ca Phm Thin, c ha sinh bi Phm Thin sinh t ming ca Phm Thin, khng c th sng chung vi cc giai cp thp hn khc. Nhn , nu r s bnh ng gia mi ngi trong x hi, Pht ni v khi nguyn ca con ngi v x hi loi ngi. Thot k thy, khi qu t ny c hnh thnh, cha c sinh vt no tn ti. Sau mt thi gian rt di, c mt loi chng sinh sng bng h lc, du hnh trong nh sng t th gii khc bay ngang qu t, b thu ht bi dng cht ca n nn mt kh nng bay trong nh sng. Do hp th dng cht trn mt dt, thn th n cng lc cng ln dn, cng th kch. Loi ngi bt u xut hin. S thay i ca dng cht cng tin ha theo s thay i thn th ca con ngi, hay ngc li; c hai tc ng ln nhau. Cho n mt lc, bt u c s phn bit nam v n, v bt u c s luyn i v dm dc, Cng lc, la t nhin xut hin; loi la khng cn gieo trng, un nu. Con ngi c sng hi lm, chiu dng; chiu hi lm, sng dng. Mt thi gian lu di sau na, nim tch ly bt u pht sinh, v con ngi ua nhau thu hoch tch ly, ti nguyn tr nn khan him, t ny sinh tranh dnh, dn n xung t. Con ngi by gi bn tha thun vi nhau phn chia t mi ngi t thu hoch phn ca mnh, khng tranh dnh nhau gy xung t. Hnh thc t hu bt u pht sinh. Nhng ri, c hng chng sinh li bing hay thiu kh nng, thu hoch khng theo ham mun, bn ly trm ca ngi khc. Khi b bt, ngi ny chng tr. Cng ng nguyn thy tr nn ri lon. By gi mi ngi hp nhau li, chn mt ngi c tng mo uy nghim, c tr sng sut, v tnh ngay thng, cng bng; bu ngi y ln lm th lnh gii quyt nhng tranh chp, duy tr trt


t cng ng. Ngi y c gi l i bnh ng ch. T Hn dch ny, trong Pli gi l Mahsammato, trong , mah tc l mahjana: i chng hay cng ng; sammato: ngi c la chn, c tn thnh. Nh vy, Mahsammato l ngi c i chng hay cng ng bu ln. Trong Hn dch, sammato c c l sama(to): bnh ng; nh vy b st ni hm dn ch trong khi nim v chnh quyn nguyn thy. By gi mi ngi cng tha thun giao c s gp mt phn thu hoch ca mnh cp cho th lnh Mahsammato, ng ny khng phi bn tm vic thu hoch m chuyn tm gii quyt tranh chp v duy tr trt t cho cng ng. Chnh quyn nguyn thy xut hin, v nhn dn c nhim v ng thu duy tr s tn ti ca chnh quyn. Bi v ngi ny khng sn xut hay thu hoch nn khng c t ai ring; tuy vy, trn thc t, tt c t ai cng ng u thuc quyn phn phi ca ng, cho nn ng ch thc l s hu ch, v t xut hin giai cp x hi gi l st-l. Tng ng Pli ca n l khattiya, t ny c ngun gc t khetta: t ai, lnh th. Cho nn, khattiya c ngha nguyn thy l a ch. Khi nim chnh quyn cng vi vai tr ca n xut hin cng lc vi s xut hin ca t rja trong ting Phn. Ng nguyn ca t ny, theo cc nh Phn ng hc, c gc bi ng t rj: cai tr. Nhng nh ngha theo Kinh ny th khc, dn theo Pli: dhammena pare rajetti kho, vseha, rj, rj, Ny Vseha, ngi lm cho nhng ngi khc vui lng ng theo php, ngi y l rj. Do d bit v quy lut cu to ng vng nn Hn dch khng th lt t ht ngha c hm trong Pli. Hn dch tng ng on ny ch c th ni: ULnh thay, i vng! Lnh thay, i vng! Th gian bn xut hin t vng, bng chnh php m tr dn. Ph thng, t rj c hiu l vua tc ngi cai tr; v l cch hiu theo tn ngng thn quyn vua c quyn sinh st ti thng. Nhng theo nh ngha bi Pli nh thy, rj l ngi ng u chnh quyn nguyn

S 1 Pht n 2551 45

thy, v nhim v ca ngi y l lm vui lng mi ngi; tc chnh quyn nguyn thy do cng ng la chn v bu ln vi nhim v trng ti, gii quyt nhng tranh chp v duy tr trt t x hi. Th nhng, x hi cng ngy cng phc tp, cng xut hin nhiu hnh thc ti c, cho n c mi nghip o bt thin: t st sinh cho n m tn d oan. By gi c ngi chn ght tnh trng y, bn b ln rng, sng bng kht thc, trm mc t duy. Giai cp b-la-mn xut hin t . Hn dch khng c nh ngha v t b-la-mn theo ng nguyn. Bn Pli tng ng ni: ppake akusale dhamme vhent ti brhma brhma. H loi b cc php c bt thin, nn c gi l b-la-mn. Theo y, ting Phn brhma (b-la-mn) c ngun gc t ng t cn l vh ca Pli, m trong ting Phn nh ng n l vh hay bh: tc b, nh b. ng t cn theo ting Phn nh ng ny cng c ngha l lm cho ln mnh, tng trng. Ngha th hai ny c dng ph thng hn v d lin h n tn ngng thn linh hn. Tip n, xut hin giai cp t-x (Pli: vessa): giai cp c s, ca nhng ngi a doanh nghip, cht cha ti bo. Cui cng, xut hin giai cp ca nhng ngi lao ng tay chn lm ngh c xem l hn h: giai cp th--la (sudda). Kinh cho thy x hi c giai cp hay ng cp khng phi do quy nh, ch nh ca thn linh, Thng , m do qu trnh pht trin ca con ngi v x hi loi ngi. Kinh kt lun: Th gian y c phn bit giai cp th st-l l trn ht. Nhng bc nht trn tt c Tri v Ngi l nhng ai y Minh v Hnh, y Tr tu v Gii c.

6. Kinh Chuyn lun vng tu hnh [Pli tng ng: Cakkavattisutta, D 26]

Kinh m u bng li dy: Hy t thp sng cho mnh. Ni cch khc: hy t mnh l hn o an ton cho chnh


mnh. Trn nn tng gio hun ny, Pht ni v cc qu trnh tin ha v thoi ha ca x hi loi ngi, bao gm c vt cht v tinh thn. Bt u t v Chuyn lun vng u tin, vua Kin C Nim (Dahameni), k nguyn thnh vng v an lc nht ca x hi loi ngi. Truyn n i th by, gi tr o c khng cn c tn trng nh trc; x hi bt u qu trnh suy thoi, ngho i bt u xut hin. Do ngho i m pht sinh trm cp. Do trm cp m pht sinh gic gi, chm git. Ln lt cc ti c pht sinh. Mi thi k c trng bng mt loi ti c, v cng theo vi s gim thiu tui th. T tm vn tui, gim dn cho n tui trung bnh ch cn mi. By gi bt u thi k nhn loi tng tn v t hy. Cng c trong tay tr thnh v kh git ngi. Thy ngi l git, nh th sn gp nai, bt k thn s. Trong tnh trng tn st kinh hong , mt s t ngi chy trn vo rng, n np trong hang , hc cy. l mt s t khng c c tm tng tn tng st. Cho n khi ngi b git v k git ht sch, nhm ngi t nn ny ln lt tr v ng bng. H gp nhau, t duy v phn tnh, v khuyn khch nhau tu tp iu thin. o c bt u qu trnh phc hi, v theo tui th loi ngi cng tng dn. Mi thi i pht trin c trng bi mt gi tr o c, t iu thin, t tm khng st sinh, cho n chnh kin, khng t kin d oan. Khi x hi pht trin vi o c y mi thin nghip, cho n tn knh s trng, hiu dng cha m, th mng loi ngi ln n tm vn tui. By gi c Pht ra i hiu l Di-lc (Metteyya). ng thi c Thnh vng tr th l Chuyn lun vng hiu Tng-gi (Sakha). Dng tin ha quay tr li im khi u, nh tng vi vua Kin C Nim. Th gian lun chuyn tun hon theo s tng tin hay suy thoi ca mi thin nghip hay mi bt thin nghip. Cc thnh ri suy gim. Cc suy li bt u hng thnh. Th gian khng c ci g vng chc nng ta. Cho nn, tm

S 1 Pht n 2551 47

nng ta, T kheo tu tp cc thin php pht trin hng thnh. Cc php thin ny l bn thn tc, th tr gii bn, th h cn mn, pht trin bn thin, chng ng bn Thnh . l qu trnh pht trin hng thnh vng chc nht.

7. Kinh T-t [Pli: Pysisutta, D 23]

B-la-mn T-t (Pysi) c quan im c gi l h v thuyt (natthivda). ng cho rng Khng c th gii khc. Khng c loi ha sinh. Khng c qu bo ca ti phc. Khng c th gii khc, ngha l ngoi th gii ta ang sng, khng c th gii ch thin, hay a ngc. ng tm gp ng t Ca-dip (Kmar-Kassapa) chng minh quan im ca mnh, v a ra hng lot chng c c xem l c th. ng lm nhiu th nghim v quan st, khng thy c du hiu g chng t c linh hn ngi cht. Ca-dip i li bng hng lot th d chng minh nhng th nghim v quan st ca T-t l khng chnh xc, v quan im ca ng hon ton khng c c s. Sau , Ca-dip khuyn ng nn b t kin y i cho c li ch; nhng T-t vn chp cht quan im, vi nhiu l do. L do quan trng l vn danh d. Ca-dip li a ra hng lot th d khc cho thy s c chp y va ngu xun va nguy him. Cui cng, T-t chu khut, v th nhn chu khut phc ngay th d th nht ca Ca-dip, nhng ng mun nghe bin ti vi diu ca Ca-dip nn c tnh bo th quan im. Tip theo, ng xin quy y vi Ca-dip, v t chc hi i th, b th chn t cho tt c mi ngi, theo li khuyn ca Ca-dip. Nhng ng cho b th vi loi y phc, m thc thp km, nn ngi thanh nin b-la-mn c ng giao ph trch vic b th ch trch. ng nghe theo, b th rng ri. Sau khi cht, do b th h tin, ng sinh ln tri T thin vng, v tr rt thp. Kinh ny c ni bi Ca-dip ng t sau khi Pht dit . Bn Pli tng ng khng cp chi tit by gi Pht dit , m thm chi tit rng T-t c gp A-la-hn Gavampati (Kiu-phm-ba-) trn tri T thin vng.


8. Kinh Tn--na [Pli: Udumbarikasutta, D 25]

Tn--na (Sandhna) l v c s ni danh sng ti thnh Vng x. Ngoi thnh c mt khu vn mang tn -tm-b-l (Udumbarik), ti c mt nhm phm ch ng u l Ni-cu- (Ngodha). Phm ch y l t phim m tng ng vi Pli l paribbjaka, dch l ph hnh gi, l nhm xut gia ngoi o, tn sng kh hnh. Trn ng i ln K-x-qut hu Pht, Tn--na gh vn -tm-b-l thm. Phm ch Ni-cu- by t s chng i gay gt ca ng i vi Pht, v thch thc lun chin vi Pht. Va lc y, Pht xut hin. Ni-cu- mun bit Pht dy cc t nhng g dn n an lc. Pht t chi gii thch, cho rng vi s tri v s hnh ca Ni-cu- v t ca ng khng th hiu c gio l ca Pht, nhng nu h mun, Pht s din gii cho h r v php tu kh hnh m h ch trng. Tip theo, Pht k chi tit cc hnh thc kh hnh khc nhau c cc o s thc hnh. l nhng hnh thc hnh xc, t lm kh thn bng mi cch. Nhiu hnh thc rt k d. Mt vi chi tit bt ng gia bn Hn v bn Pli. iu ny c th nh hng bi tp qun a phng m kinh ny lu truyn. Cng c th do nhiu hnh thc kh hnh m Hn vn kh kim t v c tng ng dch cho c chnh xc. D sao, bn kinh cng lit k rt chi tit nhng hnh thc kh hnh p xc ca cc nhm o s thi Pht. Ni-cu- xc nhn nhng chi tit Pht k, v ng cho rng s thc hnh nh vy l thanh tnh, ngha l hon ho v mt o c tu tp. Nhng Pht li ch im nhng im cu u tn ti trong cc li tu kh hnh m nhiu ngi knh phc ny. Pht ln lt k ra nhng im cu u y. Bi v nhng thc hnh y khng hiu qu dit tm nhim bi tham lam, tt , t kin, kiu mn, xo ngy, khen mnh ch ngi, c chp, Pht li ch ra nhng u im trong li kh hnh y: ngi tu kh hnh m khng b chi phi bi

S 1 Pht n 2551 49

tham lam, sn hn, xo quyt v.v Tuy vy, nhng kh hnh khng phi l chc tht, c ct li. Kh hnh chc tht l dit tr cc nghip bt thin, tu tp cc v lng tm. Nhng php Pht dy cho cc t cn cao hn th na. Ni-cu- by gi lin by t s hi hn ca mnh, l ngng cung thch thc Pht vi Tn--na. Tip theo, Pht ni vi cc phm ch, mc ch Ngi n y khng phi thuyt php tranh nh hng v cc th li dng. Nhng g h tin tng, nhng iu h ang c, tt c vn thuc v h, Nh Lai khng can thip n. Pht n, ch nu r php thin v bt thin cho nhng ai mun thc hnh c an lc. Pht bit r Ma Ba tun ang chi phi tm cc phm ch. V khng mun quy ry, nn Pht nm tay Tn--na nng h khng m i.

9. Kinh Chng tp [Pli: Sagtisutta, D 33]

X-li-pht vng li Pht, thuyt php cho cc T kheo. By gi, Ni-kin T va t th, cc t tc th chia r thnh hai phi, tranh chp nhau kch lit. X-li-pht lu cc T kheo, khng th c chuyn nh vy xy ra gia cc t Pht sau khi c o S dit . Nh vy, cc T kheo hy cng nhau kt tp nhng iu Pht dy, cng nhau c tng, khng tranh ci. Kinh ny c X-li-pht thuyt, l bn lit k Pht php di danh mc php s. Cc php c phn loi thnh nhm theo s thp tin, t nhm mt php cho n nhm mi php. Hnh thc kt tp ca Kinh ny tr thnh c s thnh lp Lun tng. V sau, phi Hu b khai trin Kinh vi ch gii chi tit tr thnh mt trong su lun nn tng gi l Lc tc. Bn lun c Huyn Trang dch vi nhan l Tp d mn tc lun (T 1536), vi tc gi c ghi l Tn gi X-li T. i b phn gio ngha Pht thuyt c kt tp kh y trong Kinh ny.


10. Kinh Thp thng [Pli: Dasuttarasutta, D 34]

Kinh ny cng do Pht khin X-li-pht thuyt cho cc T kheo nhn ngy Tng thuyt gii. Ni dung ca Kinh cng l bn kt tp php tng theo phn loi thp tin nh kinh Chng tp; nhng y c im khc bit l mi php s li c chia thnh mi khoa mc nh sau: 1. Thnh php , P. dhammo bahukro (php a s tc), php em li nhiu li ch; 2. Tu php , bhvitabbo (ng tu), cn phi tu tp; 3. Gic php , parieyyo (ng bin tri), cn c nhn thc ton din; 4. Dit php , pahtabbo (ng on), cn phi loi tr; 5. Thi php , hnabhgiyo (thun thi phn), dn n thoi ha; 6. Tng php , visesabhgiyo (thng tin phn), dn n s thng tin; 7. Nan gii php , duppaivijjho (nan gii), kh l gii, kh th nhp; 8. Sinh php , uppdetabbo (ng sinh php), cn phi lm cho pht sinh; 9. Tri php , abhieyyo (ng thng tri), cn c chng tri; 10. Chng php , sacchiktabbo (ng tc chng), cn c chng nghim. Trong php s mt th c mt thnh php cho n mt chng php; trong php hai th c t hai thnh php, cho n hai chng php, v.v., cho n ni php s mi th c mi thnh php, cho n mi chng php.

11. Kinh Tng nht [Pli: khng c tng ng]

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Ni dung Kinh ny i th cng ng vi Kinh Thp thng; ch c im khc l do chnh Pht thuyt.

12. Kinh Tam t [Pli: khng c tng ng]

Kinh do Pht thuyt. Ni dung cng l kt tp php tng theo danh mc php s nh cc kinh trn. im khc bit y l, trong mi php s gm ba khoa mc. Nh trong php mt: mt php dn n c th; mt php dn n thin th; mt php dn n Nit-bn. Cho n trong php mi: mi php dn n c th, mi php dn n thin th, mi php dn n Nit-bn.

13. Kinh i duyn phng tin [Pli: Mahnidnasutta, D. 15]

A-nan nhn xt: l duyn khi Pht thuyt tht thm thm, nhng sao Tn gi thy rt d hiu. Nhn xt y khng c Pht chp nhn. Nhn , Pht gii thch cc mi quan h ca cc chi. Kinh c th c chia lm ba phn. Phn I: Quan h cc chi duyn khi. Cc mi quan h ny, ty theo gc nhn, dn n ba hu qu: 1. Mi quan h dn n tranh chp v bt an ca x hi, dn n kh qu trong hin ti. Quan h cc chi duyn khi y tp trung trn i. Bt u t i n lo t, c tt c nm chi, nn trng hp ny c gi l duyn khi nm chi. Ly i lm gc, (i bn, P. tahmla), pht sinh 9 chi: i, cu, li, dng, dc, trc, tt, th, h. Cc chi ny c gi tn theo Pli.: tah (kht i), pariyesan (tm cu), lbho (th c), vinicchayo (quyt nh, s dng), chandargo (dc tham, ham mun hay tham lam), ajjhosna (tham chp), pariggaho (nhip h, gi cht), macchariya (xan ln, keo kit), rakkho (th h, canh gi). 2. Mi quan h dn n kin chp, tp trung trn xc. T xc n lo-t c by chi, nn quan h y c gi l duyn


khi by chi. Xc c hai: hu i xc tc xc chm vt cht v tng ng xc hay tm xc tc nhng xc chm tm l. Hu i xc dn n tham m ng dc. Tng ng xc lm s y cho s pht sinh cc tng, hay khi nim, t dn n hnh thnh nhn thc, l c s ca kin chp. 3. Mi quan h dn n ti sinh, tp trung trn quan h thc v danh sc. Quan h ny c mi chi. Hai chi v minh v hnh tuy c nhc n nhng khng c gii thch r trong Kinh ny.

Phn II: Quan h cc chi duyn khi to thnh mt chnh th gi l sinh mng. Sinh mng ny c quan nim l t ng. C hai y c lm pht sinh nim hay kin chp v ng: th v sc. Phn III: Ng tn ti theo gii a. Trong phm vi b chi phi bi kh lc, c by tr x ca thc. Ngoi by tr x ny, c hai x tc hai trng thi tn ti ca thc m cc tn gio xem l ci vnh hng: v tng x v phi tng phi phi tng x. Tt c u thuc v th gian, trong vng lun chuyn gii a ca th gian. Trn tt c l con ng dn xut th gian, c tm cp bc gii thot ca thc m cui cng l tng th dit tn nh.

14. Kinh Thch -hon Nhn vn [Pli: Sakkapahasutta, D 21]

Nhng cu hi ca Thin Thch. Kinh gm ba phn. Phn I: Thin Thch v ch thin ao-l chun b xung hu Pht. Nhc thn Ban-gic-dc (Pacaskhi: Ng K) c khin i trc. ng cm cy n lu ly n trc hang ni Pht ang tnh ta. Trong tm va nghe, ng ht bn tnh ca dng cng Pht. Bi ca ni v tnh yu say m ca ng i vi con gi ca thn nhc trng, nhng khng c p li. Nghe xong bi ca, Pht ngi khen v m iu cng nh ni dung. Tip , Ban-gi-dc trnh Pht ca Thin Thch v ch thin ao-l mun n hu Pht.

S 1 Pht n 2551 53

Phn II: Thin Thch v ch thin ao-l cng vo trong hang l Pht. Thch nu cu hi v nguyn nhn th hn tranh chp gia ch thin v nhn loi. Pht dn chui nhn duyn quan h, t tham lam tt cho n h lun vng tng. Tc nguyn nhn chnh l t xu hng bt ng. Tip n Thch hi v con ng dit tr h lun. Pht dy tun t tu tp t chnh hnh ni thn, khu, ; y ni cc th ng thn cn v khng nn thn cn m thnh tu phng h bng gii lut nghi; y ni cc cn m tu tp cn lut nghi. Phn III: Nhng hoi nghi thc mc c gii p, Thin Thch thut li tm t ca ng trc khi Pht xut hin. Khi chng kin ch thin ht phc ht th m mng chung, ng lo s, i khp ni tm cu chn l, nhng khng c gii p. Ri ng so snh h lc m ng c sau khi nghe php vi h lc m ng c trc y khi nh nhau vi A-tu-la m c chin thng. l h lc do thng li trong u tranh hn th, khng th so vi h lc do c nghe Chnh php. Sau ht ng nu nhng iu ch li do h lc ny mang li, v cui cng l Nit-bn gii thot. Ngay lc y, Phm Thin xut hin, c bi k tn thn, ri bin mt. Cui Kinh, k chuyn Thin Thch thng cng cho Ban-gi-dc bng cch g con gi ca nhc thn trng m ng ny say m cho lm v.

15. Kinh A-nu-di [Pli: Pthikasutta, D 24]

T kheo Thin T (Sunakkhatta) t b Pht, khng theo Pht tu hnh na, v Pht khng chng t cho ng hai vic: khng th hin thn thng, khng ni v khi nguyn ca th gii. Pht tr li Thin T: d Nh Lai hin hay khng th hin thn thng, khi nguyn th gii c hay khng c thuyt, php m Pht thuyt c mc ch l chn chnh dn n dit kh.


V vic th nht: Thin T tn thn cc o c li tu v hnh vi k d, cho l cc bc Thnh nh Ni-kin t Gi-la-lu (Acela Karama) v Cu-la- (Korakkhattiya). Khi Pht bc b cc hnh thc k qui y th Thin T cho l Pht ganh t vi cc v Thnh c mi ngi tn sng. Pht cho bit h khng phi l Thnh ch v t v kh hnh p xc; v ri Gi-la-lu s t b nhng iu m ng th sut i gi v cht trong bi tha ma mt ht danh ting; cn Cu-la- s trng thc m cht. Nhng iu ny xy ra sau ng nh vy. Li khi phm ch Ba-l T tuyn b trc m ng s sn sng u tr v u thn thng vi Sa-mn C-m, Thin T rt phn khi v vic ny. Nhng Pht ni, Ba-l T s khng dm n gp Pht, ni g n u tr hay thn thng. Thin T cnh gic Pht: Th Tn hy gi ming. V ri Ba-l T s n, v nh vy, Pht s mt ht danh d. Kt qu, Ba-l T tht s khng dm i gp Pht, mc d c nhiu ngi tm gp ng tn mt m thc gic. Vn th hai, v khi nguyn ca th gii: Pht nu r ngun gc a n cc thuyt. C bn thuyt c cp: ngun gc bi Phm Thin sng to, bi s a lc ca ch thin H tiu v ch thin phn, v v nhn lun. Cc thuyt ny, chi tit hn v y hn, c ni trong kinh Phm vng (Brahmajla). Pht bit r cc thuyt ny, cng nh ngun gc ca chng, v cn bit hn th na; bit r nhng khng nhim trc. Cui cng, Pht nu s xuyn tc ca cc sa-mn b-la-mn ni rng: Sa-mn C-m dy cc t, khi h chng c php thanh tnh, h thy tt c u bt tnh. Nhng Pht ni, khi t Pht chng nhp gii thot thanh tnh, v y thy tt c u thanh tnh.

16. Kinh Thin sinh [Pli: Siglasutta, D 31]

S 1 Pht n 2551 55

Thin Sinh mi sng ra cng vin l bi su phng. Anh lm theo li cha dn m khng r ngha g. Pht bn ch cho bit ngha su phng theo Thnh php. l nhng mi quan h gia nh v x hi ca mt ngi ti gia. Nu bit duy tr tt nhng mi quan h y, ngi ti gia c sng an lc, ti sn khng b tn tht, khng s tai ha s n. Trc ht, i vi bn thn, ngi y (a) trnh xa bn hnh vi xu c: git, trm, t dm, v ni di; (b) trnh bn trng hp xi lm xu: do tham lam, do sn hn, do ngu si, do s hi; (c) trnh su nguyn nhn tn tht ti sn: 1. am m ru ch, 2. c bc, 3. phng ng, 4. am m k nhc, 5. kt bn ngi c v 6. bing li. Trong giao thip, ngi y cn phn bit bn gi di vi bn chn tht. V ngha su phng: Phng ng l cha m, phng Nam l s trng, phng Ty l th thip, phng Bc l bn b thn thch, phng trn l cc bc trng thng, sa-mn, b-la-mn, phng di l ti t. Bn thn i vi cc phng l mi quan h ngha v. Con gi trn ngha v lm con; cha m c x trn phn s cha m. Cho n n vit i vi sa-mn, sa-mn i vi n vit. Mi bn u lm trn ngha v ca mnh, nh vy bn thn, gia nh v x hi c an lc, thnh vng. Cui cng, trong phn k tng, Kinh nu bn php c bn gi cht cc phng quan h ny. l bn nhip s: b th, i ng, li hnh, ng s, m Hn dch y khng r ngha. K ni: i khng c bn vic, s khng c hiu dng. Phn k cng ch dy ngi ti gia cn hc ngh kho, sing nng, bit qun phn chi thu; nh th i sng s khng hao ht, thiu thn.

17. Kinh Thanh tnh [Pli: Psdikasutta, D 29]


Sau ma an c, Sa-di Chu-na (Cunda-samauddesa) n hu thm A-nan, v tng thut s kin tranh chp ni b xy ra gia cc t Ni-kin t (Nigaha Naputta) khi Thy va t th, nh c k trong kinh Chng tp (Sagtisutta, D 33). A-nan lin dn Chu-na n hu Pht, thut li s kin ny. Nhn Pht ni v cc yu t c s m trn gio on c xy dng s dn n ha hip hay chia r trong ni b. Ni dung t y tr xung ca Kinh gm ba phn chnh: (I) Php v lut, (II) An lc hnh, (III) Dit tr t kin. I. Php v lut: - Php lut hon ho hay khng hon ho v t hnh tr hay khng hnh tr. Quan h ny to thnh bn trng hp, trong , trng hp th t: php lut c kho thuyt, t kho hnh tr, gio on y s ng vng. - o s chnh gic nhng dit sm, gio on khng ng vng. o s chnh gic ch dit sau khi cc t t mnh chng ng y li cn c th cng b php rng ri: gio on y s ng vng. Vi gio on c thit lp v ng vng trn c s nh vy, i sng ca mi thnh vin trong gio on c gi l phm hnh (brahmacariya). Ty thuc mt s iu kin m i sng phm hnh y c xem l hon ho (brahmacariya paripra). Cc yu t phm hnh c hon ho: (a) o s danh ting; (b) hng t trng lo t chng ng li cn c th cng b php rng ri; ln lt, cc t kheo, t kheo ni, cho n nam n c s u c thc chng nh vy; (c) i sng vt cht khng thiu thn. Tng t Pht vi phm ch y nh vy c ni l phm hnh thanh tnh bc nht, thy m khng thy, ngha l khng th b hay thm cho y hn na. Phn trn y l ni v nhng nguyn l hay c m trn gio on c thit lp v tn ti. duy tr s tn ti ca gio on, Pht ni n hai kha cnh thit thc: tri v hnh.

S 1 Pht n 2551 57

II. An lc hnh: i vi cc php Pht thuyt, cc t kheo phi cng ha hip tng c, tho lun v dung ha d bit ph hp vi Chnh php, khng dn n tranh lun v tranh chp. i vi gii lut, t kheo sng tri tc vi n, mc, ch v thuc thang; khng b li cun bi ng dc. i sng an lc m t Pht mong cu l nhng an lc khng b chi phi bi ng dc, nm trin ci; l hin php lc tr do chng c bn thin, l lc v lu do chng bn Thnh qu, l lc do i tn gii thot ca A-la-hn vi chn iu bt hnh. III. Dit t kin: Sau ht l phn bit chnh kin v t kin. Ht thy s kin c chia lm hai: k thuyt v khng k thuyt. Nhng g thuc qu kh ti s, tong lai mt kip, Pht thy bit, nhng nu khng ch li thit thc, khng dn n ly dc tch tnh, Nit-bn, Pht khng k thuyt, tc khng ni v cc php y. Pht ch ni nhng g ch li thit thc, v dn n chng ng; ngha l ngi nghe c th t chng nghim chn l y bng s gic ng ca mnh. C 14 vn v k thuyt, khng c Pht ging ni: th gii thng hng hay khng thng hng; th gii hu hn hay v hn, nh lit k trong kinh.

18. Kinh T hoan h [Pli: Samapasdanyasutta, D 28]

I. X-li-pht s t hng. X-li-pht tuyn b: Trong qu kh, hin ti, v lai, khng c sa-mn, b-la-mn no c tr tu, thn tc c th snh ngang vi Pht. Tuyn b nh vy c gi l s t hng. V sao?

II. Tng tng php. X-li-pht khng th bit tm t ca Pht, khng bit r ch Pht c gii nh vy, php nh vy, tr tu nh vy, gii thot nh vy, nhng cn c vo php tng tng m xc tn


nh li tuyn b. Php tng tng (dhammanvaya) l nhng iu c din dch t chng nghim trc tip ca mnh. Nhng php y c lit k gm c, theo th t t thp ln cao: phn bit php en, php trng, hai phn i tr nhau. Th n, ch php, l cc php c Pht thit lp m hnh tr c kt qu, l: bn nim x, bn chnh cn, bn thn tc, bn thin, nm cn, nm lc, by gic chi, tm chi Thnh o. Th n, phn bit cc ni ngoi x. Php c thuyt cng lc cng vi diu: bn nhp thai, by gic chi, bn thng hnh, hnh v thng ngn thanh tnh, kin ng ch, thng tr lun, qun tha tm, gio gii, gii thanh tnh, tc mng tr, thin nhn tr, thn tc thng. Do cc php vi diu nh vy, hnh tr c kt qu nh vy, nn bit php c kho thuyt bi Pht, l bc Chnh ng gic. III. Pht n chng. c Pht hi, X-li-pht tr li: Trong qu kh v trong i v lai, c v s c nhiu v ngang bng Pht. V c nhiu Pht xut hin trong qu kh v s c nhiu Pht xut hin trong i v lai. Nhng trong hin ti, khng ai c th snh. V trong mt thi, khng bao gi c hai c Nh Lai cng xut hin. Pht xc nhn nhng iu X-li-pht thuyt, v nhn ni vi v th gi by gi l u--di v c thiu dc tri tc ni Pht. Thiu dc tri tc y c hiu l hi lng, khng t mn. Ngha l, nhng iu Pht chng ng v thuyt, l php tnh t nhin nh vy, khng c g phi ni xng ng c tn thn nhiu hn hay tn thn t hn.

19. Kinh i hi [Pli: Mahsamayasutta, D 20]

Kinh ny c th xem l mang du n ca Mt gio, hay cha ng mm mng t tng Mt gio c pht trin sau ny. y l bn lit k danh sch hu nh y cc thn linh c tin ngng thi Pht hay sau . Pht tr ti Ca-t-la-v, cng vi 500 t kheo. Trc ht, ch thin Tnh c hin n.

S 1 Pht n 2551 59

Sau ln lt, nhiu loi qu thn cng xut hin. Ch thin y bao gm cc i thin thn diu, tc ch thin c uy lc rt ln, c bn i Thin vng, cc thn tr trn cc ni non, hang ng danh ting khp ni, cng cc a thn. Mi thin thn th lnh dn theo v s qu thn: cn-tht-b, d-xoa, la-st, v.v Du n Mt gio trong bn Pli tng ng kh m nht; nhng trong bn Hn dch th rt hin nhin. iu ny tt do nh hng cc a phng khc nhau ni m bn Kinh c lu hnh c tng. Trong Kinh, ngoi tr danh hiu cc thin thn, cc qu thn, nhng t cn li u c th dch ngha nhng Hn dch khng lm nh vy, m phin m tt c, cho nn nhiu on k tr thnh cc on thn ch. cng l yu t khin Kinh ny trong bn Hn c xu hng Mt gio.

20. Kinh A-ma-tr [Pli: Ambahasutta, D 3]

B-la-mn Pht-gi-sa-la (Pokkharasti) hay tin Pht ang n ng trong a phng ca mnh, v t lu ng cng nghe n rng Sa-mn C-m c ba mi hai tng ca bc i nhn; m ng th rt rnh v khoa tng php ny. Theo khoa ny ni, ai c ba mi hai tng i nhn, nu ti gia s tr thnh Hong Chuyn lun thng tr c bn chu thin h; nu xut gia s thnh bc i gic. ng mun chng tht li n ny, nn sai t tm c l thanh nin A-ma-tr, cng c ng truyn dy k v khoa tng php, n gp Pht chng kin xem li n c ng nh vy khng. Khi n gp Pht, A-ma-tr t cao v huyt thng giai cp, t ho v s hc, nn t thi khinh mn vi Pht. Pht bn ni thng vi A-ma-tr l anh chng khng c gio dc. Tc gin v b Pht gi l v gio dc, thanh nin ny bung li s nhc Pht v dng h Thch. Nhn , Pht bn hi anh thuc dng h no. Anh ni, dng h Thanh vng.


Pht lin dn gii gc tch cho bit, nh vy t tin ca A-ma-tr nguyn l con trai ca mt n t ca cc vng t h Thch thi xa. Tip , Pht bo A-ma-tr xc nhn iu ny, nhng anh ngn ngi. Pht ch cho bit thn Kim cang Lc s ang cm chy st ng ngay trn u, nu khng xc nhn cu hi ca Pht, s b nh v u. Hong s, anh xc nhn nhng iu Pht va k l s thc lch s ca dng h anh. iu ny lm cho A-ma-tr mt ht kh ngo mn lc u. By gi Pht mi t vn vi A-ma-tr v s u vit trong cc giai cp. Lin h vn ny, A-ma-tr tt nhin t nhn thuc giai cp b-la-mn l cao nht trong x hi. Pht nguyn l vng t h Thch, thuc giai cp st-l, iu ny khi phi ni. c Pht gi thit mt ngi n st-l ly chng b-la-mn, con trai ca ngi b-la-mn ny khng c hng cc quyn li bn st-l. Mt khc, n b-la-mn g cho nam st-l, con trai ca ngi ny vn hng c cc quyn bn m l b-la-mn. Nh vy, xt v c quyn, giai cp st-l u vit hn. Nhng, Pht ni th gian y c chng tc nn st-l l nht; duy ch ai y Minh v Hnh mi l ti thng trn c Tri v Ngi. A-ma-tr lin hi Pht v ngha Minh Hnh ny. Pht dn gii qu trnh tu tp thnh tu Minh v Hnh, k t mt thin nam t ch tn x tc xut gia, thnh tu gii, thnh tu cn lut nghi, sng tri tc, tu tp chnh nim chnh tri, on tr nm trin ci, ln lt chng s thin cho n t thin, v tip theo l cc thng tr: thn tc thng, thin nh thng, tha tm tr, tc mng tr, sinh t tr, lu tn tr: sinh dt, phm hnh vng, iu cn lm lm xong, khng cn ti sinh i sau na. Thnh tu Minh Hnh n nh vy, khng cn g ti thng hn. Nhng n s sng trong rng su, n c, n tri cy rng; hoc ct am tranh th la, sng gn thn xm, hoc ti ng t ng ct nh b th; nhng hnh vi nh vy l s thoi

S 1 Pht n 2551 61

tht i vi Minh Hnh, khng th dn n thnh tu Minh Hnh. Ngay c bn iu nh vy thy tr A-ma-tr vn khng th thc hnh c; nhng h li ngng cung ngo mn v s tri v s hnh ca mnh, khinh thng Sa-mn Thch t cho l thuc giai cp thp hn. Tip theo , Pht nu gng cc Tin nhn c i, nhng v son tp cc kinh th, cc tn tng m ng thi cc b-la-mn hc theo tr thnh Tin nhn nh h, c ti sinh ln Phm thin. Khng phi ch thut li, phng theo li cc Tin nhn c l c th tr thnh Tin nhn. Cc b-la-mn nay mun hc theo Thin nhn c nhng sng xa hoa trong cc dinh th m mong tr thnh nh Tin nhn. iu ny chng khc no mt k thp hn thut li li ca vua Ba-t-nc c nghe lm u , khng th v vy m tr thnh i thn ca vua Ba-t-nc. n y, tt c thi ngo mn ban u ca thanh nin A-ma-tr, ngo mn v huyt thng giai cp, ngo mn v trnh hc thc; tt c hon ton sp . Pht bo, thi, b qua chuyn ny, m hy nh li mc ch anh n y. Mc ch l tm hiu tng php. Sau khi quan st y cc tng ho ni Pht, A-ma-tr co t. Pht-gi-sa-la ng ch sn hc tr ni ca. ng bo A-ma-tr tng thut li bui hi kin. Nghe xong, ng ni cn thnh n, p A-ma-tr t nga. Ngi hc tr thng minh ca ng i bu xu ng, khin cho thy tr ng a a ngc. Ri ng thn hnh i gp Pht. T mnh quan st y cc tng ho ca Pht, ng pht sinh tn tm, thnh Pht v Tng v nh th thc. Hm sau, Pht cng chng T-kheo n nh ca Pht-gi-sa-la nhn trai Tng cng dng. n xong, Pht thuyt php cho ng nghe. Sau thi php, Pht-sa-gi-la lin c S qu. ng pht nguyn trn i quy y Tam bo, th tr nm gii lm ngi u-b-tc. By ngy sau, Pht-gi-sa-la pht bnh v mt. Pht th k, ng c qu Bt hon, ti sinh ln Tnh c thin v s nhp Nit-bn ti , khng tr li ni ny na.


21. Kinh Phm vng [Pli: Brahmajlasutta, D 1]

C hai thy tr Phm ch, nhm tu ngoi o (paribbjaka: ph hnh gi, du s ngoi o) l Thin Nim (Suppiya) v Phm-ma-t (Brahmadatta) i theo sau Pht v cc T-kheo trn con ng n Trc thn. Mt ngi ch bai Pht bng mi cch; mt ngi ngi khen Pht cng bng mi cch. Cc T-kheo tp hp ti ging ng, bn lun v s kin ny. Pht dy cc T kheo, khng hoan h khi c tn thn, cng khng u su khi b ch bai. S khen ch ca hai thy tr kia ch do nh hng bi khc bit kin gii, t duy, thn cn. Nhng iu m phm phu tn thn Nh Lai ch da trn nhng tiu tit v gii lut. Ch c k tr mi bit tn thn Pht v nhng php thm diu hn. Tip theo, Kinh gm hai phn chnh. Phn I: Tn thn v gii. Cc iu v gii y cng ging nh trong kinh A-ma-tr (Ambahasutta, D 3), nhng vn dch khng thng nht. Phn ny bao gm ba on nh: (a) nhng iu khon lin h o c cn bn ca ngi xut gia; (b) sinh hot c hnh, tc nhng tr tiu khin khng tt gy chng ngi o; (c) sinh hot t mng, l bng cc phng tin v t thut m mu sinh. Phn II: y l phn trng tm ca kinh. c Pht nu ra tt c lun thuyt v v tr v nhn sinh ng thi, bao gm trong 62 loi, gi l Lc thp nh kin. Tt c lun thuyt ny y c trn hai phn thi gian: y c ti s, gi l bn kip bn kin, lin h n khi nguyn ca th gii. Phn th hai l y c tng lai mt kip, gi l mt kip mt kin. T hai y c ny xut hin 62 lun thuyt nh sau: i. Bn kip bn kin (pubbantakappik), tng qut c 18 lun thuyt:

S 1 Pht n 2551 63

- 4 thng tr lun (sassatavda), ch trng ng v th gii l thng hng, bt bin. Ba trng hp u, y vo mc khi; trng hp th t, y vo suy l. - 4 bn thng tr lun (ekaccasassatavda), bn ng v th gii mt phn thng tr v mt phn khng thng tr, chu bin dch. Tc duy ch Brahman (Thng ) l thng hng bt bin, ngoi ra u chu bin dch. - 4 hu bin v bin lun (antnantavda), t ng v th gii l hu bin (hu hn), v bin (v hn) v va hu va v bin (phng trn c gii hn, bn phng th v bin). Ba trng hp ny y vo mc khi; trng hp th t y vo suy l.

- 4 ngy bin lun (anarvikkhepavda). - 2 v nhn lun hay ngu nhin lun (adhicca-samuppannavda), th gii ny do ngu nhin, khng bi nguyn nhn no c, xut hin t h v. ii. Mt kip mt kin (aparantakappik), bao gm 44 lun thuyt: - 16 hu tng lun (savda): i sau c tng ng thi c sc (hu hnh), hoc khng sc (v hnh), c bin (hu hn), hay khng c bin (v hn), thun lc, hay thun kh, tng cc b hay tng v lng, v.v - 8 v tng lun (asavda), i sau c sc, khng c tng, v.v - 8 phi tng phi phi tng lun (nevasansavda), i sau khng phi c tng cng khng phi khng c tng, v.v - 7 on dit lun (ucchedavda), - 5 hin ti Nit-bn lun (dihadhammanibbnavda), nm dc l Nit-bn trong hin ti, hoc S thin, cho n T thin, l Nit-bn trong hin ti. on cui Pht ch nguyn nhn pht sinh cc kin chp y: cc quan im ny ty thuc trnh cc cm th. Do cn,


cnh, thc, ba s ha hip sinh th. Th l duyn cho i; i l duyn cho th, th duyn hu cho n, tp khi thun i kh t. Nu T-kheo bit r nh thc s tp khi ca su xc, s dit tn, v ngt, tai ha v s xut ly ca xc, T-kheo y l ngi ti thng, vt ngoi cc kin y. Do thu tm tt c mi kin chp, nh ngi chi tm tt c c trong mt tm li, Kinh c gi l Phm vng, li Phm thin. Bn Hn dch ny gi l Phm ng, nghi l do m tng t trong truyn bn: Brahmajla (Phm vng) c thnh Brahmacla (Phm ng). Bn dch Lut T phn cng gi Kinh ny l Phm ng. Trng A-hm v Lut T phn c phin dch ng thi, cch nhau vi nm, trong nin hiu Hong thy i Hu Tn. Vy nu khng do nhm ln sao chp, hay c sai m gc, c th Kinh ny trong phi m-v-c (Dharmagupta) c nh vy. Trong cc bn Hn dch khc, nh T 21, hay mt b lut ca i tha, u gi l Phm vng. Kinh cng cn c t tn l Ngha ng, Php ng, Kin ng, Ma ng. Tt nhin, nhng ch ng ny u c th hiu l vng (li).

22. Kinh Chng c [Pli: Soadaasutta, D 4]

B-la-mn Chng c (Soadaa) ang t chc i t n, tc i l hin hy cng t thn linh. T n ny rt ln v rt tn km. Khi hay tin Pht du hnh ang n ng ti a phng mnh, ng lin n tham kho nghi thc i t n ni Pht. c Pht khng gii thch trc tip, m thut li mt i t n c t chc trong thi qu kh xa xa. iu kin c bn t chc i t n l quc dn phi an c lc nghip. Nhn Pht k li bin php kinh t m quc vng by gi p dng: cp vn cho ngi i bun, cp b, b, thc ging cho ngi lm rung; to iu kin

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cho dn chuyn tu ngh nghip ca mnh. Sau khi nc giu binh mnh, vua t chc i t n. i t n c t chc vi y mi su yu t, gi l mi su t c: 1. Bn t tr: vua truyn hch b co cho bn thnh phn tham gia, bao gm ni cung, thi t, qun thn, tng s. Ni chnh xc, bao gm hong thn, triu thn, tng l, v dn chng. 2. Tm thnh tu ca quc vng, l nhng phm cht m quc vng phi c, t huyt thng, cho n tri thc, v ngh 3. Bn thnh tu ca i thn, tc quan t tng ca vua cng phi cc phm cht cn thit, bao gm huyt thng, hc thc, kh nng ngn ng v mu lc. Trc khi c hnh i t, v ph tng i thn kim im tt c iu kin cn thit, gi l mi su khai gii. Trong khi t n din tin, c nhiu hng ngi n xin b th, vua cn b th bnh ng, khng hoi nghi ngi y hnh mi thin nghip hay mi bt thin nghip. y gi l mi hnh s hay mi tnh cch ca nhng ngi n tham d trong lc c hnh t n. Tip theo, v i thn cng gii thch vua khng sinh tm hi tic v vic t chc ny, gi l ba hi tm. T n c h tr vi bn thnh gi l bn t tr m vua truyn hch b co cho bit. Mi t tr c hnh cc l ph ti bn cng kinh thnh. T n c ngha, mang li kt qu thit thc, l khng git b, d v cc chng sinh; ch dng b, sa, du m, mt, ng en, ng ma. Sau khi nghe Pht tng thut chi tit, Cu-la-n-u trm ngm suy ngh. Vi chi tit c k nh vy, hnh nh chnh Pht l ngi trc tip tham d i t n hi . ng ni ngh ny vi Pht. c Pht xc nhn, qu tht, quc vng thi chnh l tin thn ca Pht.


Ri ng hi, c nghe t t no m kt qu phc bo hn th khng? Pht tr li l c. V ln lt k t thp ln cao, t b th cho Tng, cho n t mnh tu tp, thnh tu gii, c bn thin, cc thng tr, cho n chng c ba minh, lu tn gii thot, l t n t tn km nht m thnh tu kt qu cao nht. Chi tit on ny ging nh ni trong kinh A-ma-tr (Ambahasutta, D 3). Cu-la-n-u rt hoan h, pht khi tn tm, thnh Pht v T-kheo Tng v nh cng dng. Hm sau, Pht cng chng Tng n nh ng nhn trai tng cng dng. Sau khi n xong, Pht thuyt php. B-la-mn sau khi nghe php lin c s qu, pht tm quy y, th tr nm gii. By ngy sau, Cu-la-n-u mt. Pht th k, ng c qu Bt hon, ti sinh ln Tnh c thin v s nhp Nit-bn ti , khng tr li ni ny na.

23. Kinh Kin c [Pli: Kevaasutta, D 11]

Kinh ny Pht ni r gi tr ca thn thng. Cc tn gio u yu cu gio ch hin thn thng, lm php l. Mt s t Pht cng thnh cu Pht th hin thn thng, lm php l, cho ngi i d tin tng. V C s Kin C (Kevaa/ Kevaddha) trong Kinh thnh cu nh vy. Pht t chi, v nu ln ba loi thn thng, gi l ba th o (ti pihrriyni), tc ba s th hin li cun ngi khc, khin ngi kinh ngc, thn phc v s thn k: (a) Thn bin th o (iddhipihriya), l hin cc php thn thng bin ha nh mt thn thnh nhiu thn, i trong h khng nh chim, i xuyn qua vch (b) K tm th o (desanpihriya), c r tm ca ngi khc, bit r ngi ang ngh g. (c) Gio gii th o (anussanpihriya), gio dc, dy ngi xu tr thnh tt, bin k hung c thnh ngi thin. Trong ba loi, Pht ch

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nhn gio ha th o l s th hin thn thng php l k diu nht. Nhn , Pht k chuyn mt T-kheo c thn thng, nhng khng bit r bn i ny khi dit tn th tr v u. ng vn thn thng ln hi ch thin. Khng v no bit tr li. ng ln lt ln cung tri cao hn. Cui cng ln n Phm Thin. Khi c hi, Phm Thin khng tr li trc tip, m li tuyn b: Ta l i Phm, l ng V Nng Thng, thng lnh mt nghn th gii, ph qu, tn qu, ho qu, hon ton c t ti, c kh nng to ha mi vt, l cha m ca chng sinh. Tc l Thng Ton nng, Ton tr. V T-kheo yu cu tr li cu hi ch khng cn n tuyn b ng l th no. Phm Thin th nhn l khng bit, v ng

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