Tuong Tac Nguoi May Split 1 7564

5/13/2018 Tuong Tac Nguoi May Split 1 7564

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TRUONG Df'1 HOC BAcH KHOA HA NOIKHOA CONG NGH~THONG TIN

LUONG MANH BA

NHA XUAT BAN KHOA HOC V A KY THUA.T


2/28

TRUONG D~I HOC BAcH KHOA HA N(nKHOA CONG NGH~ THONG TIN

LUONG MANH B A.

TUONG TAc NGUOI - MAy(HUMAN COMPUTER INTERACTION)

NHt\. XUAT BAN KHOA HOC VA KY THU~THt\. N(')I


3/28

Loi mad~u

un mo dau


4/28

Loi r n a dftutang wang hon vii. dann duoc su quan tam ella nhieu gioi nghien ciru tam [9 hoe, khoa hoenhan thirc ella eon nguoi va khoa hoe m ay tlnh,

Tir nhung nam 90, hiep hoi cong nghe phan rnern v@ HC I da t6 crurc hoi thao hangnam , bat d~u tu SIGCHI 90 (Special Interest Q roup on C om puter-Hum an Interraction),S I G CH I 1992, New York d a d~ xu~t khung dao tao cho HC I trong cac tnron g dai hoc conganh Khoa hoc m ay tinh [10] vii. dua ra du thao 4 d@ cuong m en hoc dn dao tao cho HC !.

V?y tai sao phai nghien ciru HC I, HC ! la gl va lien quan d~n nh irng linh vue nao?M ay ttnh, con nguoi, m oi tnrong, xii. hoi, ...?

Hay thu wang tUQTIg mot nguoi dung dku cuoi su dung mQ t phan m em nao d6, dohan che v~ tri tm rc ella m inh hay do nha thiet k~ 16i, rna Ie ra thay vi kich heat m ot ch ircnang anh ta lai nhan nharn va gay ra h?u qua nghiern trong. Tai sao m ay tlnh vftn ducc co i lathan thien, dJ dung rna v!n xay ra nhfrng di~u dang tiec nhu v~y . Neu di~u d6 thuong xayra, lieu co ai dam m ao hiern su dung phkn m ern khong khi rna viec dung n6 qua m et m61 vacang thang, V i vay, m ay tinh va cac thiet bi eo lien quan phai duoc thiet k voi mQ t su h ieubiet sau s~c v~ cai rna eon nguoi kh i c6 m ot 9 dinh trong d~u dinh S l r dung m ay tinh va cacthiet bj nay theo each thuc nhir chung la m ot m ach lien tuc v6i cong viec hang ngay cua ho.)~ lam dieu nay, cac nha thiet ke cAn phai hieu ro nlnrng suy nghi cua con nguoi nhir hodang tnuc hien cac nhiem vu thea nghia truyen thong va each thuc chuyen cac tri truro s~ nco sang m 91 h~ thong thuc hien.

Thuat nger tuong tac nguoi-m ay tuy m ot chi phd bien khoang gfin hai thap k y gfinday, song n6 c6 nguon g6c trong nhi~u llnh vue: cong thai hoc , cac ySu t 6 con ngiroi. C acnghien ciru nay co nguon g6c tic nrong lac gitra m ay m 6c va con nguoi (m an-m achineinteraction), sau sang luang lac nguoi - m ay tfnh (hum an - com puter in teraction) voi si rquan tam d~c b iet cho m ay tlnh va cong d6ng nguoi dung. M 9t !inh vue khac cua cac nghiencuu do anh huang cua Hel d6 la khoa hoc thong tin va cong nghe, Hel dil. thuc dA y nhieu!inh vue khoa hoc nhu chung ta thy, tuy nhien no nlur la m ot khai niem trung tam trongkhoa hoc m ay tinh va th iS t kS M thong.

HC I, khong nghi ngo, no la m 9t linh vue da nganh. Ngiroi th iS t ke m (> t h~ tbongtuong tac phai co k ien tlurc da nganh : tam !9 hoc, khoa hoc nhan thuc d~ hieu duoc 5 1 , 1 " camnhan thong tin , qua trlnh nhan thirc, ky nang giai quyet vAn de; cong thai hoc de hiSu duoc

4 T'uang t a e ngua! - m a y - DHBK Ha N(;i


5/28

Loi rna d A ukha nang v~t I y cua con nguoi; khoa hoc may Hnh va cong nghe dS co thS xay dung caccong ngh~ dn th i~t; ky nang d6 hoa d~ thi~t k~ cac g iao ti~p mQ t each hieu q ua , ...o Vi~t Nam , day thuc su la mot Iinh Vl!C kha m o] me, khong noi la hoi xa la , Tu nam1997, Khoa CNTT dl1 co y dinh dira m an hoc v~ HC I vao clurong trinh dao tao ky sir CNTTcua Khoa, song d~n nam hoc 2001-2002 moi bit d~u thi d iem .

Tuy cham so voi th~ gio i, song Khoa cling dl1 d~u tu va danh S\ I quan tam th ich dangcho vdn d~ nay, D~ ta i cap Nha mroc KCOI-09 v~ xay dung chuong trinh dao tao nr xa quam ang In ternet nharn xay dung cac bai g iang di~n nr cho cac mon hoc trong Iinh vue CNTTvoi d iem nhAn la HC I da bit d~u trien khai tir nam 2001. D~ tai nhanh t~p trung vao 3 chudiem e6 lien quan den HC I IiI: HCI , ky thuat d6 hoa, hi~n thuc ao va agent.

Nhim cung cAp eho sinh vien nganh CNTT cac ki~n thirc va tu lieu tham khao hnuich v HC I, thea chi dao cua Ban C hu nhiern d~ tai KCOI-09 do GS. TS. Nguyen Thuc Hailam chu nhiem , tham khao cac nghien ceu v~ linh vue nay tren th~ gioi, d~e bit la su chidao cua hiep hQ i CNPM (Cong ngh~ phAn m ern) v~ khung tri thuc cho HC I nhu ban d~cuong SIGCHI'92 [10] da neu , vo i d~e thu dao tao va nrong lai phat trien cua nganh CNTTVi~t N am , cnung to i eho ra m it ph ien ban dAu tien cua giao trinh tuong tac ngiro] - may .

G iao trinh nay t< ,ip trung vao hai d6i nrong chinh trong giao tiep Iii. nguoi dung connguoi va may tinh. Y a i nguoi dung dune hieu nhu bQ xu I y thong tin tinh vi: tll: each earnnh 6i tuong quan trong thu nh~ t la can ngiro i duoc trinh bay trongcrurcng I. May tlnh rna chu yeu 1a de thiet bi tham gia giao tiep diroc d e ei).p tron g chu on gll. Chuong III danh su quan tam cho cac le y thu at g iao tiep: tir ca c k Y thuat truyen thong nhuTuang l a c ngutr! - m a y DHBK HJ NQi 5


6/28

Uri r n a dAugiao tiep dong lenh, menu van ban d~n cac ky thuat hien dai, giao ti~p d6 hoa GUI(Graphical User Interface), t~p trung vao ki~u giao tiep true tiep WIMP (W indow, leon,m enu and Pointer).

Phan II t*p trung trinh bay v~ cac chuan trong thit ke, cac ky thuat phan tlch nhiemvu va cac mo hlnh, bao g6m 4 chuang. C huang IV gi6i thieu v6 cac chuan va cac mo thucdung trong thiet k~ va cac phuong phap thiet k ~. C hu an g V d e~p mot s6 mo hlnh nguoidung: GOMS, KEYSTROCKE, ... C huang VI gioi thieu v cac ky thuat phan tich nhiem vu,phan quan trong d~ hieu va bieu dien suy nghi va hanh dong ngtroi dung. C huong VII mo tacac ky phap d~ bieu din d6i thoai v a im g dung,

Phftn III trinh bay v cac ky thuat cai d~t va danh gia tuong ta c nguoi-may g6m 2chuong. VI cai d~t HC I gan val cai d~t phan rnem , nen trong tam cua chuang VIII la trinhbay cac k9 thuat, cong C 1 , l va cac thu vien quan tr] giao ti~p ngiroi dung. C huang IX gioithieu cacky thuat danh gia giao ti~p nguoi dung sir dung trong qua trlnh thiet k~ cling nm rdanh gia san pham ,

Phan IV ia phan nang eao. Muc dich eung dp cac kiSn tlurc v6 xay dung cac tregiup va nghien ciru cac ky thu~t trong giao tiep WEB. PhAn nay g6m 2 crurong: chuang Xva chuang XI. C hirong X cung dp cac tieu chi va each danh gia giao tiep WEB, mt irngdung phil bien va nguoi dung lai rit da dang. C huong XI giot thieu v ky thuat thi~t k~ trogiup,

Phu h,IC thir nhat gioi thieu v~ cac cong cu tao l~p mu thir dung trong thiet k~ vadanh gia: HyperC ard va Revolution. Phu luc thtl hal m inh noa each thi~t k~ tro giup trongca c phAn rnern, kern thea thi du minh hoa,

Trong qua trlnh bien soan, chung toi d i l . nhan d U Q " C ca c y kien rit quy bau, S\I giup d O 'nhiet tinh cua Ban Chu nhiern Khoa, cac t hay co trong Khoa, Ban chu nhiem d tai eftp Nharuroc KC01-09, d\\c biet la GS. TS. Nguyen Thuc Hai, nguyen Truong Khoa - C hu nhiemd 6 tai.

Chung t6i xin earn an PGS. TS. Nguyn Ngoc Binh, nguyen Tnrong B9 man Congngh~ phan rnem , Giam d6c Trung tam Mang va Thu vien Truong Dai hoc Bach khoa Ha.Noi a i l . quan H im va tao cac diu ki~n dn thiet cho qua trlnh bien soan tai li~u.

6 Tuong tdc ngua! - may - DHBK Ho N9i


7/28

Uyi r n a d~uC hung t6i ding bay to long bi6 t an d6i voi TS . Huynh Quyt Th~ng - T ruong So

mon Cong ngh phan mern, phu trach d6 tai nhanh cua d~ tai KCO \-09, ThS . Le T An H ungda go p nh ieu y ki~n va danh nhieu t~ai gian thao luan v noi dung cung nhu cacn trinh baytai lie u,

C hung t6i cilng x in dim an su dong vien khlch 1~ cua ban be, d6ng nghiep trong vangoai Khoa, nguon dong vien 16n eho chang t6i hoan thanh qua trinh bien soan d~ tai li~unay sorn ra m~t ban doc.

Hy vong tai lieu nay se hOu Ich cho cac ban sinh vien nganh cong nghe thong tin cuacac tnrong dai hoc trong ruroc khong chi trong qua trmh hoc t~p tren gh~ nna tnrong dai hocrna con trong cong tac sau nay. C hung t6 i cling hy vong tai lieu se bb ich cho cac ky su ph~nmm dang lam viec trong cac doanh nghiep , cac cong ty ph


8/28

MI,lC lu c

MVCLl,JCLiri miJ' diu..................................................................................................................... 3Chircng O.Gilri thi~u 130.1. Uinh nghla va khai ni~m................................ 140.2. Ngiroi dung 150.3. Moi mrong lam vi~c................................................................................................. 160.4. Linh Vl, fC lien quan 17, l'0.5. Chat lirong phan m em 190.6. Phuong tien va cong cu 19Cbmrng 1. Tam I y nh~n thu-c eua Con ngtrOi trong giao tiip va xir I y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221.I. T6ng quan '" 231.2. Kenh vao ra 231.3.Bnh6...................................................................................................................... 291.4. L~p lu~n va giai quyet vdn d~ :............................. 331.5. Tam Iy va thi~t k~ h~ th 6ng nrong tac 35Chtrong 2. Nbiin t a May tinh trong ttrO'Dgtac ngtciri may......................................... 362.1. T6ng quan 372.2. ThiSt bi van 382.3. Thi~t bj r a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412.4. BQ nh6...................................................................................................................... 442.5. XU-Iy......................................................................................................................... 452.6. T6m luge 45Chmrng 3. Cac m o hlnh va eac d,ng ttrO"ngtlie ngU'Oim a y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473.1. T6ng quan 483.2. M6 hinh tuongtac 483.3. Cac dang nrong t a c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503.3.1. Giao ti~p dong I~nh....................................................................................... 50

3.3.2. Giao ti~p ki6u bang chon 513.3.3. Giao ti~p bimg ngon ngfr t 1 , l " nhien................................................................. 523.3.4. Giao ti~p d~_nghoi d a l ? va tru y v an 523.3.5. Giao ti~p dien then mau................................................................................ 53

3.4. Tuong tac WIMP :...................................... 543.4.1. Windows....................................................................................................... 543.4.2. Biu tuong (Icons) 553.4.3. Bang chon (Menus)....................................................................................... 563.4.4. Con t r o (Pointers) 57

3.5. 8i~u khien true ti~p.................................................................................................. 583.6. Ngu canh urong tac 58

Tuong Me nguot- may - fJHBK Hil Noi 9


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M1,IC lu c

Chuong 4. Thi~t k giao tiSp NglI'Oi dung - May tinh .: : ~ : ~ ~ ~ ~ i ~ : ~ ~ : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :4.3. Cac vAnd~ (paradigms) eho tlnh dung ducc ..4.4. Thi~t k~ giao tiep ngiroi dung - may tinh ..4.5. Tniet ke l~p va m!u tlur .Cmrong 5. Cac rno hinh nh~n thuc ngU'Oidung: GOMS & KEYTROKE '"5. J . T6ng quan ..5.2. Mo hinh d~c ta yeu du ND .

5.2. I. M0 hinh ky thu~t xa. hQi (OS TA)/ mo hinh thiet k~ cong tac .5.2.2. M6 hlnh h~ thong phdn mern (Eason, 1992) .5.2.3. M6 hlnh da each nhin (Multiview) .

5.3. M6 hinh nhan tlurc .5.3.1 M6 hinh GOMS: Goals-Operator-Methods and Seleetion .5.3.2. Mo hlnh ngon ngil" .5.3.3. Mo hlnh Keystroke - KLM .

Chirong 6. D~c ta yeu du ND va Phan tich nhi~m VlJ .6.1. Di).cta nhu cdu nguoi dung .6. I. 1. Dac ta chirc nang .6.1.2. D~c ta dfr liu ..................................................................................................6.1.3. Dac ta tlnh dung duoc .

6.2. C6ng '11 .. '" .6.3. Pnan tich nhiem V 1 , l (Task Analysis) .6.3.1. Vai tro .6.3.2. Mt sb thu~t ngfr: Muc dich (Goal), nhiem vu (Task) va h an h di)ng (Action) .6.3.3. Ky thu~t phan ttch nhiem V1, l phan dp (HTA Hierachical Task Analysis) .6.3.4. K9 thu~t phan tich nhiern V 1 , l theo nhan tlu rc .6.3.5. Phan tlch nhiem V1, l theo mo hinh tri thuc - mo hinh How to do ..

6.4. Thi du .Cheong 7. Ky phap (fai thoai v a thi@t k@ .7.1. Dbi thoai Is gl? .7.2. Ky phap d6 hoa .

7.2.1. Mang dich chuyen trang thai - STN .7.2.2. Mang djch chuye'n trang thai phan d.p - HSTN .7.2.3. Dbi th oa i tu on g tranh v a bung n& t 6 hop .7.2.4. Luu db lubng (Flow Chart) .7.2.5. Luu db Jackson - JSD (Jackson Structured Design) .

7.3. Ky phap van ba n .7.3.1. Vi1npharn .7.3.2. Luat san xuAt .7.3.3. CPS va dai s6 su kien .

7.4. Ngct nghia ddi thoai va thl du .

10 Tuong tae nguai - m a y - DHBK Hi: NQi

6061616874778485858S8787888 9929399100100J 01101101102102102103105105106110III1121121 1 3114115J 151161161\7118120


10/28

M uc lucClurong 8. Hli trQ' eai diJt 1228.1. TAng quan 1238.2. Cac thanh phan ella H thong Window 1238.3. Lap trinh ling dl,mg................................................................................................... 126

8.3.1. M6 tlurc vong I~p danh gia 1268.3.2. M6 thirc thong bao t~p trung......................................................................... 127

8.4. Sir dung c6ng cu (Toolkits}, 1298.5. H~quan tr] nrong tac nguoi dung (UIMS) 130

8.5.1. UIMS nhu m{tt kien true kh ai ni~m............................................................... 1308.5.2. Cac xem xet cai d~t.. 131

Cheong 9. Cae k y thu~t c1anh gia 1339.1. Khai ni~mva vai tro cua danh gia trong thi~t k HCl 1349.2. Cac ki~u danh gia \34

9.2.1. Danh gia trong phong thi nghi~m..................................................... 1349.2.2. Danh gia tai ch6 135

9.3. Danh gia thi~t k~ 1359.3.1. M6 hlnh Cognitive Walkthrought 1359.3.2. Danh gia Heuristic 1399.3.3. Danh gia dua vao xern xet lai qua trlnh (Review based)............................... 1419.3.4. Danh gia dua vao mo hlnh 141

9.4. Danh gia cai d~t........................................................................................................ 1419.4.1. Danh gia thuc nghiem 1429.4.2. Ky thu~t quan sat 1449.4.3. Ky thuat hoi dap............................................................................................ 146

9.5. Ll,lachon phirong phap............................................................................................. 147Chutmg 10. Multimedia va Web 15110.1. TAng quan ve multimedia va Web.......................................................................... 152

10.1.1. Multimedia 15210.1.2. Web 154

10.2. Cac d~e diem ella Web 15510.2.1. Nguoi dung 15510.2.2. Thong tin va ki~n true trang Web 155

10.3. Cac tieu chi thit k~ va danh gia trang Web :....................................... 156. 10.3.1. Muoi 16i ph6 bi8n 15610.3.2. Cac tieu chi thief k va danh gia trang Web................................................ 157

10.4. Thiet kS Web 16410.4.1. Th iSt k~ huang loi nguoi sir dl,lng............................................................... 16410.4.2. Cac giup dj) dinh huang r~ rang 16410.4.3. Cac quy tiic lien ket va dieu khien 16410.4.4. Tao ngtr canh hoac mAt dQe gia 1651 0 0 4 . 5 . Dai thong va anh hu6ng.............................................................................. 16510.4.6. Dan gian va nhAt quan 166

Tuang tdc nguai- m a y - DHBK Hii Ni)i 11


11/28

Ml,lc lu c

10.4.7. Tinh 5n djnh thiet k 8 : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16610.4.8. Phan h5i va dAi thoai 16710.4.9. ThiSt k~ cho cac trinh duyet khac 16710.4.10. Chu Y c ul l i cung 167

10.5. M9t 5 6 xu huong phat trien cua nrong tic nguoi may trong WEB......................... 16710.5.1. Tinh d{tc I~p thiet bi (Device Undependence) 16710.5.2. Tuang MCda phuong tlnrc (Multimodal Unteraction) 16810.5.3. 86ng be) da phuang tien (Synchronized Multimedia)................................. 16810.5.4: Trinh duyet bAng giong noi (Voice Browser) 16810.5.5. Ngiri mui qua rnang 169

10.6. Ket lu~ 169Chmmg 11. Thit k@trQ"giup 17011.1. T5ng qlla~ v~ tro giup 171I 1.2. Cac yen Call ve h6 tro nguoi dung.......................................................................... 172

11.2.1. Tlnh s~n dung 17211.2.2. Tinh chlnh xac va d A y dit 17211.2.3. Tinh nhAt quan 17211.2.4. Tinh vilng chAc 17211.2.5. Tinh mem deo 17311.2.6. Tinh khong lac h~u? 173

11.3. Cac ti@pc~n d~ h6 trg ngiroi dung 17311.3.1. Lenh trc giup 17311.3.2. DAu nhac l~nh 1741 1 .3 .3 . Tro giup ngu canh....................................................................................... 17511.3.4. Huan luyen true tuyen................................................................................. 176I 1.3.5. Tai li~u tnrc tuyen....................................................................................... 178

11.4. H~ thong tro giup thich nghi................................................................................... 18211.4.1. Bi~u di~n tri thuc: mO hinh nguoi dung .. 18311.4.2. Bi@udi~n tri thirc: mO hlnh hoa nhiem Vl , I va linh V l , I" C . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . 1851l.4.3. Bieu dien tri tlurc: rnOhlnh hoa chien hroc tu vdn...................................... 186I 1.4.4. Cacky thu~t bieu diSn tri thuc ;...................................................... 186

11.5. Thiet k~ h~ thong trc giup nguoi dung...... 18811.5.1. M6 thirc trlnh di~n 18811.5.2.M6thuccaid~t 190

11.6. Vi du thi~t k~ m{ttM th6ng trc giup dang HTML.................................................. 190Phl,l h,ICA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198Phl,l h,ICB......................................................................................................................... 217Phu il,lcC 239Tai li~u tham khao 268

12 TU071g lac nguai - m ay - DHBK H a N(ji


12/28

Chuang 0: Gioi thieu

oGIOI THIEU

NOi dungl.B inh nghTa v a khat ni~m2 . N gtrO i d un g3. Moi truong4. Unh v\l"clien quan5. C hA t hrQ 1lg p h~n m@m6. Phuong tien va cong C \ I

Tuang tac nguai - m a y - DHBK Hii NQi 13


13/28

Chuang 0: Gici thieuKhoa hoc vS nrong tac g iila con nguoi va may m 6e (human-machine in teraction) dft

duoc nghien ciru va phat trien nr lfiu nh im tang tinh ti~n dung cua cac loai m ay m 6e, congcu san xut, dua nang sut lam viec len cao, N htrng nghien ciru v~ nrong tac nguoi-m ay tlnh(human-computer interraction) la su phat trien ti~p thea cua khoa hge tren trong thai daihien nay, kh i vai tro cua may tinh va cac irng dung cong ngh~ thong tin ngay cang tro nenph6 bi~n . o day ta khong quan tam nhieu toi du tao v~t ly cua may tinh r n a quan tam toingiroi dung con nguoi va cac thao tac ella ho vci may tinh, ru t ra cac nguyen tac, cac quylu~ t de e6 th~ phat trien cac chuang trlnh ngay cang tien dung hon, dap irng t6 i da m ongmuon cua nguoi dung . Nghien ciru v~ tuong tac nguoi-m ay tinh khong don thuan la nghienCUll v~ each xay dung giao dien than thien v oi ng uoi dung rn a 1


14/28

C hU 'u n g 0 : Gi& i th ie uthong clurc nang. Tfnhtien dung la mot khai niem trong He! duoc hiSu la h thong de hQCva de dung. Theo ISO-924 I -I I, tlnh tin dung \ ; ' 1 S 1 , T r n a rong cua m91 san pham e6 t h e dirocdung boi mot s6 nguoi dung (NO) chuyen dung nham thirc hien cac muc dich chuyen dungvoi mQt ftn tUQ11g(effectiveness), hieu qua (efficency) va dap img trong m9t ngfr canh sudung rieng bit.

Tinh tien dung khong pha i la mQt thuoc tinh ella san pham rieng le rna la rner tnuoctinh cua viec nrong tac voi san pharn trong ngu canh su dung. Khung cua tlnh tien dung 1 i.cochuan ISO 9241-11 duoc m inh hoa nhu trong ninh O.1.

C onte xt of use

- - - - - - - - ( . . . . . . . . . . . - - , G o o , . . - - I : . ~ )i1

US IIr .... -------

,l.l~Gctiv19"S J( EHiciency ]( Sat isfact ion )Usabilitymeasures

Hm h O.t. Khung tin h ti~n d\lng theo ISO 9241-11.DS de v~n dung trong thuc t~,NieIson (1993) dua ra 5 lieu chi cu Ih~ eho ttnh tien dung:

I) Tlnh de hoc2) Tinh hiu qua3) " Tinh de nho4) Tinh du doan 16i5) Dap irng tinh chu quan

0.2. Ngtrili dungTrong qua krur, khi rna may tinh duoc thi~1 k~ danh eho nghien ciru khoa hoc, va

nhtrng ngirol dung chu y@ula cae chuyen gia thl vie quan tam dSn giao tiSp \a mQI di~u xaxi va viec d~u tu cho giao tiep thirong b] bo qua. Tir nhfrng nam 80 lai day khi rna may tlnhvoi rnuc dich dii khac, dftn tharn sau vao moi linh vue, khong chi cho nghien ciru khoa hocrna con nhi~u m~t trong dbi s6ng xii hQi, trong cac cong so, trong linh vue thuong mai vatrong dao tao. Nhu du trao dbi thong tin ngay cang tang nhat la khi Internet - sieu xa 19thong tin ra dol. Ngiroi sir dung may tlnh khong con dan thuan la cac chuyen gia rna t~t camoi ngiroi co nhu du: Iu nguoi lam cong tac quan Iy, cac thuong gia dEn ca cac tre em viiIan dEn cac tAng krn nong dan a moi vung , Do v~y, cac nha thiet kE ph.n mern khong the boqua vic thiet kE giao tiSp khi chi danh d~c quyen cho chirc nang h Ihbng. Giao tiSp vii

Tuang ta e ngutr! - m ay - DHBK Ha Noi IS


15/28

ChU01Jg 0: Gioi thieuchirc nang IA hai m at co tinh nrong h6 va bb sung cho nhau. NSu giao ti~p 16i th l chirc nangse r n a mit, khong r15rang; ngucc lai n~u giao ti~p duoc thiet k~ 15t n6 se cho phep cac chircnang cua M thong h6 tro nguoi dung hoan thanh nhiem vu, nhit IA khi da s5 nguoi dunghien nay eo it tri thuc v6 m ay tinh.

V i v~y, viec hieu tam ly nhan thuc cua nguoi dung, each thirc rna ho suy nghl va trurch j~ n n hi~m vu la di~u quan Him tnroc tien, Ti@ p t hea do IA vi~c thiS t kS cac thiSt b], nhat IAc ac th i~ t bj phuc vu cho viec giao tiep rna quan trong bon ca la cac thiS t bi VaG va cac thiS tbi hiSn thj thong tin ra, Nhtmg di~u nay S f ! tao m 9t m oi tnrong da dang, thu~n ti~n chonguoi dung.0.3. Moi tru'ong lam vi~c

Til nhfrng narn 50 dSn khoang eu5i tM p ky 70 cua the ky 20, cac m ay tinh chu ySu IAcac m ay tinh IOn (M ainfram e) hoat d9ng d(Je l~p. Nguoi sir dung m ay tinh khong phai IAnguoi thao tac di~u khien may tlnh, Nhfrng nguoi sf r dung thong qua cac thiet bi vao n5i voinay tinh nhu cac thiet bi doc bia, bang giiy hay thong qua cac thiSt h i cuoi (term inal) dSgiao tiSp vol m ay tlnh. Theo each nay, hAu nhu ho kh6ng e6 trao dbi thong tin nao khacngoai cai dl!. phai chi djnh fO tir tnroc, Va nSu ho m uon thi ciing khong th~ thuc hien duocdo han chS v cong nghe.

V iee giao tiep nEu co ciing rit ngheo m ill ngay ca d5i voi cac thao tac vien, ngiroitrue tiep dieu khien m ay tinh. Nguoi dung chi co th~ giao tiep dum dang van ban, dang caccau l~nh. R5 rang each tlurc nay la dt han chS va lam eho m ay tinh kho tham nhap vao cacllnh VlJC.

Tuy nhien, dieu nay da hoan toan dbi khac: song song voi cac m ay tinh Ion, m aym ini, m ay vi tinh da ra doi VaG d u th~p nien 80 va ngay cang hoan thien han v cong nghva tm h nang. C ac m ay tlnh da duoc n5i m ang: til cac m ang C1,lC b, m ang dien r(Jng dSnInternet, V iec n5i rnang, nhit IA n5i Internet d3 tao dj~u kien cho viec trao d6i thong tin dBdang hon khong chi trong m t nhom nguoi trong m t co quan, m t quoc gia rna dll nang lenquy m o toan duo Bieu nay da lam cho m ay tinh va nhu cau dung m ay tinh trc nen ph6 bienhon,

C ac cong nghe hien dai lam cho m oi truong m ay tinh tro nen da dang hon, Thong tinkhong don thuan la dang van ban truyen thong rna con co cac dang khac voi dien m aophong phil nhir d6 hoa, hinh anh, a m thanh. Theo each noi cua cac nha tin hoc la da phuongti~n (m ultim edia) va sieu van b a n (hypertext). G iao dien nguoi dung d6 hoa GUI dil tro nengn gili va quen thuoc voi nguoi dung.

Nne cac tiSn bQ cua cong nghe, kh a nang thiet k cac phan rnern ngay cang tro nensinh dong vci giao tiep than thien Iii.d i~u co the lam duoc, V~1l d~ la con tuy thuoc VaG khauthiet kS giao tiep va tri tlurc cua cac ky su phan m ern, C ong nghe va phuong tin cho phepthiet ke cac nrong tac voi nhieu hra chon phong phil, hop voi th i giac va thoi quen cua nguoidung. Song do m oi chi Iii. m t phan, X et v~ g6c d hieu nang, cang nhieu phan m em heatd(ing cung m (it luc thi t6c dQ xu 1 9 cang bj giam va dn nhieu tai nguyen hon. Han nua tai

16 Tuang t~c nguoi - may - DHBK H a N Q i


16/28

C hU 'O ' 1 Ig 0 : Gi6i thieunguyen cua may tinh ciing c6 han, Do v~y dn thi~t k d~ sir dung tai nguyen m N each t6 itru,0.4. LTnh vue lien quan

Truce day, viec xay dung cac phA n rnern may tinh lien quan chu y~u den phuongphap tinh. Thuong cac bai toan khoa hoc I c y thuat duoc giai qU Y~1qua viec m o hlnh hoabang cac mo hlnh toan h9C thich hop. T ie p th ee la si r dung cac ngon ngill~p trinh d cai d~tphan m em .

N gay nay, cac lInh Vl,TC a dang hon: phuong phap tinh , tinh toan ky hieu, soan thaovan ban, xir ly db hoa, hlnh anh, am thanh, da phuong tien ... Co 5 1 , t dan quyen nhau giila d illi~u, dong l~nh va kt qua tao nen mot sl,t d6 i thoai phong phu va phirc tap. D~ c~p dn caclinh VI,tC lien quan, h iep hQ i C ong ngh~ phan mem SIGCHI, 1992 tai New York da dua raban [jnh V\fC chinh: rnoi truong, con nguoi, m ay tinh vii. qua trlnh phat Irien nhir chi ra tronghlnh 0.2.

U 1 Social Or ganization ard Wor~u~.;conhxt--1U L t I U3 Hurnan-M~hi,. .. , Fit ard Adaptation

U2 Application AreasHuman Computer

~~ 00 1 C2 D.alo gu o C4 Corn puler. . Techniques GraphicsDo

I C30ialoguo CfiDielogceGenre Arcm tectureHS Cl Input a n : : : ! grgorwomia Outpul Devlce. S< r J- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ~ /04 Ex ampl . . Syotem.

D3 Evaluation ~ Case 5tu:iiesV2 ImplementationT..rnruqU2S T~hrUq,"",. ard Tool.D DesignApproache.'-- Developmentrocess------------------- __---./

Hlnh 0.2. Cac Ilnh v l} 'C li en quan (SIGCHI, 1992NewYork).0.4.1. M6i truong va ngii canh

D6 Iii.t~p nhtrng y~u t6 rna m ay tinh cung cap, trong d6 irng dung heat dQng, cungcA p cac clurc nang vii. giao tiep cho ngiroi dung d8 hoan thanh nhiem VI,! ella m in h. Cac 16chirc xi!. hQi, cong viee va kinh doanh nrong tac v6i irng dung d6. Cac linh VI,I"C irn g d un gduoc phan theo cac tieu chi:

Tuong tac nguai - m ay - D H BK H a Noi 17


17/28

Chuang 0: Gioi thieu- C a nhan hay nhom- Giao ti~p hirong van ban- G iao ti~p huong truyen thong- Tro giup true tuyen hay dieu khien h~ th6ng lien tuc- Trc giup thit k CAD/CAM, ...

0.4.2. Con ngutriCon ngiroi la nhan t6 ehinh rna vi~e thiet k phan mem va nrong tac phai lAy no

lam trung H im . M uc dich ehinh trong nghien ciru eon nguoi l a hieu eon ngiroi nrur m ot boxii" Iy thong tin . Thong qua giao tiep , eon ngiroi nh~n thirc va hiu each thirc phai nanh dongd dat m uc dich, Con nguoi e6 nhieu thoi quen tiSm ~n va nhieu khi phan xa theo th6i quenva cac suy nghT kieu tu nhien cua m lnh.

M ot yeu t6 khac ciing dn quan tam do la vin de cong thai hoc, Cong thai hoe bA tngu6n tir lao dong nganh nghe, lien quan toi m oi truong va diSu kien lam viec, N6 ciing lienquan toi kha nang nhan thuc va gioi han v~t 1 y cua con nguoi, th i du ve kha nang nho. Theanhirng thong ke, can nguoi chi co kha nang nho ducc nr 5 den 9 SI,1 vi~c lien tiep , va trungblnh la 7. Chi ti t ve vAn de nay si! dugc de cap trong chuong Mot.0.4.3. M a y tfnh va kiJn true tuang tac

Chung ta khong quan tam den ki8n true v~t Iy cua m ay tinh rna chi t~p trung xern xetcac thiet b] co li.en quan den tirong tac, D6 la cac thiet bi vao va hiSn thi thong tin . C actuong tao duoc thuc hien thong qua cac d6i thoai, C 6 nhieu k Y thu~t d6i thoai 011 dirocnghien ciru va phat trien: dang van ban nhu ngon ngil" dong lenh, m enu dSn cac giao tiep dbhoa, giao ti8p kieu diu khien true ti8p. Phdn len quan dSn cac thiet bj vao ra sf: duoc trlnhb ay tro ng chirong Hai; cac kg thuat tuong tac duoc de e~p trong chuong Ba.

De co the thiet ke giao tiep chung ta cung dn den cac ky thuat cho phep mo ta dbithoai va cac ky phap d biSu dien d6i thoai, Ph~n nay sf: ducc trlnh bay trong hai chuangSau va Bay.0.4.4. Quy trinh phat tridn

C ling gibng nhu trong thiet k phdn mem, vi~e thiS! kS va phat trien nrong tac nguoi-m ay cung di~n ra qua nhieu giai doan dUQ"cgoi la vong dm .

H inh 0.3 bieu di~n vong dai hlnh sao trong thiet kS va phat trien tuong tac nguoi-m ay. C hi tiS! cua phan nay diroc d e c~p trong chuong 86n.

18 T u an g ta c nguoi - m a y - D H B K Ha N Q i


18/28

Chuong 0:Gioi thieu

Hlnh 0.3. Veng dOi hlnh sao ella HCI (Hix & Hartson, 1993).0.5 . C hA t hreng phA n m @m

C hat hrong phan m em la m l)t khai n iem dn duoc d inh nghia rO rang va n6 thuoc IlnhV \ T C danh g ia ph!n m em o C hung ta dung ngil ' ngh ia chat h rong I : J day voi ham y so sanh d ehieu ducc vai tro cua th iet k e giao ti~p ng iroi dun g.

Tnroc day, ehdt h rong duoc h i~u la trang thai irng xu dung cua phan m em khi ngucidung eung cA p du lieu hay thao tac d un g. T iep th eo , ngiroi ta co yeu du cao han: trang thailing xu v n d un g khi rn a d fr li~ u h ay th ao ta c c6 the sai,

N gay nay , ngoai nhtrng yeu du tren, giao ti~p phai than thien , sinh dl)ng va d dung.N6 phai dap irng voi nhu du da dang cua rno i lap ngiroi dung va tho i gian dao t~o hay hocla n gan n hat,

T rong tai li~u nay, chung to i chi de c~p d~n chA t luong g iao ti@ pthong qua cac k9thu~t danh g ift va cac tieu chi cho cac loai giao ti~p khac nhau. C hi ti~ t se dircc ct~ c~p quachuong 85n: cac chuan hoa va nguyen t~e th iet k~ va chuang Tam : cac k Y thuat danh giagiao tiep n guo i du ng .0.6. Phuong ti~n va cong C\I

Trong tuong tac, hai thanh ph!n co b a n tham gia giao ti~p d6 la con nguoi, nguoidung va m ay tlnh , Phuong ti~n giao tiSp gicta hai d6 i n rong d6 la d5i thoai thong qua m6itruong la phan m em o C iing nhu giao tiSp g ifra hai hay nh ieu nguoi voi nhau duoc th irc h ienthong qua tieng no i, hanh dl)ng hay chit vi~t. G iao tiep nay co the la tnrc ti~p nhu khi haicon nguoi dam thoai voi nhau m~t ct6 i m~t, cung c6 th~ 1a g ian tiep n~u khoang each xab an g each g t'ri thir. Tuy nhien g iao tiep trong nrong lac nguci dung - m ay tlnh e6 khac,

Tuang lac nguoi - m a y - DHBK HlI NOi 19


19/28

Chu01Ig 0: Gioi thieu

[tl.". . .. . . . . . .. . 1 HO;; tt dong. . . . .D6i thoai ~ Trao d6i gitra cac rnodun

Hlnh 0.4. 06i thoai gii'ra ngU'O'jdung va may tinh.Nguoi dung thong qua cac phuong ti~n giao tiep cung dp boi phan mem, tirong tac

vo i may tinh d~ dua ca c y eu ca u (co th ~ lit du lieu hay menh lenh) nham thuc bien nhiem V \!cua m inh. May ttnh sf! phiin tich yeu cau, CM ClI vito cac chirc nang dil dinh sAn, thirc hiencac yeu cau do bang each trao d61 giua cac modun (hlnh 0.4). Vic trao 06i giua cac modunla trong suot vai ngiroi dung. Vic dap 1';l1hay su tra Io-icu a h~ thong thong qua viec biend6i trang thai cua mlnh th~ hin tren thit bi hi~n thi. Dieu quan trong a day la lam sao, quagiao ti~p nguoi dung hieu cong viec mlnh lam va biet thuc hin cong vic d6 b~ng each nao,HQphai nhan biet duoc tac dQng cua h thong va tuy tlnh huong bang nnieu each khac nhaunhu su xuat hien mot thong bao, hay mot hinh anh, sir d6i mau hay bin mflt cua mQt hinn,su cne mo di cua mt thuc don, ...

Nhir vay, vic xay dung giao tip thong qua cac k Y thu~t d6i thoai la e6ng vi~ekhong don gian, Nguoi ky sir phan mem phai bit h,ra chon cong cu thich hop, Cong cu aday chinh hi cac ngon ngulap trinh.

Cac ngon ngO' I~p trinh hi~n nay kha da dang va c6 kha nang d6 hoa kha manh daptrng duoc cac obi hoi tren v~ giao tiep, NguO'i ta khuyen cao c6 th~ dung Visual Basic,Visual C hay Java. Hal ngon ngil'1iAutien co nhuoc diem la phu thucc vao m6i tnrong, Diunay se: anh huang dn vic xay dung cac h e th6ng phan mern, Java la ngdn ngit I~p trinhhuang d6i nrong ra do-i thang 5/1995 do nh6m chuyen gia dung d~u la James Goshing cuaCong ty Sun Microsystem phat minh.

Luc doiu, Java duoc thiet k d xdy dung cac ung dung tren Internet nhu WEB. V~sau Java duoc phat trien d xay dung cac icng dung oQc l?p. Di~m mann d~e bi~t cua Java ladQe I~p voi h~ nen, N6 heat dQng t6t tren moi M di~u hanh h6 tro Java Virtual Machine.

Kna nang d6 hoa cua Java kha t6t. Cac phien ban Java tnroc \.2 cung cap thanh phdnd6 hoa duoc xay dung trong thu vien AWT (Abstrac Windows Toolkits). AWT la thu vienhilu ich d~ xay dung cac chuang trinh (mg dung giao tip nguoi dung d6 hoa , Tuy nhienAWT pnu thuoc nhieu vao h nen, Do vay, tir phien ban 1.3 tro di, thanh phan giao ti~pnguoi dung duoc thay th~ boi ~p hop de thanh phan linh neat, da nang va manh me: thanhphan SWING. SWING vdn k~ thira cac tlnh nang cua AWT, song d11cai ti~n them va b6sung them cac lap moi,

Chuang trlnn d6 hoa Java duoc di~u khi~n boi bin c6. Khi chuong trlnh v~n hanhtuc 1 A tuong tao voi nguoi dung thl t A t rnoi bi~n c b chi phbi viec thi hanh chuang t r l n h , Binc6 phat sinh ti r cac toledQng ben ngoai cua con nguoi nhir: bm chuot, nhan phim ... , hay tlr

20 Tuang lac ngu&i - may - DHBK Ha-N{![


20/28

ChUV'ng 0; Giai thieuH~ Ji~unanh. C ac lop bien c6 diroc chua trong g6i Java.awt.event ngoai tnr m 9t s6 bien c6nhu : Eventl.istenerl.ist, L is tS le ctio nE ve nt c hu a tro ng goi Javax.Swing.event .

Swing quan I y cac dbi nrong ling nghe thong qua Listenerl.ist. no duoc goi tirEventl.isteneri.ist. Khi nhan duoc bien c6 phat sinh do tac dong le n cac d6i tuong ngu6n thld6i nrong lang nghe (listener) da: duoc d6i nrong nguon dang ky truce sc nh~n va xu ly bienc6 dua th ea c hu an g trmh dil !~p. Gir :ta d6i nrong nguon va d5i nrong lj_ng ngh e luo n lien lacv6i nhau thong qua pnuong thirc xu ly bien c6 (handler) d~ t tren d6i tuong ling nghe chitiet ve cac bien c5, each thtrc xu ly cling nhu chi ti~t v Java SW ING se duoc m inh hoatro ng p h5 .n p hu luc,

Tuong uic nguai - m ay - DHBK Ha Not 21


21/28

Chuang 1: Tam l y nhan thirc cua can nguoi trong giao tiep va x u l y

1 T A M L Y NH~N THU'e e V ACON NGU'OI TRONG GIAO TIE:PV A X U ' L Y

N6idung1.1. Tang quan1.2. Kenh vao ra1.3. B~ nho-1.4. L~p lu~n va giiii quy~t viin d~1.5. Tam I y va thi~t k~ h~ th6ng nrong tac

2 2 T u o n g Me n g u a i - m a y - D H B K H iJ N (Ji


22/28

Chuang 1: Tam I y nh~n thirc cua con nguoi trong giao tifp va x u l y\.t. T6ng quan

Con nguoi, nguoi dung la m(lt d6i tUQ11gma cac h~ th6ng may tinh duoc thi~t k~ d~tro giup va dap irng cac yeu cau cua ho, v~ goc dO khoa hoc nh~n thirc, con nguoi duocxern nhu m(lt h~ thbng xu ly thong tin tinh t~ g6m 3 h~ thong con (Card, Moral and Newell,1983):

- H~ th6ng cam nhan (Perceptual System)- H~ thEing n h~ n th ir c ( C og nitiv e S ys tem )- H ~ thE ing xu ly (Mo to r S ystem )H~ th 6n g c am nhan di6u khitn cac kich thich toi tlr th 6 gioi ben ngoai qua cac kenh

van nhu thi giac, thinh giac va cam g ia c, .... H~ th on g x u ly quan 11 c ac h an h dng. Con h~th6ng nh~n thuc cung cftp cac xu ly cAnthi~t d~ lien k~t hai h~ th6ng tren, Cach thuc nronglaC dUQ'C thuc hien qu a 3 giai doan: earn nhan, hru tl11va xu IY.Chlnh vi v~y rna m6i hth6ng con du co b nho va b i) x u 1 ) 1 rieng cua minh, Duong nhien, rmrc 6 phuc tap la khacnhau, phu thuoc van nhiem vu r n a h~ thbng phai thuc hien,

Voj muc dtch tim hieu nh~n thuc va each xu I y thong tin cua can nguoi noi chung,cung nrnr esc han ch~ v~t 19 v6 kha nang cua con nguoi, d co th 6 xay dung diroc cac h~thbng phbn mem e6 tinh dung diroc, trong chuang flay, chung ta t~ p trung xem xet cac n6idung chlnh nhu: ca c kenh vao fa qua do con nguai cam nhan thong tin, bQ nho noi si'! luutril thong tin tam thai hay noi din ra cac xli IY.Hai n9i dung nay se duoc gioi thieu trongcac phin 1.2 va 1.3. Ti~p thee, chang ta se xem xet each thuc l~p lu~n va giai quy~t vin dtrong phAn 1.4. C ubi cung, phin 1.5, d6 c~p d~n S 1 l lien quan gifra tam ly nMn thirc voi viecthi~t k~ cac h~ th6ng giao ti~p.1.2. Kenh vao ra

Con nguoi tuong tac vai th~ gioi ben ngoai thong tin nhan duge va dap img b~ngthong tin gtri di. Trang qua trinh nrong tac vai may tlnh, ngirci dung nh~n duoc thong tingu i fa bai may tinh va dap img b!ng each cung cAp thong tin vao cho n6. Nhu v~y dA u racua nguoi dung tro thanh dau van cua may tinh va nguqc lai. D~ tranh nham I&n,chung tadung thuat ngu kenh vao-ra d rno ta cho sv" urong tac nay.

Kenh vao cu a con nguci dien ra ch u y~u nho cac giac quan. Con kenh ra nho mo to "di~u khien cac tac dQng thong qua cac giac quan v~t 11 111m :tay, m~h, tai ... Trong 5 giAcquan cua con nguoi, e6 3 giac quan quan trong vai nrong tac nguoi-may tinh, d61a: thj glac(nhin), thmh giac (nghe) va xuc giac (sa, n~rn, nhin phtm), Tuang tu nhu v~y cac tac nhanco anh huong d~n dAu ra d6 L~:chan ta y, n g6 n tay, mAt, dAu va M thbng nga am . Tuy nhien,trong tuong tac voi may tin h, n go n tay la chu y~u nhit. Nguai dung sli d un g ng6n tay d6nhin phim hay di~u khien chuot,

Thir hinh dung khi lam viec voi mQ t m ay tinh ca nhan vai thi~t b] va n chinh la banphfm va chuot. CAc img dung rna ban khai thac thuong co giao ti~p d6 hoa vai menu, bieutuong va cira s6. Trong urong tac voi im g dung, thong tin rna chung ta nhan dircc thong quaquan sat la ehlnh. T~t nhien chung ta e6 th~ earn nh~ bing nghe qua cac am thanh rna maytlnh phat fa, song di~u d6 hj~n tl1i con kha It. N hin phim d6ng vai tro quan trong trong giaoti~p nhu nhin phlm d~ dap llti yeu du cua M th6ng hay eung cAp dfr li~u. Chlnh vi v~y.Tuong tac nguO i - m a y - fJH BK H a N 6i 23


23/28

Chuang 1: Tam l y nhan thirc ella con nguoi trong giao ti~p va xu l ytrong cac phan tiep sau chung ta s l'!xem xet c hi tie t vai tro cua m{ ll s6 giac quan quan trongtrong giao tiep: th] giac, thinh giac, xuc giac vii.chuyen d{lng.1.2.1. Quan sal

Viec quan sa t cua co n ngiroi Iii.m{ll heat d9ng phuc tap voi cac gioi han v kha nangv


24/28

Chuang 1: Tam 1 y nh~n thuc ella can nguoi trong giao tip va x u ly06c nhin la g6c gioi han boi hal duong thang nr dinh va lir chan d5i tuong di qua

tam nh in . 06c nhln thuong ducc do b~ng dQ hay phut (1 dQ bang 60') hay giay (1' bang60"). 06c nhin phu thuoc vao klch thiroc d b i tuong va khoang each illdbi nrong dn mk

Neu hai d6i nrong & cung khoangeach, d6i tuong nao c6 klch thuoc IO nhan, d6i nrong do co goc nhin t6than, c6 nghia la quan sat t5t han(hinh l.Ib). Tirong t1,T,hai dBI nrongco cung kich thuoc, d~t 0 knoangeach khac nhau sf! co g6e nhin khac --.;o..t.__nhau: dbi tUQTIg & xa han, goc nhinnho han (hinh 1 . 1c) .

....~....... _ .. _ - . _ - . _

Hinh l.lc. Hai d5i trnyng cimg kich thiroc,dO i nrong 0 " xa c6 g6c nhln nho hon.

Nhu v~y, g6c nhin c6 a nh huong th nao dn S \ 1 " dun nhan ella chung la v kichthuoc, Truce het, nu g6c nhin qua nho chung ta s~ khong cam nhan duoc d6i nrong. Trongquan sat, nguoi ta hay dung mot khai niern gQ i la "dQ nhtn", DQ nhin la kha nang rna m etnguoi blnh tnuong cam nh~n duoc cac chi tit cua d5i nrong, Cho rang g6c nhln cua d6ituong s~ giam khi d6i nrong 0 xa (hln h l.Ic), song hy vong chung ta v.in co th~ cam nMnduoc d6i nrong nhu n6 chi nho h em th ai.

T6m lai, su cam nMn v kich thuoc d6i nrong la mQt hang 56, ngay ca khi g6c nhlnthay d6i. N hir vay, chieu cao cua mQ t con nguoi dUQ 'C cam nhan nhu la hang 56 ngay ea khiho chuyen dQng ra xa hem . D6 chlnh i30 lu{it hang s a cua kieh tluroc. D iu nay g9'i y ch ocnung ta rang, S1 ,Tam nhan v S ktch thuoc lien quan dn cac yu t6 khac hon la g6c nhin.ii} C am nhdn a (J sang fai

DQ sang t5i la dap ung chu quan cua rm rc dQ sang. N6 pnu thuoc vao sb tia sang phatra nr d6i nrong, chinh xac hon la phu thuoc VaG sb tia sang ro i tren b~ m~t dbi nrong va tinhchA t phan xa cua b@mat, DQ sang la mQt d~c tinh v~ t Iy quan trong va c6 Ih do bang quangk@ (photom eter). DQ nrong phan Iii mQt khai niem quan trong trong thi giac, n6 duoc hiSu lad t) n 6i cua anh d6i urong so vo i n en .

Tuy dQ sang tb i Iii phan irng khach quan, song n6 cling giup ta phan bi~t su khacnhau v mire sang. H~ th6ng thj giac cua chung ta e6 kha nang t V " d iB u ch in h voi cac thaydbi v~ dQ sang t6i. Vi c6 it te bao hlnh que trong h6c m~t nen khi anh sang t6i, ta kh6 nhindbi nrong han.

T6m lai, dQ nhin tang khi rm rc sang tang, D i@u nay lam ta cAn luu tam khi si t dungcac thiet bi hi~n thi voi rm rc sang cao. Tuy nhien , khi m ire sang tang thi dQ I~p loe clingtang.iii) C am nhdn m ew

Mau s~ c 130y~u t6 tlnr ba cAn du9'c xem xet trong quan sat. Khi d~ c~p dn mau,nguoi ta thuong chu y den ba thanh phAn:

Tuang ( a C nguai - m a y - DHBK H a N(:ii 25


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ChU'dng 1: Tam l y n,,*n thirc cua can nguoi trong giao ti~p va x u l y- Hue: S~c thai mau- Intensity: CUOng dl) mau- Saturation: D(i bao hoaV6i mot nguon sang don s~c, hue phu thuoc VaG buoc song cua anh sang; dQ blio hoase thay d6i neu ta tang them lUQ11ganh sang trang, Mit nguoi c6 th pnen biet diroc khoang

150 mau, song khi thay d6i sac mau va cuong di) sang, chung ta lai c6 th6 c a m nhan toihang tri~u man [2]. Ngiroi ta cilng nhan thAy dng voi mot nguoi it dao tao, s6 mau camnh~n duoc giam chi knoang 10 mau

Cling dn cnu y hien nrong mu rnau, tuc Ja kh6ng co kha nang cam nhan mau sic.Theo thbng k e c6 khoang 8% dan ling va 1% phu nct h i mil mau.iv) Kha nang va han ehi eua qua trinh cam nhdn

Ngoai cac y6u t6 tac di)ng nhu tren, trong each tmrc cam nh~n dbi tuong nhi~\) khichung ta con ap dl).ty cnu quan cua mlnh. Thl du, khi dli biet ro klch thu6c mot d6i tuongd~e bi~t nao day, cnung ta se cam nh~n no (] klch tturoc d6 du d6i tuong d6 a xa hv" c gan.

Trong qua trlnh quan sat dbi nrong, Juc ta dUng yen con vq.t th6 lai cnuyen dong hoacvq.t th~ dirng yen rna ta lai chuyen dong. H~ thbng xu I y th] giac co kha nang diSu chinh dSanh hi~n ro tren vong mac. TU01lg tu, rnau s~c va di) sang t61 cua el6i nrong cling duoc camnhan nhu mot hang 56, bat chap su thay d6i cua dQ sang. Chlnh nho kM nang nay rna h~thbng th] giac d6i khi c6 th~ giai quyt duoc vdn dS nhap rhang nhu hlnh 1.2.

a) Chu: B hay s a 13Hinh 1.2.a biu di~n chit B hay coo s6

13? Tuy nhien, trong hlnh l.2.b, vdn hlnhdang d6 song ta cam nhan chinh xac Iii.cons6 13; con trong hinh t..2.c ta lai cam nhq,n1 < ' 1 cM B. Nhu vay su cam nhan con phuthuoc VaG ngtr canh,Hlnh 1.2. SI! nh~p nhAng v a khl\ nAngc a m nh~n cua ht th6ng th] giac,

b} S6 121314

c) ABe

Tuy nhien, su di~u chinn nay cua h~ th6ng cam nh~n d6i khi dAn den ao giac va b]danh hra. Nrur trong hinh 1.3, ca 2 doan thang du c6 ell>dai bang nhau, nhung ta co camgiac la doan thang 0 tren dai han doan nam phla duoi.

26 Tuong la c ngu& j - m a y - DHBK Hd N(jj


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Chtrong 1: Tam l y nhan thuc cua CO:l ngiroi trong giao tip va xu l y

Hinh 1.3. Boan nao dai han? gian each dong. C hiSu dai dong cling anh huongd~n tinh d e dQC .Duong nhien la doc tren m an hlnh m ay ttnh cham han la doc tren sach,

N hu v~y, c6 nhieu y~u t6 anh m rong den tinh d~ dQ C vii.kh i thiet k~ giao tip can chuy In chu den tren nen trang d~ doc hon la chfr trang tren nen den. C 6 nghla !a d l) t uong phanam t6t han dQ nrong phan duong,1.2.2. Nghe

Thinh giac duoc xem nhu giac quan th(:rhai, song thong tin cam nh~n thea each naytrong nrong tac nguoi- m ay Iii It hen , C ach tlnrc cam nhan thong tin theo ki :u nay r~ t khac,Nguoi ta co the khong ohin rna chi qua nghe d!1 cam nh~ kha chinh xac, Tht du nhu quagiong n6i hay am thanh phat ra, ta d il co th ~ b ie t duoc d6 In nguoi quen hay ai, dbi tuongpnat ra do l a gl. TMm chi c6 the phan doan ca huang noi phat ra am thanh do. T6m lai, h~th6ng th inh giac co kha nang dt to 16 '0 de truyen thong tin trong m oi twang ch un g ta o V ~.yviec cam nhan am thanh din ra nhu th nao?

Am thanh la S 1 , l " thay d6i hay rung dQ ng khi khO ng khl bi nen, Am thanh c6 nhieu d~ctru ng kh ac nh au :- T~n s6- )Q v an g- Am si c

D l) vang pnu thuQc vao dl) khuech dai, con tin s6 l a mQt hang s6 . A m sA c la phAmch~t d~c tnrng cho am thanh phat ra.

Tai nguoi co th~ nghe dU Q"cun thanh vci tAn s6 tro ng k ho an g til 20 Hz den 15 kHz.

Tu ong tdc n gua i - m a y - D H B K H a N 9 i 27


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Chuang 1: Tam Iy nh~n tlurc cua con nguoi trong giao tiSp va xit lyTai co th6 phan bi~t duoc S 1 , 1 " thay d6i t~n s6 voi cac thay dbi nho hon 1,5Hz a dn s f : : , thap,song lai kern chinh xac 0 ttln s6 cao. Cac tAns6 khac nhau se kich thich cac heat d9ng trencac vung knac nhau cua bQ nao va gay nen cac xung d9ng khac nhau. Khi dun nhan thonglin, h~ th6ng thinh giac dn phai tien hanh IQcd6 loai bo cac tieng 6n d I~y cac thong tinhuu tch.

Dung la am thanh co the truyen di mQt lueng thong tin dang k, song l\1i it dungIrong thi"tk giao tip nguoi - may. Tuy nhien, tai co th phan bi~t kha nhay cam voi SlJthay dbi ella a m thanh va c6 th~ nh~ ra cac am thanh quen tnuoc kh6ng cAn chu y dSnngu6n g6e e~a n6. DiSu nay goi y cho cac nna thiet k giao tiSp vt S 1 , l " mo rong cua am thanhtrong giao tiep,f. 2 . 3 . Nhdn phim

Giac quan thir ba chung ta quan tam la xuc giac (haptic perception). Xuc giac tlnrchien boi tac d(\ng so hay nhan phim. Tuy vi~e cam nhan th6ng qua giac quan nay k},6ngquan trong nhu hai giac quan tren trong doi s6ng hang ngay, song no lai cung dp '.;ae thongtin co tlnh song con vS moi tnrong ella chung ta, d~e biet la trong nrong rae nguoi-rvvy.

Xuc giac eung dp phuong ti~n chinh trong h6i dap nh5.t la khi sir dung cac h~ thongmay tinh. PMi thua nh~n rang, voi ngiroi dung may tinh, do la nguon thir hai de cam nhanthong tin, cac nguon khac la thrr y~u. Thf du nmr v6'i he th6ng chtt n6i cno nguoi mil thiphuong tien duy nhm la earn giac qua tiSp xuc .

He th6ng xuc giac khac h~n voi h thong thj giac va thinh giac, Viec cam nhsn cackich thich thong qua Ian da. Da e6 ba kieu cam nh~n d~c bi~t:

- Cam nh~n nhi~t- Cam nhan sue cang do ap su5.t- Cam nhan C O " khi.Vie cam nhan C O " khl iai phan ra hai dang: dang dap frog nhanh va loai dap ung

cham. Sire ding cang 1&0thi phan (rug cang nhanh va co tinh gi~t cue. Loai dap img eh~mlai co cam nh~n lien tuc, Voi ngiroi danh may hay nguoi dung may tinh sir dung ban phim,S 1 , l " nhan thuc vi tri nrong d6i cua ngon tay va S l , I hAi dap tu ban phim la rAt quan trong.1.2.4. Dich chuyen

M{lt nanh dng dan gian nhu nhan m(it phim lenh de dap ling met yeu du bao g6mnhiSu buoc x u ly, Truce tien, cac kich thich duoc cam nh~n boi h~ thong cam nhan r6itruyen d~n nao. Yeu du duoc xli ly va m(it dap ling duoc khoi tao. Ti~p theo, n~o se giricac tin hi~u dSn cac b phan tuong img. M6i hanh d(\ng dn m(\t khoang thoi gian nhAt djnhva chung ta c6 the coi n6 gAm thoi gian phan img va thoi gian dich chuyen,

Thoi gian dich chuyen phu thw;'c nhieu V a G cac dl).etlnh v~t 19 cua chu the, thi dunhu tubi tac va d9 tinh t~, eon thoi gian phan img lai thi rA t kh6 daub gia, Thoi gian phanfrog phu thuQe V a G cac giac quan r n a kich thich tac d(ing d~n. MQt nguci blnh thuong co thephan irng voi tin hieu am thanh khoang 150 ms, voi mQt tin hieu nhin khoang 200 rns va700ms voi m9t cam giac dau don do va cham, C6 nhieu y~u t6 anh huang d~n thoi gian

28 Tuang tac nguat - m a y - fJHBK Ha N(ji


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Chuang 1: Tam l y nhan thirc cua con nguoi trong giao tip va xu l yphan (mg. Thi du nhu n~u c6 Ic y nang va kinh nghiem, thai gian phan irng se nhanh hon,nguoc lai khi m~t moi thai gian phan img se ch{lmdi. M9t cau hoi d~t fa la lieu t6c d(l phanung c6 din d~n dQ chtnh xac giam khong, vi dQ chinh xac ciing ia mQt 56 do cua dichchuyen? )i~u nay con phu thuoc vao nhiem vu phai thi hanh va ngiroi dung. Trong mQt s6tnrong hop, neu thai gian phan irng nhanh thi dQchinh xac se giam,

T6c dQ va dQ chinh xac cua chuy~n o(ing la hai y~u t6 r~t quan trong can duoc xemxet khi thiet k~ cac h~ thong tuong tac, nh~t Ill.khi dn xem thai gian chi phi cho viec dichuyen toi mQt dich cu th~ tren man nmh. Dfch nay c6 the la mQt phlm lenh (commandbutton), mot bieu tirong hay mQt m uc tren menu, ... Thai gian chi phi nay d1l.di roc Fittngnien ciru vamang ten ong "Ju~t Fitt"nhu mo t a trong hinh 1.4.Gii s i r rang de chuyen den dich, ta phai qua nhieudich chuyen nho (vi chuyen). GQi:D : Khoang cacn phai dich chuyenL:D rong cua dichXi: Khoang each phai dich chuyen sau ilan, Xi =e '"X;.!, voi e la hang sal s6: e =X, !Xi. I,e

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