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7/22/2019 Turističko Putovanje u Sovjetski Savez
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Qrbtbk QtgoĎdĆ
XRZDQXDĉL@ URX@SGKOB R Q@SOBXQLD QGSB_
Jb`frgh, gprdig 74=1. f`hdkb
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XRZDQXDĉL@ URX@SGKOB R Q@SOBXQLD QGSB_
Gut`r? Qrbtbk QtgoĎdĆ
Jb`frgh, 74=1. f`hdkb.
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Q G H Z Ū G O
7.
Ngċgrslg .......................................................................................................... 1
7.7 Juhdnpbŧtg ................................................................................................... 6
:. QQQZ .................................................................................................................. 77
1.
Rp`zkgvgkob Q`vobtsl`f Qgvbzg ..................................................................... :8
1.7. Rlrgodkslg QQQZ .......................................................................................... :8
:.7 Ldobv ............................................................................................................. :=
:.: Ibkodkfrgh .....................................................................................................14
:.1 N`slvg .......................................................................................................... 26
:.8 Drlutsl ........................................................................................................... =3
:.2 Jrgtsl ............................................................................................................ 42
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XurdstdĎl` put`vgkob u Q`vobtsld Qgvbz Qrbtbk QtgoĎdĆ
Qtrgkg | 7
XurdstdĎl` put`vgkob u Q`vobtsld Qgvbz `jgvdid sn` u `rfgkdzgadod XurdstdĎlb gfbkadob ‛Lgrgvgk’ dzJb`frghg, u vrbnbku `h 75. h` :2. sbptbnjrg 74=:.f., prbng sibhbĆbn pr`frgnu?
Ngrŧrutg? Jb`frgh ‑ Juhdnpbŧtg ‑ Ldobv ‑ Ibkodkfrgh ‑ N`slvg ‑ Drlutsl ‑ Jrgtsl (Jgolgisl`
obzbr`) ‑ N`slvg ‑ Juhdnpbŧtg ‑ Jb`frgh (73 hgkg v`z ‑ gvd`k - v`z).
7 hgk - U`igzgl dz Jb`frghg v`z`n ( DD rgzrbh ) `l` 6.55 Ďgs`vg. H`igzgl u Juhdnpbŧtu `l` 78.55
Ďgs`vg. Urvg usiufg ruĎgl. Zgzfibhgkob frghg gut`jus`n. @higzgl zg QQQZ v`z`n ( spgvgĆgl`ig) `l` :1.55 Ďgsg.
: hgk - H`igzgl u Ldobv `l` :1.15 Ďgs`vg.
: - 8 hgk - J`rgvgl u Ldobvu? rgzfibhgkob frghg gut`jus`n, p`sbtg Nuzbou ulrgodkslb unbtk`std,
rgzfibhgkob Q`cdoslb arlvb.
8 hgk - @higzgl zg Ibkodkfrgh gvd`k`n `l` 74.85 Ďgs`vg.
8 - 3 hgk - J`rgvgl u Ibkodkfrghu? rgzfibhgkob frghg gut`jus`n, p`sbtb lrstgrdad ‛Gur`rg’, Nuzbou
rbv`iuadob did Nuzbou dst`rdob Ibkodkfrghg, Udslgrbvsl`n fr`jiou d Nuzbou Brndtgš, rgzfibhgkob
Ubtr`pgvi`vslb tvrċgvb.
3 hgk - @higzgl zg N`slvu v`z`n ( spgvgĆg l`ig) `l` :1.:5 Ďgs`vg.
6 hgk - H`igzgl u N`slvu `l` 6.75 Ďgs`vg.
6 - 4 hgk - J`rgvgl u N`slvd? rgzfibhgkob frghg gut`jus`n, p`sbtb Nuzbou d Nguz`ibou Ibkodkg, Dzi`šjdh`stdfkuĆg s`vobtslb prdvrbhb, fr`ju Kbzkgk`f oukglg d Xrbtogl`vsl`o fgibrdod, rgzfibhgkob
Lrbniog d Ugk`rgnb J`r`hdkslb jdtlb, susrbt sg `nighdk`n.
4 hgk - @higzgl zg Drlutsl gvd`k`n `l` 78.:5 Ďgs`vg.
4 - 77 hgk - H`igzgl u Drlutsl `l` :7.:5 Ďgs`vg. J`rgvgl u Drlutslu? rgzfibhgkob frghg gut`jus`n, p`sbtg
nuzbou, p`sbtg stuhbktsl`n frghu, blslurzdog kg Jgolgisl` obzbr`, `higzgl kg vrm ĉbrsl`f.
77 hgk - @higzgl zg Jrgtsl gvd`k`n `l` 1.:5 Ďgs`vg.
77 - 71 hgk - H`igzgl u Jrgtsl `l` 2.55 Ďgs`vg. J`rgvgl u Jrgtslu? rgzfibhgkob frghg gut`jus`n, p`sbtg
Jrgtsl`o mdhr`abktrgid, p`sbtg H`nu `hn`rg.
71 hgk - @higzgl zg N`slvu gvd`k`n Ďgs`vg.
71 - 78 hgk - J`rgvgl u N`slvd. Qi`j`hk` vrbnb.
78 hgk - @higzgl zg Juhdnpbŧtu v`z`n ( spgvgĆg l`ig) `l` :7 Ďgs.
73 hgk - H`igzgl u Juhdnpbŧtu `l` 3.55 Ďgs`vg. U`sibhkog usiufg h`ruĎgl ( suvd `jr`l ). @higzgl zg
Jb`frgh v`z`n `l` 6.15 Ďgs`vg. H`igzgl u Jb`frgh `l` 78.55 Ďgs`vg.
Abkg? 73.455 hdk.
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XurdstdĎl` put`vgkob u Q`vobtsld Qgvbz Qrbtbk QtgoĎdĆ
Qtrgkg | :
Ur`frgn put`vgkog `jgvdid sn` u p`tpuk`std, s tdn ŧt` sn` obhgk hgk vdŧb j`rgvdid u N`slvd, g obhgk
hgk ngkob u Qdjdru d ŧt` ob u sgn`n pr`frgnu h`ŧi` h` kbzkgtkdm dznbkg. Dngid sn` l`npibtkb
pgksd`kb< mrgkg ob jdig lvgidtbtkg d `jdnkg, h`l ob snbŧtgo u kbldn m`tbidng jd` sigjdod, gid svb slu pg
p`hk`ŧiodv .
Q kgng kdob p`ŧg` v`hdĎ ‛Lgrgvgkg’, vbĆ su spdsl`vb d hrufg h`lunbktg kg sgn`n p`igslu prbhgid
kgŧbn sgputkdlu, hrufu Zgad, l`od dm ob p`sib prbhg` v`hdĎu u Juhdnpbŧtd d QQQZ -u. R svdn nbstdng
l`ob sn` p`sbtdid, `h Juhdnpbŧtb h` Jrgtslg u Qdjdru, dngid sn` p`sbjkb nbskb v`hdĎb, sgn` kgn sb
p` uigslu u QQQZ prdliouĎd` kodm`v stgikd v`hdĎ, hrufgrdag Iouhndig dz Ldobvg. S`hdĎd u Qdjdru jdib su
nighb stuhbktldkob l`ob su uĎdib srpsl`mrvgtsld kg lursu `h kbl`idl` nbsbad (1-3 nbsbad), nbċutdn,
kgŧ stgikd v`hdĎ p` QQQZ -u ‑ Iouhndig ob kbŧt` stgrdog, `l` 15 f`hdkg, vbĆ ob dslusgk v`hdĎ. Lg`
pr`vbrbk d dslusgk v`hdĎ h`igzdig ob u Ouf`sigvdou sg turdstdĎldn frupgng dz QQQZ -g.
Qvd kgŧd sgputkdad jdid su gltdvkd u prgĆbkou pr`frgng. Kgŧu frupu sgĎdkogvg` ob 17 putkdl dz rgzkdm
hbi`vg Ouf`sigvdob, gid prbtbšk` dz Jb`frghg, Mrvgtslb, Qi`vbkdob. Frupg ob p` sv`n sgstgvu jdig
mbtbr`fbkg, lgl` p` uzrgstu, p`iu d zgkdngkou, tgl` d prbng s`adogik`n d kgad`kgik`n p`rbliu,
`jrgz`vgkou, luiturk`n kdv`u dth. N`fi` jd sb rbĆd hg ob t` jdig Ouf`sigvdog u ngi`n. Nghg
‛Lgrgvgk’ si`vd lg` gfbkadog zg nbċukgr`hku rgznbku `nighdkb, u kgŧ`o frupd jdi` ob svbfg pbt
nighdm `s`jg, d t`? jrgĎkd pgr Ogsndkg d _`rgk Brhbiogk ĕ`rċbvdĆ dz Jb`frghg, dkš. Bhugrh dz
Goh`vŧĎdkb u Qi`vbkdod, Zgag, rghkdl u ‛Ndkbiu’ dz Jb`frghg d kgŧ kgonigċd sgputkdl @ifdag Sigm`vdĆ,
stuhbkt dz UgkĎbvg. Qvd `stgid jdid su stgrdod, g kbl`idl` kodm d jidzu =5 f`hdkg. Kbŧt` vdŧb `h p`i`vdkb
jdid su jrgĎkd pgr`vd (4 jrgĎkdm pgr`vg).
Og d n`og suprufg, Ndig QtgoĎdĆ, pbkzd`kbr dz Jb`frghg, lrbkuid sn` kg `v` put`vgkob u h`f`v`ru sg
kgŧdn prdogtbiobn d sgputkdl`n sg rgkdodm put`vgkog Ndi`rgh`n U`p`vdĆbn, gfr`k`n`n u pbkzdod dz
_bnukg. R t`lu prv`f put`vgkog kgs tr`ob stgrdodm j`iob sn` sb up`zkgid d zjidšdid sg trd sdnpgtdĎkb
nighb `s`jb ‑ Ogsndk`n Brhbiogk ĕ`rċbvdĆ, prbv`hd`abn d kobkdn supruf`n _`rgk`n, ngŧdksldn
dkšbkobr`n dz Jb`frghg, lg` d @ifda`n Sigm`vdĆ, stuhbkt`n dz UgkĎbvg. @h prv`f h` p`sibhkobf hgkg
kgŧg ŧbst`rlg jdig ob stgik` kg `lupu. U`ŧt` su luŧbt l`ig jdig sgn` sg 8 ibšgog, t` sn` suprufg d og jdid
stgik` sg Ndi`rgh`n U`p`vdĆbn d @ifda`n Sigm`vdĆ. @ifdag, p`rbh bkfibsl`f d ŧpgksl`f, h`jr`
f`v`rd d rusld, tb kgn ob nk`f` p`n`fig hg `v` put`vgkob p`tpukdob h`šdvdn`. R prdogtk`n sbĆgkou
`stgid su kgn d hrufd putkdad sg `v`f put`vgkog, lg` Sgkhg Xrgnpuš dz Ioujiogkb d kobkg hrufgrdag
Ngŧg, U`Ďbl`vdĆ @ifg dz Jb`frghg d hrufd.
Gl` zgj`rgvdn` kg p`kbld kbprdogtgk trbkutgl sg v`hdĎbn Iouhndi`n `l` snbŧtgog, obr `kd su
zgkbngriodvd u `hk`su kg jr`okb prdogtkb h`šdviogob, `khg n`šbn` rbĆd hg ob `v` put`vgkob u Q`vobtsld
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XurdstdĎl` put`vgkob u Q`vobtsld Qgvbz Qrbtbk QtgoĎdĆ
Qtrgkg | 1
Qgvbz u p`tpuk`std uspbi`. Dpgl, n`rg sb rbĆd hg sn` jdid d ‛hbag srbĆb’, obr sn` rgzfibhgkob frgh`vg,
luiturk`-dst`rdosldm sp`nbkdlg, Jgolgig d hrufdm prdr`hkdm ibp`tg `jgvdid p` ibp`n vrbnbku.
U`vrbnbkg ldŧg r`ndkogig ob u vrbnb put`vgkog, tgl` hg sn` pr`frgn u abidkd uspbŧk` `stvgrdid, g t`
ob zg hrufu p`i`vdku sbptbnjrg u QQQZ-u d Qdjdru puk p`f`hgl.
R t`lu put`vgkog d rgzfibhgkog nk`f` sn` Ďuid d vdhbid d h`stg t`fg zgpdsgid. Qghg sn` svb t` prbpdsgid,
pr`vbrdid, h`pukdid. Zbzuitgt svbfg t`fg ob `v` `pdsdvgkob kgŧbf turdstdĎl`f put`vgkog u Q`vobtsld
Qgvbz. Zgzuniodv` ob hg sb f`stu uvbl prdlgzuob `kg ibpŧg strgkg, pg `tuhg `v` `pdsdvgkob, k`rngik`,
kb n`šb prbhstgviogtd `jobltdvk` prdlgzdvgkob stvgrk`std, vbĆ sgn` `k`fg ŧt` sn` vdhbid.
Urvd hgk pr`vbid sn` u put`vgkou v`z`n h` Juhdnpbŧtb (prb p`hkb) d rgzfibhgkou Juhdnpbŧtb p`sib
p`hkb. Xgl` sn` vbĆ prv`f hgkg put`vgkog stdfid u kgng susbhku hršgvu ‑ Ngċgrslu.
N G ĕ G Z Q L G
Ngċgrslg kgr`hkg rbpujidlg ob hršgvg u srbhko`o Bvr`pd, sbvbrk` `h Ouf`sigvdob, u Ugk`ksl`o kdzdod d
sidvu Hukgvg d Xdsb. @jumvgtg p`vrŧdku `h 41.515 ln: did 7% p`vrŧdkb Bvr`pb, sg `l` 77 ndid`kg
stgk`vkdlg (75,6 ndid`kg 746=.), `h t`fg `l` 41% su Ngċgrd, g `stgi` Kbnad, Qi`vgad, Mrvgtd,
Zunukd, Z`nd d Qrjd. Figvkd frgh Juhdnpbŧtg dng :,2 ndid`kg stgk`vkdlg. Kg sbvbru sb frgkdĎd sg
ĉbm`si`vgĎl`n, kg dst`lu sg QQQZ -`n d Zunukdo`n, kg oufu d ouf`zgpghu sg Ouf`sigvdo`n d kg
zgpghu sg Gustrdo`n. Ngċgrslg `jumvgtg vbĆd hb` srbhkobf U`hukgviog d vdŧb `h 8/2 tbrdt`rdob su
kdzdog, rgvkdab d jrbšuioad. Hukgv tbĎb lr`z Ngċgrslu u hušdkd `h 8:5 ln. Uigkdkb su? kgovdŧd pigkdksld
vrm Ngtrg sg 7572n kghn`rslb vdsdkb, Jgl`koslb ŧunb, Udidŧlg f`rg d hr. Qvb rblb prdpghgou sidvu
Hukgvg, g figvkg obzbrg su Jigtk` ( Jgigt`k) kgovbĆb sigtl`v`hk` obzbr` u Bvr`pd, p`vrŧdkb `h 243
ln: d Kbšdhbrsl` obzbr`. Lidng ob pgk`ksl`-l`ktdkbktgikg, p`kbfhb stbpslg (‛pustb’), pghgvdkg dng
825-355 nn f`hdŧkob. F`hdkb 7466. u Ngċgrsl`o ob jdi` 7422 sukĎgkdm sgtd.
Xbrdt`rdou hgkgŧkob Ngċgrslb kgsbiogvgid su Lbitd u stgr`n vblu, g u D vblu k`vb brb jdig ob sgstgvkd
hb` rdnslb pr`vdkadob Ugk`kdob. R vrbnb vbidlb sb`jb kgr`hg d pr`pghgkog Zdnsl`f agrstvg
kgsbiogvgid su sb d p`vrbnbk` ko`nb vighgid Mukd, Dst`Ďkd F`td d Gvgrd. R S d SD vblu kgsbidig su sbsi`vbkslg pibnbkg, l`og su srbhdk`n D] vblg `jrgz`vgig Sbidl`n`rgvslu hršgvu.
Lrgobn D] vblg u Ugk`kdou su dz dst`Ďkb Bvr`pb pr`vgidid Ngċgrd, p`h v`ċstv`n pibnbksl`f stgrbŧdkb
Grpghg, =43. f`hdkb. Grpgh ob prvd ngċgrsld lkbz (`l` ==4-456. f`hdkb). @skdvgĎ ob ngċgrslb hršgvb
d hdkgstdob Grpgh`vdĆg. Ngċgrd su kgr`h ufr`-cdksl`f p`rblig. Urgh`n`vdkg su dn jdib gzdoslb stbpb kg
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XurdstdĎl` put`vgkob u Q`vobtsld Qgvbz Qrbtbk QtgoĎdĆ
Qtrgkg | 8
zgpghk`o strgkd Rrgig, u p`hruĎ ou rblb Lgnb, `hglib su sg `stgidn stbpsldn kgr`hdng lrbkuid kg
zgpgh d p` kgok`vdodn dstrgšdvgkodng u hvg tgigsg stdfid u Hukgvsld jgsbk. Urvg frupg ob s tdfig zgobhk`
sg Gvgrdng u SDDD vblu, g hrufg frupg, p`tdskutg `h UbĎbkobfg =43. f`hdkb, p`h v`ċ`n Grpgh`n. R
h`jg h`sbiogvgkog ngċgrslg k`nghsl`-st`Ďgrslg pibnbkg jr`ogig su svbfg :5 - :2.555 sgpibnbkdlg.
@kd pukdm sbhgn hbabkdog v`hb kbprbstgkb piogĎlgŧlb rgt`vb, pust`ŧbĆd susbhkb zgpghkb d ouf`dst`Ďkbzbniob, svb h`l dm kdob zgustgvd` kbngĎld agr @t`k D p`tulgvŧd dm u jdad kg rbad Ibmu l`h Gufzjurfg
422. f`hdkb. U`sib t`fg su kgpustdid k`nghsl`- piogĎlgŧld kgĎdk šdv`tg d p`Ďbid sb stgik` kgstgkodvgtd d
jgvdtd st`Ďgrstv`n d zbnio`rghko`n. F`hdkb 453. p`jbhdid su d ukdŧtdid si`vbkslu Sbidl`n`rgvslu
hršgvu. @h p`l`rbkdm si`vbksldm pibnbkg kguĎdid su sb zbnio`rghkod, prdndid kodm`v kgĎdk šdv`tg ,
nk`fb `jdĎgob d dznbŧgid sb sg kodng, gid su dn kgnbtkuid sv`o obzdl d vigst. _bniou l`ou su kgsbidid,
kgzvgid su Ngċgrslg ( Ngfygr`rszgf - zbniog Ngėgrg) did Rfgrslg, p` kgojr`okdobn pibnbku Rfgrdng.
H`igzgl Ngċgrg u `vb lrgobvb sprbĎd` ob, s obhkb strgkb, hgiob ŧdrbkob kbngĎlb hršgvb kg dst`l, g s
hrufb strgkb, rgzhv`od` Qbvbr`zgpghkb Qi`vbkb `h Ouškdm.
Obhgk `h Grpgh`vdm p`t`nglg ‑ Fbzg (Fbozg) ‑ 46: ‑ 446. p`h prdtdsl`n Kbngag d rghd
sgn``hršgkog prdng mrdŧĆgkstv` d p`igšb tbnbiob abktrgikb vighgrslb vigstd d hršgvkb `rfgkdzgadob.
Kobf`v rgh kgstgviog kobf`v sdk Qtbcgk D ( Dŧtvgk D ) l`od ob `l` 7555. f`hdkb ab` kgr`h prbvb` u
mrdŧĆgkstv`. Hg jd `h rgt`j`rkdm Ngċgrg kgĎdkd` sgvbzkdlb, pgpg ob Qtbcgku D hg` tdtuiu ‛gp`st`isl`f
lrgiog’ Ďdnb ob stv`rbk pgpsl`-ngċgrsld sgvbz rghd `svgogkog si`vbksldm zbngiog kg Jgilgku d
p`tĎdkogvgkog ngċgrsl`n pibnstvu d rdnsl`o arlvd. Qtbcgk D (446 ‑ 751=.) ob prvd ngċgrsld lrgio
pr`figŧbk svbabn d kobf`v`n lruk`n su lrukdsgkd `stgid ngċgrsld lrgiobvd. Hdkgstdog Grpgh`vdĆg obvighgig h` 7157. f`hdkb, lghg sb ufgsdig. F`hdkb 775:. mrvgtsl` pibnstv` dzgjrgi` ob ngċgrsl`f
vighgrg zg sv`f lrgiog.
L`h kgŧbf kgr`hg h`jr` ob p`zkgt d `pbvgk Qdjdkogkdk Ogkl`, u stvgrd ngċgrsld lrgiobvsld kgnbskdl
Mukoghd Ogk`ŧ (71=6-7823.), Qdjdkogkdk ob u ]S vblu jd` kg Ďbiu kbl`idl` lrstgŧl dm p`m`hg pr`tdv
Xurglg, svb h`l fg Xurad kdsu kg L`s`vu p`tulid 788=.f., (p`zkgtg uzrbĎdag u kgr`hu ‑ pr`ŧg` lg`
Ogkl` kg L`s`vu). @h Xurglg ob jrgkd` Jb`frgh 7823.f., lghg ob unr` u _bnuku `h lufb. Mukoghd ob
`tga p`zkgt`f ngċgrsl`f lrgiog Ngtdob L`rvdkg (782=-7845.). L`rvdk ob p`ngfg` rgzvdtgl frgh`vg,
kgulu, unbtk`st d `sk`vg` ukdvbrzdtbt u U`šuku 7823. f`hdkb. Xghg su p`Ďbid ogĎd kgpghd Xurglg l`od
su lrgobn ]S p`l`rdid abi` Jgilgksl` p`iu`strv`. Kgsibhkdad L`rdvkg kdsu n`fid zghršgtd Xurlb, pg
su 72:7. f`hdkb Xurad `sv`odid Jb`frgh, lghg su rgsbidid stgk`vkdŧtv`, vbidld jr`o Qrjg su p`sblid, g
ngċgrsl` stgk`vkdŧtv` pr`tbrgid kg sbvbr, h`l su srpsl` stgk`vkdŧtv` rgsbidid p` abi`o tursl`o agrbvdkd.
72:3. f`hdkb, Xurad su tbŧl` p`rgzdid Ngċgrb u jdad kg N`mgĎu, fhb ob p`fdku` d ngċgrsld lrgio
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XurdstdĎl` put`vgkob u Q`vobtsld Qgvbz Qrbtbk QtgoĎdĆ
Qtrgkg | 2
Iuhvdf DD. Xghg ob ngċgrsl` d mrvgtsl` pibnstv`, hg jd sb zgŧtdtdi` `h Xurglg, 72:6. f`hdkb zg lrgiog
dzgjrgi` gustrdosl`f vighgrg Cbrhdkgkhg Mgjzjurŧl`f d tgl` pgid p`h mbfbn`kdou Mgjzjurfg. Xurad su
dpgl u prv`o p`i`vdkd ]SD vblg zguzbid abiu dst`Ďku Ngċgrslu sg Juhdn`n (7287.) d Mrvgtslu h`
Lupb. @h `sv`obkdm hbi`vg `rfgkdz`vgid su Juhdnsld pgŧgiul d ko dnb vighgid 725. f`hdkg (7287-
73=3.). Xurad su p`luŧgid hg `sv`ob d `stgib hbi`vb tbrdt`rdob, pg ob 73=1. h`ŧi` h` tzv. hrufb `psghb
JbĎg. Rz p`n`Ć p`iosl`f lrgiog Ogkg Q`jobksl`f, Xurad su p`jbċbkd d `hjdobkd. R rgtu l`od sb v`hd`
`h 73=1-7344. f`t`v` abig Ngċgrslg ob `si`j`ċbkg `h turslb vigstd.
Kgad`kgik`- jurš`gslg rbv`iuadog d rbv`iuad`kgrkd p`lrbtd 7=8=/4 u Ngċgrsl`o p`stgvdid su u prvd pigk
zgmtbv zg h`jdogkob kgad`kgikdm si`j`hg, ŧt` ob `stvgrbk` tbl gustr`-ufgrsl`n kgf`hj`n 7=36. f`hdkb
lghg ob `sk`vgkg hršgvg kg jgzd hugidzng? n`kgrmdog ob p`hbiobkg u hvb hršgvb ‑ Gustrdou d Ngċgrslu.
@kb su dngib p`sbjku vighu, pgrignbkt d cdkgksdob, gid zgobhkdĎl`f vighgrg, v`oslu d sp`ioku p`idtdlu.
@tuhg d hugidstdĎld kgzdv k`vb hršgvb ‑ Gustr`-Rfgrslg. @vdn su zgh`v`iobkb ŧ`vdkdstdĎlb tbškob
ngċgrsl`f pibnstvg d kgovbĆbf hbig jurš`gzdob, obr su u sgstgvu ngċgrslb hršgvb `stgid Mrvgtd d Qrjd u
Mrvgtsl`o d S`ov`hdkd, Qi`vgad u Qi`vgĎl`o, Rlrgodkad u Lgrpgtsl`o Rlrgodkd d Zunukd u Brhbiou. Kgh
kodng ob spr`vbhbkg hbkgad`kgidzgadog d ngċgrdzgadog, g vrŧbkg ob d bl`k`nslg blspi`gtgadog. Xghg
Ngċgrslg jrz` rgzvdog sv`ou dkhustrdou d urjgkdzuob sv`ob kgoibpŧb frgh`vb. @kg p`hršgvg gfrbsdvku
p`idtdlu jbĎl`f hv`rg pr`tdv Qrjdob d zkgtk` h`prdk`sd dzjdogkou prv`f svbtsl`f rgtg. Zgspgh`n
Mgjzjurŧlb n`kgrmdob p`sib D svbtsl`f rgtg, Ngċgrslg ob p`stgig kbzgvdskg hršgvg, svbhbkg u
kgad`kgikb frgkdab `hrbċbkb Xrdogk`ksldn uf`v`r`n ` ndru 8. oukg 74:5. f`hdkb.
U`h utdagobn @lt`jgrslb rbv`iuadob u Zusdod, u Ngċgrsl`o ob 747=. c`rndrgkg LU Ngċgrslb, l`og ob`lupdig pr`ibtbrslb si`obvb d :7. ngrtg 7474. f`hdkb pr`figŧbkg ob Ngċgrslg Q`vobtslg Z bpujidlg, kg
Ďbiu sg Jbig Luk`n. Kou ob jrz` ufuŧdig v`okg dktbrvbkadog dnpbrdogidstdĎlb Gktgktb. Xghg ob kg vigst
h`ŧg` rbglad`kgrkd pr`cgŧdstdĎld rbšdn kg Ďbiu sg M`rtdobn. Ngċgrslg sb vbzgig zg cgŧdstdĎlu KbngĎlu
d uĎbstv`vgig u cgŧdstdĎldn `svgogĎldn p`humvgtdng, h`jdvŧd frgkdĎkb `jigstd Qi`vgĎlb d Urdlgrpgtslb
Zusdob, hvb trbĆdkb runukslb Xrgksdivgkdob. RĎbstv`vgig ob u kgpghu kg Ouf`sigvdou 7487. f`hdkb,
`jogvdig ob rgt QQQZ-u d p`sigig hb` sv`odm trupg. Urd l`nghgkou Ouf`sigvdob, `lupdrgig ob JgĎlu,
Jgrgkou, Urbl`nurob d Nbċunurob d u tdn `jigstdng spr`v`hdig cgŧdstdĎld tbr`r. Ur`h`r`n Arvbkb
grndob kg ngċgrslu tbrdt`rdou, ::. hbabnjrg 7488. f`hdkb, `j`rbk ob cgŧdstdĎld rbšdn d `jrgz`vgkgkgr`hkg vighg, g 72. gvfustg 7484. f`hdkb, pr`figŧbkg ob Kgr`hkg Zbpujidlg Ngċgrslg. Rf`v`r`n `
ndru u Ugrdzu 75. cbjrugrg 7486. f`hdkb, h`jdig ob prdzkgkob frgkdag dz 741=. f`hdkb . K`vg Ngċgrslg
p`ŧig ob putbn dzfrghkob s`adogidzng, kgad`kgidz`vgkg ob dkhustrdog, trgksp`rt, jgklb d trf`vdkg,
dzvrŧbkg gfrgrkg rbc`rng d l`ibltdvdzgadog zbniob. _j`f jdr`lrgtsl`f rul`v`ċbkog d rgzkdm hbvdogadog
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XurdstdĎl` put`vgkob u Q`vobtsld Qgvbz Qrbtbk QtgoĎdĆ
Qtrgkg | 3
kg Ďbiu sg Zgl`ŧdobn, h`ŧi` ob h` `rušgk`f ustgklg :1.75 ‑ 8.77.7423. f`hdkb, lghg su dktbrvbkdsgib
s`vobtslb v`okb skgfb.
K`v` rul`v`hstv` kg Ďbiu sg Ogk`ŧ`n Lghgr`n dzvrŧdi` ob jr`okb rbc`rnb u hruŧtvu d prdvrbhd,
kgr`Ďdt` u p`fibhu stdnuidsgkog p`vbĆgkog p`io`prdvrbhkb pr`dzv`hkob, tgl` hg Ngċgrslg hgkgs `h
dzv`zg p`io`prdvrbhkdm pr`dzv`hg d nbsg h`jdog `l` ndidogrhu h`igrg. Qt`fg sb Ďbst` n`šb Ďutd hg
p`rbh rusl`f abktrgidstdĎl`f d ouf`si`vbksl`f sgn`uprgvk`f s`adogidzng, p`st`od d ngċgrsld
rbc`rndsgkd s`adogidzgn.
Ngċgrslg spghg u srbhkob rgzvdobkb dkhustrdosl` p`io`prdvrbhkb zbniob, sg 2:% stgk`vkdŧtvg u
frgh`vdng. Kgr`Ďdt` ob rgzvdobkg tbŧlg, ngŧdkslg d mbndoslg dkhustrdog. U`io`prdvrbhkg pr`dzv`hkog ob
kg zgvdhk`n kdv`u. L`ibltdvdzgadog zbniob zgvrŧbkg ob 7437. f`hdkb pg zghruškg p`io`prdvrbhkg,
l``pbrgtdvkg d hršgvkg p`io`prdvrbhkg h`jrg zgmvgtgou 43,2% zbniodŧk`f c`khg.
Ngċgrslg dktbkzdvk` rgzvdog turdzgn d p` kbldn p`lgzgtbiodng kou f`hdŧkob p`sbtd strgkdm turdstg
l`idl` dng stgk`vkdlg, (`l` 77. ndid`kg), g p` hrufdng sgn` p`ig `h t`fg, ŧt` ob vbr`vgtkdob. K`vĎgkg
obhdkdag ob c`rdktg l`og sb hbid kg 755 cdibrg. @stvgrbkg ob p tpukg zgp`sibk`st iouhd sp`s`jkdm zg rgh.
Ngċgrsld obzdl prdpghg ufgrsl`-cdksl`o obzdĎk`o frupd. Hvgkgbst vbl`vg j`rgvlg Ngċgrg u
dkh`bvr`psl`o obzdĎl`o srbhdkd, huf`f`hdŧkog turslg `lupgadog d skgšgk utdago igtdksl`f u ngċgrsl`o
lkodšbvk`std, rgzi`f ob hg u ngċgrsl`n rbĎkdlu dng nk`f` igtdksldm, kbngĎldm, tursldm, `s`jdt`
si`vbksldm rbĎd ( szigng `h signg, j`r`kg `h jrgkg, pgtgl `h p`t`l, dth ). N`šb sb rbĆd hg ob u
prdjidšk`n pr`abktu h`ŧi` h` dktbfrgadob Ngċgrg sg Qi`vbkdng, Kbnadng d hrufdn. Ur`abkouob sb hg
hgkgs (74=:.) u svbtu dng 78,2. ndid`kg Ngċgrg. @h `v`f jr`og u Ngċgrsl`o šdvd 75,6 ndid`kg, did
61,=%, h`l vdŧb `h obhkb Ďbtvrtdkb ulupk`f jr`og šdvd vgk frgkdag Ngċgrslb. Qngtrg sb hg u
bvr`psldn zbniogng dng 1,7. ndid`k Ngċgrg, g u vgkbvr`psldn zbniogng `l` 655.555. R bvr`psldn
zbniogng kgovdŧb Ngċgrg dng u Zunukdod (7.658.555), zgtdn u ĉbm`si`vgĎl`o (355.555), Ouf`sigvdod
(8:6.555), Q`vobtsl`n sgvbzu (767.555), Gustrdod (15.555), QZ KbngĎl`o (7=.555), Sbidl`o Jrdtgkdod
(76.555), Crgkausl`o (77.555), dth.
Ql`r` Ďbtvrtdkg ulupk`f stgk`vkdŧtvg Ngċgrslb šdvd u figvk`n frghu ‑ Juhdnpbŧtd.
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XurdstdĎl` put`vgkob u Q`vobtsld Qgvbz Qrbtbk QtgoĎdĆ
Qtrgkg | 6
J uhdnpbŧtg
Juhdnpbŧtg (ngċgrsld Juhgpbst ) ob figvkd frgh Ngċgrslb kg srbhkobn t`lu Hukgvg, p`vrŧdkb 2:2
ln:, sg :,2 ndid`kg stgk`vkdlg (sg prbhfrgċdng Ropbŧt, Ldŧpbŧt, ĉbpbi d hr.). Kgstg` ob kg `hidĎk`n
pr`nbtk`n d strgtbŧl`n p`i`šgou 7=6:. f`hdkb spgogkobn stgr`f Juhdng (ngċgrsld Juhg) kg hbsk`o
`jgid Hukgvg d k`v`f kgsbiog Ubŧtb kg ibv`o `jgid. Lg` kgsbiob, stgrd Juhdn ob p`zkgt `h DD vblg k.b.
lg` rdnsld Gqudkaun, g Ubŧtu su kgovbr`vgtkdob `sk`vgid Qigvbkd ( pbŧt > pbĆ) d ogviog sb lgskdob. @jg
frghg rgz`rbkg su prdidl`n n`kf`islb kgobzhb 7:87. f`hdkb, gid dm ob `jk`vd` lrgio Jbig DS.
U`i`vdk`n ]DS vblg Juhdn ob stgikg prbst`kdag ngċgrsldm lrgiobvg d luiturk`-bl`k`nsl` srbhdŧtb.
Lrgio Ngtdog L`rvdk p`hdfg` ob ukdvbrzdtbt 78=5. f`hdkb d `sk`vg` jdjid`tblu ‑ Jdjid`tmbag
A`rvdkdgkg. U`h tursl`n uprgv`n jdig ob `h 7287. f`hdkb h` 73=3. f`hdkb. Qg prbstgkl`n turslb
`lupgadob (73=3.) kgstg` ob k`v usp`k Juhdng d Ubŧtb. R ]SDD vblu u Juhdnu ob šdvbi` p`rbh Ngċgrg
d `l` :5.555 Qrjg. U`Ďbtl`n ]SDDD vblg kgigzd sb p`h vigŧĆu Mgjzjurf`vgag, g p`sib gustr` -ufgrslb
kgf`hjb 7=36. f`hdkb d stvgrgkog hv`okb n`kgrmdob, Ngċgrslg sb kgfi` rgzvdog d tghg 7=6:. f`hdkb
h`igzd h` siušjbk`f spgogkog Juhdng d Ubŧtb u obhgk frgh ‑ Juhdnpbŧtg.
Xgl` sb p`h pghdkgng stgrb juhdnslb tvrċgvb rgzvdig Juhdnpbŧtg, `h ngi`f kgsbiog h` ndid`ksl`f
frghg d p`stgig abktr`n hršgvk`f d dkhustrdosl`f rgzv`og, abktgr cdkgksdosl`f lgpdtgig, trf`vdkb,
hršgvkb d v`okdĎlb ghndkdstrgadob. R hruf`o p`i`vdkd ]D] vblg dzfrgċbkb su d urjgkdz`vgkb jr`okb
frghslb Ďbtvrtd kg `jgid Hukgvg, sg vbidldn jr`obn n`kunbktgikdm d rbprbzbktgtdvkdm zfrghg ‑
pgrignbkt, glghbndog kgulg, lrgiobvsld hv`r, `pbrg, pgigtg prgvhb, m`tbi ‛Mukfgrdog’ dth. Xu su d
sp`nbkdad dz srbhkobf vblg ‑ jgzdidlb d arlvb, zgtdn nuzbod, p`z`rdŧtg, n`st`vd d hrufd sp`nbkdad, sgvbidldn trf`vdng p` jbĎl`n uz`ru, lruškd juibvgrd dth. Juhdnpbŧtg ob p`stgig obhgk `h kgon`hbrkdodm
frgh`vg abktrgikb Bvr`pb, p`stgig ob srbhdŧtb p`idtdĎl`f, prdvrbhk`f d luiturk`f šdv`tg Ngċgrslb.
F`hdkb 7474. u Juhdnpbŧtd ob pr`figŧbkg Q`vobtslg Zbpujidlg, gid ob vbĆ 8. gvfustg 7474. f`hdkb frgh
zgp`sbig l`ktrg-rbv`iuad`kgrkg M`rtdobvg v`oslg.
Urbh lrgo DD svbtsl`f rgtg, kgl`k tbŧldm j`njgrh`vgkog d j`rjd Juhdnpbŧtu su zguzbib obhdkdab Arvbkb
grndob 71. cbjrugrg 7482. f`hdkb. Kbnad d M`rtdobvad prušdid su ogl `tp`r Arvbk`o grndod prdidl`n
`si`jgċgkog Juhdnpbŧtb. J`rjb su trgogib `l` hvg nbsbag d p`ruŧbk` ob kg mdioghb zfrghg `h j`njgrh`vgkog, g Kbnad su p`ruŧdid n`st`vb prbl` Hukgvg. ZgĎukg sb hg ob u `vdn j`rjgng `l`
25.555 rusldm v`okdlg dzjgĎbk` dz str`og.
Juhdnpbŧtg ob p`k`v` p`stgig p`idtdĎld, prdvrbhkd d luiturkd abktgr, u l`o`o ob hgkgs l`kabktrdsgk`
prbl` 25% dkhustrdoslb pr`dzv`hkob Ngċgrslb, kgr`Ďdt` ngŧdkslg, mbndoslg, prbmrgnjbkg, dkhustrdog
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XurdstdĎl` put`vgkob u Q`vobtsld Qgvbz Qrbtbk QtgoĎdĆ
Qtrgkg | =
bibltr`-gpgrgtg, tblstdig, dth. Juhdnpbŧtg sb kgigzd f`t`v` u srbhdŧtu Bvr`pb, pg st`fg dng vbidl`
zkgĎbkob u nbċukgr`hk`n sg`jrgĆgou, p`sbjk` gvd`ksl`n.
Juhdnpbŧtu sn` rgzfibhgid u p`p`hkbvkdn Ďgs`vdng p` ibp`n d sukĎgk`n vrbnbku. Gut`jus`n sn`
sb prbjgadid h` stgrb tvrċgvb u Juhdnu, `hglib sn` dngid ibp p`fibh kg Juhdn s obhkb d Ubŧtu s hrufb
strgkb Hukgvg, zgtdn sbhgn ibpdm n`st`vg prbl` Hukgvg, `strv` Ngrfgrbtb ( Ngrfgrbtg sdfbt ) sg
hdvkdn v`h`sl`adng d hruf`. U` ibp`n vrbnbku pgk`rgng ob jdig dzvrskg. S`hdĎ kgn ob jdig obhkg
Ngċgrdag nigċdm f`hdkg, h`stg prbhusrbtiodvg, gid kbh`v`iok` gltdvkg.
R Juhdnu p`st`ob dsl`pdkb dz rdnsl`f pbrd`hg, lg` v`okd gncdtbgtgr l`od ob n`fg` hg prdnd 7:.555
p`sbtdigag d hruf`. Zgzfibhgid sn` arlvu Qv. Ngtdogsg l`og ob p`svbĆbkg J`f`r`hdad. Kou ob p`hdfg`
lrgio Jbig DS 7:2:. f`hdkb, p` p`vrgtlu u Juhdn, kgl`k dstbrdvgkog N`kf`ig. Hrufd, vbĆd hb` `vb
arlvb p`hdfg` ob Ngtdog L`rvdk u ]S vblu. @vg arlvg frgċbkg ob lg` lgtbhrgikg (figvkg) arlvg zg
lrukdsgkob d u ko`o ob lrukdsgk` vdŧb lrgiobvg. U`sibhkod ob lrukdsgk Lgri` DS 7473. f`hdkb.
R `v`o arlvd kgigzb sb jr`okb zgstgvb, lg` d zgstgvb dz rbv`iuad`kgrkb 7=8=/7=84. f`hdkb. Arlvg ob
frgċbkg u kb`f`tsl`n stdiu (sg bibnbktdng hrufdm stdi`vg), hbiuob dnprbsdvk`, kgr`Ďdt` kobk`
ukutrgŧkob urbċbkob, sg vds`ldn nbrnbrkdn stuj`vdng, `itgr`n, vdtrgšdng, vbidldn `rfui ogng d hruf`.
Xurad su p` zguzdngkou Juhdng, (7287.) zg kbl`idl` hgkg `vu arlvu prbtv`rdid u hšgndou, pg ob p`sib
dstbrdvgkog Xurglg p`k`v` `tv`rbkg lg` lgt`idĎlg arlvg. (Kg zdhdkgng obhkb hrufb hšgndob p`hdfkutg
ob crgkobvgĎlg arlvg). ťbtko`n sn` stdfid h` rdjgrslb luib `hglib ob tgl`ċb hdvgk p`fibh kg `l idku.
R jidzdkd arlvb sv.Ngtdogsg kgigzd sb ibp ‛Mdit`k m`tbi’ u l`od sn` uigzdid d rgzfibhgid fg. Obhgk hb`
si`j`hk`f vrbnbkg pr`vbid sn` u ŧbtkod p` Juhdnu. N`fid su kgn p`lgzgtd o`ŧ kblb zkgnbkdt`std
Juhdng, gid ob v`hdĎ v`hd` rgĎukg hg kgn `stgkb h`v`iok` si`j`hk`f vrbnbkg zg turdstdĎl`
tr`ŧlgrbkob. Lg` prv`, zgpgzdid sn` hg sb Ďdst`Ćd frghg p`ligkog h`v`iok` pgškob. Qgzkgid sn` hg su
svd stgkgrd d zglupad i`lgig d hrufdm pr`st`rdog `jgvbzkd hg h` = Ďgs`vg uoutru p`Ďdstb tr`t`grb dsprbh
sv`odm zfrghg. _gigzdid sn` u p`obhdkb trf`vdkb d prdnbtdid hg ob skgjhbvgkob nbs`n d nbskdn
prbrgċbvdkgng, v`Ćbn, p`vrĆbn, lgc`n d hrufdn pr`dzv`hdng sgsvdn zgh`v`iogvgouĆb. Lgh sn` sb
ngi` un`rdid, svrgtdid sn` u obhku p`sigstdĎgrkdau kg h`jgr sigh`ibh d kbrgsmigċbk` pdv`.
R abktru Juhdng kgigzd sb `jbibšbk` nbst` l`ob `zkgĎgvg srbhdŧkod hb` Bvr`pb d uzdng sb lg` ‛5’
ldi`nbtgr. Kg :5. ldi`nbtgrg `h kuit`f ldi`nbtrg kg sbvbr kgigzd sb nbst` Qbktgkhrbog, sv. Gkhrbog kg
Hukgvu. X` ob kgosbvbrkdob nbst` h`lib su h`ŧid Qrjd u vrbnb sv`odm sb`jg dsprbh Xurglg u Ngċgrslu.
Xu ob p`h pgtrdogrm`n Grsbkdobn ĉgrk`obvdĆbn DDD kgsbiobk` kbl`idl` mdioghg Qrjg d u Qbktgkhrbod ob
jdi` sbhdŧtb srpsl`f pgtrdogrmg. H` hgkgs ob `Ďuvgk` kbl`idl` srpsldm prgv`sigvkdm arlgvg d hrufdm
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XurdstdĎl` put`vgkob u Q`vobtsld Qgvbz Qrbtbk QtgoĎdĆ
Qtrgkg | 4
luiturkdm sp`nbkdlg, gid ob `stgi` ngi` srpsl`f šdviog, obr ob vbĆdkg `ptdrgig u Ouf`sigvdou kgl`k D
svbtsl`f rgtg did ob ngċgrdzdrgkg. Qg stgrb tvrċgvb sn` sb spustdid kg n`st prbl` Hukgvg d uŧid u Ubŧtu.
U`k`v` sn` jgadid p`fibh kg ibp` urbċbkd sp`rtsld d rblrbgad`kd abktgr kg Ngrfgrbtdk`n `strvu. X` ob
vbidld pgrl zg `hn`r d rgz`k`hu. Kg `strvu sb `hršgvgou jr`okg tglndĎbkog, g dzfrgċbkg ob d ibtkog
p`z`rkdag l`og n`šb hg prdnd 3.555 p`sbtdigag.
R Juhdnu sn` p`sbtdid d rgzfibhgid sp`nbkdl gustrdosl`n ngrŧgiu M`hdf Gkhrgŧu l`od ob prdlgzgk u
`cdadrsl`o ukdc`rnd kg l`kou. R v`osad ob p`Ďb` `h rbh`vg, gid ob lg` vri` ibp Ď`vbl jd` zgpgšbk `h
agrdab Ngrdob Xbrbzdob (7676 ‑ 76=5, vighgig 7685 - 76=5), p`stg` kobk ioujgvkdl, obhgk `h j`iodm d
jrz` h`furg` h` ngrŧgisl`f Ďdkg. Rspbŧkg lgrdobrg.
Kg 1= nbtgrg dsp`h Hukgvg pr`igzd nbtr` l`od p`vbzuob Juhdn d Ubŧtu. Hukgv tbĎb := ldi`nbtgrg lr`z
Juhdnpbŧtu, g 876 ldi`nbtgrg lr`z Ngċgrslu `h :.=35 ldi`nbtgrg kobf`vb ulupkb hušdkb.
Juhdnpbŧtg dng trd šbibzkdĎlb stgkdab.
Jr`obn d ibl`vdt`ŧĆu ndkbrgikdm vrbig, prbtbšk` sunp`rkdm d rghd`gltdvkdm, Juhdnpbŧtg spghg u rbh
vbidldm lupgidŧtg svbtg. Dng 7:1 dzv`rg ndkbrgikb v`hb, `h l`odm su kbld kg hujdkd h` 7 .555 n, g
lupgtdi` QbĎbkod h`jdog ndkbrgiku v`hu sg hujdkb `h 7.:23 nbtgrg.
Ur`igzbĆd lr`z Juhdnpbŧtu zgpgzdid sn` h`stg stgrdm zfrghg l`ob su rgċbkb u jgr`lu d dzfibhgou
dzvgkrbhk`. Jgr`l ob u Ngċgrslu h`kbt dz Gustrdob. SbĆ sg juhdnslb tvrċgvb zgpgzdid sn` hdvku
zfrghu Ugrignbktg. _frghg Ugrignbktg frgċbkg ob `h 7==2 ‑ 7451. f`hdkb u kb`f`tsl`n stdiu,
lup`ig ob vds`lg 43 nbtgrg, g sg zvbzh`n dzk`sd svdm 755 nbtgrg, d hbiuob frgkhd`zk`. Dz hgiodkb
dzfibhg lg` hg ob prgviobkg `h cdidfrgkg, svg ob trbpbrgvg, dng 655 s`jg d 132 pr`z`rg, sgn` tbpdsd p`
m`hkdadng su hufgĎld 1,2 ldi`nbtgrg _frghg dng 44 stgtug lrgiobvg d lkbšbvg, g ufrgċbk` ob 85
ldi`frgng zigtg (sghg ob u rbl`kstruladod).
Sbidlg `pbrg `tv`rbkg ob 7=38. f`hdkb d dng 7355 sbhdŧtg. Lgrtb zg `pbru, p`z`rdŧtb u hrufb luiturkb
ngkdcbstgadob su p` prdstupgĎkdn abkgng.
Ngċgrd Ďuvgou usp`nbku d kbfuou luit sv. Qtbcgkg. @k ob prvd ngċgrsld lrgio p`zkgt lg` uspbŧgk
vighgr l`od ob `l` 7555-tb f`hdkb prbvb` svb Ngċgrb u lgt`idĎgkstv`. @h Zdng ob h`jd` lrgiobvslulruku, g h`akdob fg ob arlvg pr`figsdig d zg svbag. Lgt`idĎlg arlvg sig vd sv. Qtbcgkg 7=. gvfustg, g t` ob
d hgk pr`figŧbkog ustgvg Ngċgrslb, pg fg tgl` svd sigvb.
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XurdstdĎl` put`vgkob u Q`vobtsld Qgvbz Qrbtbk QtgoĎdĆ
Qtrgkg | 75
Zgzfibhgid sn` sp`nbkdl sv. Qtbcgkg l`od ob rgċbk rbgidstdĎld `h jr`kzb u prdr`hk`o vbidĎdkd. Jgzdidlg
sv. Qtbcgkg vds`lg ob 43 nbtgrg, d kg figvk`n `itgru dng ldp sv. Qtbcgkg. Jgzdidlg ob rgċbkg `h 25 vrstd
nbrnbrg.
Kgohušb sn` sb zghršgid kg Xrfu mbr`og. Xu ob 7=43. f`hdkb p`hdfkut sp`nbkdl ‛Ndibkdun’ u zkgl
sbĆgkog kg mdioghuf`hdŧkodau `h h`igslg Ngċgrg u Ugk`kslu kdzdou. Qp`nbkdl ob rgċbk u hvg `hv`obkg
hbig. R prv`n prbhkobn hbiu prdlgzgk ob v`ċg ngċgrsldm pibnbkg lkbz Grpgh sg 6 pibnbksldm
stgrbŧdkg prdidl`n kobf`v`f h`igslg u `vb lrgobvb =43. f`hdkb. Grpgh d 6 pibnbksldm stgrbŧdkg
prdlgzgkd su kg l`kodng u rgtk`o `prbnd. Hrufd hb` sp`nbkdlg ob p`zghd d prdlgzgk ob u p`iulrušk`n
`jidlu `h jbt`kg, u Ďdodn sb `tv`rdng kgigzb jr`kzgkb stgtub p`zkgtdm ngċgrsldm lrgiobvg ‑ Qtbcgkg D,
Jbib DS, Ngtdob L`rvdkg d hrufdm, lg` d `stgidm lkbz`vg d zgsiuškdm Ngċgrg, lg` Ogk`ŧ Mukoghd
(Qdjdkogkdk Ogkl`) d hrufd. Qp`nbkdl hbiuob dnprbsdvk`, g cdfurb su rgċbkb u jr`kzd rbgidstdĎk`
prdlgzgkb.
Ur`ŧid sn` u jidzdkd KBU stghd`kg l`od ob frgċbk `h 748=-7421. f`hdkb. zg =5.555 p`sbtdigag. Qtghd`k
dng 25 lgpdog d n`šb zg 75 ndkutg hg sb dsprgzkd. R Juhdnpbŧtd ob p`hdfkut sp`nbkdl Jbn Ouzbcu
(7648-7=25.), p`zkgt`n p`iosl`n rbv`iuad`kgru l`od sb dstglg` u p`iosl`n ustgklu pr`tdv Zusdob
7=15/17. f`hdkb d p`stg` fbkbrgi p`ioslb rbv`iuad`kgrkb v`oslb. RĎbstv`vg` ob u JbĎl`n ustgklu
7=8=, g u ngċgrsl`o rbv`iuadod 7=8=/84. jd` ob vrm`vkd l`ngkhgkt ngċgrslb v`oslb. @hkb` ob
kbl`idl` p`jbhg kgh Gustrdogkadng d tdnb uĎdkd` zkgtkb usiufb L`ŧutu d rbv`iuadod. U`sib si`ng
rbv`iuadob prbŧg` ob u Xurslu, prdnd` dsign d h`jd` p`i`šgo fuvbrkbrg frghg Gibpg p`h dnbk`n
Gnurgt- pgŧg, fhb ob ujrz` d unr` 7=25. f`hdkb. Mrvgtslg ibvdag mtbig ob h`vbstd Jbng 7=84. f`hdkb zg
mrvgtsl`f jgkg unbst` ObigŧdĆg.
R t`lu rgzfibhgkog frghg sgzkgid sn` `h v`hdĎg hg ob 35% stgk`vg u hruŧtvbk`o sv`odkd, g 85% u
prdvgtk`n vigskdŧtvu. Uigtb su u pr`sblu prbl` 8.555 c`rdktd, h`l vds`ld struĎkogad dngou d prbl`
75.555 c`rdktd. @hidĎk` pr`igzb prdvgtkdad, trf`vad d zgkgtidob, l`od dngou vbidlb zgrghb. Xgl`ċb kgn ob
rbĎbk` hg Ngċgrslu f`hdŧkob p`sbtd prbl` 8 ndid`kg strgkdm turdstg. Juhdnpbŧtg kgn ob `stgig u ibp`o
usp`nbkd, gid sn` dngid suvdŧb ngi` vrbnbkg hg jd stblid p`tpukdod h`šdviogo.
KgvbĎb sn` v`z`n kgstgvdid put`vgkob zg Q`vobtsld Qgvbz d `l` : Ďgsg stdfid u ĉ`p, frgkdĎk` nbst` uQQQZ-u, fhb ob dzvrŧbkg p`frgkdĎkg d agrdkslg l`ktr`ig, lg` d prbjgadvgkob vgf`kg kg ŧdrd l`i`sbl l`od
ob lgrgltbrdstdĎgk zg Q`vobtsld Qgvbz. Nk`fdn sgputkdadng v` ob jdi` prv` put`vgkob u QQQZ.
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XurdstdĎl` put`vgkob u Q`vobtsld Qgvbz Qrbtbk QtgoĎdĆ
Qtrgkg | 77
Q @ S O B X Q L D Q G S B _
Qgvbz Q`vobtsldm Q`adogidstdĎldm Zbpujidlg (QQQZ) ob cbhbrgtdvkg hršgvkg zgobhkdag s`vobtsldm
s`adogidstdĎldm rbpujidlg `jrgz`vgkg kg Ibkodk`v prbhi`f kg D svbsgvbzk`n l`kfrbsu Q`vobtg 15.
hbabnjrg 74::. f`hdkb. Q`vobtsld Qgvbz ob kgovbĆg hršgvg, zgmvgtg 7/3 did 73,2% kgsbiobk`f l`pkg kg
_bniod, sg p`vrŧdk`n `h ::.85:.:55 ln: sg `strvdng u p`hruĎou Grltdlg d hr. Urušg sb `h JgitdĎl`f
n`rg kg zgpghu h` Xdm`f `lbgkg kg dst`lu, `h Qbvbrk`f ibhbk`f `lbgkg kg sbvbru h` Ark`f d
Lgspdosl`f n`rg d Qrbhkob Gzdob kg oufu.
Bvr`psld hb` QQQZ-g `jumvgtg `l` 22% bvr`psl`f l`ktdkbktg d ufigvk`n zgmvgtg dst`Ďku Bvr`pu d
hb` srbhkob, g kg dst`lu sb prušg h` prdr`hkdm frgkdag Bvr`pb prbng Gzdod? pigkdkg d rblg Rrgi,
Lgspdosl` n`rb d pigkdkb Lgvlgzg sg p`vrŧdk`n `l` 2,3 ndid`kg lvghrgtkdm ln. Gzdosld hb` QQQZ -g
zgmvgtg `l` :/2 Gzdob sg p`vrŧdk`n prbl` 73,= ndid`kg ln:. FrgkdĎd sb sg vbidldn jr`obn zbngiog.
Urv`f ogkugrg 74=1. f`hdkb QQQZ ob dng` :67,: ndid`kg stgk`vkdlg, ŧt` ob zg :,8 ndid`kg vdŧb kbf`
f`hdku hgkg rgkdob, g zg =55.5=5 stgk`vkdlg ngkob `h f`hdŧkobf prdrgstg stgk`vkdŧtvg p`Ďbtl`n
sbhgnhbsbtdm f`hdkg. @hk`s šbkg d nuŧlgrgag dzk`sd 21?86% u l`rdst šbkg, tgl` hg dng 7= ndid`kg
šbkg vdŧb kbf` nuŧlgrgag. LgrgltbrdstdĎk` ob hg svb vdŧb dng p`r`hdag sg sgn` obhkdn hbtbt`n.
Figvkd frgh QQQZ-g ob N`slvg sg `l` 4 ndid`kg stgk`vkdlg. Fustdkg kgsbiobk`std dzk`sd 7: stgk`vkdlg
kg obhgk lvghrgtkd ldi`nbtgr. QQQZ ob sgvbzkg hršgvg sg 72 sgvbzkdm d :5 gut`k`nkdm rbpujidlg, =
gut`k`nkdm `jigstd d 75 gut`k`nkdm `lrufg. KgovbĆg d kgojr`okdog ob Zuslg Q`vobtslg Cbhbrgtdvkg
Q`adogidstdĎlg Zbpujidlg ‑ ZQCQZ, figvkd frgh N`slvg, u Ďdobn sgstgvu ob d Ďdtgv gzdosld hb` QQQZ -g,
zgtdn Rlrgodkslg QQZ, figvkd frgh Ldobv (h` 747=. Mgrl`v), Jbi`ruslg QQZ, figvkd frgh Ndksl d hr.
Xgl` ZQCQZ, kgovbĆu s`vobtslu rbpujidlu, l`og ob `jrgz`vgkg :2.] (6.77) 7476. f`hdkb, sgĎdkogvgou
73 gut`k`nkdm s`vobtsldm s`adogidstdĎldm rbpujidlg (GQQZ) ‑ Jgŧldrslg, Jurogtslg, Oglutslg,
LgindĎlg, Xgtgrslg, ĉuvgŧlg, ĉbĎbk`-Dkfuŧlg d hr.< zgtdn pbt gut`k`nkdm `jigstd (G@), 3 lrgobvg, 84
`jigstd, 75 kgad`kgikdm `lrufg (K@) d hruf`, sg p`vrŧdk`n `h 76,7 ndid`kg ln: did 63% tbrdt`rdob
QQQZ-g, stgk`vkdlg 713 ndid`kg, `h Ďbfg =1% su Zusd. @v` ob rgzuniodv` lgh sb zkg hg ZQCQZ
prdpghg d ab` gzdosld hb` QQQZ-g.
Urbng p`pdsu stgk`vkdŧtg dz 7464. f`hdkb, kgojr`okdod su Zusd (716.146.555), zgtdn Rlrgodkad
(8:.186.555), Rzjbldstgkad (7:.823.555), Jbi`rusd (4.831.555), Lgzgmstgkad (3.223.555), Xgtgrd
(3.176.555), Gzbrjbohšgkad (:.43=.555), Obrnbkd(8.727.555), Fruzdkad (1.267.555) d N`ihgvad
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XurdstdĎl` put`vgkob u Q`vobtsld Qgvbz Qrbtbk QtgoĎdĆ
Qtrgkg | 7:
(:.43=.555). Rlupk` :: kgr`hg Q`vobtsl`f Qgvbzg, svgld p`sbjk`, dng p` vdŧb `h ndid`k prdpghkdlg,
g jr`o prdpghkdlg 15 kgr`hg did kgr`hk`std lrbĆb sb dznbċu 755 mdioghg d obhk`f ndid`kg. R kgad`kgik`-
btkdĎl`n p`fibhu, QQQZ ob nk`f`kgad`kgikg hršgvg u l`o`o šdvd `l` 35 vbĆdm kgadog d kgr`hg d prbl`
7:5 ngkodm kgad`kgikdm frupg, kgr`hg d pibnbkg. Urb`vigċu ou si`vbksld kgr`hd ‑ Zusd, Rlrgodkad,
Jbi`rusd, U`iogad, g kgojr`okdod su Zusd d dng dm vdŧb `h p`i`vdkb ulupk`f stgk`vkdŧtvg QQQZ -g.
U`nbkdn` d kblb `h kbsi`vbksldm kgr`hg d kgr`hk`std l`od šdvb u QQQZ -u? Ngċgrd, Zunukd, Cdkad,
Ibt`kad, Idtvgkad, Bst`kad, Igp`kad, Obvrbod, Z`nd, Ldrfdzd, Jgŧldrd, ĉuvgŧd, ĉbrlbzd, ĉbĎbkd, Lurhd,
Jurogtd, Bvbkld (Xukfuzd), Giotgoad, Bsldnd d hrufd.
Qvd `vd kgr`hd dngou p`sbjgk dst`rdosld, p`idtdĎld, hruŧtvbk` bl`k`nsld, luiturkd d hrufd rgzvdtgl, ŧt` sb
`hrgšgvg d kodm`v`n sghgŧkobn kgĎdku šdv`tg, kgr`Ďdt` u kbf`vgkou kgad`kgikdm, obzdĎldm, luiturkdm d
hrufdm trghdadog d `jdĎgog. Huf`f`hdŧkodn zgobhkdĎldn šdviobkobn d pr`šdngkobn h`ŧi` ob h` dzvbskb
btkdĎlb dktbfrgadob d hrufdm `jidlg p`vbzdvgkog, tgl` hg hgkgs kb n`šbn` f`v`rdtd ` Ďdstdn kgadogng,
obzdadng, luiturgng obr u svgl`o `h kodm dng, ngkob did vdŧb, utdagog hrufdm kgr`hg.
Hgibl` jd kgs hvbi` `pdsdvgkob rgzvdtlg svgl`f `h `vdm jr`okdm kgr`hg, st`fg Ćbn` hgtd lrgtgl prbsbl
rgzv`og ufigvk`n kgojr`okdobf kgr`hg d kobf`vb hršgvb ‑ Zusdob.
Xbrdt`rdog QQQZ-g jdig ob kgstgkobkg o`ŧ `h kgostgrdodm prbdst`rdosldm vrbnbkg, ŧt` p`tvrċuou
nk`f`jr`okg grmb`i`ŧlg kgigzdŧtg. Kgostgrdog hršgvg Rrgrtu p`kdlig ob u prbhbiu obzbrg Sgk
(Obrnbkdog), g vrmukga ob h`šdvbig u D] d SDDD vblu prb k.b. zg vrbnb agrbvg Nbkug d Grfdŧtdog. Q g
rgspghgkobn hršgvb Giblsgkhrg Nglbh`ksl`f u DD vblu k.b. p`kdlig ob oglg hršgvg Obrnbkdog, l`og ob
u D vblu k`vb brb pgig p`h vigst Zdniogkg.
R vrbnb vbidlb sb`jb kgr`hg kgojr`okdod stgk`vkdad bvr`psl`f hbig p`stgou Qi`vbkd, gid kg put
cbuhgidzng u ouf`dst`Ďkdn bvr`psldn hbi`vdng stupgou kgr`hd _glgvlgzog ‑ Obrnbkdog, Fruzdog d
Gzbrjbohšgk `h DS h` SD vblg, prdngou mrdŧĆgkstv` `h vdzgktdosldm svbŧtbkdlg d mrdŧĆgkstv` p`stgob
dhb`i`ŧlg sk`vg k`vdm cbuhgikdm hruŧtvbkdm hk`sg.
R t` vrbnb si`vbkslg pibnbkg uigzb u jr`okb sgvbzb pibnbkg u j`rjd pr`tdv kgpghg hrufdm kgr`hg ‑
Mukg, Gvgrg d hr ufdm. @h nk`f`kgad`kgikdm pibnbksldm sgvbzg Qi`vbkg u D] vblu, kgr`Ďdt` su sb
dstdagig hvg sgvbzg, obhgk sg sbhdŧtbn u K`vf`r`hu d hrufd kg Hkobpru sg sbhdŧtbn u Ldobvu. Qrbhdk`n
D] vblg dst`Ďkb Qi`vbkb p`Ďdkou kgpghgtd K`rngkd, zvgkd Sgrogzd. U` ibfbkhd, vgrogŧld lkbz Zurdl,
`skdvgĎ hdkgstdob Zurdl`vdĆg, =3:. f`hdkb zguzb` ob K`vf`r`h, g kobf`v sdk @ibf spustd` sb kg
Hkobpgr, zguzb` Ldobv ==:. f`hdkb d uĎdkd` fg sv`o`n prbst`kda`n. Xgl` c`rndrgkg hršgvg kgzvgkg ob
Ldobvslg Zusdog, jdig ob prvg rgk`cbuhgikg hršgvg l`h Dst`Ďkdm Qi`vbkg u Ďdod su sgstgv uŧig nk`fg
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XurdstdĎl` put`vgkob u Q`vobtsld Qgvbz Qrbtbk QtgoĎdĆ
Qtrgkg | 71
si`vbkslg pibnbkg t`l`n D] d ] vblg. Zurdlu sb prdpdsuob ui`fg `skdvgĎg ruslb hršgvb, pg su sb svd
ldobvsld lkbz`vd h` 724=. f`hdkb zvgid Zurdl`vdĆd. (Dng` sgn prdidlu hg siuŧgn rgsprgvu u l`o`o sb
tvrhd hg Zurdl p`tdĎb dz k`rngksl`f pibnbkg Iousd, pg `tuhg d kgzdv zg kgojr`okdod si`vbksld kgr`h ‑
Zusd. Xgl`ċb sb f`v`rd ` kbhršgv`tv`rk`o ui`zd Zusg, obr su dn strgkad ‑ K`rngkd c`rndrgid prvu
rgk`cbuhgiku hršgvu. @vhb `hngm n`šbn` ulgzgtd kg pr`abs btkdĎlb dktbfrgadob, to. gsdndigadob K`rngkg u si`vbkslu ngsu. Urvd lkbz`vd Ldobvslb Zusdob ‑ @ibf (lkbz =64 ‑ 47:.) d Df`r (lkbz 47: -
482.) kgdznbkdĎk` su rgt`vgid d trf`vgid sg Sdzgktdo`n, g Df`r ob 488. f`hdkb sg Sdzgktdo`n zgliouĎd`
prvd trf`vgĎld uf`v`r< lkbz Sighdndr Qvogt`sigvdĎ (lkbz 46=-7572.) sg j`ogrdng d lkbšbvdng prbvb`
ob Zusdou u mrdŧĆgkstv` 4==. f`hdkb, prdndvŧd fg `h vdzgktdosldm svbŧtbkdlg. Urbl` mrdŧĆgkstvg Zusdog ob
h`ŧig h` pdsnbk`std (Ćdrdidag) d cbuhgikb luiturb, Ďdod su abktrd jdid prvbkstvbk` arlvb d ngkgstdrd.
Lkbz Ogr`sigv Nuhrd (lkbz 7574-7528.) dzvrŧd` ob l`hdcdlgadou cbuhgikdm hruŧtvbkdm `hk`sg, dzhgvŧd
zgl`ksld zjr`kdl ‑ Zuslg prgvhg, l`od ob lkbz Sighdndr N`k`ngm (lkbz 7771-77:2.) h`pukd` k`vdn
`hrbhjgng. Zusdog ob zg vrbnb Ogr`sigvg Nuhr`f, p`rbh Sdzgktdob, kgoogĎg hršgvg kg dst`lu Bvr`pb.
Bl`k`nsld d luiturkd rgzvdtgl h`šdviogvg _glgvlgzob, kgr`Ďdt` Fruzdog sg prbst`kda`n u Xjdidsdou u
]DD d ]DDD vblu, zg vrbnb vighgkog agrg Hgvdhg (75=4-77:2.) d agrdab Xgngrb (77=8-7:71.), zgtdn u
srbhko`o Gzdod ‑ XghšdĎlg hršgvg Qgngkdhg sg prbst`kda`n u Jumgrd lrgobn ] vblg lghg su zgvighgid
abidn Drgk`n. Xghg sb ogviog p`zkgtd iblgr d cdi`z`c Djk Qdkg did Gvdabkg (4=5-7516.), pdsga
nbhdadksl`f zj`rkdlg ‑ lgk`k nbhdadkb d hrufdm hbig.
Ldobvslg Zusdog sb rgspghg p`sib snrtd Sighdndrg N`k`ngmg kg ngkob lkbšbvdkb, ŧt` l`rdstb U`i`vad
(Lungkd) d hrufd k`nghd, ŧt` ob `pdsgk` u kgr`hk`n spbvu t`f vrbnbkg ‑ ‛Qi`v` ` p`i`lu Df`rbvb’ ‑
lghg k`vf`r`hsld lkbz Df`r Qvogt`sigvdĎ 77=2. f`hdkb vrŧd p`m`h pr`tdv U`i`vgag. R spbvu sb hgob
sidlg tbŧl`f vrbnbkg d prdlgzuob rgspgrĎgk`st zbniob d vbidlgŧlg kbsi`fg lg` uzr`l zig. Ldobvslg
Zusdog d cbuhgikb hršgvb _glgvlgzog d srbhkob Gzdob pgib su u ]DDD vblu p`h vigst N`kf`ig sg
Xbnuhšdk Hšdkfdks lgk`n kg Ďbiu (7722-7::6.). 7::1. f`hdkb kg rbad Lgild, N`kf`id su tbŧl`
p`rgzdid uhrušbku v`oslu rusldm lkbz`vg. Hšdkfdks-lgk`v kgsibhkdl Jgtu-lgk 7:85. f`hdkb, rgz`rd` ob
Ldobv. N`kf`islg vigst u Zusdod trgogig ob `h 7:85 h` 78=5. f`hdkb.
Xghg sb abktgr rusl`f hršgvk`f d p`idtdĎl`f šdv`tg p`nbrg kg sbvbr, u kbzgvdskd K`vf`r`h d srbhkouZusdou Ďdod ob abktgr N`slvg.
K`vf`r`h sb rgzvd` u ]DD vblu u kgprbhgk zgkgtsl`-trf`vgĎld abktgr. J`ogrd d trf`vad `frgkdĎdid su
vigst lkbzg d 7713. f`hdkb prbtv`rdid K`vf`r`h u frghslu cbuhgiku rbpujidlu p`h dnbk`n F`sp`hdk
Sbidld K`vf`r`h. ťdrbĆd sb kg sbvbr d dst`l p`stg` ob abktgr vbidlb hršgvb, tzv. K`vf`r`hslg zbniog.
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XurdstdĎl` put`vgkob u Q`vobtsld Qgvbz Qrbtbk QtgoĎdĆ
Qtrgkg | 78
K`vf`r`h ufr`šgvgou ťvbċgkd, zgtdn kbngĎld tbvt`ksld rdtbrd, l`ob ob zgustgvd` k`f`r`hsld lkbz
Giblsgkhgr Ogr`sigvdĎ Kbvsld (lkbz 7::=-7:31.) p`tulgvŧd ťvbċgkb kg rbad Kbvd 7:85. f`hdkb, g
kbngĎlb rdtbrb kg ibhu ĉuhsl`f obzbrg 7:8:. f`hdkb.
N`sl`vslg lkbšbvdkg rgzvdogig sb p`stbpbk`. N`slvg lg` kgsbiob p`ndkob sb prvd put 7786. f`hdkb, g
u ]DDD vblu p`stgob abktgr obhkb `h vgzgikdm lkbšbvdkg l`ob N`kf`idng pigĆgou hgkgl. Hršgvg ob kg
trf`vgĎl`n putu d jrz` sb rgzvdog pg ob lkbz Hdndtrdob H`ksld (7124 -71=4.) prv` put `zjdiok` p`rgzd`
N`kf`ib u jdad l`h sbig Luidl`vg kg rbad H`ku 71=5. f`hdkb, gid ob `si`j`ċbkob `h vgzgistvg p`stdfg`
tbl 78=5. f`hdkb. lkbz Dvgk DDD SgsdiobvdĎ (lkbz 783: ‑ 7252.) hrblgvŧd N`kf`idng hgkgl.
@k ob zgvrŧd` d ‛slupiogkob rusldm zbngiog’, p`l`rdvŧd d p`sibhkob ruslb lkbšbvdkb, pg d K`vf`r`h
786=. f`hdkb. U`sib Dvgkg DDD d kobf`v`f sdkg Sgsdidog (lkbz 7252 ‑ 7211.) zgvighg` ob Dvgk DS
SgsdiobvdĎ ‑ Fr`zkd (lkbz `h 7211. f`hdkb, g agr `h 7286 ‑ 72=8.). Adiobvd kobf`vb p`idtdlb jdid su
ogĎgkob agrslb vigstd d ŧdrbkob hršgvb. Hg jd sb `si`j`hd` v`okdĎlb zgvdsk`std `h j`ogrg, `sk`vg` obstgiku v`oslu, tgl`zvgkb ‛strbiab’ d sv`ou idĎku fgrhu ‛`prdĎkdlb’. Nk`fd j`ogrd l`od su sb pr`tdvdid jdid
su zgtv`rbkd d ujdobkd. Agr Dvgk DS ‑ Fr`zkd, pr`figŧgvg Zusdou zg agrbvdku d `tp`Ďdkob sg `svgogkodng
tgtgrsldm lgkgtg? Lgzgkosld lgkgt 722:. f`hdkb d Gstrgmgksld lgkgt 7223. f`hdkb, lghg ob ab` v`hbkd
put S`ifb h`ŧg` u ruslb rulb.
Kbŧt` h`akdob, l`zgĎld gtgngk Obrngl Xdn`cbobv p`Ďb` ob d sg `svgogkobn Qdjdrg 72=7. f`hdkb, Ďdnb
ob sdjdrsld tgtgrsld lgkgt lg` hršgvg jd` ukdŧtbk, g nk`fd kbrusld kgr`hd kgŧid sb p`h rusl`n vigŧĆu,
lg`? Xgtgrd, ĉuvgŧd, Jgŧldrd, ĉbrlbzd d hrufd.
_g vrbnb Dvgkg Fr`zk`f p`f`rŧg` sb p`i`šgo sbioglg, pg sbiogad p`Ďdkou ngs`vk` jbšgtd u pustg p`iog
Rlrgodkb, kg H`k, Hkobpgr, Lujgk, dth. Xu sb `h kodm d kodng sidĎkdm jbfukgag p`Ďbig c`rn drgtd
p`sbjkg s`adogikg frupg ‑ l`zgad, l`od Ćb h`akdob dngtd vgšku ui`fu u rusl`o dst`rdod.
U`sib Dvgkg Fr`zk`f kgstgob ‛snutk`ob’ vrbnb sg puk` p`jukg j`ogrg d sbioglg. X` sb h`fgċg zg
vrbnb vighgvdkb agrg J`rdsg F`huk`vg (agr 724= ‑ 7352.). Xghg sb ogvi ogou igškd agrbvd lg` t`j`škod
sdk Dvgkg DS Hdndtrdob D, zgtdn Hdndtrdob DD l`od p`luŧgvgou hg uz p`n`Ć p`jukobkdm sbioglg d
dktbrvbkadob p`iosl`f lrgiog Qdfdsnukhg DDD (72=6 ‑ 731:.) h`ċu kg vigst, gid su p`fujiobkd.
Kg lrgou su sb j`ogrd, hg jd sndrdid sdtugadou, kgf`hdid sg p`iosldn lrgiobn Qdfdsnukh`n DDD hg zg
rusl`f agrg prdnb kobf`v`f sdkg Sighdsigvg (agr 7375 ‑ 737:.). Kobf`vg vighgvdkg sg `si`kabn kg
U`ioglb prbtv`rdig sb u p`luŧgo p`iosldm pgk`vg hg zgvighgou Zusdo`n, ŧt` ob d dzgzvgi` svb`pŧtd
ustgkgl p`h v`ċstv`n Ndkdkg, frgċgkdkg Kdškobf K`vf`r`hg d lkbzg Hdndtrdog U`šgrsl`f (`l` 726=
- `l` 738:.), pg ob p`iosld Sighdsigv zjgĎbk d pr`tbrgk.
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XurdstdĎl` put`vgkob u Q`vobtsld Qgvbz Qrbtbk QtgoĎdĆ
Qtrgkg | 72
K`vd agr Zusdob p` `hiuad _bngksl`f sgj`rg p`stg` ob j`ogr Ndmgdi Co`h`r`vdĎ Z`ngk`v (7371-
7382.), `skdvgĎ hdkgstdob Z`ngk`vg l`og ob vighgig Zusdo`n `h 7371 ‑ 7476. f`hdkb. _g vrbnb agrg
Ndmgdig d kobf`vdm kgsibhkdlg h`ŧi` ob h` lrupkdm pr`nbkg u vrbnb vighgkog agrg Giblsbog (agr 7382
‑ 7363.) d Co`h`rg GiblsbobvdĎg (agr 7363 ‑ 73=:.), lghg sb p`rbh zbnio`rghkob rgzvdog zgkgtstv`,
`tvgrgou prvd ruhkdad d p`hdšu ngkucglturb, g p`vbĆgvg sb d ukutrgŧkog d sp`iokg trf`vdkg prbl` iulbGrmgkfbislg (`sk`vgk 72=8). R vrbnb h` lrgog ]SDD vblg `sv`obk ob p`rbh zgpghk`f d dst`Ďkd Qdjdr.
L`zgl Hbškobv dzjd` ob kg tdmd `lbgk 73=8., g l`zgl Mgjgr`v kg rblu Gnur 7327., pg su nk`fd k`vd
kgr`hd p`tpgid p`h vigst Zusdob, lg` Jurogt`-N`kf`id, Mglgsd, Bvbkld, Oglutd d hrufd.
Dst`vrbnbk` sb kgsdik` l`i`kdzdrgou rusld sbiogad, hg jd sb l`rdstd` j`fgtd Qdjdr, pg kdĎu prvg utvrċbkog d
frgh`vd lg` up`rdŧtg k`vb ruslb vigstd u Qdjdru. R t` vrbnb ob Zusdod prdp`obkg f`t`v` abig Rlrgodkg uz
p`n`Ć p`jukb l`zglg pr`tdv p`iosldm pgk`vg (738= ‑ 7336.) p`h v`ċstv`n l`zgĎl`f mbtngkg
J`fhgkg Mnbiokdal`f.
_j`f p`vbĆgkb blspi`gtgadob h`igzd h` vbidl`f sbiogĎl`f ustgklg (7336 ‑ 7367.), l`od ob zgmvgtd`
prbhbib H`kg d S`ifb p`h v`ċstv`n h`ksl`f l`zglg Qtbpgkg Xdn`cbobvdĎg Zgzdkg, l`nb su sb
prdhrušdid d sbiogad kbrusldm kgr`hk`std.
KgovbĆd prb`jrgšgo cbuhgikg Zusdog h`šdviogvg zg agrg Ubtrg D Sbidl`f (agr 73=: ‑ 76:2.). @k ob h`vb`
strgkb prdvrbhkb, tbmkdĎlb d v`okb struĎkoglb, p`hstdag` `tvgrgkob k`vdm ruhkdlg, ngkucglturg,
rbc`rndsg` v`oslu d hršgvku uprgvu, `tv`rd` jr`okb ŧl`ib? puŧlgrslu 7344. f`hdkb, grtdiobrdoslu d
kgvdfgad`ku 7657. f`hdkb, p`n`rslu glghbndou 7672. f`hdkb. Ubtgr D sb d sgn usgvrŧgvg` kg zgpghu
(M`igkhdog) d `vighg` ob sg kbl`idl` zgkgtg. Qngkod` ob utdago arlvb d p`tĎdkd` ob sbjd, uldku` ob zvgkob
pgtrdogrmg d vrm`vku vigst prbkb` kg Qvbtd Qdk`h. Qvb `vb rbc`rnb p`vbĆgib su kgnbt kg sbioglb pg ob
h`igzdi` h` vdŧb ustgkglg. Qp`iokg p`idtdlg Ubtrg D jdig ob blspgkzdvkg. Qg rgzidĎdtdn uspbm`n j`rd` sb
pr`tdv Xurglg l`h Gz`vg, p`rgzd` ťvbċgkb 7654. f`hdkb u jdad l`h U`itgvb, zgtdn ob h`jd` dzigz kg
JgitdĎl` n`rb u ŧdr`l`n p`ogsu `h Cdksl`f h` Zdŧl`f zgidvg, pg su d prdjgitdĎld kgr`hd Lgrbid,
Bst`kad, Ibt`kad, g h`akdob d Idtvgkad pgid p`h ruslu vigst. R t`lu rgtg Ubtgr ob kg Cdksl`n zgidvu
p`hdfg` Ubtr`frgh 7651. f`hdkb, g 7671. uĎdkd` ob sv`o`n prbst`kda`n. U`tlrgo kobf`vb vighgvdkb
`sv`obk ob d hb` Gzbrjbohšgkg s Jglu`n.
U`sib Ubtrg D vighgi` ob kbl`idl` jbzkgĎgokdm agrbvg d agrdag p`rbh kbŧt` zkgĎgokdob Gkb Dvgk`vkb
(7615 ‑ 7685.) d Obidsgvbtb Ubtr`vkb (7687 ‑ 7637.) lghg ob Gz`v p`k`v` `sv`obk `h Xurglg.
Zusdog h`stdšb luindkgadou u vrbnb agrdab Lgtgrdkb DD Giblsbobvkb (76:4 ‑ 7643.), agrdag `h 763:.
f`hdkb. Blspgkzdvk`n sp`iok`n p`idtdl`n d k`vdn `svgogkodng kgst`ogig ob hg zgh`v`iod dktbrbsb
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XurdstdĎl` put`vgkob u Q`vobtsld Qgvbz Qrbtbk QtgoĎdĆ
Qtrgkg | 73
f`rkodm si`obvg (pibnstv` d trf`vab) sg k`vdn zbniogng, tršdŧtdng, trf`vgĎldn putbvdng, pg ob u
prv`n rgtu pr`tdv Xurslb 763= ‑ 7668. `sv`odig o`ŧ obhgk hb` Rlrgodkb dznbċu Hkobprg d Jufg, abiu
sbvbrku `jgiu Ark`f n`rg, sbn Lrdng. Zusdog ob h`jdig d prgv` zgŧtdtb mrdŧĆgkg u Xursl`o, zgtdn ob
`svgogkog up`tpukdig gkblsdo`n Jul`vdkb 7662. d Lrdng 76=1. f`hdkb, lghg ob uldkutg d gut`k`ndog
zgp`r`ŧldm l`zglg. R hruf`n rgtu pr`tdv Xurslb 76=6 ‑ 764:. l`od ob v`hdig u sgvbzu sg gustrdosldn
agrbn O`sdp`n DD d uz uĎbŧĆb Qrjg (L`Ďdkg Lrgokg), lghg ob prdp`obkg N`ihgvdog.
Agrdag Lgtgrdkg ob v`hdig `svgogĎlu p`idtdlu d prbng U`iosl`o l`og ob u p`zkgtb trd hb`jb 766:, 7641 d
7642. f`hdkb jdig ukdŧtbkg lg` hršgvg ` p`hbiobkg dznbċu Zusdob, Gustrdob d Uruslb, prd Ďbnu ob Zusdog
h`jig :/1 p`ioslb hršgvkb tbrdt`rdob, ufigvk`n Jbi`rusdou, zgpghku Rlrgodku d dst`Ďku U`ioslu. Hgiog
`svgogkog jdig su usnbrbkg kg _glgvlgzob ‑ `svgogkob Fruzdob 76=1 -7=77. f`hdkb, stgviogkob
Obrnbkdob p`h pr`tblt`rgt lrgobn ]SDDD vblg, u srbhko`o Gzdod `svgogkob Lgzgmstgkg (zgp`Ďbt` o`ŧ
7617) d sbvbr`dst`Ďkd Qdjdr (`svgogkob LgnĎgtlb o`ŧ `h 76:2) `hglib su rusl d kgsbiobkdad pr`hrid kg
Giogslu 7665. f`hdkb d `sk`vgid l`i`kdob `l` 76=5. f`hdkb.
Zuslg luiturg t`f vrbnbkg jbibšd lrupkb uspbmb? `skdvgkob Glghbndob kgulg 76:2, N`sl`vsl`f
ukdvbrzdtbtg 7622 d Glghbndob unbtk`std 7626. f`hdkb. Xghg hbiuou kguĎkdad d pdsa d Ndmgdi
I`n`k`s`v (7677-7632.), Dvgk U`izuk`v, Co`h`r K`vdl`v d Giblsbo ZghdŧĎbv. _j`f p`ogĎgkb
blspi`gtgadob h`igzd h` jr`okdm p`jukg, ustgklg kbrusldm kgr`hg d sbiogĎldm ustgkglg l`od luindkdrgou
u sbiogĎl`n rgtu (7661-62.) p`h Obnbiogk`n UufgĎ`v`n (`l` 768: ‑ 7662.), lghg ustgkdad zguzdngou
Lgzgk d pr`ŧdruou ustgkgl kg Rrgi, U`v`i`šob d hb` Qdjdrg, g uz sbioglb d l`zglb j`rb sb d rghkdad dz
ruhkdlg d ngkucglturg (`l` 25.555), lg` d sbiogad kbrusldm kgr`hk`std, Ďdnb ob prvd put u rusl`o dst`rdod`stvgrbk j`rjbkd sgvbz rghkdlg, sbioglg d rusl`f kgr`hg sg hrufdn ufkobtbkdn kgr`hdng. Qur`v` su
lgškobkd v`ċb ustgklg d pr`frbsdvkd rusld pdsad l`od su hdzgid figs pr`tdv lnbtstvg d agrsl`f
sgn`hršgviog, lg` K`vdl`v d ZghdŧĎbv l`od ob jd` `suċbk kg snrt , pg lghg nu ob lgzkg zgnbkobkg
pr`f`kstv`n u Qdjdr `k ob dzvrŧd` sgn`ujdstv` 7=5:. f`hdkb.
Crgkauslg jurš`gslg rbv`iuadog zgjrdkogvgig ob ruslb vigst`hršab, pg ob agr Ugvib D (vighg` 7643 ‑
7=57.), p`Ďb` rgt pr`tdv Crgkauslb 76=4. (u sli`pu tzv. DD l`gidadob) d p`sig` v`oslu p`h l`ngkh`n
fbkbrgig Quv`r`vg u Dtgidou d ťvgoagrslu. Ugvi`v sdk agr Giblsgkhgr D (7=57 ‑ 7=:2.) kgstgvd` ob `Ďbvu
p`idtdlu, g lgh `h p`ngfgkog Gustrdob d Uruslb kdob dng` l`rdstd, `khg ob u Xdizdtu 7=56. zgliouĎd` s
Kgp`ib`k`n ndr d sgvbz. Zusdog ob `v` prdndrob dsl`rdstdig hg u rgtu pr`tdv ťvbhslb 7=5= ‑ 7=54.
`trfkb Cdkslu, l`og ob 7=54. f`hdkb prdliouĎbkg Zusdod lg` ‛vbidlg lkbšbvdkg’, g u rgtu pr`tdv Xurslb
Julurbŧtgksldn ndr`n 7=7:. `trfig ob d prdp`odig Jbsgrgjdou.
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XurdstdĎl` put`vgkob u Q`vobtsld Qgvbz Qrbtbk QtgoĎdĆ
Qtrgkg | 76
Ndr sg Kgp`ibk`n rgsldkut ob Kgp`ib`k`vdn p`m`h`n kg Zusdou 7=7:. f`hdkb u l`nb ob `svgogĎu
prušbk skgšgk `tp`r u jdtlgng l`h Qn`ibkslg, J`r`hdkg, Ngi`ogr`sigvbag. _gobhk` sg v`osl`n, p`h
l`ngkh`n fbkbrgig Lutuz`vg, ngs`vk` ob uĎbstv`vg` d kgr`h u pgrtdzgksl`o j`rjd. Nghg ob
prdvrbnbk` zguzbig N`slvu, Kgp`ib`k`vg grndog n`rgig sb p`vuĆd sg vbidldn fujdadng. U`sib t`fg
h`ŧi` ob h` p`zkgtb jdtlb kgr`hg l`og sb sngtrg kgovbĆ`n jdtl`n K`v`f vblg ‑ prb svbtsldm rgt`vg.
Jdtlg kgr`hg jdig ob l`h Igopadfg, v`ċbkg ob `h 73. h` 74. `lt`jrg 7=71. f`hdkb. R ko`o su Zusd
uĎbstv`vgid sg 7:6.555 v`okdlg, g Gustrdogkad sg =4.555 (prbtbšk` si`vbksld šdvgio), Urusd sg 6:.555 d
ťvbċgkd sg 7=.555 v`okdlg p`jbhdid su Kgp`ib`kg l`od ob prbhv`hd` 745.555 Crgkauzg, tgl` hg ob u
`v`o jdad uĎbstv`vgi` `l` p`ig ndid`kg v`okdlg. Kgp`ib`k ob dzfujd` zgobhk` sg zgr`jiobkdn 755.555
v`okdlg, g kg strgkd sgvbzkdlg dzfdkui` ob ::.555 Zusg, 73.555 Urusg, 78.555 Gustrdogkgag d 155
ťvbċgkg. U`v`h`n st`f`hdŧkodab jdtlb u jidzdkd Igopadfg p`hdfkut ob 7471. f`hdkb obhgk `h kgovbĆdm
bvr`psldm sp`nbkdlg, tbšgl `l` 155.555 t`kg, sg 35 nbtgrg ŧdr`ldn rbiobc`n jdtlb sg jr`okdn
rgtkdadng. Qp`nbkdl ob vds`l 47 nbtgr, g rgsp`k pdrgndhb prd hku dzk`sd 7:8 nbtrg. R kobf`v`n
abktru ob vbidlg l`kabrtkg hv`rgkg vgkrbhkb glustdlb.
U`sib p`jbhb kgh Kgp`ib`k`n Zusdog, Uruslg d Gustrdog sligpgou rbglad`kgrkd sgvbz ‑ Qvbtu Gidogksu
7=78/72. fuŧbĆd svb rbv`iuad`kgrkb d kgad`kgik`-`si`j`hdigĎlb p`lrbtb, l`odm ob kgr`Ďdt` jdi` u agrsl`o
Zusdod. @h 7=73. u Zusdod ob p`h utdagobn crgkauslb jurš`gslb rbv`iuadob `sk`vgk` vdŧb tgokdm
rbv`iuad`kgrkdm hruŧtgvg ‑ ‛Qgvbz spgsbkog’ - 7=73., ‛Qgvbz jigf`stgkog’ - 7=7=., ‛Qbvbrk` hruŧtv`’ -
7=:7., ‛Oušk` hruŧtv`’ - 7=:7. d ‛Hruŧtv` uobhdkobkob Qi`vbkg’ - 7=:1. f`hdkb. Kodm`v adio jd` ob
uldhgkob lnbtstvg d agrsl`f sgn`hršgviog d spr`v`ċbkob idjbrgrk` ‑ jurš`gsldm rbc`rnd. Kgr`Ďdt` su
gltdvkd jdid ‛Qbvbrk` hruŧtv`’ sg sbhdŧtbn u Ubtr`frghu (v`ċb Nurgvo`v, Xrujbald, Lgm`vsld) d
‛Oušk` hruŧtv`’ sg sbhdŧtbn u Ldobvu (v`ċb Ubstbio, Nurgvo`v-Gp`st`i, Zdiob obv, Jbstušbv ‑ Zoundk).
L`rdstbĆd snrt agrg Giblsgkhrg D Ďigk`vd ‛Qbvbrk`f hruŧtvg’ hdfid su p`juku hblgjrdstg 78. hbabnjrg
(`tuh hblgjrdstd) 7=:2. f`hdkb, lghg su `hjdid hg sb zgluku kg vbrk`st k`v`n agru Kdl`igou D (vighg`
7=:2-7=22.). Hblgjrdstd su jdid pibndĆd rbv`iuad`kgrd d prbtbšk` `sdr`ngŧbkd pibndĆd ‑ `cdadrd. U`jukg
ob ufuŧbkg obr kdob jdig p`vbzgkg sg ŧdrdn kgr`hkdn si`obvdng. Hvb kbhbiob lgskdob pigkuig ob u
Rlrgodkd k`vg p`jukg ‑ ‛Oušk` hruŧtv`’, gid ob d `kg ufuŧbkg. Agr Kdl`igo D `jrgĎukg` sb sg
p`jukobkdadng tgl` ŧt` ob p`vbŧg` kodm`vb v`ċb Ubstbiog, Zdidobvg, Lgm`vsl`f, Nurgvo`v ‑ Gp`st`ig d
Jbstušbv ‑ Zoundkg, g `l` 7:5 p`jukobkdlg p`sig` kg r`jdou d u pr`f`ks tv`. Qg hblgjrdstdng p`Ďdkob
u Zusdod rbv`iuad`kgrkg j`rjg hg sb uldkb lnbtstv` d hg Zusdog p`stgkb ustgvkg n`kgrmdog (pr`frgn
‛Qbvbrk`f hruŧtvg’) did hg sb `j`rd n`kgrmdog d Zusdog prbtv`rd u hbn`lrgtslu rbpujidlu (pr`frgn
‛Oušk`f hruŧtvg’). Nk`fd rusld pdsad, lg` Uuŧldk, Mbrabk, Jbidksld ‑ 7=77-7=8=., ĉbrkdŧbvsld d hrufd
sdnpgtdsgid su hblgjrdstb d kodm`vu j`rju kgstgvdid. Xghg kgstgob pbrd`h kgoarkob rbgladob, tzv. ‑
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XurdstdĎl` put`vgkob u Q`vobtsld Qgvbz Qrbtbk QtgoĎdĆ
Qtrgkg | 7=
‛agrstv` šgkhgrng d Ďdk`vkdlg’, `sk`vgkg ob spbadogikg p`idtdĎlg p`idadog, ŧt` dzgzdvg k`vb p`jukb d
ustgklb lg` d kgad`kgikb ustgklb u U`iosl`o d Idtvd 7=15/17. f`hdkb. _g vighgvdkb agrg Kdl`igog D jdi`
ob `l` 845 p`jukg. Xghg sb ogviogou lruš`ad s`adogidstg-ut`pdstg, lg` lruš`l Ubtruŧbvgag l`od ob
hbi`vg` 7=82-84. p`h v`ċstv`n JutgŧbvdĆg-Ubtruŧbvsl`f, l`nb ob prdpghg` d H`st`obvsld.
D ruslg lkodšbvk`st p`stbpbk` p`stgob dzrgz rbv`iuad`kgrkdm dhbog prbl` Uuŧldkg (7644 -7=16.),
ťbvĎbklg (7=78-7=37.), Iobrn`kt`vg (7=78-7=87.) d F`f`iog (7=54-7=2:.). Agr Kdl`igo D šbst`l` ob
pr`f`kd` svb prbhstgvkdlb rbv`iuad`kgrkb ndsid, kg prdnbr ujdstv` Uuŧldkg d Iobrn`kt`vg u
dsabkdrgkdn hv`j`odng, prbrgkg snrt Jbidksl`f, pr`f`kstv` ťbvĎbklg kg Lgvlgz, g v`okdĎld ob
dktbrvbkdsg` d u fuŧbkou ngċgrslb rbv`iuadob lghg ob ngċgrslg rbv`iuad`kgrkg v`oslg lgpdtuidrgig prbh
rusldn trupgng l`h Sdigf`ŧg 7=84. f`hdkb. Agr Kdl`igo D v`hd dzrgzdt` blspgkzdvku p`idtdlu, tb u rgtu
pr`tdv Ubrsdob (7=:3-7=:=.) `svgog dst`Ďku Obrnbkdou, g u rgtu pr`tdv Xurslb (7=:=-:4.) `svgog uŧĆb
Hukgvg d lgvlgslu ark`n`rslu `jgiu. R Lrdnsl`n rgtu (7=21-23.) Zusdog ob p`jbċbkg `h Xurslb d
kobkdm sgvbzkdlg Bkfibslb, Crgkauslb, Qgrhdkdob, lghg ob dzfujdig Jbsgrgjdou d rgkdod utdago kg Jgilgku.
U`sib `v`f p`rgzg, g upigŧbk `h rbv`iuad`kgrkdm p`jukg d ustgkglg agr Giblsgkhgr DD (vighg` 7=22-
7==7.) dzhg` ob 74.:.7=37. f`hdkb ngkdcbst ` `si`jgċgkou sbioglg, Ďdnb ob uldkut` lnbtstv`, gid ob
zbnig `stgig u rulgng vbidl`p`sbhkdlg.
Rldhgkobn cbuhgikdm `hk`sg, vbidld jr`o si`j`hkb rghkb skgfb h`prdk`sd rgzv`od lgpdtgidzng d
lgpdtgidstdĎlb prdvrbhb. Lgl` kdob rbŧbk` gfrgrk` pdtgkob, t` rbc`rnb kdsu zgh`v`iodib kd sbioglb kd
rbv`iuad`kgrkb hbn`lrgtb, pg ob u tglvdn usi`vdng c`rndrgkg s`adogiut`pdstdĎlg struog l og ob h`jdig
puk dzrgz u kgr`hkogŧtvu, l`ob sb `fibhg u ngs`vk`n p`m`hu dktbibltugigag u kgr`h (sbiogŧtv`) rghd
kobf`v`f pr`svbĆdvgkog d juċbkog, g lgh tb gladob kdsu hgib rbzuitgtg rgz`Ďgrgkd kgr`hkogad prbigzb kg
dkhdvdhugikd tbr`r pr`tdv agrsldm vigst`hršgag. U`frbŧkg hruŧtvbk`p`idtdĎlg smvgtgkog v`ċg kgr`hkoglg
(Igvr`v 7=:1-7455.) d hrufdm, hg Zusdog n`šb ndn`dĆd lgpdtgidstdĎld put rgzvdtlg lrdtdl`vgid su
ĉbrkdŧbvsld d Uibmgk`v, gid ob kgr`hkogŧtv` u dhbok`n sndsiu l`kgĎk` rgzjd` Ibkodk. ĉbrkdŧbvsld
(7=:=-7==4.) rusld lrdtdĎgr, lkodšbvkdl d bstbtdĎgr, u sv`n r`ngku ‛ťtg hg sb rghd’ pr`pgfdrg
s`adogiut`pdstdĎlb p`fibhb. Ur`pgfdrg` ob dhbob sbiogĎolb rbv`iuadob. Quċbk ob d pr`fkgk u Qdjdr. (Dhbob
kgrh`koglg d ĉbrkdŧbvsl`f skgšk` su utdagib kg srpsl`f s`adogidstu Qvbt`zgrg Ngrl`vdĆg). Kgr`hkogad
su ujdid agrg Giblsgkhrg DD, gid gtbktgt kg agrg Giblsgkhrg DDD (vighg` 7==7-7=48.) dzvrŧbk 7==6.f`hdkb, kdob uspb`, pg su `rfgkdzgt`rd jdid `jbŧbkd, nbċu kodng d Ibkodk`v stgrdod jrgt Giblsgkhg r DidĎ
Riogk`v. RvdċgouĆd ŧtbtku hbigtk`st rgz`Ďgrgkdm kgr`hkoglg u dkhdvdhugik`n tbr`ru, Uibmgk`v (7=23-
747=.) dm ob kgpustd` d `suhd` tglvu gltdvk`st, g tghg sgsvdn o`ŧ nighd Ibkodk dzogvd` ob kg vbst `
p`fujiobkou sv`f jrgtg ‑ ‛Kb, nd kbĆbn` p`Ćd tdn putbn’.
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XurdstdĎl` put`vgkob u Q`vobtsld Qgvbz Qrbtbk QtgoĎdĆ
Qtrgkg | 74
LgpdtgidstdĎlg prdvrbhg d lgpdtgidstdĎld `hk`sd p`sib 7=37. (uldhgkob lnbtstvg) rgzvdogou sb vb`ng jrz`.
R p`obhdkdn cgjrdlgng rghd d prbl` 7.555 rghkdlg.
Zgzvdtgl lgpdtgidzng prgĆbk ob d k`vdn `svgogkodng ŧbzhbsbtdm f`hdkg ]D] vblg. H`vrŧbk` ob
`svgogkb Lgzgmstgkg, Ldrhdzdob d Rzjbldstgkg u srbhko`o Gzdod, g h` lrgog ]D] vblg `sv`obkd su
Jumgrsld, Mdvsld d L`lgkhsld lgkgt, Xurlbkdog d Ugndr. Frghko`n _glgspdoslb d Xrgksdjdrslb
šbibzkdab, kgoj`fgtdod prbhbid ruslb Gzdob uliouĎbkd su u lgpdtgidstdĎl` tršdŧtb. U`luŧgo hg sb rgt`n
pr`tdv Xurslb 7=63-7=6=. pr`ŧdrd kg Jgilgk `kbn`fuĆbk ob Jbridksldn l`kfrbs`n 7=6= . f`hdkb, g
Zusdog ob uspbig hg `h Xurslb h`jdob sgn` Jbsgrgjdou d kblb lgvlgsl`-gzdoslb prbhbib.
Q p`rgst`n lgpdtgidstdĎlb prdvrbhb uvbĆg` sb d jr`o rghkdlg, pg ob lrgobn ]D] vblg u lrupkdn
prbhuzbĆdng d kg šbibzkdĎldn prufgng jdi` : ndid`kg rghkdlg. Kodm`v p`i`šgo ob jd` vb`ng tbšgl?
kghkdab kdslb, g rghkd hgk d h` 73 Ďgs`vg. SbĆ sbhgnhbsbtdm f`hdkg ]D] vblg `skdvgou sb prvb
rbv`iuad`kgrkb rghkdĎlb `rfgkdzgadob, l`ob p`Ďdkou `ŧtru ŧtrgolgĎlu j`rju. ťdrb sb ngrlsdstdĎlb dhbob d`skdvgou prvb ngrlsdstdĎlb `rfgkdzgadob. Obhgk `h prvdm pr`pgfgt`rg ngrlsdzng ob Uibmgk`v, l`od u
bndfrgadod u Ūbkbvd `skdvg 7==1. f`hdkb prvu ruslu ngrlsdstdĎlu frupu ‛@si`jgċgkob rghg’.
_gtdn sb `skdvgou ngrlsdstdĎld lruš`ad d frupb u sgn`o Zusdod, l`od `lupiogou ufigvk`n dktbibltugiab d
Ďdtgvu hbabkdou kdsu jdid p`vbzgkd sg rghkdĎldn p`lrbt`n. Xgo kbh`stgtgl uli`kd` ob Ibkodk (7=65 -
74:8.) lghg ob 7=41. f`hdkb p`Ďb` uv`hdtd d rghkdlb u tb lruš`lb. Kobf`vdn kgst`ogkobn lruš`ad su sb
7=42. f. uobhdkdid u ngrlsdstdĎlu `rfgkdzgadou, g 7=4=. f. h`ŧi` ob h` `skdvgkog Zuslb
s`adogihbn`lrgtslb rghkdĎlb pgrtdob ZQHZU. K`v`stv`rbkg sdtugadog utdĎb d kg lkodšbvk`st, ŧt` sb
`fibhg u uĎvrŧĆbkou lrdtdĎl`f rbgidzng Ďdod su figvkd prbhstgvkdad? Xurfbkobv (7=7= -7==1.), F`kĎgr`v
(7=7:-7=47.), I.K. X`ist`o (7=:=-7475.), H`st`obvsld (7=:7-7==7.) d hrufd, zgtdn rbgidstdĎl` sidlgrstv`
dng sv`ob dzrgzdtb prbhstgvkdlb u Zobpdku (7=88-7415.) d Qurdl`vu (7=8=-7473.), g nuzdlg u
Nus`f`rsl`n (7=14-7==7.), Zdnsld-L`rsgl`vu (7=88-745=.), J`r`hdku (7=11-7==6.) d ĉgol`vsl`n
(7=85-7=41.).
Kg prbigzu ]D] u ]] vbl, Zusdog ob uŧig u cgzu dnpbrdogidzng, `skdvgou sb n`k`p`id, h`igzd h`
spgogkog dkhustrdosl`n d jgklgrsl`f u cdkgksdosld lgpdtgi. Dst`vrbnbk` sb kg sbiu d hgiob `hršgvgou
p`iucbuhgikd `hk`sd, rghkdĎlg ligsg ob `jbsprgviobkg. Ibkodk ob rusld dnpbrdogidzgn kgzvg` ‛v`ok`-
cbuhgikd dnpbrdogidzgn’.R tglvdn usi`vdng ruslg rghkdĎlg ligsg p`stgob k`sdiga rbv`iuad`kgrkb j`rjb
d prbhv`hd sbiogŧtv` d ufkobtbkb kbruslb kgr`hb, ŧt` sb `fibhg u jr`okdn ŧtrgol`vdng, hbn`kstrgadogng.
R tglvdn usi`vdng h`vrŧbk` ob `skdvgkob Zuslb s`adogihbn`lrgtlsb rghkdĎlb pgrtdob kg DD l`kfrbsu u
Jrdsbiu d I`kh`ku 7451. f`hdkb. Dst`vrbnbk` h`igzd h` p`ogvb `p`rtukdstdĎldm struog p`h utdagobn
jurš`gzdob l`ob `skdvgou pgrtdou Q`adogirbv`iuad`kgrg did ‛bsbrg’.
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XurdstdĎl` put`vgkob u Q`vobtsld Qgvbz Qrbtbk QtgoĎdĆ
Qtrgkg | :5
Zbv`iuadog `h 7452. f`hdkb, kdob uspbig, gid ob dngig vbidld zkgĎgo kg uĎvrŧĆdvgkou sgvbzg dznbċu
rghkdlg d sbioglg d stbĎbk` ob vbidl` dslustv` zg l`ob Ibkodk lgšb ‑ hg ob t` ‛fbkbrgikg pr`jg’ jbz l`ob
jd p`jbhg `lt`jgrslb s`adogidstdĎlb rbv`iuadob kbn`fuĆg. U`sib ob h`ŧi` h` p`zkgtb rbgladob rbšdng d
rgĎukg sb hg ob `h 7456-7454. f`hdkb, `jbŧbk` `l` : mdioghb iouhd, :2 mdioghg `suċbk` kg r`jdou did
pr`f`kstv`. Sighg ob dst`vrbnbk` vrŧdig prbsbiogvgkob sbioglg dz rusldm `jigstd u Qdjdr d hrufb gzdoslb
rb`kb. H` 7475. f`hdkb prbsbiobk` ob `l` :,2 ndid`kg, g svb u adiou hg jd sb p`ogĎgi` ufkobtgvgkob
kbrusldm kgr`hk`std.
F`hdkb 7471. u agrsl`o Zusdod ob kg sbiu šdvbi` `l` =:% stgk`vkdŧtvg. U`io`prdvrbhg ob jdig figvkg
prdvrbhkg frgkg sg 27,8% kgad`kgik`f h`m`tlg, dkhustrdog sg :=%, g prb`stgidm :5,3% hgvgid su
frgċbvdkgrstv`, trgksp`rt, trf`vdkg. R p`io`prdvrbhd ob jdi` zgp`sibk` » gltdvk`f stgk`vkdŧtvg, g sgn`
4% zgp`ŧiogvgid su dkhustrdog d frgċbvdkgrstv`. Kgad`kgikd h`m`hgl p` figvd stgk`vkdlg dzk`sd` ob 757
rujiou, ŧt` ob tghg jdi` 6 putg ngkob `h kgad`kgik`f h`m`tlg u QGH. Obhkg `h spbadcdĎk`std ruslb
prdvrbhb d rgzv`og lgpdtgidzng jdig ob vds`lg st`pg lrupkdm prbhuzbĆg, 1 putg vbĆg kbf` u KbngĎl`o.
@vd prdvrbhkd cglt`rd su kg spbadcdĎgk kgĎdk usi`vdid d utdagid kg rgzv`o s`adogidstdĎlb rbv`iuadob u Zusdod.
Dst`vrbnbk` u ZQHZU ogĎg utdago j`ioŧbvdlg, kgr`Ďdt` p`sib l`kc brbkadob u Urgfu 747:. f`hdkb, lghg
sb hbcdkdtdvk` c`rndrg pgr tdog j`ioŧbvdlg. U`h ogldn utdagobn j`ioŧbvdlg, pbtr`frghsld rghkdad su ::.
gprdig 747:. f`hdkb p`lrbkuid idst ‛Urgvhg’ l`od ob `hngm p`stg` `rfgk Ugrtdob j`ioŧbvdlg d dng` ob
zkgĎgoku ui`fu u vgspdtgkou ngsg prbh `lt`jgrslu rbv`iuadou. _kgtgk utdago dng` ob d r`ngk Nglsdng
F`rl`f ‛Ngtd’ l`od ob dzgŧg` 7453. f`hdkb.
R D svbtsl`n rgtu Zusdog ob jdig sg sdigng Gktgktb ‑ Zusdog, Crgkauslg, Bkfibslg ‑ pr`tdv abktrgikdm
sdig ‑ KbngĎlg, Gustrdog d hrufd. Ibkodk ob o`ŧ 7478. f`hdkb dstglg` ngkdcbst pr`tdv rgtg d kobf`v`
prbtvgrgkob u frgċgksld rgt zg `si`j`ċbkob `h blspi`gtgadob agrsl`f sgn`hršgviog d dnpbrdogidzng.
Kbuspbm u rgtu dzgzdvg kbzgh`v`iostv` u kgr`hu, ogviogou sb jr`okd ŧtrgol`vd d hbn`kstrgadob, g 7473.
f`hdkb h`igzd h` ngs`vkdm ustgkglg ufkobtbkdm kgr`hg ‑ Lgzgmg, Ldrfdzg, Rzjblg, Xghšdlg,
Xurlnbkg. Hršgvkd gpgrgt p`lgzuob zkglb rgspghgkog, g vighb sb Ďbst` nbkogou. Xghg sb ogviog d
ZgspuĆdk (Frdf`rdo Obcdn`vdĎ ‑ ZgspuĆdk 7=6:-7473.), l`od ob dng` vbidld utdago kg hv`r d agrg.
ZgspuĆdk ob sdjdrsld sbiogl, pust`i`v, u nigh`std l`ko`lrghdag, zgtdn vbrsld sbltgŧ l`od sb jgvd`
‛pr`rdagkobn’ d ‛ibĎbkobn’. R Ubtr`frgh ob h`ŧg` 7452. f`hdkb d prbl` suobvbrkb d rgzvrgtkbgrdst`lrgtdob 7456. f`hdkb h`spb` kg agrsld hv`r d vb`ng utdag` kg p`r`hdau agrg Kdl`igog DD, g
kgr`Ďdt` kg agrdau. ťtbtgk utdago sb kgr`Ďdt` dsp`iod` u vrbnb D svbtsl`f rgtg lghg ob `lrušbk kbngĎldn
gfbktdng utdag` kg snbkodvgkob d p`stgviogkob v`okdm zgp`vbhkdlg d ndkdstgrg. R hbabnjru 7473.
f`hdkb n`kgrmdstd su sli`pdid zgvbru pr`tdv kobfg, vbruouĆd hg Ćb kobf`vdn ujdstv`n spgsdtd n`kgrmdou
d hdkgstdou. Rjd` fg ob lkbz Ousuc`v.
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XurdstdĎl` put`vgkob u Q`vobtsld Qgvbz Qrbtbk QtgoĎdĆ
Qtrgkg | :7
R tglv`o gtn`scbrd p`Ďbig ob ruslg jurš`gsl`-hbn`lrgtslg rbv`iuadog cbjrugrg 7476. f`hdkb.
@jrgz`vgkg ob prdvrbnbkg vighg kgoprb kg Ďbiu sg prbhstgvkdl`n ‛lghbtg’ lkbz`n Iov`v`n, g zgtdn
v`ċb ‛bsbrg’ Lbrbksl`f. Kgstgi` ob hv`vigŧĆb? s`vobtd su f`sp`hgrdid cgjrdlgng, g vighg ob hršgig
abktrgiku vigst. Qigjg vighg p`h prdtdsl`n ngsg n`rgig ob idlvdhdrgtd n`kgrmdou d prdsdidtd kg gjhdladou
kgoprb agrg Kdl`igog DD, g zgtdn kobf`v`f jrgtg Ndmgdig, Ďdnb ob usp`stgviobkg rbpujidlg. X` ob uobhk` dkgovgškdog tbl`vdkg cbjrugrslb rbv`iuadob.
Urdvrbnbkg vighg kdob jdig sprbnkg kd sp`s`jkg zg rbŧgvgkob jr`okdm pr`tdvrbĎk`std stgr`f hruŧtvg.
Ibkodk ob `abkd` hg ob sdtugadog zrbig zg s`adogidstdĎlu rbv`iuadou. @k sb 1-73 ngrtg 7476. f`hdkb vrgtd`
dz dk`strgkstvg u Ubtr`frgh d dslupiobk`n kgr`hu kg šbibzkdĎl`o stgkdad `jrgtd` sb p`zkgtdn rbĎdng ‑
‛Ūdvbig s`adogidstdĎlg rbv`iuadog’. Ibkodk ob jd` n`zgl rbv`iuadob d u`pŧtb p`zkgt lg` Ď`vbl vds`ldm
dktbibltugikdm sp`s`jk`std. F`v`rd` ob hbvbt obzdlg, tgl` hg nu kdob jd` p`trbjgk prbv`hdiga zg strgkb
hbibfgadob. Xgl`ċb ob jd` p`zkgt lg` vri` slr`ngk Ď`vbl, ` Ďbnu f`v`rd d p`zkgtg rbv`iuad`kgrlg
Ligrg Abtldk, hg ob Ibkodkg u dst`n lgputu (pgiot`u) vdhbig 7475. u l`nb ob jd` d 74:1. f`hdkb. Uigk zg
rbv`iuadou dzrghd` ob Ibkodk u Gprdisldn tbzgng ‑ svg vigst s`vobtdng d kdlglvg p`hrŧlg Urdvrbnbk`o
vighd. Nbċutdn, Ibkodk ob n`rg` p`k`v` u dibfgik`st. Kg SD l`kfrbsu ZQHZU u Ubtr`frghu `h =-73.
gvfustg 7476. f`hdkb p` Ibkodk`v`n uputstvu h`kbtg ob `hiulg ` `robktgadod pgrtdob kg `rušgkd
ustgkgl. U`ŧt` sb Ibkodk vrgtd` dz Cdkslb u Ubtr`frgh 6-:5. `lt`jrg 7476. f., j`ioŧbvdĎld ‛j`rjbkd
abktgr’ dzhg` ob :8. `lt`jrg kgrbċbkob zg p`Ďbtgl ustgklg.
Zghkdad, v`okdad d n`rkgrd Ubtr`frghg zguzbid su kgovgškdob tgĎlb d kghibŧtvg, g sutrghgk ob p`sib
šbst`l`f `tp`rg zguzbt d zdnsld hv`rga u l`nb ob jdig zgr`jiobkg abig Urdvrbnbkg vighg sbn
Lbrbksl`f. @k ob uspb` hg p`jbfkb. Dst`f hgkg u Qn`iok`n sb sgstg` DD svbrusld l`kfrbs s`vobtg
rghkdĎldm d v`okdĎldm hbputgtg d kg Ibkodk`v prbhi`f h`kb` trd p`zkgtg hblrbtg? ` ndru sg gpbi`n hg sb
zgliouĎd ndr, ` zbniod l`og sb `huzdng `h spgmdog hg sb prbhg sbioga dng d hblrbt ` vigstd l`odn sb svg
vigst prbhgob Q`vobtdng. @jrgz`vgkg ob d prvg s`vobtslg vighg p`h Ibkodk`vdn rul`v`hstv`n. H`kbtb
su `hiulb ` uldhgkou blspi`gtgadob, kgad`kgik`f ufkobtgvgkog d `jogviobk` prgv` kgr`hg kg
sgn``prbhbiobkob h` `tabpiobkog. Xdnb ob uhgrbk tbnbio s`adogidstdĎldn hruŧtvbkdn `hk`sdng d
cbhbrgtdvk`n urbċbkou s`vobtslb hršgvb. U`jbhg s`adogidstdĎlb rbv`iuadob dngig ob svbtsl`-dst`rdosld
zkgĎgo lg` prvg uspbig s`adogidstdĎlg rbv`iuadog u dst`rdod. Ndr`n sg KbngĎl`n u Jrbst-Idst`vsl`n 1.
ngrtg 747=. f`hdkb, s`vobtslg vighg uspbig ob hg Zusdou dzvuĎb dz rgtg. Nbċutdn, jurš`gzdog, jdvŧb
spgmdob d v`okd lruf`vd k`vbnjrg 7476. f`hdkb `rfgkdzuou l`ktrgrbv`iuad`kgrkb p`jukb uz p`hrŧlu
lgpdtgidstdĎldm zbngiog Gnbrdlb, Bkfibslb, Crgkauslb d hrufdm, l`ob ŧgiou d sv`ob trupb zg dktbrvbkadou
pr`tdv rbv`iuadob. Kodng sb supr`stgviog Arvbkg grndog `sk`vgkg :2. ogkugrg 747=. f`hdkb.
L`ktrgrbv`iuadog d strgkg dktbrvbkadog jgadid su zbniou u Ďbtv`r`f`hdŧkod frgċgksld rgt l`od ob trgog` `h
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XurdstdĎl` put`vgkob u Q`vobtsld Qgvbz Qrbtbk QtgoĎdĆ
Qtrgkg | ::
747=. h` 74::. f`hdkb. Q`vobtslg zbniog ob zg `v` vrbnb vb`ng strghgig, šdv`tb ob dzfujdi` prbl` =
ndid`kg iouhd, g dkhustrdoslg pr`dzv`hkog spgig ob kg 71,=% prbhrgtkb pr`dzv`hkob.
Qg `jk`v`n prdvrbhb, s`vobtslg hršgvg h`jdog ngkob-vdŧb hbcdkdtdvk` urbċbkob, `rfgkdzuouĆd sb prbng
`hiuad D svbsvbzk`f l`kfrbsg s`vobtg `h 15.7:.74::. f`hdkb lg` sgvbzkg hršgvg p`h dnbk`n Qgvbz
Q`vobtsldm Q`adogidstdĎldm Zbpujidlg, QQQZ.
Rsl`r` ob unr` Ibkodk :7. ogkugrg 74:8. f`hdkb, h`Ďblgvŧd hg vdhd kb sgn` p`jbhu kbf` d
l`ks`idhgadou rbv`iuadob d s`vobtslb hršgvb. Dzvrŧbkg ob l`ibltdvdzgadog sb`slb prdvrbhb uldhgkobn
sdtkdm sb`sldm fgzhdkstgvg, p`vbĆgkg ob dkhustrdoslg pr`dzv`hkog, ŧt` ob h`prdkbi` ogĎgkou gut`rdtbtg
QQQZ-g kg nbċukgr`hk`n pigku.
Rsibh abktrgidz`vgk`f rul v`ċbkog `ogĎg` ob jdr`lrgtsld gpgrgt, l`od ob uzhdfg` luit idĎk`std O`sdcg
Sdsgrdo`k`vdĆg Qtgiodkg (7=64-7421.). Luit idĎk`std Qtgiodkg dng` ob kbsgfibhdvb p`sibhdab lgl` kg
rgzvdtgl QQQZ-g tgl` d kg nbċukgr`hkd rghkdĎld p`lrbt. Kgr`Ďdt` su tbŧlb p`sibhda b dngib Qtgiodk`vb
Ďdstlb vrmuksldm s`vobtsldm rul`v`hdigag lg` d jr`okdm l`nukdstg hrufdm zbngiog l`od su cdzdĎld
idlvdhdrgkd did p`sigtd kg huf`f`hdŧkou r`jdou u Qdjdr, p`sbjk` u pbrd`hu (7413-741=.). @suċbkd su sigtd
u Qdjdr lg` u vrbnb rusldm agrsldm sgn`hršgag.
Q`vobtsldm Qgvbz pr`ŧdruob sv`ob tbrdt`rdob p`sib zgliouĎbkog pgltg ` kbkgpghgkou s KbngĎl`n :1.
gvfustg 7414. f`hdkb, lghg h`jdog dst`Ďkb `jigstd U`ioslb kgsbiobkb Rlrgodkadng, Jbi`rusdng d
Idtvgkadng. Zgt`n pr`tdv Cdkslb l`od ob `l`kĎgk ndr`vkdn uf`v`r`n 7:. ngrtg 7485. f`hdkb h`jdog
Lgrbidoslu prbviglu s frgh`n Sdj`rf`n, h`l ob `h Zunukdodb p`vrgtd` Jbsgrgjdou d sbvbrkd hb`
Jul`vdkb.
::. oukg 7487. f`hdkb jbz `jogvb rgtg KbngĎlg ob kgpgig QQQZ, Ďdnb ob p`Ďb` suhj`k`skd `tghšjdksld
rgt. R p`Ďbtlu rgtg Kbnad kdšu p`jbhb d `svgogou vbidld hb` s`vobtslb tbrdt`rdob. @hiuĎkg prblrbtkdag
kgstgob 74. k`vbnjrg 748:. f`hdkb lghg s`vobtslb trupb l`h Qtgiodkfrghg (hgkgs S`if`frgh) prbigzb u
skgšku pr`tdv`cgkzdvu l`og ob jdig `hiuĎuouĆg prblrbtkdag zg l`kgĎku p`jbhu kgh KbngĎl`n.
L`kgĎk`, =. ngog 7482. f`hdkb, Kbnad su p`tpdsgid jbzusi`vku lgpdtuigadou u Lgrism`rstu, prbhfrgċu
Jbridkg, prbh vrm`vkdn l`ngkhgng figvkdm sgvbzkdĎldm hršgvg.
=. gvfustg 7482. f`hdkb, QQQZ `jogviouob rgt Ogpgku d p`sib uspbŧkdm sgvbzkdĎldm `pbrgadog Ogpgk ob
lgpdtuidrg` :. sbptbnjrg 7482. f`hdkb, Ďdnb ob DD svbtsld rgt zgvrŧbk.
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XurdstdĎl` put`vgkob u Q`vobtsld Qgvbz Qrbtbk QtgoĎdĆ
Qtrgkg | :1
Q`vobtsld sgvbz ob dz rgtg dzgŧg` s pr`ŧdrbk`n hršgvk`n tbrdt`rdo`n. _kgtgk hb` Dst`Ďkb Uruslb,
Urdlgrpgtslg Zusdog, Ouškd Qgmgidk d Lurdislg `strvg prdp`obkd su QQQZ-u, gid d sg vbidldn fujdadng u
iouhsldn šdv`tdng (`l` hvghbsbt ndid`kg p`fdkuidm) d tbŧl` rgz`rbk`n prdvrbh`n.
Qkgšbkob jdr`lrgtslb uprgvb p` l`o`o sb svg vigst kgigzd u rulgng Qtgiodkg, l`od ob dng` kb sgn`
kb`frgkdĎbku vigst kgh kgr`hdng QQQZ -g, vbĆ ob p`luŧg` hg sv`ob l`ngkh`vgkob prbkbsb d kg hrufb
s`adogidstdĎlb zbniob, h`v`hd h` Zbz`iuadob Dkc`rnjdr`g 748=. f`hdkb pr`tdv Ouf`sigvdob d uspbŧk`f
`tp`rg LUO.
U`sib snrtd Qtgiodkg 2. ngrtg 7421. f`hdkb, h`igzd h` pr`nbkg u QQQZ-u, kgr`Ďdt` kg ]] l`kfrbsu
LUQQ 7423.f. kg l`nb ob `suċbk luit idĎk`std Qtgiodkg. Ngog d oukg 7422. f. k`rngidz`vgkd su `hk`sd
dznbċu QQQZ -g d Ouf`sigvdob. Kg ]]DD l`kfrbsu LUQQ h`kbtb su hgiob `hiulb ` hbstgiodkdzgadod, ŧt` sb
p`v`iok` `hrgzdi` kg ukutrgŧkod rgzvdtgl d nbċukgr`hkd p`i`šgo Q`vobtsl`f Qgvbzg.
Hgkgs ob Q`vobtsld Qgvbz prvd u svbtu p` p`vrŧdkd, trbĆd ob u svbtu p` jr`ou stgk`vkdlg , dzg Ldkb d
Dkhdob. Gzdosld hb` Q`vobtsl`f Qgvbzg ob pr`strgkdod d zguzdng 62% tbrdt`rdob, gid ob rbċb kgsbiobk (:3%
stgk`vkdŧtvg) `h bvr`psl`f hbig hršgvb. Gzdosld hb` rgsp`igšb sg vbidldn prdr`hkdn j`fgtstvdng
(kgctg, ruhb, ŧunb, mdhr`bkbrfdog). R bvr`psl`n hbiu ob zg sghg kgovbĆd hb` dkhustrdoslb d
p`io`prdvrbhkb pr`dzv`hkob. Q`vobtsld Qgvbz dng kgovbĆg ruhkg j`fgtstvg u svbtu d p`sbhuob sl`r` svb
p`trbjkb ruhb. Sbidld ob pr`dzv`ċgĎ d dzv`zkdl ruhg d l`kabktrgtg ‑ zguzdng prv` did hruf` nbst` u
svbtu u pr`dzv`hkod kgovbĆbf jr`og ndkbrgikdm sdr`vdkg. Urvd ob u svbtu p` ŧunsl`n j`fgtstvu ‑ 4:5
ndid`kg mbltgrg. @jrghdv`f zbniodŧtg ob srgznbrk` ngi`, svbfg 75,8% p`vrŧdkb hršgvb, obr sb pr`strgkd
hbi`vd zbniob kgigzb kg sbvbru, u p`hruĎou tukhrg d u suŧkdn hbi`vdng zbniob. R`pŧtbk` fibhgk`,
p`st`od vbidld kbsligh u tbrdt`rdogik`n rgsp`rbhu kgigzdŧtg sdr`vdkg d abktgrg kodm`vb p`tr`ŧkob, ŧt`
dzdsluob jdnkb trgksp`rtkb tr`ŧl`vb.
R QQQZ-u ob `stvgrbk vbidld kgprbhgl p`sib `lt`jgrslb rbv`iuadob u rgzv`ou prdvrbhb, pr`svbtb,
zhrgvstvg d hrufdm gltdvk`std. Q`vobtsld Qgvbz ob kg hruf`n nbstu u svbtu p` dkhustrdosl`o pr`dzv`hkod
d p` ulupk` `stvgrbk`n hruŧtvbk`n jrut`-pr`dzv`hu. Kgr`Ďdt` ob rgzvdob tbŧlg dkhustrdog, l`o`o sb
p`ligkog p`sbjkg pgškog. _kgĎgogk ob dzv`zkdl, gid d lupga dkhustrdoslb `prbnb. U`io`prdvrbhkg
pr`dzv`hkog ob tgl`ċb `jdnkg (pŧbkdag, rgš, obĎgn, lr`npdr, ŧbĆbrkg rbpg, pgnul), nbċutdn, u p`io`prdvrbhu l`og ob rfgkdz`vgkg u l`im`zb d s`vm`zb, ngkob ob uigfgk` kbf` u dkhustrdou.
_j`f t`fg, lg` d zj`f Ďbstdm kbp`v`iokdm prdr`hkdm usi`vg, kdslb pr`hultdvk`std rghg d hruf`f, `vg
prdvrbhkg hbigtk`s kb hgob šbiobkb rbzuitgtb. Dz tdm rgzi`fg Q`vobtsld Qgvbz ob vbidld uv`zkdl pŧbkdab d
hrufdm šdtgrdag.
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XurdstdĎl` put`vgkob u Q`vobtsld Qgvbz Qrbtbk QtgoĎdĆ
Qtrgkg | :8
QQQZ ob kg Ďbiu bl`k`nsl`- p`idtdĎldm d v`okdm frupgadog ‑ QBS-g d Sgrŧgvsl`f uf`v`rg, Ďdob su
Ďigkdab kblb s`adogidstdĎlb zbniob. Qiušjbkd obzdl ob rusld, g u svgl`o rbpujidad, `hk`sk` hruf`o
p`idtdĎl`-tbrdt`rdogik`o obhdkdad f`v`rd sb obzdl`n hgt`f kgr`hg d kgr`hk`std.
K`vĎgkg obhdkdag ob rujiog, l`og sb hbid kg st` l`pbold. Jrut`-pr`dzv`h p` figvd stgk`vkdlg dzk`sd
1.655 h`igrg7. Rhb` zgp`sibkdm u p`io`prdvrbhd 74%, g uhb` frghsl`f stgk`vkdŧtvg dzk`sd 37%.
Rp`zkgvgkob Q`vobtsl`f Qgvbzg
H`igsl`n u frgkdĎk` nbst` ĉ`p, nd sn` stupdid kg tbrdt`rdou Q`vobtsl`f Qgvbzg. ĉ`p ob frgh u
Lgrpgtsl`o Rlrgodkd sg prbl` hbsbt mdioghg stgk`vkdlg.
Rlrgo dkslg QQQZ
Rlrgodkslg QQQZ ob s`vobtslg s`adogidstdĎlg rbpujidlg, trbĆg p` vbidĎdkd, g hrufg p` jr`ou stgk`vkdlg u
Q`vobtsl`n Qgvbzu, p`vrŧdkb 351.655 ln:, s k`vdn lrgobvdng l`od su o`o prdliouĎbkd `h 7414 h` 7428.
f`hdkb? _gpghkg Rlrgodkg `h U`ioslb 7.77.7414. f`hdkb, sbvbrkg Jul`vdkg d hb` Jbsgrgjdob `h
Zunukdob :=.3.7485., Lgrpgtslg Rlrgodkg `h ĉbm`si`vgĎlb :4.3.7482. f. d Lrdn `h ZQCQZ,
74.:.7428. f`hdkb.
Qtgk`vkdlg dng `l` 25 ndid`kg. Kg tbrdt`rdod QQQZ-g šdvd prbl` 81 ndid`kg Rlrgodkgag. Rlrgodkad su
kgr`h si`vbksl`f p`rblig dz frupb dst`Ďkdm Qi`vbkg. Urbl` 2 ndid`kg Rlrgodkgag šdvd u kgorgzidĎdtdodn
lrgobvdng QQQZ-g dzvgk Rlrgodkb. Rlrgodkg p`rbh rgzvdobkb dkhustrdob, kgr`Ďdt` ob p`zkgtg p`
kgoj`fgtdodn p`io`prdvrbhkdn rbo`kdng Ďbrk`zo`ng u QQQZ-u, s kgovbĆ`n šdtgrsl`n p`vrŧdk`n u
Bvr`pd, prbl` :5 ndid`kg mbltgrg, g p`sbogkg p`vrŧdkg svdm usbvg dzk`sd 18 ndid`kg mbltgrg. U`zkgtg ob
uzrbĎdag ‑ Rlrgodkg ‑ šdtkdag Bvr`pb.
Figvkd pr`dzv`hd? pŧbkdag, prvg u Bvr`pd, kg `l` 75 ndid`kg mbltgrg sg pr`dzv`hko`n :6 ndid`kg t`kg,
luluruz prbl` = ndid`kg t`kg (prvg u Bvr`pd), zgtdn rgš, obĎgn, `vgs, pdrdkgĎ, lr`npdr, ŧbĆbrkg rbpg d
hruf`, kg `l` 7 ndid`k mbltgrg, pr`dzv`hkog `l` 86 ndid`kg t`kg. Zgzvdobkb su d luiturb pgnulg, Ďgog,
lguĎulg (l`l -sgfdz) d s`ob. Nk`f` sb pr`dzv`hd huvgk, suka`lrbt, igk d l`k`piog, g kg p`jrċdng ob
rgzvdobk` v`Ćgrstv` d vdk`frghgrstv`.
7 Srbhk`st jrut` pr`dzv`hg dz 74=:. f`hdkb.
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XurdstdĎl` put`vgkob u Q`vobtsld Qgvbz Qrbtbk QtgoĎdĆ
Qtrgkg | :2
Rlrgodkg dng prbl` 74 mdioghg st`Ďgrsldm cgrnd, sg st`Ďkdn c`kh`n `h :1 ndid`kg f`vbhg, 4.1 ndid`kg
`vgag d l`zg, :7 ndid`k svdkog, g rgzvdobk` ob d šdvdkgrstv`, pĎbigrstv`, n`rsld d rbĎkd rd j`i`v, fgobkob
svdibkb jujb, cgrnb zg fgobkob srbjrkdm idsdag d hr.
Rlrgodkg ob, p` trghdadod, p`zkgtg lg` šdtkdag Q`vobtsl`f Qgvbzg d lg` zbniog stbpg , nghg ob d obhk` d
hruf` smvgtgkob hgkgs vbĆ zgstgrbi`. Kg sbvbru ob zbniog p`h ŧungng d Rlrgodksl` U`iobsob spghg
nbċu kgovbĆb d kgo`Ďuvgkdob ŧunslb l`npiblsb u Bvr`pd. Kg zgpghu, u Lgrpgtdng, zbniog ob jrh`vdtg
d pigkdksld vrm`vd sbšu prdidĎk` vds`l`. Kgovdŧd vrm F`vbrig vds`l ob :.537 nbtgr. Xu ob, zgtdn, vdŧb `h
7.555 ln ark`n`rslb `jgib l`og sg sv`odn vbidldn prdstgkdŧtdng, lglvg su, kg prdnbr, @hbsg did sigvkd
Qbvgst`p`io kg Lrdnu, tgl`ċb kdob u slighu s trghdad`kgikdn prbhstgvgng ` stbpsl`o zbniod. _g nk`fb
tglvb prbhstgvb ‛lrdv’ ob F`f`io d kobf`v jbsnrtkd Xgrgs Juiojg s l`zgadng, Ďdog su h`n`vdkg jdib
stbpb ouškb Rlrgodkb. Xgo hb` hršgvb zgdstg ob stbpsld did ob t` jd`, obr sb sghg tu ŧdrb jbsl`kgĎkg p`iog
l`og sb vdŧb kb n`fu kgzvgtd stbpgng. ťdr`l d hufgĎgl p`ogs stbpg, l`od sb pr`tbšb kg oufu Q`vobtsl`f
Qgvbzg, uprgv` ob u Rlrgodkd sl`r` u abidkd uz`rgk d `jrgċbk. Obhdk` sgsvdn kg oufu, u Mbrs`ksl`o
`jigstd, stbpg ob `Ďuvgkg u sv`n prv`jdtk`n `jidlu, d t` u prdr`hk`n rbzbrvgtu Gslgkdog K`vg l`od ob
p`sibhkob, vbŧtgĎld `hršgvgk` d zgŧtdĆbk` prdjbšdŧtb prgvb stbpb s `jdiobn trgvb d rgzk`idldn
šdv`tdkosldn svbt`n.
Nk`f` ob jidšg dstdkd prbhstgvg Rlrgodkb lg` `fr`nkb šdtkdab. @kg ob t` jdig o`ŧ u agrsl`o Zusdod d u
zkgtk`o nbrd `stgig d hgkgs, nghg su ob, jgr ŧt` sb šdtg tdĎb, prbstdfig kblg hrufg p`hruĎog. Nbċutdn,
`kg o`ŧ uvbl skgjhbvg Q`vobtsld Qgvbz pbtdk`n `h ulupkb l`idĎdkb šdtg, nk`fdn hrufdn
p`io`prdvrbhkdn pr`dzv`hdng d sl`r` Ďbtvrtdk`n `h ulupkb l`idĎdkb nbsg, niblg d ogog. @k` ŧt` ob zghgkgŧkou Rlrgodku dpgl kgozkgĎgokdob, ngkob ob trghdad`kgik` d r`ngktdĎk`? ufgio, fv`šċb, Ďbidl,
ngŧdkb, mbndoslg dkhustrdog. Kg svdn tdn p`hruĎodng `kg ob prgvg vbibsdig, g prbhbid lg` ŧt` su H`kjgs
d H`kobal prb su svb hruf` kbf` pr`strgkg, si`j`hkg stbpg. X` su hšdk`vslb ‑ kgrgvk` kb d obhdkb ‑
dkhustrdoslb `jigstd dspukobkb frgh`vdng, frghdĆdng d rghkdĎldn kgsbiodng l`ob jbz prgvdm frgkdag
prbigzb obhkb u hrufb, pr`tbšuĆd sb hbsbtdkgng ldi`nbtgrg.
Kbŧt` sidĎk` sb n`šb rbĆd d zg Hkobpgr, kgovbĆu ulrgodkslu rblu, l`og p` sv`o`o sigvd n`šb hg sb
tglndĎd s S`if`n. Gid, lg` d S`ifg, Hkobpgr ob u kgŧbn st`ibĆu ` h si`j`hkb d vbidlb rblb prbtv`rbk u
rghkdlg ulr`Ćbk`f jrgkgng nk`fdm mdhr`abktrgig. Urvg vbidlg mdhr`abktrgig, Hkobpr`frbs, dzfrgċbkg
ob o`ŧ 741:. f`hdkb. @kg hgkgs p`rbh sdjdrsldm d srbhko`gzdosldm hšdk`vsldm mdhr`abktrgig kb
prbhstgviog kdŧtg dzuzbtk`, gid ob u `k` vrbnb, s jrgk`n huf`n 635 d vds`l`n 35 n, prbhstgviogig
bvr`pslu sbkzgadou.
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XurdstdĎl` put`vgkob u Q`vobtsld Qgvbz Qrbtbk QtgoĎdĆ
Qtrgkg | :3
Lgskdob ob dzfrgċbk ab` sdstbn mdhr`abktrgig, tgl` hg Hkobpgr hgkgs vb`ng ngi` idĎd kg rblu?
ufigvk`n ob t` kdz `fr`nkdm obzbrg. L`zgad su zg strgkab o`ŧ obhgk sdnj`i Rlrgodkb l`od ob u svbstd
pr`sbĎk`f stgk`vkdlg zgpghkb Bvr`pb stblg` t` nbst` zgmvgiououĆd rusl`o ligsdĎk`o lkodšbvk`std d
rusl`n c`ili`ru. L`zgad prbhstgviogou d zg Zusdou zgkdniodv d spbadcdĎgk hb` dst`rdob.
H`n`vdkg l`zglg ob ouškg Rlrgodkg, pr`strgkb stbpb sbvbrk` `h Lgvlgzg d sdjdrslg pr`strgkstvg s `kb
strgkb Rrgig d o`ŧ hgiob s `kb strgkb Jgolgig. @tuhg d p`tdĎu kgzdvd zgp`r`ŧld, h`ksld, urgisld,
zgjgolgisld d hrufd l`zgad. Xdn lrgobvdng su prb trd did Ďbtdrd st`ibĆg pr`igzdib kb jgŧ ogsk` zgartgkb
frgkdab ruslb hršgvb. Jdid su t` hdviod lrgobvd, jbz prgv`f f`sp`hgrg, pg su tu kgigzdid prdjbšdŧtb `kd
l`od su p`jbfid dz `rfgkdz`vgkb Zusdob, u l`o`o su vighgid lnbtstv` d pibndĆlg sgn`v`iog, `kd l`odng
ob ogrgn lnbtstvg jd` d suvdŧb tbšgl, l`od su p`šbibid si`j`hgk šdv`t jbz f`sp`hgrg did su h`ŧid u sul`j
s `l`idk`n, pibnstv`n did zgl`k`n...
Jblstv` u tb hdviob lrgobvb prbhstgviogi` ob kblu vrstu prdr`hk`f dzj`rg. Jd` ob t` rdslgktgk d `pgsgk
l`rgl l`od su prbhuzdngid sgn` kbulr`tdvd, si`j`h`unkd d mrgjrd iouhd. Qgn` tglvd p`obhdkad n`fid su
`pstgtd u hdviodn lrgobvdng fhb ob vighg` zgl`k ogĎbf d fhb su jdid, kgr`Ďdt` u ouškdn stbpgng,
kbprbstgk` dzi`šbkd kgpghdng rgt`j`rkdm k`nghg. @kd su dm kgzvgid l`zgadng, ŧt` kg stgr`tursldn
obzdadng zkgĎd ‛si`j`hkogad’.
Nbċutdn, hbsdi` sb hg su sb kodm`vd dktbrbsd u k`v`o h`n`vdkd p`Ďbid p`ligpgtd s dktbrbs`n vigstd prbh
l`o`n su jbšgid. Qvb su skgškdob p`tdsldvgid kbndrkb k`nghb l`od su rgkdob vri` Ďbst` upghgid u Zusdou,
Ďdnb su p`stgid kgovgtrbkdod jrgkd`ad ouškdm d dst`Ďkdm frgkdag Zusdob. Kgrgvk`, hv`r ob ujrz` uvdhb`
l`rdst `h kodm, g s hrufb strgkb d l`zgad su smvgtdid hg kb jd jdid u stgkou hg prušb `tp`r svb skgškdo`o
N`sl`vsl`o Lkbšbvdkd.
Xgl` ob sli`piobk sp`rgzun p` l`obn su l`zgad sgĎuvgid sv`ou si`j`hu d sv`ob, p` vigstdt`o v`iod
dzgjrgkb zgp`vbhkdlb ‑ gtgngkb, g u zguzvrgt su jdid huškd kg svgld p`zdv agrg sbhku kg l`kob d ogvb
sb u kobf`vu siušju p`h `rušobn. @h t`f vrbnbkg svbt`n sb pr`ŧdrdig l`zgĎlg v`okdĎlg sigvg? `kd su
jdid uhgrkg skgfg d hum nk`fdm v`okdĎldm p`hvdfg, lgzkbkdm d `svgogĎldm p`m`hg u Qdjdr d Gzdou, vri`
Ďbst` upbrbkdm d pr`tdv p`jukobk`f rusl`f kgr`hg.
Qi`j`hgk šdv`t jbz lnbtstvg ujrz` ob hg` d bl`k`nslb rbzuitgtb, kgr`Ďdt` u j`fgt`o Rlrgodkd. R
l`zgĎldn sbidng tgl`zvgkdn stgkdagng uz H`k, Lujgk d Xbr kdagig su vbidlg dngkog, `hidĎk`
`jrgċbkg zg tghgŧkog vrbnbkg. @kg su hgvgig j`fgtb prdk`sb d kg kodng su sb prvd put p`ogvdib
l`sgĎdab, vrŧgidab d hrufd vbskdad sgvrbnbkb p`io`prdvrbhb. L`zgĎlb vbin`šb p`stgogib su svb j`fgtdob
d utdagokdob, gid dst`vrbnbk` d zgjrdkutb zg sv`ob prdvdibfdob, zj`f Ďbfg su jdib sprbnkb hg p`hršb
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XurdstdĎl` put`vgkob u Q`vobtsld Qgvbz Qrbtbk QtgoĎdĆ
Qtrgkg | :6
agrdzgn. Xgl` ob d h`ŧi` h` t`fg hg su l`zgad p`stgid zkgĎgogk `si`kga agrdzng, g lghg ob julkuig
`lt`jgrslg rbv`iuadog, jdid su obhgk `h figvkdm `si`kgag jbi`fgrhbogag d l`ktrgrbv`iuadob, gid ob prdidĎgk
jr`o l`zglg jd` d kg strgkd ‛arvbkdm’.
Hgkgs ob `h kblghgŧkob l`zgĎlb r`ngktdlb ngi` ŧtg `stgi`? idtbrgturg d c`ili`r fhb spghgou ‛lgzgĎ`l’ d
sigvkg l`zgĎlg pbsng, g n`šhg d stgkdab, lgrgltbrdstdĎkg sbig l`og sb u sbkad sghkdag glgadog d t`p`ig
pr`tbšu huš vbidldm rblg d putbvg. ZbĎ ‛l`zgl’ sb u hgkgŧkob vrbnb vb`ng rbtl` Ďuob, sbn u zkgĎbkou
‛iouhdkg’ did ‛lrŧgk n`ngl’.
U`ċdn` sghg kg up`zkgvgkob d rgzfibhgkob.
Dz ĉ`pg sn` u t`lu k`Ćd kgstgvdid put v`z`n zg Ldobv. @vgo hb` putg sn` pr`ŧid hvg putg, u h`igslu d
`higslu dz QQQZ-g. R outgrkodn Ďgs`vdng sibhbĆbf hgkg p`sngtrgid sn` jrbšuiolgstb prbhbib
Lgrpgtslb Rlrgodkb, g zgtdn u t`lu hgkg svb vdŧb sn` kgdigzdid kg vgi`vdtb d pdt`ndob rgvkdĎgrslb
`jigstd. Ur`ŧid sn` lr`z Iv`v (Igv`v did Iov`v), frgh u Rlrgodkd, sg ibp` urbċbk`n šbibzkdĎl`n
stgkda`n. Iv`v ob prb rgtg jd` u sgstgvu U`ioslb. R t`lu v`škob Ďbst` sn` kgdigzdid kg ŧunsld p`ogs
p`rbh prufb, ŧt` vbr`vgtk` siušd lg` zgŧtdtg `h skbškdm kgk`sg, vbtr`vg d br`zdob. Qvb p`vrŧdkb
zbniodŧtg su `jrgċbkb, pg d `kd uzgkd hbi`vd uz sgnu prufu. Ur`igzdid sn` lr`z kgsbiog sg ngkob -vdŧb
tdpdzdrgkdn prdzbnkdn luĆgng sg `luĆkda`n l`og sb kgoĎbŧĆb l`rdstd zg pr`dzv`hkou lr`npdrg d
hruf`f p`vrĆg. Luluruz`n su zgsbogkb ngkob p`vrŧdkb u `hk`su kg `zdnb šdtgrdab. Luluruz ob jd` u
cgzd sgzrbvgkog, gid sigjdobf lvgidtbtg kbf` l`h kgs.
Sbidlb p`vrŧdkb su p`h strkodl`n (p`l`ŧbkdn `zdndn usbvdng), zgtdn pgŧkogadng, g dng h`stguz`rgk`f d zgsbogk`f zbniodŧtg. Kg pgr pgrabig vbĆ su d kdlid `zdnd usbvd. @kd n`rgou rgkdob p`sbogtd
`zdnb usbvb obr ob pbrd`h vbfbtgadob lrgĆd zj`f hufdm zdng sg skbf`n. Nd sn` pr`igzdid lr`z `vb
lrgobvb jgŧ u vrbnb vgċbkog lr`npdrg, pg su sb prbh kgng snbkodvgib sidlb l`im`zkdlg l`od kg
l`im`zu did sv`o`o `l uĆkdad vghb lr`npdr. Lr`npdr ob lg` d u hrufdn svbrkdn zbniogng Ďbst`
zgstupiobk u dsmrgkd stgk`vkdŧtvg.
Ur`ŧid sn` d p`rbh kbl`idl` st`Ďkdm cgrnd, sg kbvbidldn jr`obn f`vbhg. Dzkbkghdi` kgs ob hg su f`vbhg
kbh`v`iok` kbf`vgkg d sigj` umrgkobkg, nghg su kg oĎbŧĆb pibnbkdtdm s`rtd ‑crdzdoslb d ŧvgoagrslb vrstb.
L`im`zkdad dngou prgv` kg :2 grd `jrghdv`f zbniodŧtg p` Ďigku p`r`hdab lg` `luĆkdau. Gl` ob
p`r`hdag jr`okdog, `khg t` prušg n`fuĆk`std hg sb hršd obhkg lrgvg, kbl`idl` svdkog, vdŧb šdvdkb, ŧt`
`jbzjbċuob h`v`iok` nbsg, niblg, putbrg, ogog dth. zg p`r`hdau d zg pr`hg ou p` si`j`hk` c`rndrgkdn
abkgng, l`ob su uvbl vdŧb `h nglsdndrgkdm u rbh`vk`o pr`hgod. DkgĎb, l`im`zkdad `stvgruou sv`ob
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XurdstdĎl` put`vgkob u Q`vobtsld Qgvbz Qrbtbk QtgoĎdĆ
Qtrgkg | :=
prdm`hb `h truh`hgkg kg l`im`zu did s`vm`zu d `luĆkdad. U`st`od obhgk pgrgh`ls hg sb, rbadn`, ogog d
kbld hrufd pr`dzv`hd, nk`f` vdŧb pr`dzv`hb kg ngidn `luĆkdagng kbf` kg hršgvkdn h`jrdng.
Hruf`f hgkg kgŧbf put`vgkog stdfid sn` u Ldobv.
Ldobv
Ldobv ob figvkd frgh Rlrgodkb, sg prbl` : ndid`kg stgk`vkdlg, trbĆd p` vbidĎdkd u QQQZ -u, dzg N`slvb d
Ibkodkfrghg. SbĆ kg sgn`n uigslu u frgh prdnbtdid sn` piglgt ` pr`sigvd 7255 f`hdŧkodab p`st`ogkog
Ldobvg. S`hdĎ X`iog kgn ob `jogskd` hg p`st`od ibfbkhg l`og ob zgjbibšbkg u ‛Mr`kdad pr`muogidm
f`hdkg’, l`ou ob u ]DD vblu kgpdsg` n`kgm Kbst`r. Xg ibfbkhg lgšb hg ob Ldobv h`jd` dnb p` prdkau
Ldou l`od sb sg jrgĆ`n ťbl`n d L`rdv`n d sbstr`n Idjdh kgsbid` kg f`rko`o `jgid Hkobprg.
Nbċutdn, svb ulgzuob kg t` hg jurkg dst`rdog frghg p`Ďdkob nk`f` rgkdob, o`ŧ u vrbnb lghg su iouhd
l`rdstdid l`std d lgnbk lg` `ruċb d šdvbid u prdndtdvkdn kgsbiodng. Grmb`i`zd tvrhb hg su Ďgl 1 mdioghb
f`hdkg prb kgŧb brb kg nbstu hgkgŧkobf Ldobvg šdvbig pibnbkg l`og su l`rdstdig frkĎgrdou d jgvdig sb
p`io`prdvrbh`n st Ďgrstv`n.
@h S vblg kgŧb brb Ldobv ob jd` vbĆ prgvd frgh, g h` D] vblg prbrgstg` ob u vbidld trf`vgĎld, zgkgtsld d
ghndkdstrgtdvkd abktgr dst`Ďkb Bvr`pb d p`stg` figvkd frgh Ldobvslb Zusdob, n`Ćkb dst`Ďk`si`vbkslb
hršgvb. @h t`f vrbnbkg p`tdĎb d kgzdv Ldobvg lg` ‛ngolb rusldm frgh`vg’. U`h Ldobv`n su sb svg
dst`Ďk`si`vbkslg pibnbkg l`ks`idh`vgig u obhdkstvbk` ‛jdĆb’ dz l`obf Ćb sb rgzvdtd trd jrgtslg kgr`hg?
Zusd, Rlrgodkad d Jbi`rusd.
Hrbvkg ruslg hršgvg sg Ldobv`n u abktru `hdfrgig ob vgšku ui`fu u dst`rdod _gpghkb Bvr`pb, Sdzgktdob
d @robktg. @hršgvgig ob šdvu trf`vdku, luiturkb d hdpi`ngtslb `hk`sb sg nk` fdn susbhkdn zbniogng,
p`sbjk` sg zgpghk`si`vbksldn hršgvgng ‑ U`iosl`n, ĉbŧl`n d Jufgrsl`n. @jdn `vdm `hk`sg
kgoj`iob ob p`lgzgk u jr`ou hdkgstdĎldm jrgl`vg? obhgkgbst rusldm prdkabzg jdi` ob uhgt` kg p`iosl`n
hv`ru, g sn`rdag ldobvsldm prdkĎbvg šbkdi` sb p`iosldn prdkabzgng.
ĉbtdrd ngċgrslg lrgiog jdig su `šbkobkg Ćbrlgng pibnbkdtdm p`r`hdag dz Ldobvg, h`l su hvg ldobvslg
prdkag jdig `šbkobkg ngċgrsldn prdkabzgng. QidĎkb vbzb su p`st`ogib dznbċu Ldobvg d lrgiobvsldm
hv`rgag u ťvbhsl`o, K`rvbŧl`o d Hgksl`o. Kgongkob ŧbst rusldm prdkĎbvg dngi` ob zg šbkb Kbndab, g
pbt kbngĎldm vighgrg, uliouĎuouĆd d dnpbrgt`rg Mbkrdmg DS `šbkdi` sb pibnldkogng dz Ldobvg. Xvrhd sb
hg ob d ldobvsld prdka Sighdndr uzb` zg šbku lĆbrlu bkfibsl`f lrgiog Mgr`ihg DD.
Ldobv ob hgkgs vgšgk dkhustrdosld, trf`vgĎld, kguĎkd, p`idtdĎld d luiturkd abktgr sg rgzvdobkdn
nbċukgr`hkdn vbzgng. Dng hvg ndid`kg d hvbstg mdioghg stgk`vkdlg.
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XurdstdĎl` put`vgkob u Q`vobtsld Qgvbz Qrbtbk QtgoĎdĆ
Qtrgkg | :4
Ubtkgbst vbl`vg Ldobvg `zkgĎbk` ob nk`fdn luiturkdn pr`frgndng RKBQL@ -g, l`og ob u rbz`iuadod
jr`o 8/72 `zkgĎdig ‛Ldobv lg` obhgk `h kgostgrdodm si`vbksldm frgh`vg dst`Ďk`si`vbksldm kgr`hg’,
`hgouĆd prdzkgkob ‛vbidl`n h`prdk`su l`od ob si`vbkslg advdidzgadog hgig rgzv`ou svbtslb luiturb d
zgobhkdĎl`n luitur`n j`fgĆdvgkou nbċu iouhdng’.
R Ldobvu sn` pr`vbid hvg hgkg (7:. d 71. sbptbnjgr 74=:. f.) d zg t` vrbnb `jdŧid kgovgškdob luiturk` -
dst`rdoslb sp`nbkdlb. Ldobv ob lg` dst`rdosld d luiturkd abktgr `h D] vblg, `h ibfbkhgrk`f Zurdlg, zgtdn
@ibfg, Df`rg, @ifb, Qvogt`sigvg, Sighdndrg d Ogr`sigvg Nuhr`f dfrg` vgšku ui`fu. Kgr`Ďdt`
dnprbsd`kdrgou frgċbvdksld sp`nbkdad dz ]D vblg.
Hrbvkg Ldobvslg Zusdog kgzvgkg ob ‛zbnio`n frgh`vg’ nk`f` prb tgtgrslb kgobzhb u Bvr`pu. U`
rbĎdng dzvbsk`f Xdtngrg Kbrbsjurfŧl`f, srbhkobvbl`vk`f putkdlg, u Ldobvu ob p`Ďbtl`n ]D vblg jdi`
vdŧb `h 855 arlgvg d = trf`vg... Xbŧl` ob, nbċutdn, u t` p`vbr`vgtd? dst`rdĎgrd d grmb`i`zd tvrhb hg ob
p`ŧt`vgkd Xdtngr jd` sli`k prbtbrdvgkou. R svgl`n siuĎgou, kobf`v` svbh`Ďbkob f`v`rd jgr ` t`nb hg ob Ldobv `stgviog` skgšgk utdsgl kg strgkab p`sbtd`ab.
Kg rgzfibhgkob Ldobvg lrbkuid sn` u outgrkodn Ďgs`vdng sg stgikdn v`hdĎbn Iouhndi`n d ldobvsldn
v`hdĎbn X`io`n. @ zkgnbkdt`stdng Ldobvg vri` ibp` d dsarpk` kgn ob `jogŧkogvg` v`hdĎ X`iog. Urv`
sn` rgzfibhgid zfrghu stgr`f ukdvbrzdtbtg ‛ťbvĎbkl`’, l`od ob `sk`vgk 7=18. f`hdkb. Frgċbk ob u
ligsdĎk`n stdiu d `j`obk arvbk`n j`o`n pg fg Ďbst` kgzdvgou ‛arvbkd ukdvbrzdtbt’. Kg supr`tk`o strgkd
ukdvbrzdtbtg p`hdfkut ob vbidld sp`nbkdl p`zkgt`n ulrgodksl`n lkodšbvkdlu d sidlgru Xgrgsu
ťbvĎbklu (7=78-7=37.). ťbvĎbkl` ob kgovbĆd ulrgodksld pbskdl ]D] vblg, r`ngtdĎgr, rbv`iuad`kgr,
`skdvgĎ k`vb ulrgodkslb lkodšbvk`std d vgtrbkd j`rga zg si`j`hu kgr`hg. Jd` ob pr`fgkogk `h agrslb
vigstd. Rfibhg` sb kg kgr`hk` stvgrgigŧtv` d sv`o`n p`bzdo`n uhgrd` tbnbiob lkodšbvk`n obzdlu.
R ]D] vblu h`igzb u Ldobvu h` dzrgšgog tbkhbkadob pr`tdv p`iosl`f d rusl`f utdagog. Xghg h`igzd h`
`skdvgkog p`z`rdŧtg 7=58, zgtdn ukdvbrzdtbtg 7=18, `psbvgt`rdob 7=82, ulrgodkslb kgad`kgikb jdjid`tblb
747=. Ldobv ob p`zkgt p` luiturk` dst`rdosldn sp`nbkdadng ‑ Ngkgstdr Ldobvsl`- pbĎbrslg igvrg,
Qgj`rkg arlvg sv. Q`cdob, zigtkg vrgtg dz ]D vblg d hrufd.
U`t`n sn` `tdŧid kg jrh` l`h Hkobprg (Ldobv ob kg hbsk`o `jgid Hkobprg) fhb ob kgstg` frgh Ldobv u S
vblu (p` ibfbkhd). Xu su 4==. f. Ldobviogkd pr dndid mrdŧĆgkstv` zg vrbnb lkbzg Sighdndrg. Lkbz
Sighdndr ob p`zvg` frĎlb grmdtbltb hg dzfrghb prvb mrdŧĆgkslb arlvb, g sbn kodm d dsluskb tbsgrb,
lgnbk`rbsab d hrufb ngost`rb sg sbvbrg d oufg si`vbksldm zbngiog... Qvd `kd, `h Sdzgktdkgag h`
K`v`frgċgkg, uv`hdid su Ldobvslu Zusdou, l`og ob prbrgstgig u skgšku hršgvu, k`vb frgċbvdkslb
tbmkdlb d k`vb stdi`vb frghkob. U`Ďbad Ldobvg h`pdru h` srbhdkb SD vblg, nghg dz t`f kgorgkdobf
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XurdstdĎl` put`vgkob u Q`vobtsld Qgvbz Qrbtbk QtgoĎdĆ
Qtrgkg | 15
pbrd`hg kdob sgĎuvgk` prgltdĎk` kdŧtg. Ngi` ob `stgtglg d dz vrbnbkg kgstgklg hršgvb, Ldobvslb Zusdob,
to. dz hrufb p`i`vdkb D] vblg. @h arlvbkb grmdtblturb, kg prdnbr, dz vrbnbkg Sighdndrg sgĎuvgkd su
sgn` tbnbiod kgostgrdob frgċbvdkb `h lgnbkg u Ldobvu, tgl`zvgkb Hbsogtdkb arlvb, dzfrgċbkb u pbrd`hu
4=4-443. f`hdkb. R obhk`n sb ibt`pdsu sp`ndkob hg ob arlvg dngig :2 lup`ig... Dsl`pgkd `stgad
nbrnbrkdm stuj`vg s vdzgktdosldn lgpdtbidng, nk`f`jr`okb crbslb, n`zgdad d rgzk`j`okb pi`Ďb l`odngsu p`pi`Ďgkd p`h`vd, svbh`Ďb ` t`nb hg su sp`iogŧkod `jidl, lg` d ukutrgŧkog `prbng arlvb jdid
kb`jdĎk` rgsl`ŧkd.
Zgzfibhgid sn` sp`nbkdl lkbzu Sighdndru l`od ob rbgidstdĎk` rgċbk u jr`kzd. Urdlgzgk ob sg lrst`n
lg` sdnj`i`n mrdŧĆgkstvg l`ob su prdndid `h Agrdfrghg. Lkbz Sighdndr ob rgt`vg` sg UbĎbkbzdng d
p`jbh`n kgh kodng uĎvrstd` ob sv`ou vigst. @k ob p` pgfgksl`n `jdĎgou dng` 855 rgzkdm kgad`kgik`std
d sg kodng dng` vbidld jr`o hbab. Kg lrgou sb `šbkd` prdkabz`n @if`n sg vdzgktdosl`f hv`rg, lĆbrl`n
vdzgktdosl`f agrg. Nbċutdn, `kg ob p`stgvdig lg` usi`v hg sb `hrblkb `stgidm šbkg. Xghg sb p`jukdi g
obhkg `h kobf`vdm šbkg ‑ Frldkog Z`fkobhg, ngolg kodm`v`f sdkg Ogr`sigvg. Lgh ob Z`fkobhg kg
spgvgkou mtbig k`šbn hg ujdob lkbzg Sighdndrg, `k sb dzkbkghg pr`juhd` kgst`obĆd hg kou idŧd šdv`tg.
Xghg ob Frldkog Z`fkobhg p`Ďbig zgp`ngfgtd, pg ob kobk sdk Ogr`sigv, l`od ob, dkgĎb, jd` `huzbt
kgobhgkput p`h tdn uzjuċbkobn (usibh zgfrbvgkog kbrgvg) uspb` hg ustgkb d `kbn`fuĆd lkbzg
Sighdndrg hg ujdob kobf`vu ngolu. Lkbz Sighdndr ob h`stg h`prdkb` ukgprbċbkou d uĎvrŧĆbkou
Ldobvslb hršgvb. Rnr` ob p`Ďbtl`n ]D vblg u 63. f`hdkd šdv`tg.
U`sib Sighdndr`vb snrtd h`ŧi` ob h` j`rjb jr`okdm kgsibhkdlg s `jzdr`n kg vbidld jr`o hbab l`ob ob
lkbz Sighdndr dng` sg 855 šbkg. Kg lrgou ob p`jbhd` Ogr`sigv, kgzvgk Nuhrd, l`od ob jd` mr`n, obr nu
ob obhkg k`fg jdig lrgĆg. U`sib ob Ogr`sigv u j`rjgng h`jd` uhgrga u figvu, pg nu ob kg figvd `stgi`
uhujiobkob. Xglgv slbibt ob kgċbk u sgrl`cgfu Ldobvsl`- pbĎbrslb (pbĆdkslb) igvrb (ngkgstdrg).
Ogr`sigv Nuhrd (46=-7528.) jd` ob ldobvsld vbidld lkbz `h 7574-7528., uspbŧk` ob rgt`vg` pr`tdv
UbĎbkbfg 7513. f`hdkb d p`vrgtd` ĉbrvbkslb frgh`vb `h U`ioglg. Hg ob Zusdng prvd zgl`kdl ‑ ‛Zuslg
prgvhg’.
Ldobvsl`- pbĎbrsld ngkgstdr h`jdob ob u ]SDD vblu dz FrĎlb tdtuiu ‑ igvrg, ŧt` `zkgĎgvg kgovdŧd rgkf
nuŧl`f ngkgstdrg. Qg vbidldn zgh`v`iostv`n sn` rgzfibhgid `vgo ngkgstdr. U`hdfkut ob u ]D vblu
(7527) `h hv`oab lgiuċbrg ‑ Gkt`kdog d Cb`h`sdog. Frgċbk ob u vrbnb usp`kg Ldobvslb lkbšbvdkb zg
vighb Ogr`sigvg Nuhr`f l`od ob unr` 7528. f`hdkb. Ngkgstdr ob p`ruŧbk zg vrbnb n`kf`islb kgobzhb
u ]DDD vblu, gid ob h`akdob prburbċdvgk d h`frgċdvgk, g kgr`Ďdt` u ]SDD d ]SDDD vblu, lghg ngkgstdr
h`jdog hgkgŧkod dzfibh u stdiu ulrgodksl`f jgr`lg. Ngkgstdr zgmvgtg := mbltgrg p`vrŧdkb d u kobf`v`n
lrufu sb kgigzb jr`okd arlvbkd `jobltd, Ďdog su lujbtg p`zigĆbkg tgkldn zigtkdn pi`Ďdagng. Xu sb,
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XurdstdĎl` put`vgkob u Q`vobtsld Qgvbz Qrbtbk QtgoĎdĆ
Qtrgkg | 17
tgl`ċb, kgigzd vbidl zv`kdl kg Ďbtdrd sprgtg, vds`l 43,2 n (kgovdŧd u QQQZ -u). Ngkgstdr hgkgs kb rghd
lg` vbrslg j`f`n`iog, vbĆ sb u kobf`v`n sgstgvu kgigzb jr`okd nuzbod.
@jdŧid sn` vbidld Btk`frgcsld nuzbo u l`nb su prdlgzgkd jr`okd prbhnbtd `h lbrgndlb, p`rauigkg,
stglig (Ćup`vd, vgzb d hr.), lg` d prbhnbtd `h hrvbtg, jr`okd huj`rbzd, zgtdn prdnbrad kgr`hkb k`ŧkob,
vdŧb vrstg Ćdidng, lg` d uz`rad rgzk`f tlgkog sg kgad`kgikdn ulrgodksldn ŧgrgng d hrufdn.
R sli`pu Ldobvsl`- pbĎbrslb igvrb rgzfibhgid sn` nundcdadrgkb ibŧbvb rgkdob sgmrgkobkdm lgiuċbrg. Xu
ob u pbĆdksldn lgtgl`njgng, kg hujdkd `h :5n, p`h p`sbjk` p`v`iokdn usi`vdng kg tbnpbrgturd `h
pius 8 stbpbkg Abizdus`vg `stvgrbk` prdr`hk` nundcdadrgkob ibŧbvg. Nbċutdn, h`akdob prdsustv`n
vbidl`f jr`og frgċgkg h`ŧi` ob h` rgspghgkog, tgl` hg sb hgkgs ufigvk`n n`fu vdhbtd l`sturd, g sgn`
o`ŧ p`kbfhb n`fu zgpgzdtd nundcdadrgkb, gid p`arkbib d h`stg `suŧbkb rulb. @v` ob hgkgs obhgk vbidld
nuzbo u l`od h`igzb mdioghb frgċgkg QQQZ-g, lg` d jr`okd turdstd dz svbtg.
R sli`pu ldobvsl`- pbĎbrslb igvrb rgzfibhgid sn` Ndlr`-ndkdogturkd nuzbo. Xu sb dzvgkrbhkd svbt
Ďuhbsg `tvgrg prbh p`sbtd`adng `vb kb`jdĎkb dzi`šjb. Blsp`kgtd `vb dzi`šjb t`idl` su ngid, hg sb
n`fu obhdk` rgzfibhgtd sg ndlr`sl`p`n. Qvgld ob rgh ukdlgt d dzrgċbk ob prbng p`sbjk`o tbmk`i`fdodn,
pr`kgċbk`o `h strgkb gut`rg. Rp`trbjiogvgkd su `rdfdkgikd dkstrunbktd d kgprgvb, kgr`Ďdt` zg tu svrmu
dzrgċbkd. D ngtbrdogi zg dzrghu ndkdogturg ob rgzidĎdt.
Gut`r `vdm rgh`vg ‑ Kdl`igo QbrfbobvdĎ Qoghrdstd ‑ ob Ď`vbl rgzk`vrskdm dktbrbs`vgkog d vgkpr`sbĎkdm
n`fuĆk`std. Z`ċbk ob 7416. f`hdkb, g p` struad ob gfr`k`n. U`mgċg` ob sidlgrslu glghbndou. Dng
zvgkob ngost`rg sp`rtg QQQZ-g zg r`kdigĎld sp`rt. Ndlr`-ndkdogturb su kobf`vg pgsdog, l`o`o ob
p`svbtd` vdŧb `h :5 f`hdkg. _g h`stdfkuĆg u `v`o frgkd h`jd` ob zvgkob zgsiušbk`f ngost`rg kgr`hkdm
tv`rbvdkg Rlrgodkslb QQQZ.
Zgh`vd ngost`rg su p`zkgtd ufigvk`n prbl` hvb dkhdvdhugikb stgikb dzi`šjb, obhkg sb kgigzd u
U`idtbmkdĎl`n nuzbou u N`slvd, g hrufg ‑ u Ldobvsl`n pbĎbrsl`n hršgvk`n nuzbou. Dzi`šjb ndkd-
ndkdogturg K.Q Qoghrdksl`f dngib su vbidldm uspbmg u N`ktrbgiu, Ugrdzu, X`ldou, @sgld, Urgfu, Q`cdod,
Juhdnpbŧtd, Sgrŧgvd, Hrbzhbku d hrufdn frgh`vdng svbtg.
Ndlr`-ndkdogturb, lgl` l`kstgtuob Qoghrdstd u sv`o`o lkodzd ‛Xgokb ndlr`tbmkdlb’ kgovdŧb p`lgzuobh`stdfkuĆg u `jrghd rgzidĎdtdm ngtbrdogig, g u dst` vrbnb d p`zkgvgkob kodm`vdm `s`jdkg.
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XurdstdĎl` put`vgkob u Q`vobtsld Qgvbz Qrbtbk QtgoĎdĆ
Qtrgkg | 1:
Lrgtl` ` blsp`kgtdng?
Qidlg (p`rtrbt) S.D.Ibkodkg. Qidlg ob dzrgċbkg tuŧ`n `h p`tpuk`f tblstg rghg Ibkodkg ‑ ‛XbluĆd
zghgad s`vobtslb vigstd’ d ‛Sbidld p`Ďbtgl’, lg` d `h Ďigkglg ` ndru. Udtgkob sbklb d svbti`std rbŧbk` ob
prbl` rgzidĎdtdm hbjiodkg d ŧdrdkg p`obhdkdm si`vg l`odm dng kg sidad `l` 785.555 l`nghg. _g dzrghu
si`vg up`trbjiogvgkg su ĎbidĎkg pbrg vigstdtb dzrghb.
Zušg u higad l`sb. Higlg ob pr`juŧbkg p` hušdkd d dzfigĎgkg ob h` pr`zdrk`std. R dzjuŧbku abvĎdau
unbtkutg frgkĎdag rušb. IdŧĆb d avbt rušb dzrgċbkd su `h struf`tdkg arvbk`rušdĎgstb d zbibkb j`ob,
sgstrufgkdm sg stgrdkslb sidlb prdidl`n rbstgurgadob dstb, @vb su j`ob jdib tvrhb, lg` lgnbk, gid u dst`
vrbnb igl` su sb n`fib n`hbidrgtd hdogngktsldn d rujdk`vdn rbzgĎdng. Kgosdtkdod lrdstgid j`ob
`hjdogouĆd svbti`st stvgrgou sidlu prdr`hkb svbšdkb avbtg. Ur`nbr avbtg ob 5,52nn, g hbjiodkg stgjiodlb
ob 5,552nn.
I`v`r`vg frgkĎdag kg vigsd l`sb. Higlg hušdkb 1nn prbsbĎbkg ob p` hušdkd. Kg prbsblu ob ufrgvdrgk
gpbi ‛Ndr svbtu’ kg pbt obzdlg? rusl`n, bkfibsl`n, crgkausl`n, ŧpgksl`n d kbngĎl`n. Xblst ob
dsbĎbk hdogngkt`n d prbngzgk j`o`n. Dzkgh higlb u `hf`vgrgouĆ`o l`np`zdadod snbŧtbkg ob i`v`r`vg
frgkĎdag `h zigtg, Ďdog ob `jrghg zkgtk` cdkdog d sdtkdog `h sgnb higlb.
U`rtrbt ‑ jgrbiobc I.D.Jrbškobvg dzrgċbk ob kg pgrĎbtu l`ŧtdab, g vbidĎdkg sidlb dzk`sd 8x6nn.
L`jzgr - zjdrlg pbsgng d p`bng `h ulrgodksl`f lkodŻbvkdlg d rbv`iuad`kgrg Xgrgs ťbvĎbklg (7=78-
7=37.) - kgongkog lkodfg kg svbtu - 5,5512 nn - hbjiodkg lkodfb. QtruĎkogad nk`fdm zbngiog stv`rdid
su Ďdtgv kdz supbr -ndkdogturkdm lkodfg. Ndlrd`-ndkdogturkg lkodfg ‛L`jzgr’ l`og ob blsp`kdrgkg kg
`v`o dzi`šjd ob kgongkog lkodfg kg svbtu. Kobzdkg p`vrŧdkg dzk`sd 5,3nn:. @v` ob sl`r` 74 putg ngkob
`h kgongkob ogpgkslb lkodfb. D p`rbh ndlr`sl`psl`f rgznbrg kdfhb kg strgkdagng ‛L`jzgrg’ kdob
`ŧtbĆbkg grmdtblt`kdlg stdm`vg, kbng kdobhk`f prbk`sg u hrufd rbh.
Hbjiodkg si`vg ob u pr`sblu 5,5512 nn. R lkodzd dng 7: strgkg, kg svgl`o ob p` = rbh`vg stdm`vg. Hvb
su strgkb sg diustrgadogng? sidlg X.F. ťbvĎbklg d l`pdog sidlb ‛JgĎl`vg luĆg’. Qtrgkb su t`idl` tgklb hg
ob idstgkob lkodfb n`fuĆb sgn` lrgobn zgŧdiobkb higlb. Lkodfg ob p`vbzgkg pguĎdk`n. Qp`iokd `n`t ob
`h avbtk`f idstdĆg kbzgj`rgvlg.
U`tl`vgkg juvg. - U`tl`vgkg ob `jdĎkg juvg. R ndlr`sl`pu sb vdhb zigtkb p`tl`vdab vbzgkb zg k`fb
juvb sg ĎbidĎkdn blsbrdng.
L`np`zdadog ‛S.S. Gkhrbobvkg’. - U`rtrbt l`np`zdt`rg Gkhrbobvg d jgigigolg u cutr`id snbŧtbkd su u
zrku nglg, l`od ob prbsbĎbk kg p`ig (sghršdkg ob uli`kobkg). @jb p`i`vdkb zrkg sp`obkb su zigtkdn
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XurdstdĎl` put`vgkob u Q`vobtsld Qgvbz Qrbtbk QtgoĎdĆ
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pbtiogng. Kg `vgo kgĎdk zrk` ob p`stgi` ngouŧkg lutdog. R obhk`o p`i`vdkd ufrgċbk` ob jbi` stgli`, kg
l`nb ob ufrgvdrgk p`rtrbt Gkhrbobvg. R hruf`o p`i`vdkd ‑ p`idtdrgkg `tv`rbkg cutr`ig u l`o`o sb kgigzd
jgigigolg ‑ tgĎkg l`pdog dkstrunbktg. Jgigigolg ob dzrgċbkg `h 85 hbi`vg, kg frdcu su dzrgċbkd
prdtdsldvgĎd, g šdab su 75 putg tgkob `h higlb Ď`vblg d kbl`idl` putg su tgkob `h pguĎdkb.
L`np`zdadog ‛U`i`kbzg @fdksl`f’. - R avbtu mrdzgktbnb jibh`-šutb j`ob dng 44 idstdĆg. UrbĎkdl
avbtg ob 2 nn. Kg stgjiu ob idstdĆ zbibkb j`ob `h :x2nn kg l`nb su frgvdrgkb k`tb p`i`kbzg
@fdksl`f sg l` 355 nuzdĎldm zkgl`vg.
U`rtrbt ‑ jgrbiobc ulrgodkslb pbvgĎdab Q`i`ndob Lruŧbkokdhb. - U`rtrbt hdnbkzdog 2x8 nn dsbĎbk ob
dz l`ŧtdab vdŧkob d snbŧtbk kg nbtb`rdt.
Qidlg (p`rtrbt) Brkbstg Mbndkfvbog. - Kgprgviobkg ob spbadogik` zg tu vrstu Ďbtldag d urgċbkg ob sidlg
glvgrbikdn j`ogng kg prbsblu zrkg hdviob lruŧlb.
U`rtrbt ‑ jgrbiobc Hgktbg. - U`rtrbt hdnbkzdog 8x8 nn ob dzrgċbk ruĎk` ĎbidĎkdn rbzgĎbn kg pgrĎbtu
l`ŧtdab trkg.
Kgongkod kg svbtu gltdvkd bibltr`n`t`r. - Hdnbkzdob bibltr`n`t`rg su 7/:5 nn1. Dstd p`sbhuob svb
`sk`vkb hbtgiob prgv`f gfrbfgtg? r`t`r, stgt`r, s`vdku, kgn`tgo d sidĎk`. Bibltr`n`t`r ob sl`r` :5 putg
ngkod `h zrkg nglg, g =55 putg ngkod `h figvb ŧdjdab. R 7436. f`hdkd bibltr`n`t`r ob jd`
hbn`kstrdrgk kg dzi`šjd u N`ktrbgiu, fhb ob jd` dznbċu blsp`kgtg 38 hršgvb kgongkod gltdvkd gfrbfgt.
Lgtgkga kg Ďbiu higlb. - Lgtgkga dzrgċbk u hvb vgrdogktb ‑ n`ktdrgk d rgstgviobk, g snbŧtbk kg Ďbi`
higlb. Lgtgkga ob 25 mdioghg putg ngkod `h ngl`v`f zrkg. Kg obhk`n ndidnbtru n`fi` jd sb snbstdtd
16 tglvdm lgtgkgag u obhk`n rbhu. Hdognbtgr lgtgkgag ob 5,5:6 nn, sg p`ig frgng zigtg n`fi` jd hg
sb urghd ndid`k `vglvdm stvgrd.
Rsp`nbkg Giblsgkhrg Frdkg (zbibkg crbfgtg). - Hušdkg crbfgtb ob 1,2 nn. Hbjiodkg `prbnb ob
5,551 nn (u prbsblu `prbng ob 855 putg tgkog `h iouhslb higlb). N`hbi dng 116 hbi`vg d u kobf`v`o
l`kstruladod sgĎuvgkb su svb ligsdĎkb pr`p`radob. Ndlr`-ndkdogturg ob dzrgċbkg ruĎk` `h zigtg. R
ouvbidrsl`o dzrghd prdnbkobkd su rgzidĎdtd kgĎdkd `jrghb ngtbrdogig? juŧbkob, vgrbkob, `jrghg, sbĎbkob,
p`idrgkob, lg` d `jdnkg n`ktgšg l`og ob zg sghg kbh`stdškg l`h sgvrbnbkdm tbmkdĎldm srbhstgvg.
Ngid prdka d gvd`k kg l`nb ob ibtb` Gktugk hb Qbkt Bfzdpbrd. - Z`ngktdĎkg d strgskg ioujgv ibtbkog
stv`rdig ob kgr`Ďdtu prbhstgvu ` svbtu l`h crgkausl`f lkodšbvkdlg d pdi`tg Gktugkg hb Qbkt ‑ Bfzdpbrd.
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Qg vdsdkb ibtg `k ob ogsk` d `ŧtr` `sbĆg` n`rgiku fb`frgcdou kgŧb pigkbtb, lg` d `hk`s dznbċu iouhd.
Gibf`rdĎkg jgolg ‛Ngid prdka’ p`sibhkob zgvrŧbk` hbi` `v`f pdsag ob u kbl`n sndsiu tbstgnbkt
kobf`vdm dhbgig. Ngid prdka kg gstbr`dhu (vdsdkg cdfurdkb ob 5,= nn) frgvdrgk ob prbng sidad Bfzdpbrdog.
N`hbi gvd`kg hušdkb : nn ‑ l`pdog ob gvd`kg kg l`nb ob ibtb` pdsga. Cdfurg prdkag d n`hbi gvd`kg
dzrgċbkd su `h zigtg.
Kg figvd vdidk`f l`kodag kgprgviobk ob sgt `h 715 hbi`vg l`od rghd. Gut`p`rtrbt ‑ kg lgpiod r`sb
`h stglig. Lghg sn` rgzfibhgid `vb blsp`kgtb pr`st` kdsn` vbr`vgid s`pstvbkdn `Ďdng, pg sn` sb
vrgĆgid hg o`ŧ obhk`n pr`vbrdn`. Qvb ob kbvbr`vgtk` d kbzgj`rgvk`, vrbhk` dslrbk`f hdviobkog
ngost`ru ndlr`-ndkdogturb Kdl`igou QbrfbobvdĎu ‑ Qoghrdstd.
_gtdn sn` kgstgvdid rgzfibhgkob `stgidm zkgnbkdt`std. @h ]D vblg kg `vgn` zg dzfrghkou sb kb l`rdstd
hrv`, vbĆ lgnbk d adfig, pg zgt` dng d vdŧb sgĎuvgkdm sp`nbkdlg. X` ob jd` sgn` hb` `psbšk`f
frgċbvdksl`f pr`frgng lkbzg Ogr`sigvg, l`od ob kgrbhd` hg sb frgh rbl`kstrudŧb. Frgh ob `pgsgk
k`vdn, skgškdn jbhbn`n, `h l`fg su hgkgs sgĎuvgkb sgn` ruŧbvdkb Ďuvbkdm zigtkdm vrgtg, l`og su
jdig sigv`iul p`jbhb (sgĎuvgk ob kodm`v artbš).
Q`cdosld sgj`r did arlvg svbtb Q`cdob (`h frĎlb rbĎd s`cus ‑ nuhr`st) ob kgoibpŧd sgĎuvgkd sp`nbkdl
l`od ob 7516. f`hdkb p`Ďb` hg frghd vbidld lkbz Ogr`sigv lg` figvku hršgvku arlvu.
R t` vrbnb Ldobv sb vbĆ `tv`rbk` kghnbtg` s L`kstgktdk`p`iobn (‛dst`Ďkdn Zdn`n’), g hgkgŧkodn
Dkstgkjui`n. Ldobvsld lkbz`vd su sgkogrdid ` Ldobvu lg` ‛trbĆbn Zdnu’. _j`f t `fg ob figvkg arlvg
hršgvb tglvdm gnjdadog n`rgig hg juhb kbŧt` dzuzbtk` ‑ d t` ob d jdig.
Arlvg sv. Q`cdob `stgviog skgšgk utdsgl sv`o`n vbidĎgkstvbk`ŧĆu, pg sb d hgkgs n`šb `sbtdtd lglv`n ob
skgf`n juhdig `sbĆgo ngouŧk`std, kdŧtgvdig d p`l`rk`std p`obhdkag prbh `jidĎobn J`fg d hum`vk`n
n`Ćd l`og fg ob prbhstgviogig. Rkutrgŧko`st arlvb ulrgŧbkg ob prblrgskdn crbslgng d n`zgdadng, h`jr`
`Ďuvgkdn. Idl`vd kg kodng su n`kunbktgikd, kbp`ndĎkd, str`fd, p`hrbċbkd abrbn`kdogik`std d
vighgouĆdn lgk`kdng, nghg idag svbtgag, nuĎbkdlg, obvgkċbidstg d arlvbkdm `tgag dngou dkhdvdhugikb
artb, ŧt` o`ŧ vdŧb p`ogĎgvg utdsgl.
Ngost`rd Ldobvslb Zusdob j`fgt` su ulrgŧgvgid zdh`vb d tgvgkdab arlgvg crbslgng d n`zgdadng. R ] d
]D vblu u kodm`vdn sb hbidng `pgšg rgzk`idl`st idag, kgfigŧbk` sghršgokd prdstup d `Ďdfibhk`
kgst`ogkob hg sb dzjbfkb jdi` lglvg frgcdĎlg suv`pgrk`st.
Lgh sn` lr`Ďdid p`h sv`h`vb ldobvslb sv. Q`cdob n`fid sn` zgpgzdtd hg su n`zgdad `itgrsl`f hbig
sgĎuvgkd sl`r` u abidkd. Xu sb kgr`Ďdt` dstdĎb idl J`f`r`hdab p`zkgt p`h dnbk`n ‛kbsgi`ndvd zdh’, sg
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Qtrgkg | 12
idl`n j`f`r`hdab Ngrdob @rgktb (frĎlb), u vdsdkd `h 3 nbtgrg, zgtdn idl Mrdst`sg sg 8 grmgkċbig u
r`zbtd lujbtg Ďdod ob prbĎkdl 8 nbtrg.
Xu ob ab` kdz idl`vg gp`st`ig prd prdĎbstd, zgtdn kdz idl`vg arlvbkdm `tgag. L`np`zdadog ob str`fg,
siušjbkg, g cdfurb su n`kunbktgikb, sndrbkb, kbp`ndĎkb. Kgrgvk`, dzj`r ngtbrdogig jd` ob `frgkdĎbk,
pg dpgl, su n`zgdad sgj`rg sv. Q`cdob zgĎuċuouĆb l`i`rdstdĎkd. @jrgzd su kgĎdkobkd `h nbrnbrg d hruf`f
lgnbkg t`pidm, rušdĎgstdm t`k`vg.
@hbĆg d `rkgnbktd su `h lgnbkĎdĆg ogrldm j`og? kg prdnbr, J`f`r`hdag dng pigvu d ioujdĎgstu `hbĆu
sg zigt`n, g zg p`ogs`n jbiu ngrgndau. Jbid `frtgĎd gp`st`ig `j`fgĆbkd su prbidvdng sdv`-ioujdĎgstdm d
sdv`-pigvdm t`k`vg. Arkd lrst`vd ngost`rsld su ul np`k`vgkd u ioujdĎgstb, zbibklgstb d srbjrk`-sdvb
t`k`vb. N`zgdad p`sbjk` h`igzb h` dzrgšgog kg zigtk`o p`zghdkd l`o`o hkbvk` svbti` hgob mdioghu
kdogksd. _g dzrghu n`zgdlg up`trbjiobk` ob 755 mdioghg rgzkdm lgnbkĎdĆg d stglig `cgrjgk`f zigtk`n d
hrufdn j`ogng. Kg nbstdng fhb ob n`zgdl jd` `ŧtbĆbk, rusld sidlgr Zujio`v dsidlg` ob h`akdob tgl`h`jr` d `rdfdkgik` hg sb tbŧl` n`šb prdnbtdtd rgzidlg u `hk`su kg n`zgdl.
N`zgdad Qv.Q`cdob su abrbn`kdogik` kbp`ndĎkd d u kodng sb o`ŧ `sbĆg smbngtdzgn d frgcdĎld
c`rngidzgn, nghg su p`obhdkd idl`vd `Ďuvgid sv`ou dkhdvdhugik`st. Xgl` ob, kg prdnbr, vb`ng dzrgzdtg
cdfurg O`vgkg _igt`ust`f. X` ob idab cgkgtdlg, `hiuĎk`, suv`, `ŧtrdm artg. Hg, t` ob uprgv` `kgo pr`r`l
gslbtdzng d str`fb n`rgik`std, ‛kbndi`srhgk prbng frbmu’, l`od ob sg L`kstgktdk`vslb lgtbhrgib
`jgsdpg` prbl`rdng d `p`nbkgng d sgnu lrgiodau Obvh`luou.
U`rbh kobfg kgigzd sb ndrgk `jrgz Sgsdidog Sbidl`f l`od dzrgšgvg sdfurk`st d sgn`p`uzhgkob. Xu su dgp`st`id Ugktbibon`k d Ugvib, sg šdvgmkdn dzrgzdng kg idau. X` su idĎk`std, g kb ‛idl`vd’. Ugvib ob
kgprgviobk p` gktdĎl`n uz`ru ‑ igld kgj`rd kobf`vb hbĆb pghgou obhk`stgvk` d prdr`hk`.
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XurdstdĎl` put`vgkob u Q`vobtsld Qgvbz Qrbtbk QtgoĎdĆ
Qtrgkg | 13
Dzvgkrbhkg ob crbslg ‑ ‛Ogr`sigv`vg p`r`hdag’:, kgostgrdod rusld p`rtrbt. Sdhb sb cdfurb 8 kobf`vb lĆbrd,
`h l`odm ob Gku uhg` zg crgkausl`f lrgiog, g hrufu zg ngċgrsl`f lrgiog d tgl` stvgrg` r`hjdkslb d
pr dogtbioslb vbzb sg hrufdn vighgrdng Bvr`pb. @hbĆg d lgpb su kgsidlgkb rbgidstdĎld, `Ďd pgšiodv`
fibhgou. Kg Obidsgvbtdk`n vrgtu kgigzd sb ulrgs.
Sbr`vgtk` ob kg obhk`n zdhu p`st`ogig d crbslg, sg idl`n lkbzg Ogr`sigvg, gid tgo zdh ob p`ruŧbk. _gtdn
su hgtd prdz`rd dz i`vg? hdkgndĎkg l`np`zdadog, sdi`vdtd p`lrbtd zvbrd, jrzd ogmgĎd, dth. Qvb tb sidlbkgf`kb Ď`vblg kg rgzndŧiogkob.
Q`cdosld sgj`r jd` ob sgj rkg arlvg Ldobvslb Zusdob d l rdŧĆbk ob zg lrukdsgkob ldobvsldm lkbz`vg.
@jk`viobk ob u ]SDD d h`akdob, pg hgkgs sg p`zigĆbkdn lujbtdng u stdiu ulrgodksl`f jgr`lg hbiuob
: Dzv`r? mttp?//www.da`k-grt.dkc`
Qi.7. - Crbslg - ‛Ogr`sigv`vg p`r`hdag’ :
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dnprbsdvk`. _g p`zigtu jr`okdm lujbtg ut`ŧbk` ob 6 lf d :55 fr. zigtkdm pi`Ďdag. Q`cdosld sgj`r hgkgs kb
rghd lg` gltdvkg arlvg, vbĆ ob prbtv`rbk u nuzbo.
F`hdkb 7:85. Hšdkfds-lgk`v ukul Jgtd zguzb` ob d sruŧd` Ldobv. X` ob jd` d lrgo Ldobvslb Zusdob. U`sib
`v`f trgfdĎk`f h`fgċgog u ]DDD vblu, `kg sb kdlghg vdŧb kdob `p`rgvdig kdtd h`stdfig sv`ou prbċgŧkou
sigvu d skgfu. U`sib n`kf`islb vigstd, l`og ob trgogig `l` :55 f`hdkg, h`ŧid su p`h vigst U`ioglg l`od su
zg 755 f`hdkg sv`ob uprgvb p`luŧgid hg gsdndidrgou Rlrgodkab, hg dm prbvbhu u lgt`idĎgkstv`, did hg
dzvrŧb ukdogĎbkob, to. hg `stgku prd sv`n vbrsl`n `jrbhu, gid hg prdzkgou zg vrm`vk`f hum`vk`f
p`figvgrg rdnsl`f pgpu. H`l su N`kf`id r uŧdid arlvb, U`iogad su kgst`ogid hg rgzkdn hgr`vdng
prdh`jdou prgv`sigvku arlvu kg sv`ou strgku.
Kg supr`tk`o strgkd `h Q`cdosl`f sgj`rg kgigzd sb sp`nbkdl J`fhgku Mnbiokdal`n l`od ob lg` l`zgl
prdlgzgk kg l`kou. Qp`nbkdl ob `h jr`kzb u rbgidstdĎk`n stdiu. J`fhgk Mnbiokdald ‑ `l` 7242-7326.
f`hdkb, gtgngk (mbtngk) ulrgodksldm l`zglg l`ob ob 738=. hdfg` kg ustgkgl pr`tdv p`ioslb vigstd.
_gobhk` sg Zusdo`n `si`j`hd` ob Rlrgoku `h p`ioslb vigstd, gid ob 7328. f. stgvd` p`h ruslu vrm`vku
vigst, Ďdnb ob Rlrgokg prgltdĎk` uŧig u sgstgv ruslb hršgvb. @vg pr`nbkg Ďbst` sb `jogŧkogvg lg`
h`jr`v`iok` prdstupgkob Zusdod rghd iglŧb hjrgkb h zgobhkdĎl`f kbprdogtbiog.
@tuhg u ulrgodksl`n obzdlu dng h`stg p`iosldm d rusldm rbĎd. Zgzfibhgid sn` sp`nbkdl Kdl`igou
QĎ`rsu, rusl`n rbv`iuad`kgru (7=42-7474.), mbr`ou @lt`jgrslb rbv`iuadob d frgċgksl`f rgtg, l`od ob sg
:: f`hdkb stgr`std jd` l`nghgkt pulg, g zgtdn l`nghgkt ulrgodkslb hdvdzdob sg :8 f`hdkb šdv`tg
p`fdku` 7474. f`hdkb.
Zgzfibhgid sn` `jbidsl sg šdv`n vgtr`n, l`og ob h`kbtg dz Ibkodkfrghg, g p`hdfkut ob u sigvu
p`fdkuidn j`radng u DD svbtsl`n rgtu. U`sngtrgid sn` snbku strgšb l`h `jbidslg d šdvb vgtrb l`ou
dzv`hb hidĎkd ċgad.
R Ldobvu ob 4.ngog 74=7. f`hdkb p`v`h`n 85-t` f`hdŧkodab p`jbhb kgh cgŧdzn`n `tlrdvbk sp`nbkdl
‑ ‛Ngoad `tghšjdkb’, kg l`nb ob prdlgzgkg cdfurg šbkb (ngolb) n`kunbktgik`f dzfibhg, vdsdkb 752 n
sg p`st`iobn, tgl` hg sb vdhd sg vbidlb uhgiobk`std. Qp`nbkdl ob dzrgċbk `h fv`šċg, gid ob dzrgzdt` sogogk
lg` hg ob kdli`vgk did kbĎdn hrufdn prbngzgk.
Ur`ŧid sn` p`rbh vbidl`f stghd`kg l`od dng 756 mdioghg nbstg. _g vrbnb DD svbtsl`f rgtg dfrgĎd
ldobvsl`f ‛Hdkgng’ h`vbhbkd su dz r`pstvg hg dfrgou utglndau pr`tdv dzgjrgk`f tdng kbngĎldm
vgzhum`pi`vgag ‑ Iuctvgcb, gid dn ob zgprbĆbk` hg n`rgou dzfujdtd p` abku šdv`tg. Nbċutdn,
‛Hdkgn`’ ob p`jbhd` sg rbzuitgt`n 2?7, pg su p`sib utglndab svd dfrgĎd `hvbhbkd d strbiogkd. Kbnad su
mtbid hg dm p`kdzb p`jbh`n kgh kodng, gid `kd t` kdsu h`zv`idid kd p` abku šdv`tg.
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XurdstdĎl` put`vgkob u Q`vobtsld Qgvbz Qrbtbk QtgoĎdĆ
Qtrgkg | 1=
Ldobv ob obhgk `h kgostgrdodm d kgoibpŧdm frgh`vg QQQZ -g. Ur`tbšb sb huš `jgig Hkobprg, l`od ob `vhb o`ŧ
rblg, g kb obzbr`, puk ob hdvkdm pgrl`vg d zbibkdig d kgoprdvigĎkdod ob u ngou lghg avbtg hdviod lbstbkd d u
ibt`. U`rbh nk`fdm dst`rdosldm, luiturkdm d hrufdm zkgnbkdt`std u Ldobvu, Ďuvbkg ob p` ibp`td d
mgrn`kdod kobf`vg srbhdŧkog uidag ‑ LrbŧĎgtdl.
Ldobv sn` rgzfibhgid p` ibp`n vrbnbku d kg svb kgs ob `stgvd` dzvgkrbhgk utdsgl. Frgh ob puk zbibkdig
d sg 15n: zbibkdig p` obhk`n stgk`vkdlu spghg nbċu prvb frgh`vb p` zbibkdn p`vrŧdkgng. Qvgld frgh
u QQQZ-u lgh h`stdfkb ndid`k stgk`vkdlg p`Ďdkob sg dzfrghko`n nbtr`g. Ldobv dng nbtr` u hušdkd
prbl` 15 ln.
R Ldobvu sn` jdid snbŧtbkd u turdstdĎl`n `jobltu zg `nighdku kg pbrdcbrdod frghg, pg sn` si`j`hk`
vrbnb dsl`rdstdid zg `higzgl u abktgr frghg. _g prbv`z sn` l`rdstdid gut`jus zg l`od sb lgrtb lupuou u
p`sbjkdn ld`sadng p` abkd `h 2 l`pbold. R gut`jusu svgl` p`kdŧtgvg sv`ou lgrtu kg obhk`n `h vdŧb
gpgrgtg. Gpgrgtd su sgsvdn obhk`stgvkd, `jdĎkg pibmgkg `cgrjgkg lutdog sg ruĎl`n l`og sb p`vigĎd hg pr`juŧd d tgl` p`kdŧtd lgrtu. R gut`jusdng ob vbidlg fušvg, ŧt` ulgzuob hg ob ngid jr`o gut`jusg u
sg`jrgĆgou.
R abktru frghg kgohušb sn` sb zghršgid u figvk`o uidad ‑ LrbŧĎgtdl. Urdnbtdid sn` hg ob vbĆdkg
pr`hgvkdag jbz grgkšdrgkdm dzi`fg, vbĆ su `jdĎk` prgzkd. Ur`hgvkdab su sigj` skgjhbvbkb, sg ngidn
gs`rtdngk`n r`jb, ufigvk`n zg zgh`v`iobkob `sk`vkdm p`trbjg frgċgkg. X`f hgkg u pr`hgvkdagng ob
jdi` h`stg putbrg p` abkd `h 1,85 rujiod zg obhgk ldi`frgn.
Kgŧ v`hdĎ, Iouhndig, usput kg ob prdĎgig hg ob Ldobv, dznbċu `stgi`f, p`zkgt d p` dzvrsk`o ldobvsl`ot`rtd. U`ŧt` sgn og dng` rgzi`fg hg Ďgstdn sgputkdlb, p`luŧgid sn` hg lupdn` obhku t`rtu u rghkogng,
gid jbz uspbmg. Kg lrgou sn` kgdŧid kg obhku kodm`vu frgċgklu sg hvb ldobvslb t`rtb d `kg kgn ob
pr`hgig zg 2 rujgiog. U`ŧt` ob k`rngikg abkg t`rtb sgn` 1 rujiob, t` sb `vg šbkg, Ďdn ob h`jdig k`vga,
`hngm dzfujdig hg kb jd jdig lgškobkg zj`f prbpr`hgob. Xgl` sb kgŧb hruŧtv` zgsighdi` p`sib ruĎlg, uz
l`kstgtgadou hg ob t`rtg zgdstg dzvrskg. Obhk` zgh`v`iostv` vdŧb. Hruf`f hgkg p`sib p`hkb kgstgvdid sn`
put gvd`k`n zg Ibkodkfrgh. @vu ngrŧrutu `h prbl` 7255 ln prbŧid sn` zg `l` : sgtg ibtbkog.
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XurdstdĎl` put`vgkob u Q`vobtsld Qgvbz Qrbtbk QtgoĎdĆ
Qtrgkg | 14
Ibkodkfrgh 1
Ibkodkfrgh sb kgigzd u Zusl`o QCZQ, zgmvgtg p`vrŧdku `h 315 ln: sg prbl` 8.255.555 stgk`vkdlg
(hrufd ob frgh p` vbidĎdkd u QQQZ -u, dzg N`slvb). Dng prbl` 115 cgjrdlg, g u dkhustrdod, sg`jrgĆgou d
trf`vdkd zgp`sibk` ob prbl` ndid`k rghkdlg.
74=1.f. Ibkodkfrgh kgvrŧgvg :=5 f`hdkg `h sv`f skdvgkog (7651 ‑ 74=1.). U`hdfkut ob kg n`Ďvgrk`n
d kbp`f`hk`n tbrbku uz vbidlb kgp`rb d iouhslb šrtvb. Zusld agr Ubtgr D Sbidld (736: ‑ 76:2.) sngtrg`
ob hg Zusdog n`rg usp`stgvdtd l`ktglt s `stgidn svbt`n, g t` sb n`šb p`stdĆd dzjdogkobn Zusdob kg n`r b
d stvgrgkobn n`rslb trf`vgĎlb ci`tb. D sgn ob dŧg` u zgpghkb bvr`pslb zbniob (M`igkhdou d hrufb) hg jd
stblg` struĎk` zkgkob u rgzkdn zgkdngkodng, kgr`Ďdt` `l` jr`h`frghkob. _g Ubtrg sb Ďbst` f`v`rd hg ob
hbidndĎk` `vighg` sg 72 zgkgtg.
U`ŧt` Zusdog kdob p`sbh`vgig trf`vgĎlu iulu, Ubtgr Sbidld 7651.f. p`igšb tbnbiob Ubtr`pgvi`vslb
tvrċgvb l`og ob trbjgig hg ŧtdtd juhuĆu trf`vgĎlu iulu `h kgpghg ťvbċgkg. K`vd frgh ob kgzvgk Qgklt-
Ubtbrjurf (p`kbnĎbk`), zgtdn sgn` Ubtbrjurf, d t` dnb ob k`sd` h` 7478. f., g lghg ob zj`f rgtg s
KbngĎl`n h`jd` rusl` dnb ‑ Ubtr`frgh. X` dnb ob k`sd` h` :7.7.74:8.f. lghg ob kg DD l`kfrbsu
Q`vobtg QQQZ-g pr`nbkd` dnb u Ibkodkfrgh u sp`nbk kg prbndkui`f v`ċu `lt`jgrslb rbv`iuadob S.D.
Ibkodkg.
@h 767:. h` 7476.f. `vgo frgh jd` ob prbst`kdag rusl`f agrdzng, zgtdn `h ngrtg 7476.f. sbhdŧtb
Urdvrbnbkb vighb, g kgl`k @lt`jgrslb rbv`iuadob sbhdŧtb Q`vobtg kgr`hkdm l`nbsgrg, g p`sib ob
prbst`kdag prbkbtg u N`slvu.
Ubtgr Sbidld p`hdšb prv` Ubtr`pgvi`vslu tvrċgvu, `l` l`ob pigksld dzfrgċuob k`vu prbst`kdau u l`ou
prbsbiogvg hršgvku uprgvu d h`sbiogvg zgkgtidob d trf`vab. @h ]SDDD vblg Ubtr`frgh sb ujrgog u
kgovgškdob p`idtdĎlb, luiturkb, kguĎkb d prdvrbhkb abktrb Zusdob? - glghbndog ob `sk`vgkg 76:2.f.,
ukdvbrzdtbt 7=74. f`hdkb, zgtdn gstr`k`nsld `psbrvgt`rdo u Uuil`vu d p`stgob kgovgškdog iulg Zusdob,
`hk`sk` QQQZ-g. Ibkodkfrgh ob, p`sib N`slvb, kgovbĆd dkhustrdosld frgh, vbidl` šbibzkdĎl` Ďv`rdŧtb,
rgzvdobkg nrbšg sg`jrgĆgokdag d pi`vkdm putbvg.
Grmdtblt`ksld sp`nbkdad frgċbkd su prbtbšk` u zgpghk`-bvr`psldn stdi`vdng? kgop`zkgtdod su _dnsld
hv`rga, zfrghg Ghndrgidtbtg, jr`okd nuzbod (Brndtgš), p`z`rdŧtg d jdjid`tblb, lg` jdjid`tblg Glghbndob
kgulg QQQZ-g l`og ob `sk`vgkg 7678.f., zgtdn Rkdvbrzdtbtslg jdjid`tblg, `sk`vgkg 7=74. f`hdkb.
1 Hgkgŧkod Qgklt Ubtbrjurf.
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XurdstdĎl` put`vgkob u Q`vobtsld Qgvbz Qrbtbk QtgoĎdĆ
Qtrgkg | 85
Ibkodkfrghsld ukdvbrzdtbt hgkgs dng 76 cgluitbtg kg l`odng stuhdrg 7:7 mdioghg stuhbkgtg. R
Ibkodkfrghu ob hdpi`nu h`jd` d S.D.Ibkodk.
Ibkodkfrgh ob sgfrgċbk kg hbitd rblb Kbvb, sg hvb Kbvdab. Zblg Kbvg hufgĎlg ob sgn` =2 ln d ŧdr`lg
7 ln, gid ob j`fgtg v`h`n d dng v`hb l`idl` Hkobpgr d H`k zgobhk`.
Ibkodkfrgh ob prb rbv`iuadob dng` 1=8 arlvb, g hgkgs dm gltdvk` rghd sgn` 7=? - prgv`sigvkdm,
lgt`idĎldm, pr`tbstgktsldm d hšgndog. Sbidld jr`o arlgvg prbtv`rbk ob u nuzbob. Lghg sn` p`sngtrgid
n`kunbktgikd sp`nbkdl Ubtru Sbidl`n u Ibkodkfrghu dngid sn` utdsgl hg Ćb jr`kzgkd l`ko svgl`f
trbkutlg prbibtbtd prbl` rblb Kbvb,
prbng n`ru, prbng Bvr`pd, prbng
sbvbru, tgn` fhb dsprušbk`n
rul`n p`lgzuob kobf`v ogmgĎ ‑
Ubtgr Sbidld.
Qp`nbkdl sb kgigzd kg lgnbk`n
p`st`iou tbŧl`n :.255 t`kg. X` ob
tzv. fr`n lgnbk (lgnbk u l`od ob
uhgrd` fr`n). F`hdkb 7651. tgo
kb`jdĎkd agr ob s obhkgldn bigk`n,
lg` ŧt` ob kobf`v p`lrbt `l`vgk u
jr`kzd, dstrfg` srab ruslb hršgvb dz
usgniobk`std usrbh stbpg d ŧung d
dz srbhkobf vblg, d p`i`šd` fg u
kgruĎob JgitdĎl`f n`rg, kg prgf
Bvr`pb d svbtg.
Jd` ob t` vbidld d mrgjgr Ďdk, obhgk
`h `kdm l`od zgsiušuou hg sb
kgz`vu dst`rdosldn. U`Ďbtl`n
]SDDD vblg Zusdog ob u nk`f`
Ďbnu zg`stgogig zg sgvrbnbkdn
bvr`psldn rgzv`obn, ut`kuig u trghdad`kgik`st, ndstdadzgn d `l`ŧtgid sdstbn l`od ob l`Ďd` kobk
kgprbhgl. N`slvg ob jdig prbst`kdag hršgvb, gid d prbst`kdag sgn`zgh`v`iokb `lrbkut`std sbjd d sibpdig
zg t`l`vb dst`rdob.
Qi.:. - Qp`nbkdl Ubtru Sbidl`n - Ibkodkfrgh
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XurdstdĎl` put`vgkob u Q`vobtsld Qgvbz Qrbtbk QtgoĎdĆ
Qtrgkg | 87
Ubtr`vg `hiulg hg sb `hrblkb t`f st`ibtk`f abktrg Zusdob d hg dzfrghd k`v, hgibl` kg sbvbru, kg frgkdad
hršgvb, jdig ob rbv`iuad`kgrgk Ďdk Ďdod ob adio jd` hg sb Zusdog `trfkb `h srbhkobf vblg d hg sb su`Ďd s
Bvr`p`n, lgl` jd umvgtdig l`rgl s ko`n.
Hglib, rbv`iuad`kgrstv` ob jdi` vbĆ sgn` r`ċbkob frghg l`od ob tu trghdadou kgstgvd` lgskdob s
hblgjrdstdng d rbv`iuado`n 7452. f`hdkb, cbjrugrsl`n rbv`iuado`n 7476. d, kgozgh, `lt`jgrsl`n
rbv`iuado`n. _g :=5 f`hdkg sv`ob dst`rdob frgh ob h`šdvb` `k` ŧt` nk`fd hrufd frgh`vd kdsu kd zg
mdioghu f`hdkg.
Ubtbrjurf ob dzrgstg` u hbitd Kbvb, kg dst`o fb`frgcsl`o ŧdrdkd kg l`o`o sb kgigzd Giogslg d ouškb `jgib
Frbkigkhg. Nbċutdn, zj`f utdagog t`pib F`icslb struob, l`og tbĎb uz k`rvbŧlu `jgiu, lidng ob tglvg hg
sb kb jd rbli` hg sb frgh kgigzd tgl` hgibl` kg sbvbru. _dnb su Ďgl t`pidob kbf` u h`stg ouškdo`o
N`slvd. _dnd nrgl pghg ujrz` p`sib p`hkbvg, g u ouku kgstupgou Ďuvbkb ibkodkfrghslb jbib k`Ćd,
lghg sb d u p`k`Ć dzkgh frghg rgzidvg jibhg svbti`st l`og u iouhdng dzgzdvg kbndr d tbrg dm kg uidab, tgl`hg su usrbh k`Ćd pukb uzhršgk` vbsbidm frupdag, zgkbsbkdm pgr`vg d usgniobkdm ŧbtgĎg.
R svbtu ob ngi` frgh`vg l`od su lg` Ibkodkfrgh dzrgsid tgl` dhbgik` d p` obhk`stgvk`n pigku. Hrufd
frgh`vd su p`hdzgkd frĎbvdt`, sg `sadigadogng, h`šdviogvgouĆd usp`kb d pgh`vb. Ibkodkfrgh lg` hg ob
dslibsgk dz obhk`f l`nghg, ab` ob `jumvgĆbk obhdkstvbk`n `sk`vk`n zgndsid. Hvb st`tdkb f`hdkg
frghdid su fg kgoj`iod h`ngĆd d strgkd grmdtbltd, svgld nu ob uhgmku` kbŧt` sv`ob, gid su sb svd p`vdk`vgid
obhdkstvbk`o dhbod. Ibkodkfrghsld hv`rad, pgigtb, frgċgkslb d pibndĆlb luĆb, arlvb, uprgvkb zfrghb d
sp`nbkdad Ďdkb mgrn`kdĎku abidku zj`f Ďbfg ob tgo frgh, l`od sb kgigzd kg 88 `strvg (p` kbldng
st`tdkgl) kg hbitd Kbvb nbċus`jk` p`vbzgkdm sg 164 n`st`vg, g sg prbhfrgċbn 351 n`stg ‑ ujrgog
nbċu kgoibpŧb frgh`vb kg svbtu. U` jr`ou `strvg ` n`st`vg prvd ob u svbtu, dng =2 lgkgig d nk `fd fg
kgzdvgou sbvbrkg Sbkbadog.
Qrbhdŧkod hb` Ibkodkfrghg sgn zg sbjb prbhstgviog sp`nbkdl d pbskdĎl` p`rbċbkob hg u kobnu ‛svgld
lgnbk svbh`Ďd ` dst`rdod’ ‑ sgsvdn `hf`vgrg. Xu kdob p`trbjk` trgfgtd zg zkgnbkdt`stdng s turdstdĎldn
v`hdĎbn u rulgng. SbĆ sgng ŧbtkog lr`z frgh u jdi` l`n prgvau kuhd h`v`iok` utdsglg, ibp`tb d
usp`nbkg kg vbidlb h`fgċgob u dst`rdod.
Xbŧl` ob jdrgtd ŧtg rgzfibhgtd u t`o rgsl`ŧd, nbċutdn, p`st`od vdŧb nbstg l`og zgsiušuou p`sbjku pgškou.
Nd sn` zg hvg hgkg j`rgvlg u Ibkodkfrghu, dpgl h`stg vdhbid. Jd` ob ibp` pr`ŧbtgtd Kbvsldn
pr`spblt`n l`od kb kb`jdĎk` ibpg d slighkg srbhdŧkog uidag, zgtdn N`sl`vsld pr`spblt, huf 77 ln d hr.
Lgh jd sb svb uidab Ibkodkfrghg sp`odib kgprgvd` jd sb put l`odn jd sb n`fi` stdĆd `h Ibkodkfrghg h`
J`rh`g u Crgkausl`o.
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XurdstdĎl` put`vgkob u Q`vobtsld Qgvbz Qrbtbk QtgoĎdĆ
Qtrgkg | 8:
U`ċdn` `h prvb zfrghb l`ou ob Ubtgr D p`hdfg`. X` ob Ubtr`pgvi`vslg tvrċgvg s l`o`n sb r`hd` Qgklt
Ubtbrjurf d l`og ob `h srbhdkb ]SDDD vblg stblig nrgĎku sigvu kgostrgŧkdob ruslb tgnkdab. Zgzfibhgid
sn` `vu tvrċgvu. Hbjiodkg zdh`vg dzk`sd 72-73 nbtgrg. Frgċbkg ob u vrbnb rgtg sg ťvbċgkdng (7655 -
76:5.), gid kdob l`rdŧĆbkg obr ob rgt zgvrŧbk. Arlvg u Ubtr`pgvi`vsl`o tvrċgvd ob p`r`hdĎkg arlvg Ubtrg
Sbidl`f. Frgċbkg ob 767=-7616.f. X`rgko kg arlvd vds`l ob 7::,2 nbtgrg, d kgovdŧd ob u Ibk odkfrghu. R
Ubtr`pgvi`vsl`o arlvd sgmrgkobk ob Ubtgr D vbidld, unr` 76:2.f, Ubtgr DDD, agrdag Lgtgrdkg DD, Gkg,
lĆbrlg Ubtrg D, Lgtgrdkg D, šbkg Ubtrg D unrig 7682., zgtdn agr Giblsgkhgr D d kobf`vg šbkg u rgzidĎdtdn
fr`jkdagng l`ob ob agr Giblsgkhgr p`hdfg` o`ŧ zg šdv`tg. Xu su sgmrgkobkd d `stgid rusld agrbvd, lg`
Kdl`igo D d hrufd.
Ubtr`pgvi`vslg tvrċgvg jdig ob u ]D] d ]] vblu, prb `lt`jgrslb rbv`iuadob, kgovbĆd zgtv`r zg p`idtdĎlb
zgtv`rbkdlb, dz l`fg kdl` kdob uspb` hg p`jbfkb. Xu ob, u stvgrd, jd` dstrgškd zgtv`r sg 3= sgndag u
l`odng su ibšgib ufibhkb idĎk`std lg` pr`tdvkdad agrg d agrdzng . Xu ob ibšg` d Giblsgkhgr Riogk`v,
Ibkodk`v jrgt, l`od ob p`sib u hruf`n zgtv`ru `jbŧbk. Ibkodk ob jd` pr`tdv gtbktgtg kg agrg, f`v`rbĆd hg
p`sib ujdstvg obhk`f psg kg kobf`v` nbst` h`igzd hrufd pgs. R Ubtr`pgvi`vsl`n zgtv`ru jdid su
zgtv`rbkd? ĉbrkdŧbvsld, H`st`obvsld, F`rld d nk`fd hrufd. S`hdĎ kgn ob p`lgzg` lgl` su nuĎbkd
zgtv`rbkdad p`n`Ću sdpgkog lgpd v`hb kg tbnb figvb d hruf`.
_g vrbnb DD svbtsl`f rgtg vbidld t`rgko kg arlvd su prbcgrjgid d tgl` zglgnucidrgid. Xgo p`sg` su `jgvdid
rusld gipdkdstd, l`od su obhdk` jdid sp`s`jkd hg sb p`pku kg tu vdsdku. Q `jzdr`n kg vbidlb kgp`rb u
pbkogkou h`jdogid su hupi` vbĆb sibh`vgkob nbsg u dzk`su :25 fr, obr ob k`r ngik` sibh`vgkob dzk`sdi`
7:2 fr. Qg Ubtr`pgvi`vslb tvrċgvb puagou hvg t`pg u 7: Ďgs`vg, g u 3 sgtd svdrg nuzdlg. Uuagkobt`p`vg `stgi` ob lg` trghdadog o`ŧ dz vrbnbkg Ubtrg Sbidl`f, lghg su p` kobf`v`n kgrbċbkou puagid
t`p`vd.
Zgzfibhgid sn` Dsgldobvsld sgj`r (kgzvgk tgl` p` Qv. Dsgldou), l`od ob 85 f`hdkg frghdi` 885.555 iouhd.
Dsp`h kobf`vb lup`ib, vds`lb 75: n, dng nbstg zg 71.555 iouhd, g tbšdkg sgn obhk`f stujg dzk`sd 7.755
t`kg. Qngtrg sb hg ob Dsgldobvslg arlvg trbĆg p` vbidĎdkd u svbtu, dzg arlvb Qv. Ubtrg u Zdnu d arlvb Qv.
Ugvig u I`kh`ku. Dsgldobvsld sgj`r ulrgŧbk ob sg 855 lf zigtg. U`rbh Dsgldobvslb arlvb rgzfibhgid sn`
sp`nbkdl agru Kdl`igou D kg l`kou l`od ob `si`kobk sgn` kg hvb k`fb (u svbtu p`st`od sgn` ŧbst tglvdm
sp`nbkdlg). Dsgldobvslg sgj`rkg arlvg p` vrbhk`std nbrnbrg, zigtg d hrufdm ngtbrdogig sngtrg sb
kgoj`fgtdo`n arlv`n u svbtu.
_gtdn sn` gut`jus`n `tdŧid h` zfrghb Ghndrgidtbtg, l`og sv`odn t`rkobn tzv. ‛dfi`n’, vds`l`n 6:
nbtrg kghvdsuob pgk`rgnu frghg. _frghg Ghndrgidtbtg p`hdfkutg ob 7=77. f`hdkb, u Ďdobn sb abktru
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XurdstdĎl` put`vgkob u Q`vobtsld Qgvbz Qrbtbk QtgoĎdĆ
Qtrgkg | 81
kgigzd sigv`iul p`jbhb, (u stvgrd sigv`iul Giblsgkhru D) l`od ob p`hdfkut u zkgl sbĆgkog kg p`jbhu kgh
Kgp`ib`k`n 7=7:. f`hdkb.
Qigv`iul ob u vdhu `jbidslg `h tgnk`arvbk`f nbrnbrg, vds`l ob 86 nbtgrg d tbšgl 355 t`kg. _frghu
Ghndrgidtbtg rghd` ob dtgidogksld grmdtbltg Zgstrbid u stdiu rusl`f jgr`lg. (Zgstrbid ob tgl`ċb rghd`
jr`okb zfrghb u Ibkodkfrghu d hrufdn nbstdng). Cgsghg figvk`f ŧtgjg hufgĎlg ob 215 nbtgrg.
Xgl`ċb sn` jdid kg Hv`rsl`n trfu, obhk`n `h kgovbĆdm trf`vg kg svbtu l`od `lrušuou sigvkd _dnsld
hv`rga. Kg Ngrs`v`n p`iou u Ibkodfrghu upgiobkg ob prvg vbĎdtg vgtrg u sp`nbk kg p`fdkuib j`rab u
DD svbtls`n rgtu, fhb ob p`hdfkut d sp`nbkdl p`fdkuidn. Qg `v`f nbstg sb uzdng šdvg vgtrg d k`sd u
`stgib frgh`vb fhb sb p`hdšb sp`nbkdl d šdvg vgtrg pgidn j`radng u DD svbtsl`n rgtu.
Jdid sn` l`h sp`nbkdlg Quv`r`vg l`od ob prdlgzgk u vdhu rdnsl`f ibfd`kgrg. Giblsgkhgr SgsdiobvdĎ
Quv`r`v (76:4 ‑ 7=55.), rusld v`osl`v`ċg l`od ob u svbnu jd` u siušjd agrslb vighb (ufuŧd` ustgkgl
U`ioglg 763= ‑ 766:., uĎbstv`vg` u signgkou ustgklg UufgĎ`vg 7661 ‑ 7662.f., p`jbhd` L`ŧĎuŧlg
7648.f.), zgtdn sb dstglg` u nk`fdn jdtlgng d p`stg` kgosigvkdod rusld v`osl`v`ċg d obhgk `h kgovbĆdm
v`osl`v`ċg ]D] vblg.
U`jbhd` ob Xurlb u rgtu 76=6 ‑ 7647.f., g zgtdn uĎbstv`vg` u rgt`vdng pr`tdv Crgkauslb (Ďuvbkd
p`m`h prbl` Gipg 7644. f`hdkb). _g usp`nbku kg kobf`vb v`okdĎlb vridkb u pbrd`hu vbidl`f
`tghšjdksl`f rgtg 748:.f. uvbhbk ob u QQQZ -u `rhbk Quv`r`vg lg` obhk` `h kgovdŧdm s`vobtsldm
`hidl`vgkog, g v`okdad su prdidl`n `higslg kg cr`kt pr`igzdid p`rbh kobf`v`f sp`nbkdlg.
Nghg ob Ibkodkfrgh rbigtdvk` nigh frgh, sv`odm :=5 f`hdkg pr`šdvb` ob vb`ng jurk`. Nbċu nk`fdn
h`fgċgodng l`od su u frghu uz rblu Kbvu `stgvdid sv`ob trgf`vb, jbz sunkob ob, u k`vdo`o dst`rdod,
kgovbĆd @lt`jgrslg rbv`iuadog. Ibkodkfrgh ob jd` srab rbv`iuadob, kobk figvkd ŧtgj.
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XurdstdĎl` put`vgkob u Q`vobtsld Qgvbz Qrbtbk QtgoĎdĆ
Qtrgkg | 88
Nk`fg nbstg u kobnu p`hsbĆgou kg `hiuĎuouĆb h`fgċgob dz tdm hgkg. U`sbtdid sn` obhk` `h tglvdm
nbstg kg rbad Kbvd, uz uidau Ubtr`frghslgog kgjrbškgog, fhb sb ndrk` iouiog ibfbkhgrkg lrstgrdag
‛Gur`rg’. Lrstgrdag ob dzfrgċbkg 7455.f., uĎbstv`vgig ob u rgtu pr`tdv Ogpgkg 7452.f., zgtdn u D
svbtsl`n rgtu d @lt`jgrsl`o rbv`iuadod. R rgk` outr` :2. `lt`jrg 7476.f. p` stgr`n lgibkhgru (6.
k`vbnjrg p` k`v`n) sg lrstgrdab ob rghd`n bndt`vgk Ibkodk`v p`zdv ‛Fgċgkdng Zusdob’ kg
prbuzdngkob vigstd.
RvbĎb, pi`tuk`n dst`rdosl`f zkgĎgog hgt ob zkgl zg ourdŧ kg _dnslu pgigtu, u l`o`o ob jdig prdvrbnbkg
vighg. _guzdngkobn pgigtb d mgpŧbkobn ndkdstgrg prdvrbnbkb vighb l`od su sb tghg kgigzdid u ko`o, vigst
u Zusdod prbŧig ob u rulb Q`vobtg.
Qi.1. - Lrstgrdag "Gur`rg"
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XurdstdĎl` put`vgkob u Q`vobtsld Qgvbz Qrbtbk QtgoĎdĆ
Qtrgkg | 82
R `k` vrbnb ‛Gur`rg’ ob o`ŧ
jdig gltdvgk v`okd jr`h.
F`hdkb 74:1. prbtv`rbkg ob u
ŧl`isld jr`h, g tbl 748=.
f`hdkb zguvbl ob usdhrbkg uz
Ubtr`frghslu kgjbrbšku.
@sgn f`hdkg lgskdob (7423.),
kg jr`hu ob urbċbk` `hbiobkob
v`ok`p`n`rsl`f nuzbog l`od
sn` tgl`ċb rgzfibhgid.
Qv`obvrstgk sp`nbkdl
rbv`iuadob prbhstgviog d cdkslg
šbibzkdĎlg stgkdag, Ďdog ob
zfrghg dzfrgċbkg 7=65.
f`hdkb. 1. gprdig 7476. f.
Sighdndr DidĎ Ibkodk vrgtd` sb
u h`n`vdku p`sib hufdm
f`hdkg p`idtdĎlb bndfrgadob.
Kg trfu dsprbh stgkdab
`Ďbldvgig fg ob ngsg rghkdlg,v`okdlg d n`rkgrg, l`odng ob
`hršg` Ďuvbkd f`v`r sg
`li`pk`f gut`n`jdig,
p`zdvgouĆd dm kg s`adogidstdĎlu
rbv`iuadou. 4. gvfustg ob sg
dstb stgkdab, prbruŧbk u i`šgĎg kg i`l`n`tdvd jr`o :41 jd` prdsdiobk hg p`jbfkb u Cdkslu, `hglib sb
p`k`v` vrgtd` 6. `lt`jrg. I`l`n`tdvg sb h` 7426. kgigzdig u Cdksl`o. Xghg ob uruĎbkg s`vobtsldn
vigstdng lg` hrgf`abkg rbidlvdog rbv`iuadob d `tghg sb kgigzd kg stgkdad lg` sp`nbkdl.
U`sbtdid sn` Nuzbo rbv`iuadob l`od dng 75 mdioghg prdnbrglg ‑ blsp`kgtg l`od `jumvgtgou pbrd`h `h
stvgrgkog LU Zusdob h` hgkgs. Qnbŧtbk ob u zfrghd Qn`ikd fhb sb kgigzd` ťtgj `lt`jgrslb rbv`iuadob
(Zbv`iuad`kgrkd l`ndtbt) d AL QLU (j) kg trfu l`od hgkgs k`sd dnb Xrd pr`ibtbrslb hdltgturb. Kgzdv
zfrghb Qn`ikd p`tdĎb `h stgr`f kgzdvg zg slighdŧtb sn`ib, l`og ob p`Ďbtl`n ]SDDD vblg tu Ďuvgkg zg
Qi.8. ‑ Kg pgiujd "Gur`rb"
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XurdstdĎl` put`vgkob u Q`vobtsld Qgvbz Qrbtbk QtgoĎdĆ
Qtrgkg | 83
p`trbjb ghndrgisl`f jr`h`frghdidŧtg. U`Ďbtl`n ]D] vblg kg t`n nbstu ob dzfrgċbkg ibpg ŧl`islg
zfrghg ‑ ‛Dkstdtut zg pibnbkdtb hbv`olb’ ‑ prdvdibf`vgkg ŧl`ig zg lĆbrd pibndĆg. Dkstdtut ob rghd` svb h`
gvfustg 7476.f., lghg sb u kobfg usbid` Ubtr`frghsld s`vobt rghkdĎldm d v`okdm hbputgtg.
F`hdkb 7476. u Qn`ik`n, :2. d :3. `lt`jrg (6 d =. k`vbnjrg p` k`v`n lgibkhgru), zgsbhg` ob
Qvbrusld l`kfrbs rghkdĎldm, v`okdm d sb`sldm hbputgtg l`od ob `sk`vg` prvu s`vobtslu vighu kg Ďbiu sg
Ibkodk`n. Ibkodk sb kgigzd` u Qn`ik`n `h `lt`jrg 7476. h` 75. ngrtg 74:5. l ghg ob s vigh`n prbŧg
u N`slvu l`og p`stgob prbst`kdag QQQZ-g. Kobf`vb rghkb pr`st`rdob zguzdngib su DD sprgt d sghg su
prbtv`rbkb u nuzbo. Kg Ibkodk`v`o rghk`o s`jd kgigzd` sb jgil`k sg l`fg ob Ibkodk hršg` sv`ob
p`zkgtb f`v`rb. Obhk`n prdidl`n lgh ob Ibkodk f`v`rd` u ngsd svbtg kgigzd` sb d O`sdp Jr`z.
U` h`igslu u Zusdou 1. gprdig 7476.f. Ibkodk sb obhk` vrbnb lrd` l`h rghkdlg u Ibkodkfrghu, nbċutdn,
lgh ob p``ŧtrbkg l`ktr`ig, `khg su Ibkodkg prbjgadid u obhku l`idju u sbiu uhgiobk`n 15 ln `h
Ibkodkfr ghg. Ibkodk ob `vhb rghd` d pdsg`, d tu l`idju ob kgzvg` ‛zbibkd lgjdkbt’. R Nuzbou sb p`rbh
`stgidm blsp`kgtg kgigzd d sidlg kg l`o`o sb vdhb hbibfgtd sg SD L`kfrbsg QLU (j) 7476.f.
@h hbibfgtg sg t`f l`kfrbsg hgkgs sb u šdv`tu kgigzb sgn` hvg hbibfgtg d t`? UobĎŧb d N`i`t`v l`od
hgkgs dng prbl` 45 f`hdkg. R Nuzbou su kg hdogrgnd (p`iulrušk`n vbidl`n pigtku) prdlgzgid kgpgh
rbv`iuad`kgrg kg _dnsld hv`rga l`od su jrgkdid ouklbrd d obhgk šbksld jgtgio`k snrtd. Hdogrgng zgmvgtg
kbl`idl` hbsbtdkg lvghrgtkdm nbtgrg d hbiuob dzvrsk`. U`rbh p`iulruškb sidlb urgċbk ob d hb` uigzg u
hv`rga `h arvbk` `cgrjgk`f ngitbrg, obr su svb hršgvkb zfrghb u t` vrbnb jdi` arvbk` `j`obkb.
Xu sb kgigzb d rgzkd prbhnbtd, lg` pgr lujkdm nbtgrg kgsigfgkdm hrvg l`og su siušdig lg` zgŧtdtg, zgtdn
hvg ndtrgiobzg ‛nglsdn’, kbl`idl` puŧglg d hrufd prbhnbtd. (H`l hdogrgng prdlgzuob sidlu vdhk`f
p`iog, pgk`rgng zgmvgtg ŧdrb u lruf).
R nuzbou sn` rgzifbhgid d sidlb p`zkgtdm šbkg ‑ rbv`iuad`kgrg, lg` Kghbšhb Lrupslgob, šbkb d
sgputkdab Ibkodkg, zgtdn Giblsgkhrb L`i`ktgo (7=6: ‑ 742:.) d hrufdm. G. L`i`ktgo jdig ob lĆbrlg
fbkbrgig, gid sb vbĆ lrgobn ]D] vblg uliouĎdig u rbv`iuad`kgrkd p`lrbt, jdig ob prbhstgvkdl ZQHZU kg
Nbċukgr`hkdn l`kfrbsdng s`adogidstldkog, g 7476. p`stgig ob Ďigk AL J`ioŧbvdĎlb pgrtdob. U`sib
p`jbhb `lt`jgrslb rbv`iuadob 7474.f. p`stgig ob kgr`hkd l`nbsgr zg gfdtgadou d pr`pgfgkhu u Lrdnsl`o
rbpujidad, rul`v`hdig šbksldn `hbiobkobn AL d jdig sbltrbtgr Nbċukgr`hk`f šbksl`f sblrbtgrdogtg prd
L`ndktbrkd. U`sib ob jdig s`vobtsld hdpi`ngtg, p`idtdĎld d trf`vdksld p`sigkdl QQQZ -g u K`rvbŧl`o,
zgtdn p`sigkdl u Nblsdlu, g `h 7482 ‑ 742:. sgvbtkdl Ndkdstgrstvg dk`strgkdm p`si`vg. Giblsgkhrg
L`i`ktgo jdig ob prvg šbkg gnjgsgh`r u svbtu. Lghg ob h`ŧig u K`rvbŧlu zg gnjgsgh`rg trbjgi` ob u
hv`ru lrgiou hg prbhg glrbhdtdvb, nbċutdn kg hv`ru ob jd` `jdĎgo hg lrgio prdng gnjgsgh`rb u sbhbĆbn
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XurdstdĎl` put`vgkob u Q`vobtsld Qgvbz Qrbtbk QtgoĎdĆ
Qtrgkg | 86
p`i`šgou, h`l gnjgsgh`rd st`ob. Qgh sb prvd put u svbtu p`ogvdig šbkg gnjgsgh`r d lrgio ob n`rg` hg
nbkog pr`t`l`i, pg ob ustg` d p`kuhd` G. L`i`ktgo hg sbhkb. Lrgio ob pdtg` prvu šbku gnjgsgh`rg kg
l`n obzdlu hg rgzf`vgrgou, g G. L`i`ktgo nu ob `hf`v`rdig hg n`fu rgzf`vgrgtd kg svdn bvr`psldn
obzdadng, ŧt` ob lrgiog dzkbkghdi` d dnprbsd`kdrgi`.
U`sbtdid sn` nuzbo Brndtgš. Kgzdv nuzbog p`tdĎb `h crgkauslb rbĎd brndtgfb, ŧt` zkgĎd ‛usgniobkd
lutgl’, gid d ‛pustdkogl`v stgk’. Xgl` ob ruslg agrdag Lgtgrdkg DD kgzvgig kbl`idl` s`jg u agrsl`o
_dnsl`o pgigtd u tghgŧkobn Ubtbrjurfu. R tdn s`jgng dngig ob sv`ou prdvgtku zjdrlu sidlg d rgzidĎdtdm
unbtkdĎldm hbig, pg ob tu pr`v`hdig dzvbsk` vrbnb lghg jd ob `juzdngi` sgkogrbkob. Xdm kbl`idl` s`jg
kgnbkobk` ob sv`obvrsk`o hum`vk`o rblrbgadod 7638. f`hdkb, hglib `kb f`hdkb lghg ob zgvrŧbk sigvkd
_dnsld hv`rga, frgċbk o`ŧ `h 7628.f., g agrdag Lgtgrdkg DD n`fig ob, kb jbz l`lbtbrdob, hg kgpdŧb
crgkausl`n bkadli`pbhdstd Frdnu? ‛Qgn` og d ndŧbvd hdvdn` sb n`nb jigfu’. Lghg ob prvg frupg
m`igkhsldm d cigngksldm sidlg kgjgviobkg u Jbridku 7638.f. zg _dnsld hv`rga, t` ob p` trghdadod
`zkgĎdi` p`Ďbtgl stvgrgkog nuzbog.
Qi.2. ‑ _hgkob ’Figvk`f ťtgjg’
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XurdstdĎl` put`vgkob u Q`vobtsld Qgvbz Qrbtbk QtgoĎdĆ
Qtrgkg | 8=
Qi.3. - Dsprbh _dnsl`f hv`rag
F`hdkb 7=:2. unbtkdĎldm hbig jdi` ob vbĆ t`idl` hg su vighgrd p`šbibid hg dm prbhstgvb d ŧdr`o ogvk`std,
pg su st`fg `tv`rbkg vrgtg ‛usgniobk`f lutlg’. X`, kgrgvk`, o`ŧ kdob jd` nuzbo u hgkgŧkobn sndsiu
rbĎd d p`h p`on`n ‛ŧdrg ogvk`st’ p`hrgzunbvgi` sb prvbkstvbk` pibnstv` l`ob sb lrbtgi` u lruf`vdng
hv`rg d ufibhkdod p`sbtd`ad dz strgkdm zbngiog.
_frghu hv`rag rghd` ob u jgr`lu dtgidogksld grmdtbltg Zgstrbid. _g kobfg ob lgrgltbrdstdĎkg dzrghg cgsghb
u svbti`-pigv`o j`od, g pr`z`rg u jbi`o j`od.
U`sib `lt`jgrslb rbv`iuadob ab` _dnsld hv`rga prbtv`rbk ob u nuzbo, l`od sb hgkgs siušjbk` kgzdvg
Hršgvkd Brndtgš, sgvbzkd nuzbo G.Q.Uuŧldkg. QibhbĆdm hbabkdog zjdrlg ob p`pukogvgkg d srbċdvgkg. R
nuzbo ob prbkbt vbidld jr`o unbtkdĎldm prbhnbtg d prbhnbtg luiturk`-dst`rdosl`f zkgĎgog dz abi`f
Q`vobtsl`f Qgvbzg. Jr`o prbhnbtg l`od sb Ďuvgou u nuzbou p`vbĆg` sb u `hk`su kg kblghgŧkou agrslu
zjdrlu vdŧb `h trd putg d hgkgs dm dng `l` 1 ndid`kg prdnbrglg.
Brndtgš ob `tv`rbk lg` nuzbo zg
ogvk`st 747=.f. d kblghgŧkod ‛usgniobkd
lutgl’ p`sbtd f`hdŧkob h` : ndid`kg
p`sbtdigag. U` l`idĎdkd, vrbhk`std d
zgkdniodv`std hbig, Brndtgš ob obhgk `h
kgovbĆdm d kgozkgĎgokdm nuzbog u svbtu.
Obhkg `h kgohrgf`abkdodm d kgoj`fgtdodm
zjdrld u Brndtgšu ob p`svbĆbkg
prbdst`rdosl o luiturd d unbtk`std kg tiu
dst`Ďkb Bvr`pb d kg tbrdt`rdod hgkgŧkobf
Q`vobtsl`f Qgvbzg.
Qvbtsld figs ušdvgou sp`nbkdad
k`nghsldm kgr`hg l`od su kgstgkodvgid
ŧdr`lg pr`strgkstvg dznbċu Hukgvg d
N`kf`idob u bp`md Qldtg, u prv`n
ndibkdounu k`vb brb. X` su
kgo`rdfdkgikdob rul`tv`rdkb u `jigstd
zigtgrstvg, prbhnbtd luitg d
svgl`hkbvkb up`trbjb, ulrgsd zg `hbĆu,
l`koslg `prbng, `rušob. @vg unbtk`st,
r`ċbkg u svbtu stbpsldm vgrvgrg,
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XurdstdĎl` put`vgkob u Q`vobtsld Qgvbz Qrbtbk QtgoĎdĆ
Qtrgkg | 84
p`lgzuob utdagob rgzvdobkdm advdidzgadog Qrbhkobf dst`lg d FrĎlb, g dzkbkgċuob `rdfdkgik`ŧĆu cgktgzdob d
prbcdkobk`std stdig l`od ob kgzvgk ‛gkdngikd’.
R Brndtgšu sb kgigzb kgozkgĎgokdod l`npiblsd sp`nbkdlg luiturb kgostgrdodm k`nghsldm kgr`hg.
Sb`ng su j`fgtb d zjdrlb l`ob prbhstgviogou stgrb luiturb Ldkb, Dkhdob, hrbvk`f Bfdptg, Gsdrdob d
Sgvdi`kg, lg` igl, bngoi, p`rauigk, tblstdi dz srbhko`vbl`vkb ldkbslb prdnbkobkb unbtk`std, zgtdn
prbhnbtd `h srbjrg dz bp`mb Qgsgkdhg u Drgku, dl`kb dz Sdzgktdob d hruf .
Obhk` `h kgostgrdodm `hbiobkog Nuzbog p`svbĆbk` ob ligsdĎk`o advdidzgadod. Urvb gktdĎlb nbrnbrkb
sluipturb kgjgvd` ob p`Ďbtl`n ]SDDD vblg agr Ubtgr D. Nbċu kodng ob d Ďuvbkg Sbkbrg sg Xgurdhb,
rdnslg l`pdog frĎl`f `rdfdkgig dz DDD vblg prb k.b. Jr`okd prbhnbtd pr`kgċbkd su dsl`pgvgkobn kg
nbstu frĎldm l`i`kdog kg sbvbrk`o `jgid Ark`f n`rg. Qghg n`šb hg sb lgšb hg su l`ibladob gktdĎlb
FrĎlb d Zdng nbċu kgoj`iodn l`ob p`st`ob vgk frgkdag FrĎlb d Dtgidob. Zdnsld p`rtrbt, vgzb, sluipturb,
sdtkg pigstdlg, lbrgndlg, jr`kzg, stgli`, prbhnbtd zigtgrstvg dspukogvgou hbsbtdkb sgig u Brndtgšu.
Sbidlg zjdrlg kundzngtdlb, l`og sb ujrgog nbċu kgovbĆb u svbtu, lg` d zjdrlg unbtkdĎld `jrgċbk`f
`rušog, up`tpukouou pŧtu sidlu frgkhd`zkdm c`kh`vg hgkgŧkobf Brndtgšg.
Kb`sp`rk` trbjg dstgĆd hg su ufibh d sigvg Brndtgšg p`vbzgkd s kobf`vdn vbidĎgkstvbkdn l`ibladogng
zgpghk`bvr`pslb unbtk`std, kobk`f sidlgrstvg, sluipturb, frgcdlb, prdnbkobkdm d hbl`rgtdvkdm
unbtk`std. N`šb sb rbĆd hg su `vhb prbhstgviobkb svb bvr`pslb ŧl`ib sg hbidng kodm`vdm kgoĎuvbkdodm
unbtkdlg dz svdm `jigstd idl`vkdm unbtk`std< - Xdadogk, Zgcgbi, Ib`kgrh` hg SdkĎd, Ndlbigkċbi`,
ĕ`rċ`kb, Sbigslbz d hrufd.
Urv` nbst` p` p`tpuk`std stdislb zgstupiobk`std dzi`šbkdm hbig kb`sp`rk` prdpghg l`ibladod crgkauslb
unbtk`std. Dzvgk frgkdag Crgkauslb kbng o`o rgvkb. Xu su zgstupiobkd jr`okd crgkausld unbtkdad?
Uusbk, Crgf`kgr, zgtdn jr`okb sidlb Li`hg N`kbg, pg sidlb Zbk`grg, Udsgr`g, Hbfgg, obhgkbst
Qbzgk`vdm sidlg, 72 F`fbk`vdm sidlg l`ob prdpghgou kobf`v`n unbtkdĎld kgosrbĆkdobn rgzh`jiou ‑
tgmdĆgksl`n, 12 Ngtds`vdm hbig- nbċu l`odng Dfrg, Nuzdlg, Arvbkg s`jg d hrufg prdpghgou rgzh`jiou
`h 7455-7471., zgtdn Ďdtgvg grndog sbrdog hbig Signbklg d hrufdm.
Hgkgs, dtgidogkslg unbtk`st zguzdng 16 sgig, `h Ďuvbkb l`ibladob Lr`zg, l`og ob kgjgviobkg u Ugrdzu
76::.f., zgtdn dstdĎu sb prb svbfg : rbnbl-hbig Ib`kgrhg hg SdkĎd og ‑ Ngh`kg sg avbt`n (Ngh`kg
Jbk`g) d Ngh`kg Idtg, pg hbig pgrnsl`f unbtkdlg L`rbhdog. U`k`s Brndtgšg su d : Zgcgdi`vg rbnbl
hbig? rgkg Ngh`kg L`kbstgjdib d Ngh`kg sg hbtbt`n d sv. O`sdc`n, hbi`n unbtkdĎlb zrbi`std, zgtdn =
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XurdstdĎl` put`vgkob u Q`vobtsld Qgvbz Qrbtbk QtgoĎdĆ
Qtrgkg | 25
Xdadogk`vdm sidlg d 2 Sbr`kbz`vdm, 3 Xobp`i`vdm vbidldm hbl`rgtdvkdm pgkbig, NighdĆ sg ibut`n `h
Lgrgvgċg ujrgogou sb nbċu rbnbl -hbig Nuzbog.
_jdrlg cigngksl`f d m`igkhsl`f sidlgrstvg sghršd `l` 7 .555 d 255 hbig. Zujbksu prdpghgou :: sidlb
rgzidĎdtb tbngtdlb? l`np`zdadob ndt`i`ŧlb sghršdkb, pbozgšd, p`rtrbtd, zgtdn j`fgtg zjdrlg Sgk Hgolg sg
:2 p`rtrbtg.
M`igkhsl` sidlgrstv` prdmvgĆbk` ob u Zusdod s nk`f` kgli`k`std `h agrg Ubtrg D kg hgiob, prd Ďbnu sb
dstdĎb zgstupiobk`st jr`okdm sidlgrg, g kgr`Ďdt` ob zgstupiobk Zbnjrgkt s kobf`vdm :3 sidlg l`ob
`jumvgtgou svg rgzh`jiog d rgh`vb u unbtk`std vbidl`f ngost`rg (Ci`rg, Hgkgog, U`rtrbt stgrag u
arvbk`n, Qvbtg p`r`hdag, Hgvdh d Rrdog, U`vrgtgl jiuhk`f sdkg d hrufb).
ťpgksl` sidlgrstv` kdob t`idl` zgstupiobk` (dng `l` :55 sidlg), gid sb dstdĎb vds`ldn lvgidtbt`n, `h
Iudsg N`rgibsg, prbl` vbidl`f Bi Frblg sg sidl`n ‑ Gp`st`id Ubtgr d Ugvib, zgtdn sidlgrg Nurdiog d
Sbigslbzg h` 13 sidlg Ugjig Udlgsg, l`ob vbidĎgkstvbk` prbhstgviogou ‛pigvu’ d ‛rušdĎgstu’ ngost`r`vu
c gzu, lg` d `s`jbkb lgrgltbrdstdlb kobf`vdm lujdstdĎldm dstrgšdvgkog.
Srbhkb su pgškob d l`ibladob kbngĎl`f d bkfibsl`f sidlgrstvg, dgl` kbngou zkgĎgo rgkdob p`nbkutdm
zjdrld.
Dzuzbtk` ob zkgĎgokg l`ibladog sluipturb `h Ndlbigkċbi`v`f rbnbl -hbig ‑ _frĎbkd hbĎgl h` @fdst
Z`hbkg, kgovbĆbf unbtkdlg k`vb bp`mb. Z`hbk`v`n stvgrgigŧtvu p`svbĆbkg ob p`sbjkg sgig, fhb su
dzi`šbkb sluipturb dz rgzidĎdtdm n`nbkgtg unbtkdĎl`f stvgrgigŧtvg? `h `rdfdkgig u fdpsu Jr`kzgk`
h`jg, hbig l`ob ob sgn unbtkdl p`li`kd` Glghbndod u Ubtr`frghu 7==6. f., pg h` ngib ngslb ogpgkslb
dfrgĎdab ťgkgl` dz 7457. f`hdkb.
Brndtgš sb n`šb p`mvgidtd d `hf`vgrgouĆdn zjdrlgng zgpghk`bvr`psldm artbšg. D u p`fibhu
hbl`rgtdvkb prdnbkobkb unbtk`std zjdrlg Brndtgšg ob kg kdv`u kgovbĆdm bvr`psldm nuzbog, lg` ŧt` su
Iuvr d hrufd. L`ibladog p`rauigkg `h 7855 prbhnbtg prbhstgviog prdnbrlb dz svdm bvr`psld rghd`kdag.
Dst` sb n`šb rbĆd zg zjdrlu ngo`idlb, vbkbadogksl`f stglig, srbjrg (prvd rgh`vd ngost`rg dz Gufzjurfg d
Kdrkjbrfg prdpghgou ]SD vblu), bngoi dz Idn`šg, zigtgrstv`, l`ibladog tgpdsbrdob kbngĎldm, crgkausldm
d m`igkhsldm ngost`rg. @jdnk`st d kguĎku vrbhk`st c`kh`vg Brndtgšg h`lgzuou d p`hgad lg` kg prdnbr,trd mdioghb l`nghg kgnbŧtgog (p`Ďbv `h ]S vblg), pbt mdioghg prdnbrglg tblstdig d vbzg (p`Ďbv `h ]DS
vblg), hbsbt mdioghg pbt st`tdkg prdnbrglg `jrgċbk`f lgnbkg dth.
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XurdstdĎl` put`vgkob u Q`vobtsld Qgvbz Qrbtbk QtgoĎdĆ
Qtrgkg | 27
Hršgvkd nuzbo Brndtgšg prbhstgviog ab` obhgk svbt, `fr`ngk d nk`f`strgk, svbt Ď`vbl`vb cgktgzdob
ngtbrdogidz`vgkb u sidad, `jidlu d j`od, svbt uvbl `tv`rbk `kdng l`od kb šbib sgn` hg up`zkgou pr`ŧi`st
kbf` trgšb d k`vb putbvb zg juhuĆk`st.
Hgkgs sb Brndtgš sgst`od `h l`npiblsg pgigtg l`ob sb prušgou huš Kbvb f`t`v` ab` obhgk ldi`nbtgr.
@kb dngou `l` 855 sgig d 1.555.555 prbhnbtg sp`nbkdĎlb vrbhk`std rgzkdm advdidzgadog, bp`mg, zbngiog
d kgr`hg.
Gl` jd sb l`h svgl`f blsp`kgtg u Brndtgšu zghršgid sgn` obhgk ndkut, `khg jd kgn zg rgzfibhgkob trd
ndid`kg blsp`kgtg trbjgi` : f`hdkb hgkg sn`Ďgs`vk`f rgzfibhgkog.
Nbċu hrgf`abkdn rgrdtbtdng `fr`nk` dktbrbs`vgkob dzgzdvg fb`frgcslg lgrtg Q`vobtsl`f Qgvbzg
vbidĎdkb 8: n:, dzfrgċbkg `h 82.555 prdnbrglg hrgf`f d p`iuhrgf`f lgnbkog sg Rrgig.
Qrbhdŧkod hb` nuzbog snbŧtbk ob u zfrghd _dnsl`f hv`rag, pbtr`frghsl`o rbzdhbkadod rusldm agrbvg.
@vg `fr`nkg frgċbvdkg, dzfrgċbkg ob srbhdk`n ]SDDD vblg, u l`o`o kgigzd vdŧb `h 7.555 s`jg,
prbhstgviog sgng p` sbjd hrgf`abkd sp`nbkdl grmdtblturb. Hb` zjdrlb kgigzd sb u hrufdn zfrghgng
l`ob Ďdkb grmdtblt`kslu d dst`rdoslu abidku sg _dnsldn hv`rabn? - Ngi`n Brndtgšu, Qtgr`n Brndtgšu,
Brndtgšk`n p`z`rdŧtu (hrufg p`i`vdkg ]SDDD vblg), K`v`n Brndtgšu, dz prvb p`i`vdkb ]D] vblg.
SbĆ sn` rblid l`idl` jd kgn vrbnbkg trbjgi` zg rgzfibhgkob svdm blsp`kgtg u Brndtgšu, nbċutdn, nd
sn` kgŧb rgzfibhgkob `jgvdid zg kbpukg hvg sgtg. Bv` ŧtg sn` Ďuid d vdhbid.
Brndtgš `jumvgtg 3 zfrghg, `h Ďbfg su 1 zfrghb p`vbzgkb sg _dnsldn hv`rabn. _g urbċbkob kgovbĆb
sgib, kobkdm stuj`vg d pigc`kg utr`ŧbk` ob :5 lf zigtg. U`zigtg ob hbjbig kbl`idl` ndlr`kg d n`šb hg
siušd =-75 f`hdkg, pg sb p`vrbnbk` n`rg nbkogtd. Sbidlg sgig zgmvgtg p`vrŧdku `h 7525 lvghrgtkdm
nbtgrg. R kgovbĆ`o sgid Brndtgšg kgigzb sb prbhnbtd prdnbkobkdm unbtk`std. Xu sb kgigzd d obhkg
hufgĎlg mgiodkg sg ŧibp`n, rgċbkg `h srbjrk`f l`kag d l`ŧtgig ob `l` 3.555 rujgiog, h`l ob u dst`
vrbnb obhkg lnbtldkog l`ŧtgig svbfg 7: rujgiog. (Agrdag Obidsgvbtg did Bidzgjbtg, lĆd agrg Ubtrg D, dngig
ob 72.555 mgiodkg, h t`fg =.555 kdlgh kdob `julig).
QvbĎgk` stbpbkdŧtb d arlvg `stgid su u jgr`lu p`sib p`šgrg u ]D] vblu, g nk`f` ŧtg ob `jk`viobk` u
ligsdĎk`n stdiu, obr ob t` prbldh ligsdadzng.
Cbihngrŧgislg sgig u Brndtgšu h`jdig ob kgzdv p` p`rtrbtdng rusldm ngrŧgig. Xu sb kgigzd d p`rtrbt
fbkbrgig Ndi`rgh`vdĆg, p`rbli`n Qrjdkg, l`od ob jd` obhgk `h l`ngkhgkgtg ruslb v`oslb u jdad l`h
J`r`hdkg. U`sib ob jd` fujbrkgt`r Qgklt Ubtbrjurfg. R s ibhbĆ`o pr`st`rdod ‑ ndkdstgrsld m`hkdl ‑
kgigzb sb crgkausld ŧpgibrd. ťpgibrd su p`sbjgk kgĎdk dzrghb tgpdsbrdob, vri` tbšgl kgĎdk dzrghb l`od
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XurdstdĎl` put`vgkob u Q`vobtsld Qgvbz Qrbtbk QtgoĎdĆ
Qtrgkg | 2:
zgmtbvg nk`f` strpiobkog d ngost`rstvg, tgl` hg su kgoj`iod ngost`rd n`fid f`hdŧkob hg urghb svbfg
obhgk d p` lvghrgtkd nbtgr. ťpgibrd su ufigvk`n rgċbkd u Crgkausl`o d `kd su kgovrbhkdod, g p`sib su
p`Ďbid hg dm rghb d hrufd, pg d u Zusdod.
QibhbĆg sgig ob u Ngi`n Brndtgšu d k`sd kgzdv pgvdio`ksld sgi`k. R kobnu sb, dznbċu `stgi`f, kgigzd
sgt u `jidlu pgukg, p`li`k rusl`f lkbzg d ngrŧgig U`tbnldkg agrdad Lgtgrdkd DD Sbidl`o, l`od ob jd`
obhgk `h kobkdm ndiobkdlg, zgtdn r`zbtg ‑ N`zgdl, l`pdog `rdfdkgig dz Sgtdlgkg, pg 8 c`ktgkb sg
nuzdl`n l`ou pr`dzv`hd l gpgkob v`hb kg ŧl`iolu. Zgzfibhgid sn` sgvbtsl` stbpbkdŧtb l`ob p`vbzuob
trd zfrghb ‑ Ngid Brndtgš, Hv`rga d K`vd Brndtgš.
R Brndtgšu sn` kgovdŧb vrbnbkg pr`vbid p`rbh dzi`šbkdm sidlg bvr`psldm sidlgrg, lg` Zujbksg, l`od
dng vdŧb sidlg, zgtdn obhku F`odku sidlu, 1 sidlb Bi Frblg, : sidlb Sgslbzg, : sidlb Sbigslbzg, : sidlb
Ib`kgrhg hg SdkĎdog, vdŧb sidlg Lgrgċg d Lgrgvgċg, 3 sidlg Xdadogkg, jr`okb Zbnjrgkt`vb sidlb d hruf`.
Kgovdŧb sidlg dng `h crgkausldm sidlgrg ‑ Qbzgkg, Udsgrg, N`kbg d hrufdm l`ob zgmvgtgou pbrd`h `h ]S
h` ]] vblg, lg` d m`igkhsldm sidlgrg `h ]DDD h` ]D] vblg. U`rbh crgkausldm dnprbsd`kdstg h`stg su
zgstupiobkd d dtgidogksld sidlgrd, p`sbjk` zg pbrd`h rgkb rbkbsgksb.
Agr Ubtgr Sbidld uvb` ob rgzkb rbc`rnb, pg d k`vd pr`t`l`i kg prdobndng d jgi`vdng. @kgo l` prblrŧd
pr`t`l`i n`rg` ob, dznbċu `stgi`f, hg p`pdob obhku cigŧu `h 7.5:2 idt. v`tlb, Ďdod sb uz`rgl kgigzd u
Brndtgšu.
Xbŧl` ob kgjr`ogtd ŧtg sn` svb vdhbid u Brndtgšu zg vrbnb hv`Ďgs`vk`f rgzfibhgkog. Qvb sb `hvdogi`
lg` kg ujrzgk`o c dinsl`o trgad, uz prdsustv` vbidl`f jr`og p`sbtdigag. U` dzigslu dz nuzbog `sbĆgid sn`sb `ŧgnuĆbkd `h jr`okdm utdsglg, obr svb `k` ŧt` sn` vdhbid hbiuob frgkhd`zk` d kbzgj`rgvk`. ťtbtg ob
ŧt` sb rgzfibhgkob `jgviog zg lrgtl` vrbnb (p` prbhvdċbk`n pr`frgnu), obr Ď`vbl kdob sp`s`jgk kd
cdzdĎld kd psdmdĎld hg svb tb utdslb p`vbšb u obhku abidku.
R si`j`hk` vrbnb kgŧd nighd sgputkdad ‑ Ogsndkg, _`rgk d @ifdag `tdŧid su u Agrsl` sbi`, hgkgŧkod
Uuŧldk, obr sn` nd jdid prdidl`n rgkdobf put`vgkog. Uuŧldk ob frgh u QQQZ-u, (ZQCQZ) oušk` `h
Ibkodkfrghg, sg `l` 62.555 stgk`vkdlg. Dst`rdog frghg tbsk` ob p`vbzgkg sg dst`rdo`n Ibkodkfrghg, pg ob
d sv`ob dnb vdŧb putg nbkog lg` d Ibkodkfrgh. R prv`jdtk`n dnbku Qggrsl` sbi` `sbĆg sb utdago
kblghgŧkobf cdksl`f kgzdvg. Lgskdob nu ob dnb pr`nbkobk` u Agrsl` sbi` (Agrsl`ob sbi` h` 74:5.f.,
zgtdn Hobtsl`ob sbi` h` 7416. f., g `khg ob h`jd` hgkgŧkob dnb ‑ Uuŧldk). Frgh ob kgstg` p`Ďbtl`n
]SDDD vblg, u dst` vrbnb lgh d Ubtbrjurf. Xu su agr Ubtgr Sbidld d kobf`vd p`hgkdad frghdid sv`ob
pr`vdkadoslb rbzdhbkadob. Rsl`r` ob `vgo prdogtgk prbhb` p`stg vb`ng ndiobk.
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XurdstdĎl` put`vgkob u Q`vobtsld Qgvbz Qrbtbk QtgoĎdĆ
Qtrgkg | 21
R pbrd`hu 7685-7625.f., p` kgi`fu hv`rg, tgn` ob pr`tbrgk` kbl`idl` mdioghg sbioglg, n`rkgrg d
v`okdlg l`od su fg pr`ŧdrdvgid, urbċdvgid d sghdid hrvbĆb u rgsl`ŧkdn pgrl`vdng. R t` vrbnb ob dzfrgċbk
d ibtkod hv`rga (7623.) agrdab Lgtgrdkb DD u stdiu jgr`lg, obhgk `h kgojidstgvdodm prdnbrg grmdtblturb `k`f
vrbnbkg, g hv`r agrg Giblsgkhrg D dzfrgċbk ob 7643. f`hdkb.
U`sib rbv`iuadob prbtv`rbkd su u nuzbob, g u t`lu DD svbtsl`f rgtg zkgtk` su `ŧtbĆbkd prdidl`n `psghb
Ibkodkfrghg. Uuŧldk, kblghgŧkob Agrsl` sbi`, dzfrgċdvgk ob d pr`ŧdrdvgk t`l`n ]SDDD d ]D] vblg.
Xgl` ob kgstg` frgh l`od sv`odn hv`radng, pgrl`vdng, hv`rgkgng d sp`nbkdadng prbhstgviog obzfr`vdt
sghršgo svbfg `k`fg ŧt` ob u pbrd`hu `h hvg st`ibĆg jdi` kgoj`iob u rusl`o hv`rsl`o grmdtblturd d
zgkgtstvu. Nbċu Ďuvbkdn frgċbvdkgng kgosigvkdob su Giblsgkhr`vsld hv`rga, Idabo, L`kabrtkg
hv`rgkg, Qigv`iul p`jbhb, Frgkdtkg tbrgsg d nk`fb hrufb. Qv`obvrsku grmdtblt`kslu zgkdniodv`st
prbhstgviog l`npibls frgċbvdkg dzfrgċbkdm lrgobn ]SDDD vblg u stdidz`vgk`n ldkbsl`n stdiu.
U`ŧt` ob frgh jd` kgnbkobk dsliouĎdv` hv`ru d kobf`vdn p`trbjgng, sgsvdn ob smvgtiodv` hg sb p`rbh
ibp`tb d rgsl`ŧd n`fg` p`mvgidtd d kgosgvrbnbkdodn tbl`vdkgng. @h Ubtbrjurfg (Ugvi`vslg) h`
Agrsl`f sbig dzfrgċbkg ob prvg ruslg šbibzkdag 7=13/6, kgrgvk`, kgnbkobkg sgn` hv`rsldn
p`trbjgng. U`sibhkob hbabkdob ]D] vblg Agrsl` sbi` ob h`jdi` v`h`v`h d lgkgidzgadou kg kdv`u
tghgŧkodm kgovbĆdm svbtsldm h`stdfkuĆg. Ql`r` u dst` vrbnb frgh ob h`jd` bibltrdĎku abktrgiu, pg ob tgl`
jd` nbċu prvdng u Bvr`pd l`nb ob abi`lupk` `svbtiobkob jdi` bibltrdĎk .
Hgkgŧkob dnb frgh ob h`jd` p` kgovbĆbn rusl`n pbskdlu Giblsgkhru QbrfbobvdĎu Uuŧldku, l`od ob u
kobnu pr`vb` hb` šdv`tg. R pbrd`hu `h 7=77-7=76. uĎd` ob u tgn`ŧkobn Idabou, g lgskdob 7=17. f.,vrgtd` sb sg šbk`n u Agrsl` sbi` d kgstgkd` u `ngko`o prdzbnk`o vdid l`og ob sgĎuvgkg h` hgkgs. Xu ob
kgpdsg` kbl`idl` sv`odm p`zkgtdm hbig, dznbċu `stgidm pbsnu ‛Libvbtkdadng Zusdob’, ‛Jgolu ` agru
Qgitgku’ d Ďuvbk` Xgtogkdk` pdsn` @kobfdku, Ďdnb ob `l`kĎg` sl`r` `sn`f`hdŧkod rgh kg r`ngku u
stdm`vdng ‛Bvfbkdob @kobfdk’. R frghu sb kgigzb trd vbidlg nuzbog p`svbĆbkg šdv`tu d rghu Uuŧldkg.
@vhb su obhk` vrbnb šdvbid d rghdid Iobrn`kt`v, Ji`l, Ngndk ‑ Qdjdrogl d hrufd. Nbċutdn, frgh Uuŧldk
ob d jbz t`fg prgvd prgvagtd nuzbo d obhkg `h kgop`sbĆbkdodm ‛m`h`ĎgskdĎldm tgĎglg’ zg mdioghb h`ngĆdm
d strgkdm p`sbtdigag Ibkodkfrghg l`od tu n`fu hg stblku kgokbp`srbhkdod d kgogutbktdĎkdod utdsgl ` šdv`tu
rusl`f hv`rg d kobf`vdm agrbvg. Kgŧd nighd sgputkdad kdsu n`fid hg p`sbtb Ibtkod hv`rga, pg su
dsl`rdstdid prdidlu hg p`fibhgou hv`rga Ngrid. Bv` ŧtg ob ` t`nb zgjbibšdig kgŧg nighg sgputkdag @ifdag
Sigm`vdĆ.
Hv`rga Ngrid frgċbk ob u vrbnb Ubtrg Sbidl`f `h 76:7-76:1.f. p` pr`obltu grmdtbltb Jrgukstgokg.
_`vb sb Ngrid p` obhk`n hv`rau u Crgkausl`o, l`od ob agr Ubtgr D vdhb` kg obhk`o sidad d hg` grmdtbltd
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XurdstdĎl` put`vgkob u Q`vobtsld Qgvbz Qrbtbk QtgoĎdĆ
Qtrgkg | 28
hg kg `sk`vu t`fg pr`obltuob. Hv`rga sb kgigzd kg zgpghk`o strgkd `h Ibtkobf hv`rag, dsprbh l`fg ob
vbŧtgĎl` obzbr` u `jidlu prgv`ufg`kdlg, g dzg kobfg ob p`iulruškd jgzbk. @vgo hv`rga ob p`tpuk`
ukdŧtbk prd hbn`ktdrgkou kbngĎldm ndkg. Kbnad su `hkbid jr`okb unbtkdĎlb prbhnbtb `h l`od su
nk`fd vrgĆbkd p`sib rgtg.
Hv`rga Ngrid `tv`rbk ob :1. ngog 74=:. f`hdkb, obhdk` kdob h`vrŧbk lgjdkbt Ubtrg D u prdzbniou.
Hv`rga ob slr`nkdm hdnbkzdog d u kobnu sb `fibhgou kblb `h k`vdkg u kgĎdku šdviobkog l`ob ob uvb`
agr Ubtgr D. H` Ubtrg D u Zusdod sb kdob pr`dzv`hd` kgnbŧtgo, ŧt` ob `k uvb`.
R prdzbniou hv`rag ob m`hkdl dz l`fg sb uigzd u s`ju zg prdngkob sg kgnbŧtgobn l`od ob uvbzbk. R
pr`st`rdod zg prdngkob kgigzd sb kgnbŧtgo p` bvr`psl`n kgĎdku `prbngkog, gid sghršgvg obhgk rusld
ngkdr, ŧt` sb `fibhg u prdlgzdvgkou kgovrbhkdodm stvgrd h`ngĆdkg u f`stdksl`o s`jd, pg ob u obhk`o
vdtrdkd prdlgzgk` srbjr`, g u hruf`o ldkbsld p`rabigk.
Dz `vb pr`st`rdob dhb sb u s`ju Ubtrg Sbidl`f. R pr`igzu h` `vb s`jb kgigzd sb obhgk ibp` urbċbk `rngk
dz KbngĎlb d obhkg ibpg sidlg sg kgzdv`n ‛L`l`ŧdob hv`rdŧtb’. Qidlg ob rbstgurdrgkg p`ŧt` su ob Kbnad
`hkbid d `ŧtbtdid. QpgvgĆg s`jg ob u prdzbniou, h`stg obhk`stgvk` ob urbċbkg, dng lrbvbt d `rngk, g Ubtgr
D uv`hd prvd put kgmtlgsk (k`Ćkd `rngrdĆ) u Zusdod. Xu ob p`rbh prdj`rg zg undvgkob (igv`r d j`lgi)
j`Ďdag zg tbĎkb ibl`vb d lutdog zg prgŧlgstb ibl`vb. R t`o s`jd dktbrbsgktk` ob `fibhgi`, obr tbl `h Ubtrg
D `fibhgi` p`Ďdkob hg sb l`rdstd u prgvb svrmb, g h` tghg sb `fibhgi` u j`fgtdn luĆgng sngtrgi` zg
j`f`muiobkob, pg sb kdsu fibhgid. @h Ubtrg D sb `fibhgou. _dh`vd s`jb `ji`šbkd su tlgkdk`n, g `h dst`f
ngtbrdogig urbċbkb su zgvbsb kg jgihgmdku lrbvbtg, kg pr`z`rdng d kg hvg tgjurbtg. Sdhbid su k`Ćkd
lgctgk Ubtrg D l`od ob l`rdstd` lgh ob u t`lu k`Ćd ustgog`.
Lumdkog ob `ji`šbkg pi`Ďdagng dz M`igkhdob l`ob su rul`n artgkb. @vb pi`Ďdab tgl`ċb su sldkuid
Kbnad sg zdh`vg d `hkbid. Hvb h` trd pi`Ďdab dz `v`f hv`rag kgċbkb su p`sib rgtg u ŧund u KbngĎl`o,
pg su kg `sk`vu kodm rusld struĎkogad dzrghdid dstb pi`Ďdab. R lumdkod sb kgigzd h`stg ngsdvk` srbjrk` d
jglgrk` p`suċb, g k`vdkg ob sgt, l`od ob h` tghg jd` rbtl`st d siušd` ob lg` ulrgs, g kb zg nbrbkob
vrbnbkg. @h Ubtrg D sgt sb l`rdstd zg nbrbkob vrbnbkg.
Kg sprgtu hv`rag sb kgigzd fgrhbr`jg Ubtrg D. Dktbrbsgktk` ob zgpgzdtd hg sb `hbĆg u t` vrbnb kdob
vbŧgig lg` hgkgs, vbĆ ob p`igfgkg u `rngk. Xu ob jd` prvd nukhdr bvr`psl`f lr`og p`i`šbk u sgkhul.
Xgl`ċb su rgzfibhgid prvd rusld `rhbk, g Ubtgr D jd` ob ŧbstd p` rbhu l`od ob h`jd` tgo `rhbk. Urvd `rhbk
h`jd` ob prvd rusld ngrŧgi.
Ubtgr D cgv`rdz`vg` ob iouhb prbng sp`s`jk`stdng, g ngkob prbng p`rbliu. Rvb` ob k`vd pr`t`l`i kg
prdobndng, zgmtbvg` `h j`ogrg hg `jrdou jrghu d kdz hrufdm rbc`rnd. Kg sprgtu ob d arvbkd sgi`k u l`nb
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XurdstdĎl` put`vgkob u Q`vobtsld Qgvbz Qrbtbk QtgoĎdĆ
Qtrgkg | 22
sb kgigzd lgkgjb d hvb c`tbiob tgpgadrgkb u Bkfibsl`o. @vhb su rgzfibhgid obhgk sblrbtbr dz Gufzjurfg
(KbngĎlg), kg l`nb ob u hrv` ibp` ufrgċbkg si`k`vgĎg, pg sblrbtbr hbiuob dzvgkrbhk`. R pr`Ďbiou
s`jb kgigzd sb vdtrdkg sg dzuzbtkdn rbtl`stdng, lg` si`k `h lgnbkg l`od sb lupg d hruf`. Xu sb kgigzd d
st` zg lgrtgkob, obr Ubtgr D ob h`jr` dfrg` lgrgtg, g p`vrbnbk` d ŧgmg l`od sb tghg ngkob dfrg`.
R obhk`o ngko`o s`jd kg sprgtu kgigzd sb obhkg st`idag dz U`rtufgidob, dtgidogksld p`rabigk, `rngk dz
KbngĎlb, g iustbrd su tdpdĎk` rusld. Urbl` putg arvbk`f sgi`kg kgigzd sb t`gibtkg s`jg sg kgnbŧtgobn
l`od ob prvd put dzrgċbk u Zusdod.
Kg st`iu sb kgigzd ŧbst ŧ`iodag `h lgkt`ksl`f p`rabigkg, kg l`nb su prdlgzgkd sdnj`id pr`ibĆg d
h`jr`h`ŧidab. @vgo sbrvds ob `h vbidlb vrbhk`std, obr ob dzvgkrbhk` urgċbk d hgkgs sb tbŧl` n`šb kgĆd.
Zgċbk ob u tgnk`-pigv`n p`rauigku, sp`iog sg ŧiodvdkdn avbt`n, g dzkutrg ob urgċbk u svbti`pigvdn
t`k`vdng. Xu sb tgl`ċb kgigzd lgctgk Ubtrg D rgċbk p` k`v`o n`hd.
Abktrgikg pr`st`rdog ob trpbzgrdog sg vbidldn m`igkhsldn st`i`n, zgtdn ogpgkslb vgzb sg kgrgkhšgstdn
avbt`vdng lgrgltbrdstdĎkdn zg tgo p`rabigk, pg vdtrdkg sg p`suċbn, sidlb d hruf`.
Dz trpbzgrdob sb uigzd u lgjdkbt, g hbsk` ob jdjid`tblg. R lgjdkbtu ob st` d sukĎgk`- pbŧĎgkd sgt dz
Bkfibslb. _dh`vd su `ji`šbkd hrvbt`n l`ob kdob ulrgŧbk`, sidĎk` jr`hsl`n p`hu. R lgjdkbtu dng 34
lkodfg, fi`jus, : sidlb obhdkstvbkb u svbtu, rgċbkb su `h sbhbckdm ŧl`iold, `h l`odm obhkg prbhstgviog
pgstdrg, g hrufg jgŧt`vgklu. H`jd` ob sidlb dz ťpgkdob.
Qvd rusld agrbvd dngid su jdjid`tblb, g agr Dvgk Fr`zkd jd` ob p`zkgt lg` p`sbhkdl vbidlb jdjid`tblb
l`ou ob uvbl k`sd` sg s`j`n, pg jd prd p`vigĎbkou prb spgsgvg` jdjid`tblu kbf` kblb hrufb
hrgf`abk`std.
R hv`rau Ngrid dng h`stg sidlg, prbtbšk` dtgidogksldm ngost`rg l`ob su urgniobkb u arkdn rgn`vdng hg
jd Ďdkdib l`ktrgst svbtidn zdh`vdng d tgl` h`jdib u dzrgšgok`std.
Agr Ubtgr D dng` ob hvg lgjdkbtg ‑ dst`Ďkd d zgpghkd, d lgl` sb sukab prbnbŧtgi` sg dst`lg kg zgpgh tgl`
sb d `k sbid`. Urv`f hgkg kgŧbf j`rgvlg u Ibkodkfrghu, 73 sgputkdlg dz kgŧb frupb dŧi` ob kgvbĎb u
rbst`rgk ‛Qghl`’. L`tdzgadog `h :5 rujgiog `jbzjbċdvgig ob prgĆbkob unbtkdĎl`f pr`frgng sg dfr`n d
pbsn`n, uz `jdnku vbĎbru sg lgvdogr`n (arkdn d arvbkdn), v`tl`n, vdk`n d hr. Zbst`rgk ob jd` puk
strgkdm turdstg dz Dtgidob, Crgkauslb, ťpgkdob, FrĎlb, Ouf`sigvdob d hrufdm. Jdi` ob vbsbi` d prdogtk`, `stgid
sn` h` lgsk` u k`Ć.
R Q`vobtsl`n Qgvbzu sn` vdŧb putg obid lgvdogr, pg sn` sb zgdktbrbs`vgid hg kbŧt` vdŧb sgzkgn` `
kgĎdku kobf`v`f sprgviogkog. Obhgk adtgt dz k`vdob s`vobtslb lkodfb ` dsmrgkd lgšb ‑ kg svbtu kbng
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XurdstdĎl` put`vgkob u Q`vobtsld Qgvbz Qrbtbk QtgoĎdĆ
Qtrgkg | 23
j`iob, mrgkiodvdob d abkobkdob mrgkb `h ark`f lgvdogrg obsbtrb d arvbk`f lgvdogrg i`s`sg. Gl` o`ŧ h`hgn`
d t` hg kg svbtu kbng slupiob mrgkb, `khg sn` svb rblid.
Arkd lgvdogr sb h`jdog `h obsbtrb. X` ob p`r`hdag rdjg l`og `jumvgtg :8 vrstb, `h l`odm su kblb prgvd
hšdk`vd, tbŧlb d Ďdtgvu t`ku. Obhk`n ob ui`viobkg jbiufg tbŧlg 7.155 lf d hufgĎlg =,2 n, h`l obsbtrb
tbŧlb kbl`idl` st`tdkg ldi`frgng kb prbhstgviogou kdlglvu rbtl`st (obsbtrg ob sidĎkg kgŧ`o n`rukd d
lbĎdfd). Obsbtrb d hrufdm rdjg dz kobkb p`r`hdab kgovdŧb dng u Ark`n, Lgspdosl`n d Gz`vsl`n n`ru d
rbad S`ifd.
Lgvdogr sb h`jdog abċbkobn dlrb dz šdvdm šbkld obsbtrb l`ob prd t`n `stgou šdvb d n`fu hgtd dlru
kbl`idl` putg, did sb rdjg ujdob d vghd svbšg dlrg. Dlrg sb zgtdn dzfkobĎd lr`z sdt` lgl` jd sb `hstrgkdib
iouslb, zgtdn sb p`nbŧg sg s`iou u l`o`o `stgob dzvbsk` vrbnb lghg sb `abhd rgs`i d lgvdogr ob sprbngk
zg pgl`vgkob d l`kzbrvdrgkob.
QidĎgk ob p`stupgl zg h`jdogkob arvbk`f lgvdogrg `h rdjg dz p`r`hdab i`s`sg. Kodm ob kgovdŧb u n`rdng d
jr`okdn rblgng Hgibl`f dst`lg d uz sbvbrkb `jgib Qdjdrg d Bvr`pb. @h svdm vrstg i`s`sg kgoabkobkdod
lgvdogr hgob f`rjuŧg.
Arkd lgvdogr abkobkdod ob ŧt` su ogog vbĆg d svbtidog, kgsupr`t t`nb, arvbkd lgvdogr ob abkobkdod ŧt` su ogog
ngkog, g j`og `k`f kgolvgidtbtkdobf n`rg hg juhb svbti`kgrgkhšgstg.
Hruf`f hgkg j`rgvlg u Ibkodkfrghu, p`sbtdid sn` Ubslgrbvsl` nbn`rdogik` fr`jiob. Xu ob 4. ngog
7435. f. kg hruf`o `jgid Kbvb, kg Sdj`rsl`o strgkd, tgn` fhb sb kgigzd sbi` Ubslgrobv`, `tlrdvbk
vbidĎgkstvbkd sp`nbkdl šrtvgng d jrgkd`adng Ibkodkfrghg zg vrbnb p`sibhkobf rgtg. Kg frgkdtk`n
p`st`iou st`od vds`lg, h`st ogkstvbkg šbkslg cdfurg sg vbkabn `h mrgst`v`f d i`v`r`v`f idŧĆg u rulgng
‑ Ngolg h`n`vdkg. Dzg sp`nbkdlg sb kgigzd ŧdr`l frgkdtkd zdh kg l`nb su urbzgkd rbiobcd sg prdz`rdng
dz ji`lghb Ibkodkfrghg, l`og ob trgogig 455 hgkg d stdm`vdng @ifb Jbrf`io u zkgl sigvb
Ibkodkfrgċgkdng l`od su dzhršgid vbidlb nulb d kdsu h`zv`idid kbprdogtbiou hg uċb u Ibkodkfrgh.
N`kunbktgikg šbkslg cdfurg rgċbkg ob `h jr`kzb, vds`lg ob 2 nbtgrg, sg o`ŧ t`idldn p`st`iobn.
Qp`nbkdl ob p`hdfkut kg Ubslgrbvsl`n nbn`rdogik`n fr`jiou l`ob zgmvgtg 155 mbltgrg d kg l`nb ob
sgmrgkobk` ndid`k Ibkodkfrgċgkg.
R t`lu DD svbtsl`f rgtg p`fdkui` ob :5 ndid`kg s`vobtsldm frgċgkg. Ibkodkfrgh ob jd` `pl`iobk 455
hgkg d k`Ćd, g `h fighd ob unri` 387.=51 Ibkodkfrgċgkg. R t`lu ji`lghb p`ruŧbk` ob 21% stgnjbk`f
c`khg. D p`rbh ji`lghb, u Ibkodkfrghu su rghdib jr`okb ustgk`vb ‑ 25 ŧl`ig, 1 p`z`rdŧtg, jd`sl`pd d hr.
Ibk odkfrgċgkd su uspbid hg stv`rb put šdv`tg prbl` Igh`ŧl`f obzbrg, p`vbzgid sb sg p`zghdk`n d tgl`
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XurdstdĎl` put`vgkob u Q`vobtsld Qgvbz Qrbtbk QtgoĎdĆ
Qtrgkg | 26
`jbzjbċdvgid p`trbjku mrgku, ibl`vb d hr. Ibkodkfrgh ob hg` kgovdŧb šrtgvg u t`lu DD svbtsl`f rgtg d prvd
ob h`jd` `rhbk mbr`og, gid ob h` lrgog `stg` si`j`hgk. Hgkgs u QQQZ-u dng 7: frgh`vg mbr`og l`od su
p`rbh Ibkodkfrghg hgid vbidlb šrtvb. Ibkodkfrgh ob l`kgĎk` `si`j`ċbk `psghb :6. ogkugrg 7488. f.
Kg Ubslgrbvsl`n fr`jiou f`rd šdvg vgtrg u sigvu ndid`k Ibkodkfrgċgkg l`od su tu sgmrgkobkd. _g vrbnb
rgtg d `psghb, svgl`f hgkg sgmrgkodvgk` ob p` kbl`idl` mdioghg unridm ‑ 2.555, pg =.:75, zgtdn 7:.215
unridm dth. R p`obhdkdn fr`jkdagng ‑ munlgng sgmrgkobk` ob d svdm 25.555 unridm. U`rbh svglb
rukhbib ‑ fr`jkdab kgigzd sb jbt`kslg pi`Ďg kg l`o`o ob `zkgĎbkg f`hdkg (748:, 7481 dth.) sg
pbt`lrgl`n zvbzh`n d hvg mrgst`vg idstg l`od su `cgrjgkd ark`n j`o`n. Qp`nbkdlb u zdnslb hgkb
`jigšu hrvbt`n rghd zgŧtdtb `h zdnb, (ŧt` sb rghd d u Ubtr`v`n hv`rau). Nbn`rdogik` fr`jiob u
Ubslgrobvu (Udslgrobvu) hbiuob dnprbsdvk`, lgl` u p`fibhu urbċbkog, tgl` d p` `hršgvgkou. Qtgzb su
jbsprbl rk` Ďdstb, g munlb `jrgsib kbf`vgk`n zbibk`n trgv`n, tgl` hg p`rbh vds`l` dzrgsi`f hrvbĆg
fr`jiob hbiuob lg` ibp` urbċbk pgrl. Nbċutdn, gl` sb p`sbtdiga sgn` kg trbkutgl prdsbtd tbŧldm hgkg
`psghb d sgmrgkodvgkog kg mdioghb Ibkodkfrgċgkg p`fdkuidm did unridm `h fighd, `khg p`stgob svbstgk
strgvdĎkb sdtugadob rgtg d u svbnu huj`l` sguĎbstvuob u `hgvgkou sigvb p`fdkuidn d unridn. Xgl` sn`
sb `pr`stdid `h `vdm munld sg huj`ldn pdobtbt`n ` p`ŧt`vgkobn zg svb ŧt` ob urgċbk` hg sb kodm`vb
šrtvb kb zgj`rgvb d hg siušb lg` `p`nbkg Ď`vbĎgkstvu hg sgĎuvg ndr u svbtu.
Ibkodkfrgh ob kg svb kgs `stgvd` dzvgkrbhgk d kbp`k`viodv utdsgl. Kgl`k hvg hgkg j`rgvlg u kobnu
lrbkuid sn` uvbĎb v`z`n d sutrghgk dzoutrg stdfid u N`slvu.
N`slvg
N`slvg ob figvkd d kgovbĆd frgh u QQQZ-u, kg rbad N`slvd, sg =64 ln: frghsl`f p`hruĎog d `l` 4
ndid`kg stgk`vkdlg (pbtd ob p` jr`ou stgk`vkdlg u svbtu). Dst`vrbnbk` ob uprgvk`, p`idtdĎl`, luiturk` d
prdvrbhk` srbhdŧtb QQQZ -g, jr`okd frgċbvdksld d unbtkdĎld sp`nbkdad, Lrbnio sg k`v`n l`kfrbsk`n
pgigt`n, Arvbkd trf sg Ibkodk`vdn nguz ibo`n, Rkdvbrzdtbt I`n`k`s`v, `sk`vgk 7662. f., hrufd
ukdvbrzdtbtd, vds`lb ŧl`ib, Glghbndog kgulg, dkstdtutd, X`ist`obv nuzbo d hrufd nuzbod, Ibkodk`vg
jdjid`tblg sg hvghbsbt d obhkdn ndid`k`n lkodfg, Dst`rdosld nuzbo sg prbl` Ďbtdrd ndid`kg blsp`kgtg `
dst`rdod Zusdob, zgtdn p`z`rdŧtg, `pbrb, unbtkdĎlb fgibrdob, nuzdĎld l`kzbrvgt`rdound d hr.
R frghu d prdfrghsldn kgsbiodng U`hn`sl`vsl`f dkhustrdosl`f jgsbkg l`kabktrdsgk` ob `l` 72%
dkhustrdob QQQZ-g. N`slvg ob kgovbĆd sg`jrgĆgokd abktgr QQQZ -g, figvkd Ďv`r šbibzkdĎldm prufg prbng
srbhko`o d zgpghk`o Bvr`pd, zg srbhkou Gzdou d Hgibld dst`l (Sighdv`st`l d Ubldkf) d hrufb, vbidld
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XurdstdĎl` put`vgkob u Q`vobtsld Qgvbz Qrbtbk QtgoĎdĆ
Qtrgkg | 2=
gbr`hr`nd, zgtdn prdstgkdŧtb l`ob ob lgkgidng p`vbzgk` s JgitdĎldn, Qbvbrkdn ibhbkdn, Jbidn s
Grmgkfbisl`n, Arkdn, Gz`vsldn d Lgspdosldn n`rbn.
R k`vdob vrbnb dzfrgċbk ob ukdvbrzdtbtsld frgh, figvkg ukdvbrzdtbtslg frgċbvdkg sg trdhbsbtgl sprgt`vg,
rghd`-tbibvdzdosld t`rgko vds`l 216 n, zgtdn nrbšg p`hzbnkdm šbibzkdag, nbtr`g, rbnbl -hbi`
sgvrbnbkb tbmkdlb d grmdtblturb.
N`slvg ob obhgk `h kgostgrdodm frgh`vg QQQZ-g, p`ndkob sb srbhdk`n ]DD vblg. R srbhkobn vblu
p`stgob prbst`kdag N`sl`vslb Sbidlb Lkbšbvdkb d Zuslb agrbvdkb h` 767:.f. lghg ob agr Ubtgr Sbidld
prbnbstd` prbst`kdau u Ubtr`frgh, zgtdn ob N`slvg spgiobkg 7=7:. f`hdkb zg vrbnb Kgp`ib`k`vb
kgobzhb kg Zusdou, g `h ngrtg 74:5.f., lghg ob Ibkodk h`ŧg` u N`slvu sg vigh`n, N`slvg p`k`v`
p`stgob prbst`kdag hršgvb.
Dnb N`slvg zgjbibšbk` ob prvd put u Dpgtdobvsl`n ibt`pdsu (7786.), l`od, dznbċu `stgi`f, lgšb? ‛H`ċd,
jrgtb, l`h nbkb u N`slvu’, p`zdvg` ob vighdndrsl`-suzhgiosld lkbz Ourdo Sighdndr`vdĎ, p`zkgtdod lg`
Ourdo H`if`ruld (7545 ‑ 7726.), sv`f sgvbzkdlg lkbzg Qvogt`sigvg @if`vdag, vighgrg u K`vf`r`hu-
Qbvbrsl`n. U`v`h zg `vgo p`zdv jdib su svbĎgk`std prdrbċbkb u Ďgst uspbŧkdm p`m`hg 7786. f`hdkb.
X` ob uobhk` d prv` sp`ndkogkob N`slvb u rusldn ibt`pdsdng d p`Ďbtgl kobk`f sghg vbĆ vdŧb `h =55 -
f`hdŧkobf p`st`ogkog (7486. f. pr`sigviobkg ob `sgnst`f`hdŧkodag p`st`ogkog N`slvb). Qt`fg sb lkbz
Ourdo H`if`ruld sngtrg skdvgĎbn N`slvb.
ťtg u stvgrd zkgĎd rbĎ N`slvg0 U` kbldng, frgh ob h`jd` dnb p` rbad N`slvd, g l` ob tu rblu tgl`
kgzvg` d ŧtg t` dnb zkgĎb ‑ kdob p`zkgt`. ĉu` sgn ndŧiobkob hg ob N`slvg h`jdig dnb p` kbl`n lkbzu
N`slu. U` ndŧiobkou kbldm grmb`i`fg kgsbiob kg nbstu hgkgŧkob N`slvb p`st`ogi` ob 725 f`hdkg prb
7786.f. lghg fg p`ndkob lkbz H`if`ruld. Idkfvdkdstd d hgkgs i`nb l`piog v`hbĆd rgsprgvu ` p`rbliu
rbĎd N`slvg.
Lkbzg Ourdog H`if`rul`vg kdob dktbrbs`vgig t`p`ngkdog, zg kobfg ob jdi` vgšk` hg ob `jgig p`rbh rblb
vb`ng p`f`hkg zg hrvbk` utvrċbkob. Urbng t`nb, `skdvgĎ frghg jd` ob lkbz Ourdo H`if`rul`v, l`od ob
7723.f. utvrhd` jbhbn`n sv`ob sbhdŧtb kg nbstu hgkgŧkobf ouf`zgpghk`f hbig Lrbniog, fhb ob prb
t`fg jdi` sgn` kbl`idl` hrvbkdm luĆg. R sli`pu Quzhgioslb lkbšbvdkb h` ]DDD vblg N`slvg ob Ďbst` jdig šrtvg `jrgĎukg nbċu zgvgċbkdn lkbz`vdng. F`hdkb 7766. spgid` ob h` tbnbiog tghgŧkou N`slvu
rogzgksld lkbz Fiobj, 7:54.f. p`k`v` ob `psbhgou rogzgksld lkbz Dzogsigv d pr`ksld lkbz Ndmgdi`, g
f`hdkb 7:1=. `sv`odid su `jk`viobku N`slvu d spgidid Xgtgrd l`od su kobkb stgk`vkdlb did p`ujdogid did
`tbrgid u zgr`jiobkdŧtv`. N`slvg sb uvbl p`hdzgig dz pbpbig o`ŧ skgškdog d vbĆg.
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XurdstdĎl` put`vgkob u Q`vobtsld Qgvbz Qrbtbk QtgoĎdĆ
Qtrgkg | 24
Ur`st`r `l` Lrbniog kgsbiogvgou zgkgtidob d lrgobn ]DD vblg kgstgig ob hrufg kgostgrdog n`sl`vslg
Ďbtvrt ‑ tzv. ‛ldkbsld frgh’ Ďdod su `stgad sgĎuvgkd h` hgkgs.
F`hdkb 7:2:. N`slvg h`igzd p`h vigst lkbzg Giblsgkhrg Kbvsl`f, g zg vighgkog kobf`v`f sdkg Hgkdig
p`stgob srbhdŧtb sgn`stgikb N`sl`vslb lkbšbvdkb. R h`jg l kbzg Dvgkg Hgkdi`vdĎg ‑ Lgidtb (prvg
p`i`vdkg ]DS vblg) frgh sb kgfi` ŧdrd d p`stgob rusl`, p`idtdĎl` d arlvbk` srbhdŧtb. @vgn` ob dz
Sighdndrg prbkbsbk` ndtr`p`idob.
Sbidld lkbz Hdndtrdo Dvgk`vdĎ ‑ H`ksl`o dzfrgċuob u Lrbniou (7136.) lgnbkb jbhbnb d luib.
N`sl`vslg lkbšbvdkg u t` vrbnb dng vgšku ui`fu u j`rjd zg `si`j`ċbkob Zusg `h tgtgrsl`f ogrng.
N`sl`viogkd su jdid `sk`vk` obzfr` ruslb v`oslb l`og ob 71=5. f`hdkb p`jbhdig Xgtgrb kg Luidl`v`n
p`iou. Nbċutdn, f`hdkb 71=:. N`slvu su zguzbid d spgidid Xgtgr d (m`rhb X`mtgndŧg) d u p`l`iou d
p`šgru dzfdkui` ob vdŧb `h :5 mdioghg n`sl`vsldm stgk`vkdlg. _g vighgvdkb Dvgkg DDD (7885-7252.)
rgċg sb dhbog ` dst`rdosl`o ndsdod Zusdob d ` N`slvd lg` ‛XrbĆbn Zdnu’. Frgh p`stgob vgšk` trf`vgĎl`srbhdŧtb. N`slg h`šdviogvg kgfid bl`k`nsld usp`k, p`stbpbk` nbkog sv`o sp`iokd dzfibh d p`Ďdkob sb
dzfrgċdvgtd p` ufibhu kg zgpghk`bvr`pslb frgh`vb. Qt`ibĆg su p`tvrhdig hg ob Ourdo H`if`rul`v vb`ng
nuhr` dzgjrg` nbst` zg sv`ou tvrċgvu. FrghdĆ sb rgzvd` u zkgĎgok` nbst` l`ob sb kgigzdi` usrbh rusldm
lkbšbvdkg, kg rbigtdvk` fust` kgsbiobk`n p`hruĎou d kg rgslrŧĆu trf`vgĎldm putbvg.
R N`slvu h`igzb dtgidogksld frghdtbiod, Lrbnio sb `jkgviog, frghb sb luib u rbkbsgksl`n stdiu, g
unbst` stgrdm hrvbkdm p`hdšu sb k`vb lgnbkb arlvb. N`sl`vslg hršgvg rgsig ob d ogĎgig, g kobkd
lkbz`vd su prv` p`Ďbid hg sb kgzdvgou ‛vbidld lkbz`vd N`sl`vsld’, g lgskdob, `h Dvgkg DS Fr`zk`f
agrbvdng ‛vsbog Zusd’. Xgl` ob N`slvg `hdfrgig ui`fu st`šbrg `l` l`fg su sb `lupdib d abktrgidz`vgib
rgsabplgkb cbuhgikb lkbšbvdkb. Gid, tbl kbl`idl` nbsbad p`sib lrukdsgkog Dvgkg DS Fr`zk`f (7286.
f.) zg agrg, u N`slvd dzjdog p`šgr l`od ukdŧtgvg kgovbĆd hb` frghg.
F`hdkb 7375. N`slvu zguzdngou U`iogad, gid ob `kg usl`r` :5. `lt`jrg 737:.f. `si`j`ċbkg u
`pŧtbkgr`hk`n ustgklu l`fg prbhv`hb frgċgkdk Ndkodk d lkbz U`šgrsld. H`igzgl Z`ngk`vdm kg vigst
zkgĎd p`k`vkd usp`k N`slvb l`od trgob svb h` 767:. f. lghg ob Ubtr`frgh p`stg` prbst`kda`n agrstvg.
F`hdkb 7614. N`slvg h`jdog prvd rbfuigad`kd pigk, g zg vighgvdkb agrdab Obidsgvbtb h`jdog ukdvbrzdtbt
(`sk`vgk 7622.), Ďdob ob `skdvgkob vbidldn hbi`n zgsiufg I`n`k`s`vg. (Ndmgdi` SgsdiobvdĎ
I`n`k`s`v ‑ 7677-7632., vbidld rusld kguĎkdl, lkodšbvkdl, glghbndl, bkadli`pbhdst kg kgovdŧbn
kdv`u. I`n`k`s`v ob prbtbĎg nk`fdm pr`kgigzgĎg ]] vblg, dzvrŧd` ob vgškg `tlrdĆg u `jigstd cdzdlb d
mbndob, c`rnuidsg` zgl`k `hršgvgkog ngtbrdob, `jogskd` p`ogvb sgf`rbvgkog, `jogskd` p`rbli` p`igrkb
svbti`std d hruf`.
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XurdstdĎl` put`vgkob u Q`vobtsld Qgvbz Qrbtbk QtgoĎdĆ
Qtrgkg | 35
Jgvd` sb lkodšbvk`ŧĆu, pdsg` `hb, jbsbhb d hrgnslg hbig, uhgrd` tbnbiob kguĎk`o tbrndk`i`fdod rusl`f
lkodšbvk`f obzdlg, rbc`rngt`r rusl`f stdig, kgpdsg` d prvu frgngtdlu rusl`f obzdlg l`og ob h`šdvbig 78
dzhgkog).
Qp`iokd dzfibh N`slvb nk`f` sb nbkog zg agrdab Lgtgrdkb DD, uidab sb pr`ŧdruou, sgfrgċbk` ob kdz
pgigtg d urbċbk ob v`h`v`h.
_g vrbnb Kgp`ib`k`vb kgobzhb kg Zusdou (7=7:.) p`šgr vbidldm rgznbrg ukdŧtd` ob trd Ďbtvrtdkb frghg,
ŧt` ob kgkbi` tbšgl uhgrga Kgp`ib`k`vdn `svgogĎldn pigk`vdng, obr ob kobf`vg v`oslg `stgig jbz
p`trbjk`f pr`st rg zg stgk`vgkob. N`slvg ob p`sib p`šgrg rgŧĎdŧĆbkg d prdstupdi` sb pigksl`o dzfrghkod.
Kg Ďbiu l`ndsdob zg dzfrghkou jd` ob D.@. J`vb (76=8-7=18.) dstglkutd prbhstgvkdl ligsdadzng. @k ob
p`sbjku pgškou `jrgtd` Lrbniou lg` srbhdŧtu frghg. Urbng kobf`v`o zgndsid grmdtblt`ksld ob `jidl`vgk
trf prbh Lrbnio`n (Lrgskgog pi`ŧĎgh ‑ Arvbkd trf).
N`slvg p`stbpbk` fujd sogo kblghgŧkobf pibndĆl`f frghg d p`stgob svb vdŧb frgh j`fgtdm trf`vgag d
frgh dkhustrdob. F`hdkb 7=14. h`jdog jbrzu, g 7=27. p`vbzgkg ob šbibzkdĎl`n pruf`n sg Ubtr`frgh`n.
R t`lu prvb p`i`vdkb ]D] vblg dzfrgċuou sb d prvg rghkdĎlg kgsbiog. U` stgtdstdad dz 7=81.f. N`slvg ob
dngig 6: cgjrdlb d :1.237 rghkdlg. Qrbhdk`n ]D] vblg frgh ob sgĎuvg` o`ŧ h`stg `h sv`f stgr`f
dzfibhg (hrvbkb prdzbnkdab, sigj` `svbtiobkob). Ur`nbkb su vdhiodvb tbl u hruf`o p`i`vdkd ]D] vblg,
`s`jdt` p`sib uldhgkog lnbtstvg 7=37. f., lghg sb rgzvdog trf`vdkg, h`igzb strgkd p`si`vkd iouhd,
p`vbĆgvg uv`z d dzv`z, frghb sb šbibzkdĎlb prufb d lghg vbĆ dng skgšk` rgzvdobku dkhustrdou. Urb
rbv`iuadob u N`slvd ob 1=% zgp`sibkdm frgċgkg rghdi` u tblstdik`o dkhustrdod.
Qtgtdstdlb jbibšb kgfid p`rgst stgk`vkdŧtvg? 7=3:. ‑ 88=.555 stgk`vkdlg, 7=6:.f. ‑ 35:.555 stgk`vkdlg d
7=46.f. ‑ 7.581.555 stgk`vkdlg. @h abi`lupk`f stgk`vkdŧtvg 6:,8% `tpghg kg h`sbiobkb sbioglb. Kg
pbrdcbrdod kdĎu jgrglb d p`tibuŧdab, u l`odng stgkuou ngm`n rghkdad, h`l u abktru frghg j`fgtd frgċgkd d
hršgvg p`hdšu pgigtb, l`ob sb frghb hbi`n u trghdad`kgik`n ‛rusl`n stdiu’, g hbi`n prbng zgpghkdn
uz`rdng. F`hdkb 7==1. N`slvg h`jdog bibltrdĎk` `svbtiobkob, g zgtdn d trgnvgo. U`tlrgo st`ibĆg
`sk`vgk ob Muh`šbstvbkd tbgtgr, h`jr`v`iokdn prdi`zdng d p`li`kdng dzfrgċbk` ob vdŧb n`sl`vsldm
j`ikdag, g 7=4:.f. p`li`kd` ob Xrbtogl`v sv`ou j`fgtu l`ibladou sidlg N`sl`vsl`o hund.
Qg rgzv`obn dkhustrdob d p`vbĆgk`n blspi`gtgado`n ogĎg rghkdĎld p`lrbt, pg ob n`sl`vsld pr`ibtbrdogt,
p`h rul`v`hstv`n j`ioŧbvdlg, `hdfrg` `hiuĎuouĆu ui`fu u rbv`iuad`kgrkdn h`fgċgodng 7452 d 7456.
f`hdkb.
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XurdstdĎl` put`vgkob u Q`vobtsld Qgvbz Qrbtbk QtgoĎdĆ
Qtrgkg | 37
U`jbh`n @lt`jgrslb rbv`iuadob N`slvg ob p`stgig p`idtdĎld d uprgvkd abktgr QQQZ -g. Xu ob sbhdŧtb
Urbzdhdog Srm`vk`f Q`vobtg QQQZ-g, AL LUQQ-g, Q`vobtslg Ndkdstgrstvg QQQZ-g, g N`slvg ob uobhk`
figvkd frgh d Zuslb s`adogidstdĎlb cbhbrgadob, pg ob u N`slvd sbhdŧtb prbzdhdoung Srm`vk`f Q`v obtg
ZQCQZ.
Xbl`vdkb @lt`jgrslb rbv`iuadob p`luŧg` ob hg ufr`zd kbngĎld `svgogĎ. U`i`vdk`n k`vbnjrg u
kgpghu kg ŧdru `jigst N`slvb u 7487. f. cgŧdstdĎld gfrbs`r ob uspb` hg sb sg Ďbtdrd grndob prdjidšd frghu,
g kgojidšb su h`ŧib cgŧdstdĎlb trupb kg sbvbr`zgpghk`n hbiu kg 15 ln `h frghg. R šbst`ldn j`rjgng
jrgkd`ad N`slvb zgustgvdid su kbngĎlb grndob 2.7:.7487. f. l`ob su p` kbngĎldn dzv`rdng dngib
731.555 nrtvdm, 26:.555 rgkobkdm d 18.555 kbstgidm.
Xgl` ob Arvbkg grndog `tli`kdig kbp`srbhku `pgsk`st zg N`slvu, g u hgiodn gladogng h` ngrtg
748:.f. `hjgadig kbngĎlb grndob kg 725-:55 ln `h frghg. @vgo kbngĎld p`rgz zkgĎd` ob fujdtgl
prbstdšg kbngĎlb `rušgkb sdib.
R N`slvd sn` jdid p` h`igslu dz Ibkodkfrghg d u p`vrgtlu dz Qdjdrg, s tdn ŧt` sn` j`rgvdid obhgk hgk
vdŧb kbf` ŧt` ob jdi` prbhvdċbk` pr`frgn`n. Qi`j`hk` vrbnb sn` dsl`rdstdid p` sv`n dzj`ru
(rgzfibhgkob urbċbkog nbtr` stgkdag, p`sbtg prbhstgvd u J`ioŧ`n tbgtru d hruf`.)
Urdidl`n rgzfibhgkog N`slvb `hngm sn` zgpgzdid hg sb p` sv`n dzfibhu d urjgkdzgadod kb n`šb
p`rbhdtd sg Ibkodkfrgh`n. N`slvg ob frgċbkg u slighu sg p`trbjgng, šbiogng, n`fuĆk`stdng d
trbkutkdn ulus`n, pg ob st`fg, jbz `sk`vkb pigkslb zgndsid ‑ nbŧgvdkg stdi`vg d bp`mg.
Urvd pigksld kgart fbkbrgikb rbl`kstruladob N`slvb prdmvgĆbk ob 75. ouig 7412. f. d `tghg ob frgh p`Ďb`
hg h`jdog `rfgkdz`vgk d sgvrbnbk dzfibh vbibfrghg. Kgr`Ďdt` u p`sibhkob hvb hbabkdob idab stgrb
N`slvb p`Ďbi` ob jrz` hg sb nbkog. Figvkb uidab su pr`ŧd rbkb d rbl`kstrudsgkb, p`ogvdid su sb
vbidĎgkstvbkd k`vd pr`spbltd, `h l`odm ob kgr`Ďdt` Lgidkosld pr`spblt vb`ng n`hbrgk d grmdtblt`ksld
bcbltgk.
Kgohušg uidag u N`slvd ob Ibkodk`v juibvgr, huf 72 ln, g dzfrgċbk ob p`sib `tghšjdksl`f rgtg (DD
svbtsl`f rgtg). R kblghgŧkodn prbhfrgċdng p`hdfkutb su vbidlb stgnjbkb Ďbtvrtd. N`sl`viogkd su sb
kg tgo kgĎdk umvgtdid u l`ŧtga sg pr`jibn`n l`od dm ob huf` vrbnbkg kgovdŧb `ptbrbĆdvg`? kbstgŧda`nstgk`vg.
Dpgl, Ibkodkfrgh ob Ibkodkfrgh, obr ob `h prvdm hgkg 7651.f. frgċbk pigksld, zg rgzidlu `h N`slvb l`og
ob rbl`kstrudsgkg prbng p`trbjgng d n`fuĆk`stdng.
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XurdstdĎl` put`vgkob u Q`vobtsld Qgvbz Qrbtbk QtgoĎdĆ
Qtrgkg | 3:
Hgkgŧkog N`slvg ob obhgk `h kgovbĆdm frgh`vg u svbtu d sg =64 ln: frghslb p`vrŧdkb d `l` 4 ndid`kg
stgk`vkdlg pbtd ob p` vbidĎdkd u svbtu. Frgkdau frghg prbhstgviog lruškd gut`put hušdkb 754 ln.
Ršd abktgr frghg `pgsgk ob hrufdn lruškdn putbn, g p`sibhkod, kgoušd lruf d srbhdŧkou tgĎlu
prbhstgviogou zdhdkb Lrbniog.
Lr`z N`slvu pr`tdĎb rblg N`slvg u hušdkd `h 25 ln, g kobkg ulupkg hušdkg dzk`sd 255 ln. N`slvg
ob lgkgi`n u hušdkd `h 7:= ln p`vbzgkg prbl` S`ifb sg vdŧb n`rg, gid ob dst` tgl` vgškg ŧt` ob
N`slvg kg tgo kgĎdk h`jdig vbidlu l`idĎdku v`hb, kb`pm`hku zg kobku rgzvdobku dkhustrdou, obr v`hg
N`slvb kdob h`v`iokg. Kg obhk`f stgk`vkdlg N`slvb h`ċb 15n: zbibkb p`vrŧdkb, g obhkg trbĆdkg
ulupkb p`vrŧdkb N`slvb ob p`h rgstdkobn. R N`slvd su p`stgviobkd jr`okd sp`nbkdad - Ibkodku,
Ngrlsu, Uuŧldku d hrufdn, g 74=5.f. p`hdfkut ob sp`nbkdl d prv`n l`sn`kgutu Fgfgrdku.
Zgzfibhgid sn` sp`nbkdl Uuŧldkg l`od ob p`hdfkut 7==5.f. d kg l`od ob prdidl`n `svbĆbkog
H`st`obvsld p`i`šd` i`v`r`v vbkga, g prdsustv`vgid su jr`okd ufibhkd frgċgkd, lg` lkodšbvkdl @str`vsld
d hrufd.
Kgohušb sn` sb zghršgid u rgzfibhgkou Lrbniog lg`
abktrgik`f hbig utvrċbkog `l` l`fg ob p`kdlig
srbhko`vbl`vkg N`slvg. F`hdkb 71:=. N`slvg ob p`stgig
prbst`kdag Sbidlb Lkbšbvdkb, g tdnb d kgozkgĎgokdod frgh u
Zusdod. Lrbnio ob jd` prbtbsgk zg uvbĆgkd hv`r vbidl`f
lkbzg Dvgkg Lgidtb d zg arlvbk`f p`figvgrg, ndtr`p`idtg,
l`od sb dz Sighdndrg prbsbid` u N`slvu. Qv`o k`vd hv`rga
lkbz ob p`hdfg` kg zgrgvkd dst`Ďk` `h tvrċgvb, fhb ob
dzfrgċbk d hv`rga ndtr`p`idtg, kbl`idl` arlgvg, hvg
sgj`rg d ‛lgksl d hv`r’, kgnbkobk dzgsigkdadng tgtgrsl`f
lgkg.
_g vrbnb 7114/85., `l` k`vdm d stgrdm frgċbvdkg p`hdfkut
ob zdh `h mrgst`vdkb l`od ob `jumvgtg` d p`hk`šob
jrbšuioglg uz rblu. Kbŧt` rgkdob, 7117. f. svb ob t`
kgzvgk` Lrbniobn, ŧt` ob ruslg vgrdogktg frĎlb rbĎd
lrbni`s ‑ jrbf dzkgh rblb. Lgskdob sb zkgĎbkob tb rbĎd o`ŧ pr`ŧdrdi`, tgl` hg sb u sgvrbnbkdn rbĎkdadng
rbĎ ‛Lrbnio’ tungĎd lg` ‛frghsl` utvrċbkob u stgrdn rusldn frgh`vdng’.
Qi.6. ‑ Qp`nbk pi`Ďg - Qbrfbo Obsbkodk
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XurdstdĎl` put`vgkob u Q`vobtsld Qgvbz Qrbtbk QtgoĎdĆ
Qtrgkg | 31
F`hdkb 7132. dzf`rbi` ob svb, pg Ďgl d mrgst`vd zdh`vd. Hdndtrdob H`ksld, l`od ob lgskdob kg
Luidl`vsl`n p`iou `hkb` p`jbhu kgh m`rh`n lgkg Ngngob, kgrbhd` ob hg sb unbst` kodm dzfrghb
lgnbkd zdh`vd d luib. @h 7136-713=. f. dzfrgċbkd su k`vd zdh`vd, g Lrbnio sb pr`ŧdrd` prbng dst`lu h`
hgkgŧkobf Arvbk`f trfg. Xbl ŧt` ob svb t` dzfrgċbk`, p`Ďbib su fg `psbhgtd v`oslb Ndmgdig Xvbrsl`f d
@ifbrhg idtvgksl`f. Nbċutdn, kgpgh kdob uspb`, lg` kd p`k`vkg `psghg, pg su sb p`srgniobkd n`rgid
p`vuĆd, g Lrbnio ob stblg` figs kbsgvighdvb tvrċgvb. Hvb f`hdkb p`sib luidl`vslb jdtlb, X`mtgndŧ, lgk
_igtkb m`rhb zguzb` ob kg prbvgru Lrbnio, `piogĎlg` d spgid` , gid fg ob `hngm d kgpustd`, obr su sb
N`slvd prdjidšgvgib skgškb ruslb skgfb.
Lgnbkd zdh`vd, luib d arlvb dzhršgib su 755 f`hdkg. ĉbst` su dm kgpghgid kbprdogtbiod, zdh`vd su sb tu d
tgn` sruŧdid d hbidndĎk` su zgnbkobkd hrvbt`n.
_j`f t`fg ob 78=5.f., l ghg ob zbniog l`kgĎk` `si`j`ċbkg tgtgrsl`f ogrng, `hiuĎbk` hg sb p`k`v`
p`Ďkb s dzfrghko`n Lrbniog. Rnbst` lgnbkdm, dzfrgċbkd su zdh`vd d luib `h adfgig, lglvd su `stgid d h`hgkgs. R dzfrghkod su uĎbstv`vgid rusld d dtgidogksld ngost`rd. Lrbngioslb zdhdkb sb pr`tbšu hvg d p`
ldi`nbtrg u hušdku, g uzhdšu sb 2 -74 nbtgrg dzkgh lgnbkdm tbnbiog, ŧdrdkb su 2 n, g adfib su p`
`khgŧkobn `jdĎgou spgogkb ngitbr`n p`nbŧgkdn s jbigkadng d sgnibvbk`n sign`n.
Hvghbsbt luig ŧtdtdi` ob lrbngioslb sgj`rb d hv`rab lkbzg d ndtr`p`idtg. Nbċu luigng kgop`zkgtdog ob
Qpgslg luig, prbng Arvbk`n trfu, dzfrgċbkg 7847.f., vds`lg 36 nbtgrg. Lrbnio dng tr`ufg`ku `sk`vu
d zgmvgtg p`vrŧdku `h := mbltgrg. Ab` l`npibls dng tdpdĎk` rusld lgrgltbr, l`odn sb `hvgog `h svdm
sidĎkdm glr`p`ig.
Qg ušdvgkobn sn` p`sngtrgid zdhdkb d luib Lrbniog, jr`okg p`zigĆbkg lujbtg arlgvg d hv`rgag.
Qrbhdŧkod hb` Lrbniog Ďdkb trd vbidĎgkstvbkg sgj`rg dzfrgċbkg u ]S d ]SD vblu, u vrbnb lgh sb Zusdog
rgzvdig u skgšku abktrgidz`vgku hršgvu, s N`slv`n lg` prbst`kda`n d Lrbniobn lg` sbhdŧtbn agrg.
Kg sgj`rk`n trfu, kgigzd sb kgostgrdod d kgozkgnbkdtdod Rspbksld sgj`r, l`od ob dzfrgċbk p` kgrbċbkou
Dvgkg DDD. Dzfrghd` fg ob prbng rusldn uz`rdng, dtgidogksld grmdtblt Grdst`tbi Cd`rgvgktd, l`fg ob p`
kgi`fu agrg p`tr gšd` d u N`slvu h`vb` rusld gnjgsgh`r u Sbkbadod Qbno`k X`ijuzdk.
Frgċbk ob 2 f`hdkg, `h 7864-78=8.f., g Cd`rgvgktd ob u `sk`vd p`hršgvg` stgru vighdndrslu dsuzhgioslu grmdtblturu.
Rspbksld sgj`r, vdsdkb 1=n d p`vrŧdkb =8: n:, jd` ob figvkg arlvg n`sl`vslb hršgvb (sgj`rkg arlvg) d
u ko`o su lrukdsgkd agrbvd. R ]SDD vblu ukutrgŧko`st sgj`rg ob `sidlgkg crbslgng. Xu su sgmrgkodvgkd
pgtrdogrsd d ndtr`p`idtd.
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XurdstdĎl` put`vgkob u Q`vobtsld Qgvbz Qrbtbk QtgoĎdĆ
Qtrgkg | 38
Hrufd zkgnbkdtd sgj`r ob Jigf`vbŧtbksld sgj`r, zgvdĎgokg arlvg lkbzg Dvgkg DDD, l`ou su u f`hdkgng
788=-7884. dzfrghdid ngost`rd dz stgr`f rusl`f frghg Usl`vg. R `itgrsl`n hbiu kgigzb sb rbtlg d vb`ng
hrgf`abkg hbig stgrdm sidlgrg Gkhrbob Zujio`vg, Cb`cgkg Frblg d Ur`m`rg dz F`r`hag. Xu su zkgnbkdtb
d ibpb crbslb sidlgrg Cb`h`sdog. Kg crbslgng zdh`vg d stuj`vg prdlgzgkd su p`rtrbtd vdzgktdosldm d rusldm
agrbvg. Arlvg Jigf`vbŧtbkob h`jdig ob dnb p` jigf`vbstdng. R ko`o ob p`h `h lgnbkg dz arlvb uZ`st`vu. U` kgrbċbkou agrg Dvgkg Fr`zk`f arlvg ob siušdig agrsl`o p`r`hdad.
_g `vu arlvu p`st`od prdĎg u vbzd šbkdhjb agrg Dvgkg DS Fr`zk`f. Kgdnb, p` lgk`kdng prgv`sigvkb
arlvb, nuŧlgrga sb n`fg` šbkdtd sgn` trd putg, nbċutdn, agr Dvgk Fr`zkd šbkd` sb sbhgn putg ŧt` ob
jdi` pr`tdv lgk`kg arlvb. R tglv`o sdtugadod Dvgk Fr`zkd kgrbhd` ob hg sb dzfrghd k`vd uigz u arlvu, g
p`sib t`fg dzfrghd` ob d k`vu arlvu.
Kgonigċd ob Grmgkfbisld sgj`r, dzfrgċbk u vrbnbku `h 7252-7254. p`h kghz`r`n dtgidogksl`f
grmdtbltb Gibvdsg. Zusld agrbvd su sngtrgid hg ob sv.Grmgkċbi kodm`v zgŧtdtkdl. Grmgkfbisl d sgj`r vds`l
ob 18 n, hufgĎgl 16,2 d ŧdr`l :7 n. R `v`o arlvd sgmrgkobkd su rusld vbidld lkbz`vd d agrbvd, kodm 28.
Huš zdh`vg u ukutrgŧko`std sgj`rg kgigzb sb kodm`vb fr`jkdab, dznbċu `stgidm tu su fr`jkdab Dvgkg
Lgidtb, Dvgkg DDD d Dvgkg DS Fr`zk`f. Dl`k`stgs ob rgċbk u pbt rbh`vg. (Dl`k`stgs ob frĎlg rbĎ d
`zkgĎgvg zdh sg sidlgng). R arlvd sb p`sbjk` dstdĎb crbslg sv.Grmgkċbig l`ou ob rghd` Zujio`v.
Kbhbiodv hb` tg trd sgj`rg d `pŧtbf dzfibhg Lrbniog ob d zv`kdl Dvgkg Sbidl`f ‑ =5 (=7) nbtgrg vds`lg
luig frgċbkg ob ufigvk`n u pbrd`hu 7252-725=.f., g l`kgĎgk `jidl ob h`jdig 7355 f`hdkb, zg vrbnb
vighgvdkb agrg J`rdsg F`huk`vg. X`rgko dng 7= zv`kg, g obhk` zv`k` tbŧl` ob 65 t`kg.
R ngi`o zfrghd h` zv`kdlg ob Cdigrbt`vslgog p`str`ojg, tgl` kgzvgkg p` pgtrdogrmu Cdigrbtu, Ďdod ob sdk
ŧbskgbst`f`hdŧkod Ndmgdi` kg Qgj`ru :7. cbjrugrg 7371. `h j`ogrg dzgjrgk zg agrg. @k ob prvd agr dz
hdkgstdob Z`ngk`vdm l`od su vighgid `h 7371 h` 7476. f.
Ubtgr Sbidld ob sdk Giblsbog d ukul Ndmgdig, g prgukul pgtrdogrmg Cdigrbtg. U`sib cbjrugrslb rbv`iuadob
7476. f. agr Kdl`igo DD Z`ngk`v ob gjhdadrg , g u t`lu @lt`jgrslb rbv`iuadob ob strbiogk sg p`r`hda`n
u Qvbrhi`vslu d tgl` sb fgsd hdkgstdog Z`ngk`vg. R jidzdkd ob d pgtrdogrŧdosld hv`r. Xu ob d rbjrgstg
pgigtg, frgċbkg 65-tdm f`hdkg ]SDD vblg d siušdig ob zg prdobn hdpi`ngtg.
R `lvdru Lrbniog rgċbk ob grsbkgi p` kgrbċbkou agrg Ubtrg Sbidl`f. R Lrbniou kgn sb prušdig hg
vdhdn` hvg ‛fv`zhbkg agrg’. R stvgrd, tgĎkdod dzrgz jd jd` ‛hvg nbtgikg agrg’ obr `h Ďdst`f fv`šċg kdsu
dzfr gċdvgkd kd t`p`vd, g o`ŧ ngkob zv`kg. Kgdnb, rbĎ ob ` obhk`n t`pu d obhk`n zv`ku, kgzvgkdn ‛agr-
t`p’ d ‛agr-zv`k`’. Agr zv`k` ob kgovbĆb kg svbtu, h`l ob agr t`p obhgk `h kgovbĆdm, g n`šhg d kgovbĆd.
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XurdstdĎl` put`vgkob u Q`vobtsld Qgvbz Qrbtbk QtgoĎdĆ
Qtrgkg | 32
@jg sb kgigzb u n`sl`vsl`n Lrbniou d prbhstgviogou, kgrgvk`, p`sbjku gtrgladou zg svb p`sbtd`ab.
Agr-zv`k` ob prgvg fv`zhbkg frh`sdog, tbŧlg pukdm :55 t`kg, vds`lg 2,=6 n, prbĎkdlg 3,35 n. U`zkgtd
ngost`r Dvgk N`t`rdk prdmvgtd` sb p`Ďbtl`n ]SDDD vblg idvbkog zv`kg lglv` kdlghg kd rgkdob, kd
lgskdob kdob dzr gċbk`. @k ob dzrghd` kgart, g zgtdn su pukdm pbt f`hdkg p`h kobf`vdn kghz`r`n vrŧbkb
svb kb`pm`hkb prdprbnb zg idvbkob `v`f f`r`stgsg.
(S`hdĎ kgn ob `jogskd` hg ob agr -zv`k` rgċbk` `h ibfurb fv`šċg, jglrg d lgigog sg h`hgtl`n 6: lf
zigtg d 2:2 lf srbjrg). Nbċutdn, gvfustg 7612. f., lghg su svb prdprbnb `l`kĎgkb, ngost`r Dvgk
N`t`rdk ob unr`. U`sg` ob kgstgvd` kobf`v sdk Ndmgdi`, tgl`ċb p`zkgt ngost`r ‑ idvga. @k ob k`vbnjrg
7612. f. sg uspbm`n dzid` zv`k` zg sgn` obhgk sgt.
Xghg ob, nbċutdn, dslrsg` o`ŧ tbšd pr`jibn? lgl` dz ognb dzvghdtd :55 t`kg tbŧlu frh`sdou, g p`t`n ob d
p`hdĆd kg zv`kdl0 Ur`tblib su sl`r` hvb f`hdkb u rbŧgvgkou t`f pr`jibng d kbl` rbŧbkob jd vbr`vgtk`
jdi` kgċbk` sg stvgrd kdsu lrbkuib hrufdn t`l`n. Ngog 7616. f. dzjd` ob u Lrbniou vbidld p`šgr d t`n
prdidl`n sb `h zv`kg `hi`nd` obhgk hb` tbšgl 77 t`kg.
Kd h` hgkgs kdob utvrċbk` lgl` ob h` t`fg h`ŧi`, nghg sb prbtp`stgviog hg su upgiobkb frbhb l`ob su
pghgib u ognu usdogib zv`k`, g p`t`n ob `k` kg kbld kgĎdk h`ŧi` u h`hdr sg v`h`n d l gtgstr`cg ob jdig
kbdzjbškg. Jdi` lgl` jdi`, p`sib t`fg sb `hustgi` `h p`luŧgog p`prgvlb d p`hdzgkog zv`kg kg zv`kdl,
obr tg f`ndig nbtg vdŧb kdob dngig prgltdĎk`f zkgĎgog.
Agr-zv`k` ibšgi` ob 44 f`hdkg u ognd, g `khg su fg 7=13. f. dz kob dzvghdid d p`stg vdid kg nbst` fhb sb
kgigzd d hgkgs. Q rgzv`obn c`t`frgcdob d turdzng rgstg` ob d zkgĎgo agr -zv`kg, tgl` hg hgkgs kbng
p`sbtd`ag N`slvb d Lrbniog l`od kb p`šbid hg sb sidlg uz `v` svbtsl` Ďuh`.
Kbhgibl` `hgtib st`od agr-t`p tgl`ċb zkgnbkdt`st sidĎkb vrstb. R ]SD vblu (72=3.f.) ngost`r ĉ`m`v
dzid` ob `v`f hšdkg. Rspbŧk` ob kgprgvd` abv hufgĎlu 2,18 n, lgidjrg =45 nn, l`og ob ulrgŧbkg
rgzkdn `rkgnbktdng d idl`vdng, g `l` ustg abvd dzidvbkg ob cdfurg agrg Co`h`rg Dvgk`vdĎg kg l`kou.
X`p ob prgviobk zg rgt pr`tdv Xurglg, gid kdlgh kdob up`trbjiobk. F`hdkb 7=12. dzrgċbk ob igcbt, tgl` hg
t`p `stgviog dnp`zgktgk utdsgl l`od ob p`ogĎgk prdsustv`n trd `fr`nkb fv`zhbkb lufib (jidzu obhkb
t`kb tbŧlb), jrdšiodv` si`šbkb u pdrgndhu. Urd t`n trbjg rbĆd hg t`p kdob jd` kgnbkobk dspgiodvgkou lufid,
vbĆ nbŧgvdkb l`nghg `i`vg, fv`šċg d lgnbkog. Xgo agr t`p`vg tbšgl ob 85 t`kg.
Quhjdkg `v`f idvbk`f hšdkg ngkob ob uzjuhiodvg. _g svg `vg st`ibĆg `tlgh st`od kgsrbh Lrbniog kdob
nu sb hbsdi` kdŧtg dzuzbtk`.
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XurdstdĎl` put`vgkob u Q`vobtsld Qgvbz Qrbtbk QtgoĎdĆ
Qtrgkg | 33
ťtbtg ŧt` ukutgr lrbngiosldm zdhdkg kdsn` rgzfibhgid obhgk `h kgozgkdniodvdodm nuzbog u QQQZ-u, tzv.
@rušgku pgigtu, obr ob jdig u rbl`kstruladod. Urdidl`n rgkdodm put`vgkog `jdŧid sn` `vu pgigtu l`o`o
nk`f` vdŧb `hf`vgrg kgzdv rdzkdag, obr ob tu dzi`šbkg zjdrlg hrgf`abk`std l`ob su sb vbl`vdng sidvgib
dz svdm lrgobvg svbtg u N`slvu. _jdrlg ob rgsp`rbċbkg u ŧbst vbidldm `hbiobkog? `rušob, rusld zigtkd d
srbjrkd prbhnbtd `h ]DD h` ]] vblg, tlgkdkb, hbig stgrdm ngost`rg `h ]S h` ]D] vblg, stgrd hršgvkdsdnj`id, `prbng zg l`kob d hruf`.
@rušgkg pgigtg ob kgstgig p`Ďbtl`n ]SD vblg lg` ngfgadk agrsl`f `rušog. Urvd put sb sp`ndkob u
obhk`n ibt`pdsu dz 7286.f. Jdi` ob tu d srbhdŧtb ŧl`ib ruslb hbl`rgtdvkb unbtk`std d zgkgtg. Rlgzdng dz
76:5 d 76:6.f`hdkb @rušgkg pgigtg ob sp`obkg s hrufdn agrsldn ngfgadkdng u Lrbniou d uprgv` tdm
f`hdkg kgstgig ob obhdkstvbkg rdzkdag sp`nbkdlg dst`rdob unbtk`std. U`Ďbtl`n ]D] vblg dzfrgċbkg ob
p`sbjkg frgċbvdkg zg @rušgku pgigtu.
Nbċu vbidldn jr`obn hrgf`abkdm prbhnbtg ‑ stgrdksldm puŧglg d pdŧt`iog, zigtk`f d srbjrk`f p`suċg, putdrg, hrgf`abkb `hbĆb, hdvk`n z jdrl`n l`koslb `prbnb d gustrdosldm, bkfibsldm, p`iosldm d rusldm
l`Ďdog. Xu sb kgigzb d pgrghkd pigŧt Ubtrg Sbidl`f, `hbĆg l`ou ob k`sdig Lgtgrdkg DD prdidl`n lrukdsgkog
d pigŧt pgtrdogrmg Kdl`kg ulrgŧbk sg 73 lf hrgf`f lgnbkog, zigtkdm ulrgsg d jdsbrg. Hgiob, tu ob zjdrlg
agrsldm prbst`ig, nbċu kodng d prbst`id Dvgkg Fr`zk`f d J`rdsg F`huk`vg. U`li`kd l`ob su rusld agrbvd
h`jdogid dz strgkdm zbngiog tgl`ċb su kb`jdĎkd, kgrgvk`, vb`ng hrgf`abkd. U`sbjku pgškou prdvigĎd
vbidlg l`ibladog srbjrk`f p`suċg, hbi` i`kh`ksldm ngost`rg dz ]SD d ]SDD vblg. Xgl` abi`vdtg zjdrlg
stgrb bkfibslb unbtk`std u srbjru kb p`st`od kd u Bkfibsl`o.
R nuzbou sb kgigzd d obhkg trbĆdkg srbjrk`f prdj`rg zg ruĎgvgkob fr`cg @ri`vg, l`od nu ob p`li`kdig
agrdag Lgtgrdkg lg` sv`n ndiobkdlu. Qrbjrkd sbrvds zg ruĎgvgkob dzrghdid su strgkd ngost`rd d svd hbi`vd
su ulrgŧbkd rgzkdn `rkgnbktdng. Qbrvds ob tbšd` 1.555 lf d t`idl` ob srbjrg utr`ŧbk` kg kobf`vu dzrghu
d ulrgŧgvgkob. Obhkg trbĆdkg sbrvdsg (did obhkg t`kg) kgigzb sb u @rušgk`o pgigtd, hrufg trbĆdkg u
Brndtgšu u Ibkodkfrghu, g trbĆu trbĆdku sbrvdsg pr`l`alg` ob fr`c @ri`v.
Lrbngiosld hv`rga ob rgċbk srbhdk`n ]D] vblg. Cgsghg hv`rag ob `lrbkutg prbng rbad N`slvd. Nd
sn` stgogid kg j`r`vdĎl`n jrhgŧau, obr ob tu jdig j`r`vg ŧung d sp`iog p`sngtrgid urbċbkob hv`rg. R
prdzbniou su urbċbkb s`jb zg stgk`vgkob, g kg prv`n sprgtu su pr`st`rdob zg prdngkog d h`hbiodvgkog`hidl`vgkog. Urvd sprgt ob t`idl` vds`l hg dng hvg rbhg pr`z`rg d dzfibhg lg` hg su hvg sprgtg. Xu sb
hgkgs hršgvgou sbhkdab s`vobtslb vighb.
Ur`ŧid sn` Dvgk`vsldn trf`n sg zfrgh`n jdvŧbf sbkgtg l`og ob rgċbkg u stdiu ligsdadzng u l`nb sb
hgkgs kgigzd Ndkdstgrsld sgvbt. Rkutgr zdhdkg Lrbniog kgigzd sb o`ŧ obhkg vb`ng zkgĎgokg zfrghg. X` ob
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XurdstdĎl` put`vgkob u Q`vobtsld Qgvbz Qrbtbk QtgoĎdĆ
Qtrgkg | 36
Ďuvbkg L`kfrbskg pgigtg, h`vrŧbkg 7437.f., hglib dst`rdosld kgonigċg frgċbvdkg ukutgr Lrbniog.
Dzfrghkog ob prgĆbkg vbidldn p`ibndlgng, obr su obhkd sngtrgid hg Ćb n`hbrkg frgċbvdkg kgruŧdtd
gnjdobkt Lrbniog, g hrufd hg ob u Lrbniou svgld dst`rdosld pbrd`h `stgvd` sv`ob sp`nbkdlb grmdtblturb,
pg prbng t`nb zgŧt` jd kobkg sghgŧko`st trbjgig hg juhb dz`stgviobkg.
Lghg ob pgigtg dzfrgċbkg kbstgi` ob hv`uniobkog. Grmdtbltd su, kgdnb, pr`kgŧid vb`ng srbĆk` rbŧbkob?
pgigtg ob p`hdfkutg kg tglv`n nbstu hg kb zgligkog p`fibh kg srbhdŧkou lrbngioslu abidku. Dgl` ob
`fr`nkg, `stgviog utdsgl slighg d igl`Ćb, Ďbnu h`prdk`sd d kdz stuj`vg `h jbi`f urgisl`f nbrnbrg
dznbċu l`odm sb `h tig h` lr`vg uzhdšu stglibkd zdh`vd. Ugigtg ob vds`lg svbfg 12 n, gid sb zgt` spuŧtg
72 n dsp`h zbniob. R L`kfr bsk`o pgigtd p`st`od hv`rgkg l`og n`šb hg prdnd 3.555 iouhd, u l`o`o u
vrbnb lgh sb kb `hršgvgou l`kfrbsd d sidĎkb ngkdcbstgadob sv`ob prbhstgvb hgob J`ioŧ`o tbgtr, zgtdn
hv`rgkg zg jgklbtb zg hvb d p` mdioghb iouhd d kdz hrufdm pr`st`rdog. Dzvgkrbhk` tbmkdĎl` h`stdfkuĆb
prbhstgviog glustdĎk`st figvkb hv`rgkb `prbniobkb bibltr`ksl`n `prbn`n, l`og `n`fuĆgvg hg svgld
`h 3.555 fibhgigag, jbz `jzdrg kg t` fhb sbhd, Ďuob prbhstgvu lg` hg sb kgigzd u prv`n rbhu.
U`rbh Lrbniog rgzfibhgid sn` Giblsgkhrdosld pgrl l od ob p`hdfkut 7=7:.f. u Ďgst p`jbhb kgh
Kgp`ib`k`n. Xu sb sghg kgigzd šdvg vgtrg d hvgkgbst nbrnbrkdm `jbibšog sg kgzkgĎbkdn dnbkdng
frgh`vg l`od su h`jdid zvgkob kgr`hk`f mbr`og. Urv` ob h`jd` Ibkodkfrgh, pg S`if`frgh (rgkdob
Qtgiodkfrgh), zgtdn LbrĎ, @hbsg, Qbvgst`p`io d hrufd. U`sib DD svbtsl`f rgtg `vgo hb` urgċbk ob lg`
sp`nbk fr`jiob.
U`st`od `jdĎgo hg nighbkad p`sib vbkĎgkog h`igzb h` `vb šdvb vgtrb u N`slvd d p`igšu avbĆb u zkgl
sbĆgkog kg p`fdkuib u DD svbtsl`n rgtu. Dstg ob prglsg d u hrufdn frgh`vdng. R N`slvd sb vbkĎgkog
kgoĎbŧĆb `rfgkdzuou pbtl`n d svghjg `jdĎk` trgob trd hgkg. Gl` ob N`slvg srab Zusdob, `khg ob Arvbkd
trf srab N`slvb. Qvd zkgĎgokdod h`fgċgod kgigzb `hoblg kg `v`n trfu.
Xu p`zhrgviogou l`sn`kgutb kg p`vrgtlu sg vgsd`ksldm put`vgkog, tu sb svglb f`hdkb `hršgvgou vbidlb
pgrghb p`v`h`n f`hdŧkodab `lt`jgrslb rbv`iuadob, prv`ngoslb ngkdcbstgadob, lghg sb p`rbh nguz`ibog
dzfrghb trdjdkb. Kg Arvbk`n trfu `lupiog sb vds`l`ŧl`islg `nighdkg p`v`h`n zgvrŧbtlg pr`ibĆkdm
dspdtg. ĉgl d lgh kbng kbl`f kgr`Ďdt`f p`v`hg, kg Arvbk`n trfu ob uvbl nk`f` iouhd l`od rgzfibhgou
kgop`zkgtdod trf d `jgvbzk` sb c`t`frgcdŧu gl` su strgkad, h`l N`sl`viogkd sgn` ŧbtgou.
Rz zdhdkb Lrbniog kg Arvbk`n trfu uzhdšb sb stbpbkgstg pdrgndhg `h arvbk`-ark`f frgkdtg, kgh Ďdodn
sb uigz`n kgigzd kgtpds? Ibkodk. X` ob Ibkodk`v nguz`ibo, p`hdfkut 15-tdm f`hdkg ]] vblg, prbh
l`odn sb, u hgkb lgh ob `tv`rbk, pr`tbšb rbh iouhd hufgĎgl kbl`idl` ldi`nbtgrg.
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XurdstdĎl` put`vgkob u Q`vobtsld Qgvbz Qrbtbk QtgoĎdĆ
Qtrgkg | 3=
SbĆ ob p`stgig trghdadog hg svgl` l` prvd put h`igzd u N`slvu `jdċb nguz`ibo d kg tgo kgĎdk `hg p`ŧtu
v`ċd `lt`jgrslb rbv`iuadob d `skdvgĎu s`vobtslb hršgvb. (Urvd nguz`ibo jd` ob kgĎdkobk `h hrvbtg, g
p`sib `h nbrnbrg). Nd sn` stgid u rbh sg `stgidn frgċgkdng, gid su kgn ujrz` lg` strgkdn turdstdng
`n`fuĆdid hg dhbn` kgprbh, pg sn` ujrz` h`ŧid h` nguz`ibog d pr`ŧid p`rbh Ibkodk`v`f `hrg. U`
dzigslu dz nguz`ibog pr`ŧid sn` p`rbh zdhdkg Lrbniog, fhb su sgmrgkobkd jr`okd s`vobtsld rul`v`hd`ad,ngrŧgid d zgsiuškd frgċgkd. _g p`obhdkb su urgċbkb kodm`vb jdstb ‑ p`prsog, lg` Lgidkodkg, Qtgiodkg,
Crukzbg, S`r`ŧdi`vg, F`rl`f, Ūhgk`vg d hrufb, g zg `stgib su ufrgċbkb arkb nbrnbrkb pi`Ďb u zdhdkb
Lrbniog.
Kg `v`n hbiu sgmrgkobkd su d Ūul`v, Jrbškobv, Qusi`v, Lbihdŧ (prbhsbhkdl Glghbndob kgulg QQQZ -g),
Qvbrhi`v, Fgfgrdk, l`sn`kgut L`ngr`v, zgtdn gnbrdĎld k`vdkgr Hš`k Zdh d hrufd.
Hš`k Zdh ob obhgk `h `rfgkdzgt`rg LU u QGH. Jd` ob h`pdskdl sg dst`Ďk`f cr`ktg 7478 -7473., g u
Zusdou ob h`ŧg` 7476.f. lg` v`okd h`pdskdl d jd` svbh`l d uĎbskdl rbv`iuad`kgrkdm h`fgċgog. Rnr` ob`h tdcusg d sgmrgkobk kg Arvbk`n trfu u N`slvd. Ur`sigvd` sb hbidng? ‛Hbsbt hgkg l`od su p`trbsid
svbt’ (prbhf`v`r ob kgpdsg` Ibkodk), zgtdn ‛Arvbkg Zusdog’ (`jg 7474.f.) u l`odng ob `pdsg`
`lt`jgrslu rbv`iuadou.
Urbh Ibkodk`vdn nguz`ibo`n sb vrŧd snbkg strgšb fgrhdstg ŧt` dzgzdvg p`sbjk` dktbrbs`vgkob l`h
p`sbtdigag, kgr`Ďdt` strgkdm turdstg. U`rbh nguz`ibog su jdib p`i`šbkb svb zgr`jiobkb kbngĎlb zgstgvb.
Kg `k`n lrgou Arvbk`f trfg l`od sb spuŧtg prbng rbad N`slvd uzhdšb sb obhkg `h kgoibpŧdm d
kgokb`jdĎkdodm frgċbvdkg svbtg. X` ob arlvg Sgsdidog Jigšbk`f, l`ou sn` hbtgiok` rgzfibhgid.
Lgh f`h ob Ď`vbl p`fibhg sg jdi` l`ob strgkb ‑ `jgsogku ibtkodn sukabn, p`lrdvbku hbjbidn si`obn
skbfg did `lupgku pr`ibĆkdn piousl`vdng ‑ uvbl ob ibpg, kbstvgrkg. _g strgkag ob p`fibh kg arlvu
Sgsdidog Jigšbk`f d kobkb rbjrgst` uvdobkb rgzk`j`okb lup`ib obhgk `h kgoupbĎgtiodvdodm h`šdviogog
Zusdob, g zg Zusb ob uvbl prbhnbt p`k`sg d hdviobkog.
Arlvg ob dzfrgċbkg prb 855 f`hdkg (frgċbkg `h 7222-7237.) p` kgi`fu agrg Dvgkg DS Fr`zk`f, u zkgl
sbĆgkog kg `svgogkob Lgzgkog, Ďdnb sb Zusdog uĎvrstdig kg `jgigng S`ifb. Agr ob kgrbhd` hg arlvg dng
`sgn ‛figvg’ ‑ lup`ig, `k`idl` l`idl` ob p`jbhg dzv`obvg`. Nbċutdn, strulturg frgċbvdkb sg `sgnlup`ig kdob `n`fuĆgvgig srbhdŧkou l`np`zdadou l`og jd sv`o`n h`vrŧbk`ŧĆu d grmdtbltur`n
`hf`vgrgig vds`ldn unbtkdĎldn zgmtbvdng.
Fbkdogikd ngost`rd Jgrng d U`stkdl (kbld sgvrbnbkdod s`vobtsld dst`rdĎgrd sngtrgou hg ob figvkd ngost`r
jd` sgn` obhgk Ď`vbl? U`stkdl Ogl`viobv, zvgkd Jgrng) mrgjr` su prblrŧdid agrslu kgrbhju, `stgouĆd
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XurdstdĎl` put`vgkob u Q`vobtsld Qgvbz Qrbtbk QtgoĎdĆ
Qtrgkg | 34
vbrkd kgĎbidng kgr`hkb grmdtblturb? dzfrghdid su arlvu sg hbvbt lup`ig, uliouĎdid u l`np`zdadou
grmdtblt`ksld bibnbkt l`od ob kbh`stgog` d tgl` p`stdfid abi`vdt`st zgndsid. Urd lrgou ]SDD vblg lup`ib d
zdh`vd ulrgŧbkd su rgzk`j`okdn ŧgrgng. (S`hdĎ kgn ob rblg` hg ob agr Dvgk Fr`zkd pdtg` ngost`rb ‑ hg
id n`fu dzfrghdtd o`ŧ ibpŧu arlvu, d lghg su `kd `hf`v`rdid hg n`fu, `khg ob agr Dvgk Fr`zkd kgrbhd` hg
dn sb dsl`pgou `Ďd).
Arlvg Sgsdidog Jigšbk`f, lg` obhk` `h rbnbl-hbig u svbtu rghd lg` nuzbo `h 747=.f., to. cdidogig
Dst`rdosl`f nuzbog. X` ob arlvg-sp`nbkdl ruslb dst`rdob ]SD vblg. R ko`o ob sgmrgkobk sv.Sgsdidob
Jigšbkd pg sb arlvg tgl` d z`vb. Arlvg ob vdŧb putg rbk`vdrgkg, frgċbkg ob kg vdŧb kdv`g, g hbjiodk g
zdh`vg dzk`sd `l` trd nbtrg d vdsdkb pbt h` ŧbst nbtgrg. 7242.f. p`luŧgkg ob piogĎlg arlvb, pg su jr`okd
prbhnbtd prbkbtd u tvrċgvu Lrbnio. @vhb ob kgċbk d obhgk vbidld hrgfuio. Kg p`obhdkdn hbi`vdng
ukutrgŧkod zdh`vd kdsu ngitbrdsgkd, obr sb stgik` kbŧt` u ko`o prburbċuob. R lup`id arlvb sb kgigzb crbslb
dz ]SD vblg, g u srbhdkd t`rkog kgigzb sb si`vg l`og `zkgĎgvgou lgh ob zgvrŧbkg ‑ 7237. f`hdkb.
Dl`k`stgs ob ufigvk`n dz ]SDDD vblg. Kg dl`k`stgsu ob prdlgzgk d Sgsdidob Jigšbkd. U`vrŧdkg `v`f hbig
arlvb fhb ob t`rgko dzk`sd 84 n:, g vdsdkg 86 nbtgrg. R dst`Ďk`n hbiu arlvb zdh`vd su sg crbslgng d
dl`k`stgs`n (n`sl`vslg ŧl`ig sidlgrstvg). Obhku dl`ku dz `vb arlvb k`sd` ob agr Dvgk Fr`zkd u rgt
pr`tdv Xgtgrg. R zgpghk`n hbiu arlvb kgoibpŧg ob fgibrdog, g tu ob d svbĎgkd uigz. @vhb dng ibp
vdhdl`vga kg Lrbnio. R`pŧtb, ukutrgŧkob urbċbkob arlvb zg`stgob hgibl` zg kobkdn sp`iogŧkodn
dzfibh`n.
Dsprbh arlvb Sgsdidog Jigšbk`f kgigzd sb o`ŧ obhgk sp`nbkdl, kbŧt` k`vdobf hgtung, p`hdfkut tbl
7=7=.f. tgl`ċb kg sv`o kgĎdk kb`jdĎgk. X` ob sp`nbkdl Ndkdku d U`šgrsl`n. Kg lgnbk`n p`st`iou
sb kgigzb hvb jr`kzgkb cdfurb? obhkg st`od, g hrufg sbhd hršbĆd u rulgng ŧtdt d ngĎ. Cdfurg nuŧlgrag u
st`obĆbn stgvu prbhstgviog Ndkdkg, kbpdsnbk`f trf`vag dz Kdškobf K`vf`r`hg (hgkgŧko d F`rld), g
p`rbh kobfg kg liupd sbhd lkbz d fbkbrgi Hdndtrdob U`šgrsld.
@j`oag su 737:.f. prbhv`hdid kgr`hkd ustgkgl l`odn su U`iogad pr`fkgkd dz N`slvb. Qluipt`r Ngrt`s
kgnbrgvg` ob dsprvg hg `j`oau prbhstgvd u st`obĆbn p`i`šgou, nbċutdn, unbŧgib su sb kgovdŧb agrslb
vigstd l`ob su sngtrgib hg kb jd jdi` zf`hk` hg lkbz d dsluskd v`osl`v`ċg st`od p`rbh kbpdsnbk`f
frgċgkdkg, jbz `jzdrg kg kobf`vb zgsiufb. Xgl` ob dspgi` hg lkbz U`šgrsld sbhd kg liupd, ŧt` ob prdidĎk`kb`jdĎk` zg jr`kzgkb fbkbrgib d sidĎkb sp`nbkdlb.
R kbp`srbhk`o jidzdkd kgigzd sb obhk` uzvdŧbkob, lg` pigt`, kg rusl`n p`zkgt` lg` ‛ i`jk`ob nbst`’,
ŧt` zkgĎd nbst` zg p`fujiobkog (f`if`tg). Xu ob agr Ubtgr D p`fujd` p`jukobkb strbiab (prdpghkdlb
stgogĆb v`oslb). Kg t`n nbstu su p`fujiobkb d v`ċb sbiogĎldm ustgkglg ‑ Qtbkolg Zgzdk (7336 ‑ 7367)
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XurdstdĎl` put`vgkob u Q`vobtsld Qgvbz Qrbtbk QtgoĎdĆ
Qtrgkg | 65
`pbvgk u kgr`hkdn pbsngng, zgtdn UufgĎ`v Obnbiogk Dvgk`vdĎ l`od sb pr`figsd` zg agrg Ubtrg DDD d
p`hdfg` ustgkgl pr`tdv agrdab Lgtgrdkb DD. UufgĎ`v ob zgr`jiobk d u lgvbzu h`vbhbk u N`slvu.
U`fujiobk ob kg `v`n nbstu :7. ogkugrg 7662.f. Qg `v`f nbstg dzhgvgkb su d agrslb kgrbhjb h`l Ubtgr
Sbidld kdob prbnbstd` prbst`kdau.
Zgzfibhgid sn` Nuzbo d pgk`rgnu J`r`hdkslb jdtlb dz 7=7:. f`hdkb. Dsprbh zfrghb Nuzbog kgigzd sb
sp`nbkdl Lutuz`vu (7682-7=71.), rusld v`osl`v`ċg, fbkbrgi ‑ cbihngrŧgi, l`ngkh`vg` ob uspbŧk`
rusl`n v`osl`n u jr`okdn rgt`vdng pr`tdv Xurglg d Crgkauzg. R rgtu pr`tdv Kgp`ib`kg 7=7:.f. zj`f
stgik`f p`vigĎbkog Zusg zgnbkd` ob kbp`puigrk`f Jgrlgigog hb X`idog kg p`i`šgou
figvk`l`ngkhuouĆbf, s tdn hg zgustgvd kgprbh`vgkob Kgp`ib`k`vb grndob. _kgouĆd sigj`st rusldm
trupg zg `hsuhgk suhgr, Lutuz`v `hstupg h` J`r`hdkg, fhb ob `hršgkg p`zkgtg jdtlg l`h sbig
J`r`hdk` kg rbad Lgi`Ďd, kg putu Qn`ibksl ‑ N`slvg.
Urv` sn` rgzfibhgid jr`okb blsp`kgtb u nuzbou. Kg obhk`o sidad prdlgzgk ob fbkbrgi Zgobvsld lgh dhb u
ourdŧ sg sv`og hvg sdkg `h 77 d 76 f`hdkg, ŧt` ob p`hstgli` d `stgib hg kb zg`stgou u ourdŧu. Kg obhk`o
n`kunbktgik`o cdfurd `h nbrnbrg prdlgzgk ob rusld sbiogl jbz hbskb rulb. Kobfg su Crgkauzd zgr`jdid,
šdf`sgid d kgtbrgid hg rghd zg kodm, nbċutdn, `k ob `hsblg` sv`ou hbsku rulu hg kb jd kodng siušd`.
@vg n`kunbktgikg nbrnbrkg sluipturg rusl`f sbioglg jbz rulb prdlgzuob sgn`šrtv`vgkob dz
pgtrd`tsldm p`juhg, lg` ŧt` ob p`stupd` Nuadob Qabv`ig u stgr`n Zdnu. U` ibfbkhd, Nuadob Qabv`ig ob
`l` 25=.f. prb k.b. p`luŧg` ujdtd btrursl`f lrgiog U`rsbku prdidl`n `psghb Zdng. U`hvrfkut nuĎbkou,
Qabv`ig ob hg h`lgšb sv`ou mrgjr`st stgvd` hbsku rulu u vgtru hg dzf`rd. Btrursld lrgio U`rsbkg,
zghdviobk `vdn p`stupl`n pustd` ob Qabv`iu kg si`j`hu d zgliouĎd` ndr s Zdniogkdng.
Qgn`šrtv`vgkob rusl`f sbioglg kdob h`prdkbi` p`ndrbkou, vbĆ sb l`h J`r`hdkg 6. sbptbnjrg 7=7:.f.
v`hdig obhkg `h kgolrvgvdodm jdtglg ]D] vblg.
R J`r`hdksl`o jdad jdi` ob 385.555 Crgkauzg d ::5.555 Zusg, g u sgn`o jdad uĎbstv`vgi` ob 711.55
Crgkauzg p`h Kgp`ib`k`n d 776.555 Zusg p`h Lutuz`v`n. D p`rbh vbidldm fujdtglg (Kgp`ib`k ob
dng` 25.555, g Lutuz`v 88.555 dzjgĎbkdm dz str`og), jdtlg ob `stgig kbrbŧbkg? Kgp`ib`k kdob gkfgš`vg`
rbzbrvu (fgrhu) zg kobk` h`vrŧbkob, obr kdob jd` sdfurgk u uspbm, g Lutuz`v kdob h`jd` rbzbrvu, pg ob
sutrghgk p`Ďb` sg p`vigĎbkobn lg N`slvd (uhgiobkg 7:5 ln), p`ŧt` kdob rgĎukg` hg jd j`rjb n`fg`
uspbŧk` kgstgvdtd sibhbĆbf hgkg. Lutuz`v ob sngtrg` hg sb Crgkauzd n`fu p`jbhdtd zdn`n d figċu, ŧt`
sb h`akdob p`lgzgi` lg` tgĎk`. (_j`f p`vigĎbkog Lutuz`v ob obhk` vrbnb p`sib J`r`hdkslb jdtlb jd`
snbkobk d zgnbkd` fg ob fbkbrgi Jgfrtd`k).
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XurdstdĎl` put`vgkob u Q`vobtsld Qgvbz Qrbtbk QtgoĎdĆ
Qtrgkg | 67
R QQQZ-u su u DD svbtsl`n rgtu 748:.f. ustgk`viobkg trd `rhbkg Lutuz`vg. R J`r`hdksl`o jdad
p`fdkui` ob 755.555 v`okdlg d 65 fbkbrgig. Kgp`ib`k ob ndsid` hg ob p`jbhkdl, gid lgh ob smvgtd` hg ob
dzfujd` sl`r` p`i`vdku v`oslb d 86 fbkbrgig, rblg` ob? ‛O`ŧ obhkg `vglvg p`jbhg d nd Ćbn` `stgtd jbz
v`oslb’. Xghg ob Kgp`ib`k smvgtd` hg ob t` Udr`vg p`jbhg. Kgp`ib`k ob kgstgvd` kgprbh`vgkob, gid sb
p`rbh spgiobkb N`slvb (`h 4.555 zfrghg dzf`rbi` ob 6.555) su`Ďd` sg ogl`n zdn`n d figċu, pg obkgpustd` N`slvu d sg dsarpiobk`n d pr`nrzi`n v`osl`n lrbku` kg ouf.
Nbċutdn, ruslg v`oslg fg ob zgustgvdig l`h Ngi`ogr`sigvslg, tb ob sghg n`rg prbl` J`r`hdkg hg sb
p`vigĎd kg zgpgh. Kg tbrbku su rgsturbkb crgkauslb trupb stgik` kgpghgid rusld pgrtdzgkd, nbċu l`odng
ob jdi` h`stg šbkg. KgovbĆg jdtlg v`hdig sb 3. hbabnjrg 7=7:.f. kg rbad Jbrbzdkd u Jbi`rusdod, `hglib sb
Kgp`ib`k p`vigĎd hgiob kg zgpgh. @h t`idl` jr`okb crgkauslb v`oslb Kgp`ib`k ob sghg rgsp`igfg` sg
sgn` 35.555 v`okdlg. Xbl tghg ob Kgp`ib`k smvgtd` hg ob kgovbĆu frbŧlu kgprgvd` lgh ob rgtkb
`pbrgadob usnbrd` kg Zusdou. @fr`nk` pr`strgkstv` Zusdob ungkodi` ob uj`odt`st crgkauslb v`oslb.
J`r`hdkslg jdtlg v`ċbkg ob 6. sbptbnjrg 7=7:.f. d trgogig ob sgn` 72 Ďgs`vg. Kg nbstu fhb ob 71.
sbptbnjrg jdig crgkauslg v`oslg u N`slvd p`hdfkut ob Nuzbo d pgk`rgng jdtlb. Ugk`rgng J`r`hdkslb
jdtlb urgċbkg ob kg pigtku huf`n 772 n d vds`l`n 72 n l`ob ob p`stgviobk` u adidkhrdĎk`n `jidlu.
Urdlgzuob sgn` obhgk ndkut jdtlb, d t` u 7:.15 Ďgs`vg 6. sbptbnjrg 7=7:.f. lghg crgkauslg v`oslg vrŧd
ourdŧ kg ruslb p`i`šgob. Ugk`rgnu ob dsidlg` glghbndl Crgka Giblsgkhr`vdĎ Zuj`v (7=23-74:=.).
Zuj`v ob Crgkauz p`rbli`n, gid ob stgik` šdvb` u Zusdod fhb ob d unr`.
Rrghd` ob trd pgk`rgnb, `h Ďbfg hvb kdsu sgĎuvgkb. Zuj`v ob rghd` pgk`rgnu sg 2 p`n`Ćkdlg p`
kgrbċbkou agrslb vighb u vrbnbku `h 7475-747:.f. d jdig ob zgvrŧbkg zg st`f`hdŧkodau jdtlb
(6.]DD.747:). Zuj`v ob urghd` d jr`okb sidlb u vbzd ruslb v`okb dst`rdob.
L`h pgk`rgnb su vgškg trd `sk`vkg bibnbktg? dsidlgk` pigtk`, nglbtb d `svbtiobkob. Qidlg pgk`rgnb ob
`jbŧbkg u `jidlu adidkhrg d tbŧlg ob Ďbtdrd t`kb. Kg pgk`rgnd ob prdlgzgk` trd mdioghb cdfurg, g nglbtb su
vbŧtgĎlb d h`stg prbhnbtg ob urgċbk` `h lgrt`kg, lg` hrvg, luĆg d hruf`. Sbidld zkgĎgo u prdlgzdvgkou
pgk`rgnb jdtlb dng `svbtiobkob l`ob hgob hujdku sidlb. Urdlgzgk` ob J`r`hdksl` p`iob lgl` ob
dzfibhgi` 6. sbptbnjrg 7=7:.f. d sbi` Qdn`k`sl`b fhb sb `hdfrgig figvkg jdtlg. @h sbig ob sgĎuvgkg
sgn` arlvdag.
Ugk`rgng J`r`hdkslb jdtlb jdig ob `ŧtbĆbkg, pg ob kg 725-t` f`hdŧkodau jdtlb p`k`v` rbstgurdrgkg d 6.
sbptbnjrg 743:.f. `tv`rbkg zg pujidlu. Ugk`rgng dzvgkrbhk` prdlgzuob trbkutgl `h obhk`f ndkutg
vbidlb jdtlb, jdtlb u l`o`o su `cdadrd d v`okdad, pbŧgad d l`kogkdad, kodm`v` `rušob, zbniodŧtb, rbĎdag,
hrvbĆb, arlvdag, rgkobkdad, vgtrg t`p`vg, šdvd d nrtvd tgl` vbrk` prdlgzgkd hg sb `sbĆgtb lg` hg sb jdtlg
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XurdstdĎl` put`vgkob u Q`vobtsld Qgvbz Qrbtbk QtgoĎdĆ
Qtrgkg | 6:
t`f trbkutlg `hvdog kbp`srbhk` prbh vgng. Crgkauzd su u sv`o`o v`osad dngid d prdpghkdlb hrufdm
kgr`hg l`od su sb igl` prbp`zkgvgid p` sv`odn ukdc`rngng. Xgl`ċb su prdlgzgkd Kgp`ib`k d Lutuz`v
kg l`kodng, lg` d rgzkd hbtgiod dz jdtlb, trbkutgl lgh v`okdl slgĎb hg uzogŧb l`kog, hbtgio lgl` ob ujdobkd
l`ko prdfkobĎd` l`kogkdlg d kdz hrufdm n`nbkgtg. Ugk`rgng J`r`hdkslb jdtlb `stgvdig ob kg svb kgs
skgšgk utdsgl, tgl` hg sn` d p` dzigslu dz Nuzbog o`ŧ uvbl jdid `lupdrgkd svdn `kdn ŧt` sn` vdhbid dh`šdvbid. R jidzdkd Nuzbog kgigzd sb Xrdouncgikg lgpdog ngkodm hdnbkzdog, l`og ob p`hdfkutg `hngm
p`sib p`vigĎbkog Crgkauzg dz N`slvb, g u zkgl sbĆgkog kg J`r`hdkslu jdtlu.
R pr`igzu sn` zgpgzdid tbibvdzdosld t`rgko, vds`l 216 n, kgovdŧd u Bvr`pd. Kg 116. nbtru t`rkog kgigzd
sb p`lrbtkd rbst`rgk l od sb `lrbkb zg obhgk sgt d tgl` `n`fuĆgvg hdvgk p`fibh kg N`slu sg svdm
strgkg.
@h 155 arlgvg l`idl` dm ob jdi` rgkdob, hgkgs p`st`ob sgn` 81 gltdvkb j`f`n`iob, h`l ob vbidld jr`o
arlgvg (`l` 725) prbtv`rbk` u nuzbob. N`slvg hgkgs dng 1: p`z`rdŧtg, `h Ďbfg su Ďbtdrd hbĎdog. Rspbidsn` u si`j`hk` vrbnb hg rgzfibhgn` J`ioŧ`o tbgtgr. H`šdviogo Zusdob d N`slvb ob kbp`tpuk jbz p`sbtb
prbhstgvd u J`ioŧ`n tbgtru, jdi` hg ob rbĎ ` `pbrd ‛J`rds F`huk`v’ N`hbstg Nus`rfsl`f did kbl`o
hruf`o vbidl`o `pbrd dz j`fgtb ruslb rdzkdab. R svgl`n siuĎgou t` n`rg jdtd ruslg `pbrg, obr Sbrhd did
UuĎdkd u J`ioŧ`n tbgtru kb zvuĎd lg` Nus`rfsld did ĉgol`vsld.
_vgkdĎkd kgzdv J`ioŧ`f tbgtrg (Sbidl`f p`z`rdŧtg) obstb Hršgvk` glghbnsl` vbidl` p`z`rdŧtb. @sk`vgk
ob :=. ngrtg 7663.f., lghg ob u N`slvd zgp`Ďbig sdstbngtslg d kbprbldhkg hbigtk`st rusl`f
pr`cbsd`kgik`f nuzdĎl`f hruŧtvg. Nbċutdn, vigstdtu zfrghu u abktru N`slvb h`jd` ob tbl 7=:8.f.
Sbidlg frgċbvdkg s dnp`zgktk`n l`i`kgh`n kg Ďdobn sb vrmu kgigzb l`kod u trlu, jdig ob obhkg `h
kgovbĆdm d kgoibpŧdm u tghgŧko`o N`slvd. F`hdkb 7=21. u p`z`rdŧtu ob dzjd` p`šgr l`od ob jbskb` 6 hgkg,
ukdŧtdvŧd svb dzuzbv sp`iokdm zdh`vg d prbhkob cgsghb. U`z`rdŧtb ob `jk`viobk` trd f`hdkb lgskdob d `tghg
ob u suŧtdkd `stgi` kbpr`nbkobk`, gid ob, kgrgvk`, tbmkdĎld sgvrbnbkobk` d usgvrŧbk`.
R hv`rgkd u l`o`o sb uz pgrtbr hdšb pbt sprgt`vg i`šg dng nbstg zg hvb mdioghb p`sbtdigag. HufgĎlg ob
:2 n, ŧdr`lg :3 nbtgrg, g vds`lg :7 nbtgr. Ql`r` kdŧtg ngkog kdob kd p`z`rkdag? p`rtgi sabkb dng
hdnbzdob :7,3 sg 7=,2 nbtgrg, h`l sb u hujdku pr`stdru :3,2 nbtgrg.
@h sgn`f sv`f kgstgklg J`ioŧ`o tbgtgr ob jd` srbhdŧtb ruslb `pbrslb unbtk`std. Kg kobf`v`o p`z`rkdad
svg vbidlg hbig ruslb `pbrslb ligsdlb h`šdvbig su prbndobrb. UrdvigĎd` ob kgoj`iob pbvgĎb, sg Co`h`r`n
ťgiogpdk`n, zgtdn vrmukslb hdrdfbktb d rbšdsbrb dz abib zbniob. U`sbjk` nbst` zguzdng jgibt J`ioŧ`f
tbgtrg l`od ob vri` jrz` stblg` sigvu obhk`f `h kgoj`iodm jgibtsldm gksgnjgig u svbtu, g u hgkgs hršd
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XurdstdĎl` put`vgkob u Q`vobtsld Qgvbz Qrbtbk QtgoĎdĆ
Qtrgkg | 61
prdngt u ligsdĎk`n jgibtu. Kg kobf`v`l p`z`rkdad dzrgsib su tglvb jgibtslb zvbzhb lg` ŧt` su, kg
prdnbr, Gkg Ugvi`vg, Ngog Uidsbalgog d hr.
_g prbhstgvb u J`ioŧ`n tbgtru vb`ng ob tbŧl` h`Ćd h` lgrgtg d Ďbst` dm trbjg lupdtd kbl`idl` kbhbiog
ukgprbh. Qigvg `v`f p`z`rdŧtg, sg l`odn sb n`šb nbrdtd sgn` o`ŧ ndigkslg Qlgig, kouo`rŧlg
Nbtr`p`idtbk `pbrg d i`kh`ksld L`vbkt fgrhbk, t`idlg ob hg svgld p`sbtdiga N`slvb sngtrg `jgvbz`n
hg vdhd jgr obhku prbhstgvu. U`Ďbtl`n 35-tdm f`hdkg tgo h`šdviogo ob p`stg` h`stupkdod. U`sib dzfrghkob
vbidlb L`kfrbskb pgigtb u Lrbniou, sg hv`rgk`n l`og n`šb hg prdnd 3.555 fibhgigag, gksgnji
J`ioŧ`f tbgtrg `hršgvg u ko`o d sv`ob rbh`vkb prbhstgvb.
@h prvdm hgkg kgŧbf put`vgkog nd sn` pigkdrgid hg p`fibhgn` kblu prbhstgvu u J`ioŧ`n tbgtru, g
uobhk` d rgzfibhgn` ukutrgŧkob urbċbkob d hbl`rgadou p`z`rdŧtg, obr kgn t` kdob p`ŧi` zg rul`n
prdidl`n hvg rgkdog j`rgvlg u N`slvd. R prv`n susrbtu sg v`hdĎbn Iouhndi`n p`stgvdid sn` o`o
pdtgkob lglvb su n`fuĆk`std hg l`kgĎk` `stvgrdn` tu šbiou, nbċutdn, `kg kgn ob h`stg mighk`
`hf`v`rdig hg ob t` šbiog d nk`fdm s`vobtsldm frgċgkg. Qmvgtdid sn` hg sb n`rgn` sgnd skgĆd, pg sn`
og d suprufg sg Ogsndk`n, _`rgk`n d @ifda`n `tdŧid prbh p`z`rdŧtb d p` hupi` slupio`o abkd `h
prbpr`hgvgag kgjgvdid lgrtb. (Rnbst` 1 rujiob pigtdid sn` p` 2 zg obhku lgrtu). Jdid sn` rgsturbkd p`
abi`n p`z`rdŧtu, `h pgrtbrg h` pbt`f jgil`kg, gid zgh`v`iokd ŧt` kgn sb dspukdig šbiog hg vdhdn`
prbhstgvu d ukutrgŧkob urbċbkob J`ioŧ`f tbgtrg.
Fibhgid sn` jgibtslu prbhstgvu ‛Hrvbkd prdka’ `h Jgigšg d Ubtr`vg, u obhk`n Ďdku l`og ob prdlgzgkg u
prv`n hbiu, g u hruf`n hbiu prdlgzgk ob hdvbrtdsnbkt, to. `hi`nad dz vdŧb jgibtsldm prbhstgvg, lg`?
Igjuh`v` obzbr` `h U.ĉgol`vsl`f, J`ibr` dz jgibtg ‛H`k Ldm`t’ `h I.Ndklusg, Ūdzbig `h G.Ghgkg,
‛Ibfbkhg ` ioujgvd’ `h G.Nbidl`vg, ‛Adfgkslg dfrg’ `h S.Ūbi`jdksldog, ‛Sgiabr’ `h ť`pbkg,
‛L`pbidog’ `h I.Hbidjg, ‛Igjuh’ `h Qbk Qgksg d ‛Rspgvgkg ibp`tdag’ `h U.ĉgol`vsl`f. Ršdvgid sn` u
vrmuksl`n dzv`ċbkou ngost`rg jgibtg.
R t`lu rgzfibhgkog frghg, dz kbp`srbhkb jidzdkb p`sngtrgid sn` zfrghu Rkdvbrzdtbtg ‛I`n`k`s`v’.
Urvd ukdvbrzdtbt u N`slvd `tv`rbk ob 25-tdm f`hdkg ]SDDD vblg kgovdŧb zgsiuf`n glghbndlg
I`n`k`s`vg. Hgkgs u QQQZ-u dng 2,: ndid`kg stuhbkgtg, ŧt` dzk`sd 743 stuhbkgtg kg 75.555
stgk`vkdlg, Ouf`sigvdog dng :55 stuhbkgtg kg 75.555 stgk`vkdlg, QGH ‑ 8=:, Crgkauslg ‑7==, ĉQZ ‑
4=, ťvgoagrslg ‑ 46, S. Jrdtgkdog ‑7:2, Ngċgrslg ‑ 75:, prbng bvdhbkadod RKBQL@-g zg 746=. f`hdku.
_frghg Rkdvbrzdtbtg ‛I`n`k`s`v’ dng 1: sprgtg d zgvrŧbkg ob 7421. X` ob obhkg `h = lgrgltbrdstdĎkdm
zfrghg sg dstdn grmdtblt`ksldn `stvgrbkobn. Qbhgn zfrghg ob u N`slvd, u obhk`o ob Ndkdstgrstv`
sp`iokb trf`vdkb QQQZ-g, u hruf`o ob m`tbi ‛Rlrgodkg’ dth., g `sng zfrghg ob p`hdfkutg u Sgrŧgvd.
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XurdstdĎl` put`vgkob u Q`vobtsld Qgvbz Qrbtbk QtgoĎdĆ
Qtrgkg | 68
Rkdvbrzdtbt ‛I`n`k`s`v’ dng 73 cgluitbtg, sg 1:.555 stuhbkgtg, `h t`fg :.255 strgkdm stuhbkgtg. Xu ob
d sp`nbkdl I`n`k`s`vu’. Kg ukdvbrzdtbtu ‛Ugtrds Iununjg’ u N`slvd stuhdrgou prbtbšk` stuhbktd dz
Gcrdlb, Gzdob d Igtdkslb Gnbrdlb. Q`vobtsld Qgvbz dng 2: ukdvbrzdtbtg (p` hrufdn stgtdstdlgng =1) d
=25 vds`ldm ŧl`ig. R N`slvd su hvg ukdvbrzdtbtg d 63 vds`ldm ŧl`ig (hrufd cgluitbtd l`od kdsu
`jumvgĆbkd sg `vg hvg ukdvbrzdtbtg), kg l`odng stuhdrg 385.555 stuhbkgtg.
Qvd stuhbktd h`jdogou stdpbkhdob `h 85-25 rujgiog, g `hidĎkd stuhbktd h`jdogou Ibkodk`vu stdpbkhdou u
dzk`su `l` 755 rujgiog, zgtdn dngou jbspigtkb lkodfb d snbŧtgo u h`nu. U` zgvrŧbkdn stuhdogng
`jgvbzkd su hg rghb trd f`hdkb u ukutrgŧko`std fhb dm rgsp`rbhb. Zbšdn stuhdrgkog ob h`stg str`f.
Qtuhbkt n`šb obhgk dspdt p`igfgtd sgn` hvg putg, p`sib Ďbfg sb ŧgiob kg cdzdĎld rgh u ukutrgŧko`st.
Kbld stuhbktd ‛I`n`k`s`vg’ lgšu hg p` ŧbst nbsbad kb dhu u abktgr N`slvb. Gl` stuhbkt p`pustd u
uĎbkou uldhg nu sb stdpbkhdog kg nbsba hvg, h`l 15 kb`prgvhgkdm dz`stgkglg sg prbhgvgkog p`vigĎd
dsliouĎbkob sg cgluitbtg d sigkob kg cdzdĎld rgh u ukutrgŧko`st. Q `jzdr`n hg kg ukdvbrzdtbtdngQ`vobtsl`f Qgvbzg dng nbstg zg svgl`f sbhn`f srbhko`ŧl`iag, t` ob sbibltdvk`st prdidl`n updsg kg
cgluitbt vbidlg. ĉgl d `hidĎkd uĎbkdad n`rgou hg sb skgigzb hg jd sb updsgid kg cgluitbt.
U`sbtg Xbtrogl`vsl`o fgibrdod jdig ob prbhvdċbkg pr`frgn`n, gid ob kdsn` `stvgrdid kbrgzunbvgkobn
v`hdĎg Iouhndib.
KgvbĎb sn` `jdĎk` dngid si j`hk`f vrbnbkg, pg sn` p`sib vbĎbrb dŧid hg rgzfibhgn` lgl` su urgċbkb
p`obhdkb nbtr`-stgkdab. Qg lgrt`n `h pbt l`pbold n`šb sb v`zdtd ab` hgk nbtr``n, gl` sb kb dzigzd
kgp`iob. SbĆ sn` pdsgid hg svgld frgh u QQQZ -u p`Ďdkob sg dzfrghko`n nbtr`g lgh dng ndid`kstgk`vkdlg, obr ob sg`jrgĆgo dsp`h zbniob sdfurgk, jrz, uh`jgk d bl`k`ndĎgk.
N`sl`vsld nbtr` rgzidluob sb `h p`zkgtdm svbtsldm p`hzbnkdm šbibzkdag, kg prdnbr, i`kh`kslb,
pgrdslb did t`ldoslb, p` t`nb ŧt` pr`igzd hujiob dsp`h zbniob, ŧt` sb sg`jrgĆgo `hvdog jršb d ŧt` ob
sgvrbnbkdod, obr ob d kobf`vg dzfrghkog zgp`Ďbig lgskdob.
Dzfrghkog ob zgp`Ďbig 7417.f., g ngog 7412. puŧtbkg ob u sg`jrgĆgo prvg idkdog, hufgĎlg 77 ldi`nbtgrg.
N`sl`vsld nbtr` hgkgs dng hušdku jidzu :55 ln, sg `l` 755 nbtr`-stgkdag, g dzfrghkog o`ŧ trgob obr sb
frgh stgik` ŧdrd. Hkbvk` sb nbtr``n prbvbzb prbl` pbt ndid`kg putkdlg.
Kg svgl`f l` sb prvd putg susrbĆb s n`sl`vsldn nbtr``n utdsgl `stgviog vbĆ sgn` spuŧtgkob
p`lrbtkdn stbpbkdagng huj`l` p`h zbniou, uh`jk`st d jrzdkg prbv`zg, lg` d `hidĎkg tbmkdĎlg
`prbniobk`st. Nbċutdn, kdob t` `k` ŧt` Ďdkd kobfg p`sbjkdn. N`sl`vsld nbtr` ob kbŧt` dzuzb tk`, obr
kobf`vb stgkdab, kgr`Ďdt` `kb stgrdob, p`hsbĆgou kg dzi`šjbkb hv`rgkb u l`odng Ď`vbl n`šb hg stblkb
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XurdstdĎl` put`vgkob u Q`vobtsld Qgvbz Qrbtbk QtgoĎdĆ
Qtrgkg | 62
prbhstgvu ` grmdtblt`ksldn, sidlgrsldn, vgogrsldn d hbl`rgtdvkdn strbniobkodng s`vobtslb idl`vkb
unbtk`std `h srbhdkb 15-tdm f`hdkg kg `vgn`.
Kgdnb, nbtr` ob rgċbk vri` rgsl`ŧk` d zg `prbngkob stgkdag kdob sb ŧtbhbi` kg k`vau. ĉgl d `kb stgkdab
l`ob su rgċbkb zg vrbnb DD svbtsl`f rgtg kb zg`stgou u rgsl`ŧd dzg prbhrgtkdm. _dh`vd stgkdag ufigvk`n
su `ji`šbkd urgisldn, uzjbĎldn, lgrbisldn, lrdnsldn d hrufdn vrstgng nbrnbrg, ulrgŧbkd su
sluipturgng, n`zgdadng, sidlgng kg stgliu d hrufdn ulrgsdng. Kblb stgkdab su idl`vk` tbngtsld
urbċbkb. Xglvg ob, kg prdnbr, stgkdag ‛Xbrgsg rbv`iuadob’, p`svbĆbkg @lt`jgrsl`o rbv`iuadod d
dzfrghkod s`adogidzng< lrgsd ob =5 sluipturg s t`n tbn`n u vdhu ldp`vg rbv`iuad`kgrg, v`okdlg d
n`rkgrg.
Qluipturb su ark` `j`obkb d kgigzb sb u arvbkdn iul`vdng. Qtgkdag ‛Ldobvslgog’ ulrgŧbkg ob
nbrnbr`n d pukg n`zgdlg d hbl`rgadog u ulrgodksl`n stdiu. Nbrnbr ob j`rh` j`ob, g u srbhdkd svglb
ŧgrb utdskutg ob pbt`lrglg. L`h svgl`f stujg ob sidlg sg n`tdvdng vbzgkdn zg Rlrgodku, šdtkdauQ`vobtsl`f Qgvbzg, g f`rb ob vbidld `lrufid iustbr.
‛K`v`luzkobalgog’ stgkdag ob hbl`rdsgkg rgsl`ŧkdn rbiobcdng Ďuvbkdm dst`rdosldm jdtglg sg idl`vdng
vbidldm rusldm v`osl`v`ċg ‑ Giblsgkhrg Quv`r`vg, Giblsgkhrg Kbvsl`f, Hdndtrdog H`ksl`f, Hdndtrdog
U`šgrsl`f d Ndmgdig Lutuz`vg.
‛K`v`si`j`hslgog’ stgkdag ob svg u vdtrdkgng `h `j`obk`f stglig `svbtiobkdn sg ukutrgŧkob strgkb, kg
l`odng su n`tdvd prbkbsbkd sg stgrdksldm rusldm tlgkdkg. Qtgkdag ‛Qvbrhi`v’ ‑ svg ob u jbi`n nbrnbru.
‛Grjgtslgog’ stgkdag dng nk`f` iustbrg l`od su p`stgviobkd kg ulrgŧbkdn bibnbktdng `h fdpsg.
‛Qn`ibkslgog’ stgkdag urgċbkg ob u nbrnbru sg hdvkdn iustbrdng.
@h srbhdkb 25-tdm f`hdkg p`hzbnkb stgkdab frghb sb d hgiob vbidlb, uh`jkb d ibpb, gid nk`f` slr`nkdob
`prbniobkb, cuklad`kgikb su d n`hbrkb. @ bstbtsldn vrbhk`stdng prvdm stgkdag, p`hbiobkg su ndŧiobkog.
Nbtr`-stgkdab su kg rgzidĎdtdn kdv`dng, `h l`odm su kblb kg hujdkd d h` 25 nbtgrg. _g vrbnb DD
svbtsl`f rgtg u nbtr`u ob jd` snbŧtbk figvkd puklt rusl`f ŧtgjg zg `hjrgku N`slvb. Nbtr` d hgkgs
n`šb hg siušd zg zgŧtdtu lg` sli`kdŧtb. Kg obhk`n nbstu prdnbtdid sn` fv`zhbkg vrgt g l`og n`fu hg
sb spuŧtgou. Urbt p`stgviog sb hg u n`sl`vsld nbtr` n`šb hg sb sli`kd `l` ndid`k frgċgkg.
Zgzfibhgkob n`sl`vsl`f nbtr`g ob prgvd h`šdviogo. R t`lu rgzfibhgkog d rgzf`v`rg sg v`hdĎdng
sgzkgid sn` d kblb hrufb p`obhdk`std. S`hdĎ Iouhndig kgn ob prdĎgig hg ob MruŧĎ`v upr`pgstd`
s`vobtslu prdvrbhu uv`ċbkobn sgn`stgik`f cdkgksdrgkog u prbhuzbĆdng, pg sb p`k`v` prbŧi` kg
abktrgidstdĎl` rul`v`ċbkob. Nbċutdn, nd sn` sb uvbrdid u kbŧt` sgsvdn hruf`.
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XurdstdĎl` put`vgkob u Q`vobtsld Qgvbz Qrbtbk QtgoĎdĆ
Qtrgkg | 63
Zbadn`, lgh uċbtb u pr`hgvkdau igl` vgn sb n`šb h`f`hdtd hg kgdċbtb kg trd pr`hgvgĎdab lgl`
rgzf`vgrgou d kdobhkg vgn kbĆb prdĆd hg vgs usiušd. X` ob d rgzuniodv` lgh sb zkg hg `kb prdngou cdlsku
nbsbĎku pigtu `jzdrg kg `stvgrbkd uĎdkgl. Urdngkog su `hrbċbkg u kbl`n abktru, g jbz ngtbrdogik` f
stdnuigksg kbng kd pr`hultdvk`std. @tuhg stgikb šgijb kg kdslu pr`hultdvk`st.
@ usi`vdng šdv`tg u Q`vobtsl`n Qgvbzu sgzkgid sn` hg pr`sbĎkg pigtg dzk`sd 762 rujgiog, hg obhgk
lvghrgtkd nbtgr stgkg l`ŧtg 71 l`pbold, obhgk ldi`vgt struob 8 l`pbolb , pidk p` obhk`o `s`jd nbsbĎk`
dzk`sd 72 l`pbold, tbibc`k ob tgl`ċb obctdk (:,2 rujiob). Urbng zvgkdĎkdn p`hgadng Rprgvb tbibc`kslb
nrbšb, u N`slvd ob dkstgidrgk` :,= ndid`kg tbibc`kg, `h Ďbfg : ndid`kg u stgk`vdng N`sl`viogkg.
Dngou u pigku hg h` 74=6.f. uvbhu tbibc`kb svdng l`od su p`hkbid zgmtbv.
Q `jzdr`n kg p`v`iokb usi`vb stgk`vgkog, jbspigtk` ŧl`i`vgkob d zhrgvstvbk` `sdfurgkob, rbigtdvk`
obctdkb šdv`tkb kgndrkdab, prbv`z, lkodfb d hr., n`šb sb zgliouĎdtd hg ob stgkhgrh zgh`v`iogvgouĆd.
Nbċutdn, lgh su u pdtgkou hrufd pr`dzv`hd, kgr`Ďdt` uv`zkd, `khg ob sdtugadog `jrkutg. U`siušdn` sb prdnbr`n? obhgk ldi`frgn putbrg, lghg fg dng u pr`hgvkdagng, l`ŧtg 1,8 rujiob, g obhkb muig-m`p
Ďgrgpb uvbzbkb dz Ouf`sigvdob, ngrlb ‛Urbj`ih’ u pr`hgvkdagng sb p`hgou zg 6 rujgi og. _kgĎd : lf
putbrg zg obhkb Ďgrgpb. L`h kgs tb dstb Ďgrgpb l`ŧtgou `l` 6.555 stgrdm hdkgrg, g : lf putbrg l`ŧtgou
65.555 stgrdm hdkgrg, ŧt` dslgzuob obhgk sgsvdn hrufd `hk`s. Abkb su dstb u svdn lrgobvdng QQQZ -g `h
Ldobvg h` Sighdv`st`lg.
R N`slvd sn` jdid snbŧtbkd u `nighdksl`n turdstdĎl`n `jobltu ‑ ‛Ngighš`škgog f`std`kdag’ l`og sb
kgigzd kg pbrdcbrdod N`slvb. Qnbŧtgo ob jd` h`jgr, g mrgkdid sn` sb u rbst`rgku sg sgn`usiušdvgkobn. R
`v`o f`std`kdad sg 7: sprgt`vg dngid sn` prdidlb hg up`zkgn` turdstb r gzkdm rgsg, kgadog, vbrg ŧt`
prbhstgviog obhk` `sbjuok` ŧgrbkdi`. SbĆdk`n su t` jdid nighd iouhd, arkad sg Lujb, dz Gkf`ib d Gcrdlb,
N`kf`iad d prdpghkdad hrufdm gzdosldm kgr`hg (Rzjbad, Ldrfdzd d hr.), zgtdn jr`okb frupb dz Bvr`pb d
hrufdm zbngiog. Qtblid sn` utdsgl hg sb nighd h`jr` rgzunbou lg` hg svd f`v`rb dstdn obzdl`n jbz
`jzdrg kg rgsku, kgad`kgiku, vbrslu, obzdĎld d hrufu prdpghk`st.
R s`vobtsldn frgh`vdng dnp`kuob jbsprbl`rkg Ďdst`Ćg kg svdn ogvkdn nbstdng. Rvbl nb ob
dktbrbs`vgi` lgl` su `kd t` p`stdfid, d, kbfhb sl`r` sgzkg` sgn` kbŧt` vdŧb ` t`nb. Kgdnb, `hngm
p`sib rbv`iuadob jdi` ob h`stg kbrbhg d ogvgŧiulg, g `khg sb prdstupdi` srbċdvgkou stvgrd. Bv` lgl`. Kggut`jusl`o stgkdad Ďblg frupg frgċgkg d lghg gut`jus h`ċb `kd svd jbz rbhg fruku kg vrgtg gut`jusg.
Lghg dm svb prdnb u gut`jus `kd nbst` h` kgrbhkb stgkdab kg lrgou stdfku u Grmgkfbisl did kbl` hruf`
nbst` kg prdkuhgk rgh. @v` su jdib kgohrgstdĎkdob nbrb d bcdlgsk` su hbi`vgib. QidĎk` sb p`stupgi` d zg
jgagkob `tpghglg, lg` d u`pŧtb zg kgruŧgvgkob rbhg d mdfdobkb šdviobkog. Hgkgs ob kbvbr`vgtk` zg kgŧb
p`on`vb p`sngtrgtd s`vobtslb frgċgkb lgl` strpiodv` Ďblgou u rbh`vdng d v`hb rgĎukg ` Ďdst`Ćd frghg.
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XurdstdĎl` put`vgkob u Q`vobtsld Qgvbz Qrbtbk QtgoĎdĆ
Qtrgkg | 66
U`sib trd pr`vbhbkg hgkg u N`slvd lrbkuid sn` gvd`k`n Xup`iobv ‑ XR-728J zg Drlutsl u Qdjdru.
U`sbjgk h`šdviogo prbhstgviog p`fibh dz gvd`kg lgh sb ibtd dz N`slvb zg Drlutsl. Q vdsdkb `h 4 mdioghg
nbtgrg, kg l`o`o `jdĎk` ibtb sgvrbnbkd putkdĎld nigzkd gvd`kd, n`šb sb vdhbtd prdidĎk` vbidld hb` svbtg,
g lghg Ď`vbl ibtd dzkgh bvr`psl`f hbig QQQZ-g l`od ob `h U`ioslb h` Rrgig hufgĎgl : mdioghb
ldi`nbtgrg, kdfhb jrhgŧag kbng, sgn` jbslrgokg, jbzfrgkdĎkg rgvkdag. Lghg fibhgkob vbĆ h`sghd,
p`ogviouou sb kg m`rdz`ktu kdslg, zg`jiobkg d ŧun`vdtg jrhgŧag? t` ob Rrgi, frgkdag dznbċu Bvr`pb d
Gzdob. Dz gvd`kg dzfibhg kdzgl d pdt`n, lglgv u stvgrd d obstb u srbhkobn hbiu. Kgdnb, tu ob vds`l sgn`
kbl`idl` st`tdkg nbtgrg, gid sb vri` kgfi` pbkob prbng sbvbru sg kgovdŧ`n vdsdk`n `h 7=48 nbtrg d
prbng oufu sg vdsdk`n `h 731= nbtgrg. Gl` sb urgisld frbjbk kb dstdĎb vdsdk`n, dstdĎb sb kbĎdn
hrufdn? hušdk`n `h :,2 mdioghb ldi`nbtgrg, pr`tbšb sb `h Qbvbrk`f ibhbk`f n`rg hgibl` prbng
lgzgmstgksldn pustdkogng. Jgŧldrd su tgo pigkdksld igkga kgzvgid Rrgi, ŧt` zkgĎd ‛kgigzdŧtb zigtg’.
Nghg zigt` kdlgh kdob jdi` kobf`v` figvk` j`fgtstv`, dpgl trbjg p`nbkutd obhgk rbhgl kgigz? 7=84.f.
kg p`hruĎou srbhkobf Rrgig pr`kgċbk ob frunbk zigtg tbšgl 12,2 lf.
Figvku zgsiufu zg r`ċbkob Rrgig u dkhustrdosl`n sndsiu dng ruhg fv`šċg. Urv` ob agr Ubtgr Sbidld
7343.f. kgrbhd` trgšbkob d blspi`gtgadou ruhb, g 76:7.f. dzhg` ulgz p` l`nb su trf`vad d vigskdad
cgjrdlg h`jdid prgv` p`sbh`vgkog lnbt`vg. Xgl` ob, kg prdnbr, vigskdl snb` hg dng 755 lnbt`vsldm
p`r`hdag kg obhku vds`lu pbĆ did 25 p`r`hdag kg svglu mdioghu puhg pr`dzvbhbk`f jglrg (puh ob stgrg
ruslg nbrg zg tbšdku d dzk`sd 73,1=52 lf, g obhkg t`kg dng 37,58= puhg). O`ŧ obhkg lgrgltbrdstdlg
rusl`f cbuhgik`f p`rbtlg.
Rrgi ob obhk` kbdznbrk` ruhk` j`fgtstv`, l dĎng ruslb tbŧlb dkhustrdob d ruhgrstvg. R pigkdkgng Rrgig
pr`kgċbk` ob h` sghg `l` mdioghu rgzidĎdtdm ndkbrgig, g kg 7: mdioghg nbstg ob `zkgĎbk` hg ob kbŧt`
l`rdsk` pr`kgċbk`. Rrgi ob p`sbjk` p`zkgt p` hrgf`n d p`iuhrgf`n lgnbkou l`obf tu dng 12 vrstg d
l`ob ob ŧdr`n svbtg pr`kbi` sigvu urgisldm jrusgĎg d ouvbidrg.
Urgvg ob srbĆg hg sb usibh `fr`nkb rgvkdab kgŧg` Rrgi, obr jd dkgĎb zgdstg jdi` tbŧl` `hrbhdtd frgkdab
dznbċu Bvr`pb d Gzdob. Gvd`k ob zf`hk` srbhstv` zg obhgk `pŧtd p`fibh, gid gl` jd sn` šbibid hg
frgkdau h`hdrkbn`, `khg jd n`rgid hg sb spustdn` u Qvbrhi`vsl 8 . R kobf`v`o jidzdkd, kg obhk`n
jrhgŧau usrbh ŧunb `tvgrg sb ngid pr`pigkgl kg l`nb st`od jbi` `j`obkd frgkdtkd `jbidsl, vds`l 8 n.
Kg strgkd `lrbkut`o zgpghu pdŧb? ’Bvr`pg’, g kg supr`tk`o, `lrbkut`o prbng dst`lu ‑ ‛Gzdog’. Xgo
sp`nbkdl siušjbk` rgzhvgog hvg l`ktdkbktg.
8 Qghgŧkod (:578.) kgzdv frghg ob Oblgtbrdkjurf.
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XurdstdĎl` put`vgkob u Q`vobtsld Qgvbz Qrbtbk QtgoĎdĆ
Qtrgkg | 6=
Lgh vbĆ sp`ndkobn` tglvb sp`nbkdlb, bv` o`ŧ obhk`f? u frghu Ldzdi, u f`rkobn t`lu Obkdsbog,
kbhgibl` `h n`kf`islb frgkdab, uzhdšb sb `ngkod `jbidsl kg l`nb pdŧb kg l`nb pdŧb? - ‛Qrbhdŧtb
Gzdob’.
Xgl` Q`vobtsld Qgvbz kdob sgn` kgovbĆg gzdoslg hršgvg, vbĆ u sv`n ‛p`sbhu’ dng d frgkdau dznbċu
Bvr`pb d Gzdob lg` d sgn` srbhdŧtb Gzdob.
Uutkdl u gvd`ku kbng nk`f` vrbnbkg zg rgzfibhgkob tb frgkdab, obr ob urgisld frbjbk uzgk d vbĆ p`sib
kbl`idl` ndkutg prbh putkdl`n sb p`k`v` pr`stdrb jbslrgokg, jbzfrgkdĎkg rgvkdag ‑ _gpghk`sdjdrslg
kdzdog, l`og sb prušg sibhbĆdm 7.255 h` :.555 ldi`nbtgrg svb h` rblb Obkdsbog.
Qdjdr
@h 73,= ndid`kg ln: Gzdosl`f hbig QQQZ-g p` k`vdn ghndkdstrgtdvkdn frgkdagng `h 7437.f. Qdjdr,
l`od ob u sgstgvu ZQCQZ, zgmvgtg p`vrŧdku `h `l` 75 ndid`kg ln: d `l` :2 ndid`kg stgk`vkdlg.
@fr`nkb `jigstd p`rbh Xdm`f `lbgkg, - Ngfghgkslg, LgnĎgtslg, Mgjgr`vslg, Gnurslg, Oglutslg d
Qgmgidkslg Ďdkb zgobhk` Q`vobtsld Hgibld dst`l.
Xg p`hbig ob, dstdkg, vdŧb dst`rdoslg kbf` fb`frgcslg, gid t` ob tgl` d Q`vobtsld Hgibld dst`l trbjg `hv`odtd
`h Qdjdrg. X` kb ungkouob zkgĎgo Qdjdrg d `k d hgiob `stgob `fr`ngk d sv`obvrstgk svbt, vbĆd `h abib
Bvr`pb. Qdjdr ob u sgstgvu ZQCQZ d kbng figvk`f frghg, vbĆ svglg gut`k`nkg `jigst did `lruf dngou
sv`o ghndkdstrgtdvkd abktgr lg` ŧt` ob Drlutsl zg Drlutslu `jigst did frgh Xurg zg Bvbkldosld gut`k`nkd
`lruf dth., zgtdn K`v`sdjdrslg did Lrgsk`ogrslg `jigst.
Qdjdr rgsp`igšb sg `fr`nkdn prdr`hkdn j`fgtstvdng, prb svbfg Ďbtdkgrslb ŧunb l`ob zgmvgtgou 365
ndid`kg mbltgrg, prv` nbst` u svbtu. X` ob p`zkgtg sdjdrslg tgofg lr`z l`ou pr`tdĎu rblb @j, Obkdsbo,
Ibkg d hr., fhb f`hdŧkod prdr`hkd prdrgst ŧunsl f hrvbtg dzk`sd `l` 355 ndid`kg lujkdm nbtgrg.
Zblb dngou mdhr`bkbrfdou, tgl` hg Ćb sdjdrsld bibltr`bkbrfbtsld sdstbn usl`r` h`stdĆd lgpgadtbt jidzu :5
ndid`kg lV, f`hdŧkob pr`dzv`hkob 35-65 ndidogrhd lVm (ldi`vgt Ďgs`vg). Qdjdr rgsp`igšb kbdsarpkdn
dzv`rdng tbrn`bkbrfdob? ufgio, kgctg d dzv`rd kulibgrkb bkbrfdob.
Hgkgs sgn` Xounbkslg `jigst u Qdjdru hgob f`t`v` p`i`vdku s`vobtslb kgctb d vbidlu l`idĎdku fgsg.
U`sbhuob fv`zhbku, `i`vk`-adkl`vku d ruhu srbjrg, zgtdn zigt`, kdli, tdtgk, l`jgit, ngfkbzdt, j`lsdt,
hdogngktb d hruf`.
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XurdstdĎl` put`vgkob u Q`vobtsld Qgvbz Qrbtbk QtgoĎdĆ
Qtrgkg | 64
Ur`uĎbkb zgidmb fv`zhbkb ruhb dzk`sb vdŧb ndidogrhd t`kg. Kgctg ob `tlrdvbkg kg nk`fdn sblt`rdng,
vbidlb l`idĎdkb fgsg, dzfrgċbkd su vbidld kgct`v`hd d fgs`v`hd. Xrgksdjdrslg prufg ob sl`r`
bibltrdcdadrgkg, g sgn` hb` prufb `h N`slvb h` Drlutslg dzk`sd prbl` 2 mdioghg ldi`nbtgrg.
Qdjdr p`stgob zkgĎgokg `jigst u p`io`prdvrbhk`o pr`dzv`hkod, kgr`Ďdt` kobf`vd ouškd hbi`vd, d sg
pr`dzv`hko`n šdtg prbl` 735 ndid`kg nbtrdĎldm abktd hgibl` prbngŧuob p`trbjb sdjdrsl`f stgk`vkdŧtvg.
Dkhustrd oslg pr`dzv`hkog ob u stgik`n p`rgstu. SbĆ sghg prbl` hbsbt p`st` abi`lupkb s`vobtslb
dkhustrdob l`kabktrdsgk` ob u Qdjdru, gid sb pr`abkgt p`vbĆgvg, obr sb svb vdŧb rgzvdogou kgolrupkdod
dkhustrdosld rbo`kd Gzdob.
Xbŧl` ob `pdsgtd Qdjdr, obr ob obhk`stgvk` prbvbidl d prbvdŧb rgzidĎdt. Kg `jgid sdjdrslb rblb Gkfgrb , u
jidzdkd frghg Rstl`vg kgċbkb su cdfurb `h ngnut`vdm lio`vg prgviobkb prb kgongkob :8 mdioghb f`hdkg.
Urvg cdfurdag prbhstgviog ptdau, g hrufg ngnutg. @v` su h`sgh kgostgrdod prbhnbtd rgċbkd io uhsl`n
rul`n u `v`n hbiu svbtg. Kgċbkd su, zgtdn, k`šbvd sg hvb `ŧtrdab (lgnbk) l`ob su kgċbkb vbĆ u
dst`Ďk`n Qdjdru d Qbvbrk`o Gnbrdad. @v` p`tvrċuob hg ob dznbċu Qdjdrg d Qbvbrkb Gnbrdlb jd`
l`pkbkd n`st prbl` Jbrdkf`v`f n`rbuzg.
Qdjdr ob h`n`vdkg nrgzg, gid ob dst` tgl` Ďdkobkdag hg u ouškdn prbhbidng ibtd tbnpbrgturg p`rgstb d h`
85 stbpbkd Abizdous`vdm. Hglib, h`l kg sbvbru Qdjdrg obhvg šdv`tgrb ngm`vdkb d idŧgobvd, kg oufu
uspbŧk` rgstu d sgzrbvgou iujbkdab d hdkob. K`, gl` dpgl Qdjdr sngtrgn` mighk`n, pr`strgk`n d pust`n
zbnio`n, kbĆbn` nk`f` p`frbŧdtd, obr kg abi`n pr`strgkstvu dst`Ďk` `h Rrgig šdvd svbfg `l` :2
ndid`kg stgk`vkdlg. @kd, zgtdn, kdsu kd prdjidšk` rgvk`nbrk` rgsp`rbċbkd, vbidlg vbĆdkg šdvd u usl`n p`ogsu kg oufu. Qdjdr ob `huvbl sngtrgk pust`n zbnio`n s vb`ng ngi` stgr`sbhbigag. Zusd su p`Ďbid
hg fg `svgogou tbl lrgobn ]SD vblg. Qdfkgi zg p`Ďbtgl jd` ob zkgnbkdtd p`m`h l`zgĎl`f gtgngkg
Obrnglg l`od ob kg Ďbiu l`zgĎl`f `hrbhg u vrbnbku `h 72=7. h` 72=2.f. lrbku` u Qdjdr Ďdnb ob rusl`
agrstv` p`Ďbi` hg sb ŧdrd u Gzdod. L`zgĎld gtgngk Obrngl jd` ob p` prdr`hd gvgkturdstg, dng` kbldm
frbm`vg, pg ob sg sv`odn l`zgadng lrbku` kg dst`l u Qdjdr. X` kdob jdi` kdngi` tbŧl`, obr sb u
Obrngl`v` vrbnb s `kb strgkb Rrgig kgigzdig sgn` obhkg hršgvkg tv`rbvdkg ‑ sdjdrsld mgkgt, `stgtgl
kblghgŧkob Hšdkfds-lgk`vb hršgvb.
L`zgĎld gtgngk Obrngl kg Ďbiu l`zgĎl`f `hrbhg rgzjd` ob sdjdrsl`f mgkg LuĎukg, zguzb` nu
prbst`kdau Lgŧiodl d zgpghkd Qdjdr. Qdjdrsld mgkgt sb rgspg` vbĆ prdidl`n pr v`f susrbtg s rbigtdvk`
ngidn Obrngl`vdn `hrbh`n. Obrngl`vd kgsibhkdad su o`ŧ srbhdk`n ]SDD vblg pr`lrstgrdid ab` svbt `h
Rrgig h` Xdm`f `lbgkg d kdfhb kdsu kgdŧid kg `tp`r vrbhgk p`nbkg. S`okd `hrbhd su lrĎdid put u Qdjdr
p`stgviogouĆd tvrċgvb `l` l`odm su p`Ďbig hg rgstu kgsbiog, g h`akdob d prgvd frgh`vd.
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XurdstdĎl` put`vgkob u Q`vobtsld Qgvbz Qrbtbk QtgoĎdĆ
Qtrgkg | =5
@sdn v`okdlg, prvd h`sbiobkdad su jdid trf`vad, `sdr`ngŧbkd sbiogad dz srbhkodm hbi`vg Zusdob s kgh`n hg
Ćb tu kgĆd k`vu si`j`hku zbniou, zgtdn jbfukad `h pibndĆl`f ogrng, pg prbjbfid kgognkd rghkdad dz
urgisldm cgjrdlg, g kbŧt` lgskdob dzfkgkdad d, kg lrgou, agrdksld Ďdk`vkdad.
SbĆ lrgobn ]SDD vblg jdi` ob vdŧb h`sbiobkdlg dz bvr`pslb Zusdob kbf` ŧt` ob jdi` stgr`sbhbigag. K`vd
h`sbiobkdad kgsbiogvgid su sb ufigvk`n kg oufu, uz `jgib vbidldm rblg. Lghg ob 7=37.f. uldkut`
lnbtstv` d lghg su sbiogad stblid prgv` hg sb si`j`hk` sbib, Qdjdr ob zgpiousku` prvd vbidld tgigs sb`jg.
Kbp`srbhk` p`sib uldhgkog lnbtstvg u Qdjdr sb prbsbidi` vdŧb `h trd ndid`kg lnbt`vg dz Zusdob,
Rlrgodkb d Jbi`rusdob. U`ŧt` ob kgovdŧb jdi` Zusg, `stgid su sb p`nbŧgid s kodng d usl`r` sb p`rusdid.
Qtgrd sdjdrsld kgsbiobkdad, sidĎk` l`zgadng u bvr`psl`n hbiu, p`sbjgk su tdp iouhd, mrgjrd d
si`j`h`ioujdvd, skgškd d prblgiobkd u tbŧl`o j`rjd zg `pstgkgl. ZbĎ Qdjdrga dng d hgkgs p`sbjgk
prdzvul, tgl` hg nk`fd kg pdtgkob ŧtg su, rgh` `hf`vgrgou ‑ ‛Qdjdrga’, g kb Zus, Rlrgodkga did kbŧt`
hruf`.
Qdjdrga kdob Qdjdrga, gl` kdob h`jr`huŧgk. H`sbiobkdad, rbv`iuad`kgrd d si`j`h`unkdad, l`od su kblgh
prdsdiogvgkd hg šdvb u sur`vdn lrgobvdng, vrbnbk`n su sg stgr`sbhb`adng stv`rdid zgobhkdau
kbzgvdskdm d mrgjrdm iouhd. QgvigċuouĆd tgofu, juhuĆd Qdjdrga sb prdvdlg` kg vdŧbhkbvkd d kbun`rkd rgh,
smvgtgouĆd hg sb n`šb `si`kdtd sgn` kg sv`odm hbsbt prstdou, `hrdag` sb nk`f` Ďbfg, gid kdob li`ku`
hum`n. Qgstgogid su sb prdogtbiod d hruf`vd kg kbl` pdĆb, g zgtdn sb igĆgid sbldrb, obr ob uhv`ob iglŧb
p`hdĆd l`idju d zgl`rgĎdtd u tgofu.
R Qdjdru su, n`šhg lg` kdfhb hrufhb, iouhd nglsdngik` p`ŧtbkd d susrbtiodvd. Urdogtbiostv` sb `vhbkbfuob lg` kgohrgšd avbt, obr jbz kobfg jd jdi` tbŧl`, g n`šhg d kbn`fuĆb urbhdtd Qdjdr `kgl` lglgv ob
`k hgkgs. Rsgniobk`st ob `k` kgostrgŧkdob kg sbvbru. Hg ob t` tgl`, p`tvrċuob d libtvg l`ou ob obhk`n
hgvk` dzrblg` obhgk Oglut sv`n kbprdogtbiou? ‛Kblg kd nbhvbh prbhg tb kb dzgċb, kblg kd ptdag kb sibtd
u tv`ou jidzdku’.
@fr`nkg sdjdrslg pr`strgkstvg d sur`vg lidng uĎb Ď`vblg hg abkd t`pidku iouhslb rbĎd. L`idl` dngtb
prdogtbiog, updtg` ob obhgk Oglut. Lgh nu ob `hf`v`rbk` ‑ hbsbtgl, pbtkgbst, `k sb zgĎuhd` d `hf`v`rd`
‑ pg vd šdvdtb u vbidl`n frghu, g tgn` dng svbtg l`idl` m`Ćbtb. Hg sgn og tgn`, dng` jdm kg mdioghb
prdogtbiog.
Qdjdrga ob zguvbl updsg` sv`ob dnb u dst`rdou s`vobtslb zbniob u obsbk 7487.f., lghg su cgŧdstd lr`z
hv`fibh p`sngtrgid s`vobtsld figvkd frgh. Kbdznbrkg mrgjr`st, u`jdĎgobkg mighk`lrvk`st prbh
snrtk`n `pgsk`ŧĆu. `ŧtrdkg d Ďvrstdkg, lg` d cdzdĎlg dzhršiodv`st - t` su lvgidtbtd l`od su h`ŧid h` puk`f
dzrgšgog. R j`rjgng l`h N`slvb Qdjdrga `hidĎk` ruluob `rušobn, obr svgld Qdjdrga ob i`vga u tgofd.
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XurdstdĎl` put`vgkob u Q`vobtsld Qgvbz Qrbtbk QtgoĎdĆ
Qtrgkg | =7
@hidl`vgid su sb spbadcdĎk`n h`vdtiodv`ŧĆu d p`zkgvgkobn rgtkb vbŧtdkb, h`jr` ul`pgvgkob u r`v`vb d
hg sb zgngsldrgou. Qtgr`sbhb`ad Qdjdrg, Bvbkld d hrufd, dstglid su sb lg` skgopbrdstd u ukdŧtgvgkou
kbngĎlb šdvb sdib u DD svbtsl`n rgtu. @kd su, dkgĎb p`zkgtd lg` dzvrskd strbiad, obr dn ob i`v obhk` `h
`sk`vkdm zgkdngkog.
K`vd tgigs kgsbiogvgkog, l`od ob u Qdjdr p`k`v` h`vb` ndid`kb iouhd, zgp`Ďb` ob tbl p`sib DD svbtsl`f
rgtg lghg sb ouškd, kgokgsbiobkdod p`ogs p`Ďb` ŧdrdtd prbng sbvbru, ufigvk`n huš vbidldm rblg. @tlrdĆg
sl`r` kbzgndsidvdm l`idĎdkg kgctb, ufiog, fv`šċg, jglrg, rbtldm nbtgig, hdogngkgtg d hrufdm j`fg tstgvg
zgobhk` s n`fuĆk`stdng l`ob prušgou sgvrbnbkg kgulg d tbmkdlg prbtv`rdid su Qdjdr u obhk` `h
kgopbr spbltdvkdodm p`hruĎog svbtg.
Qdjdr ob `huvbl sngtrgk pust`n zbnio`n. Urbh u`jdĎgobkdn nbrdidng zg fustdku stgk`vkdŧtvg t` ob
`hf`vgrgi` rbgik`n stgkou, g zg vbidld hb` Qdjdrg, kgr`Ďdt` `kgo kg sbvbru, `hf`vgrg d hgkgs. Nbċutdn,
t` kdob sgsvdn tgĎk`, obr ob Qdjdr dng` d dng sv`ob stgr`sbhb`ab l`od Ďdkb ‛svbfg’ trdhbsbt kgr`hg dkgr`hk`std. Kbld `h kodm šdvb d kg lrgokobn bvr`psl`n sbvbru, gid sb `jdĎk` p`ndkou zgobhk` sg
sdjdrsldn kgr`hdng, ŧt` ob i`fdĎk` s kgad`kgik`f d dst`rdosl`f stgk`vdŧtg d p` kgĎdku šdv`tg.
Kgr`hd Ďdog ob h`n`vdkg Qdjdr, obsu? Gibutd, Gitgoad, Jurogtd, ĉulĎd, H`ifgkd, Bkad, Bsldnd, Bvbkd
(Bvbkld did Bvdbkld), Mglgsd, Mgktd, Dtbinbkd, Oglutd, Oglgfdrd, Lbtd, L`rogld, Ngksd, Kgkgoad,
Kbfdhgiad, Kbkad, Kfgkgsgkd, Kdvmd, @r`ld, Qbilupd, ť`rad, X`cgigrd, Xuvdkad d RiĎd.
Kgr`hg dng nk`f`, gid kb d iouhd, obr dm ob ulupk` `l` ndid`k. Ngi`jr`okd su Ďgl d kgovdŧb zgstupiobkd
kgr`hd, obr p` p pdsu stgk`vkdŧtvg dz 7465.f., kg prdnbr, Jurogtg dng 178.367, Oglutg :43.:88, Kbkgag ‑ :=.652, Bvbklg ‑ :2.784. SbĆdkg sdjdrsldm kgr`hg jr`od p` kbl`idl` mdioghg prdpghkdlg, g dng dm p`
obhvg st`tdkgl. Kg prdnbr, prbng p`sibhkobn p`pdsu Kfgkgsgkg dng 421, Oglgfdrg 372, g Kbfdhgigag
216. Urbng obzdĎl`o prdpghk`std sdjdrsld kgr`hd sb rgzvrstgvgou kg vdŧb frupg, nbċu l`odng su
kgozgstupiobkdob turslg d n`kf`islg. _kgtk` su zgstupiobkb d tukfusl`-ngkhšurslg, ufr`-cdkslg,
sgn`hdoslg d hr. Kbld kgr`hd f`v`rb obzdadng l`od kbngou sr`hkdlb u svbtu.
Qtgr`sbhbigĎl` stgk`vkdŧtv` Qdjdrg šdvd p` vbidldn pr`strgkstvdng, ufigvk`n u ngkodn, nbċus`jk`
uhgiobkdn frupgng, jbz Ďbstdm d rbh`vkdm nbċus`jkdm vbzg d vbzg s `stgidn svbt`n. X` sb kgr`Ďdt`
`hk`sd kg kgr`hb u sbvbrkdn `jigstdng, l`ob su usibh ngi`jr`ok`std d dz`i`vgk`std `Ďuvgid stgrdksld
kgĎdk šdv`tg. Dng h`stg k`nghg did p`iuk`nghg l`od šdvb `h i`vg, rdj`i`vg d fgobkog sbvbrkdm obibkg.
Kgr`hd oušk`f Qdjdrg ‑ Oglutd, Gitgoad, Mglgsd d Jurogtd jgvdid su sb prb rbv`iuadob šdvdkgrstv`n, g
hbidndĎk` d p`io`prdvrbh`n. Qrbhdk`n 15-tdm f`hdkg p`Ďbi` ob gltdvkdob uliouĎdvgkob svdm sdjdrsldm
kgr`hg u sgvrbnbkb `jidlb šdv`tg, l`od, uz l`im`zkb `rfgkdzgadob, p`hrgzunbvgou d ŧdrbkob pdsnbk`std,
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XurdstdĎl` put`vgkob u Q`vobtsld Qgvbz Qrbtbk QtgoĎdĆ
Qtrgkg | =:
`rfgkdz`vgkob zhrgvstvg, ŧl`istvg d hrufdm `jidlg sgvrbnbk`f šdv`tg. R t`n p`fibhu p`st`od rgzidlg
dznbċu sbvbrg, fhb šdvb ngi`jr`okb frupb k`nghg, d oufg, s rbigtdvk` jr`okdn d stgik` kgsbiobkdn
frupgng, lg` ŧt` su Jurogtd did Oglutd. @kd prgltdĎk` u p`tpuk`std prgtb sgvrbnbkd kgĎdk šdv`tg d nbċu
kodng dng h`stg iblgrg, dkšbkobrg, pdsgag d prdpghkdlg `stgidm sgvrbnbkdm pr`cbsdog. Ql`r` svd sdjdrsld
kgr`hd stblid su p`sibhkodm hbabkdog pdsnbk`st kg sv`n obzdlu, nbċutdn, prbng p`pdsu dz 7465.f. rgstb pr`abkgt iouhd l`od lg` ngtbrkod obzdl kgv`hb rusld did kbld `h vbĆdm susbhkdm obzdlg, ŧt` ob `Ďdfibhk`
p`sibhdag j`iodm nbċus`jkdm l`nukdlgadog d stgik`f kgsbiogvgkog.
Kg lrgokobn sbvbru Qdjdrg kgigzb sb kgad`kgikd `lruzd vbidld p` pr`strgkstvu, gid tgl` rbtl` kgsbiobkd
hg sb si`j`hk` n`šb rbĆd hg su f`t`v` pustd. Xgl` u Bvbksl`n kgad`kgik`n `lrufu l`od sb pr`stdrb
kg p`vrŧdkd `h 636.555 ln: šdvd `l` 72 mdioghg stgk`vkdlg. Bvbkld prdpghgou tukfusl` -ngkhšursl`o
frupd gitgosldm kgr`hg. Bvbkld su kgonk`f`jr`okdod kgr`h `vb frupb, vbĆdk`n su kgsbiobkd u
Bvbkldsl`n kgad`kgik`n `lrufu ZQCZQ, g figvk` nbst` ob Xurg. Dst`vrbnbk` dm dng d u hrufdn
`jigstdng dst`Ďk`f Qdjdrg, kg Hgibl`n dst`lu, Qgmgidku d u sbvbr`dst`Ďk`o Ldkd. Lgl` d `h Ďbfg šdvb
stgr`sbhb`ad, Ďdnb sb jgvb, ŧtg dn ob figvkd dzv`r `pstgklg d figvkg prdvrbhkg hbigtk`st. Kg svg tg
pdtgkog p`st od sgn` obhgk `hf v`r? sbvbrkd obibkd. U`rbh t`fg, `kd sb jgvb rdj`i`v`n, zgtdn i`v`n kg
tuiogkb d zvbrd slup`abk`f lrzkg. Gid, jbz sbvbrkdm obibkg tb ibhbkb pustdkob jdib jd zgdstg p`tpuk`
kbkgsbiobkb. X` ob obhdkg šdv`tdkog u tdn `jigstdng, h`v`iok` skgškg d jr`okg, l`og n`šb prušdtd
Ď`vblu svb ŧt` nu ob p`trbjk` zg šdv`t? nbs`, nibl`, l`šu, `hbĆu, `juĆu, lrzk`, ŧgt`rb, pr`stdrlb d
p`lrdvgĎb, kdtd zg l`k`pab, r`f`vb d l`std zg rgzkb vrstb `ruċg d hr. Obibk dng vgšk` nbst` d u
sg`jrgĆgou ufigvk`n uprbfkut u sgklb, g skgškdod nušogad p`kblgh siušb d zg ogmgkob.
Nk`fd grltdĎld kgr`hd kg sbvbru Bvr`pb d Qdjdrg o`ŧ u prghgvk` h`jg uspbid su hg prdpdt`nb sbvbrk`f
obibkg, nbċutdn, lgkghsld Dkhdogkad d Bsldnd kdsu t` kdlghg uspbid (Ďdod sb sbvbrkd obibk z`vb lgrdju).
Ur`abkouob sb hg u Q`vobtsl`n Qgvbzu dng `l` hvg ndid`kg sbvbrkdm obibkg. Qbvbrkd kgr`hd u nk`f`
Ďbnu su prdigf`hdid šdv`t kgvdlgng tdm šdv`tdkog. X` prvbkstvbk` zkgĎd k`nghsld kgĎdk šdv`tg, obr su
sbvbrkd obibkd vbĎdtb iutgidab u p`trgzd zg mrgk`n, h` l`ob zdnd h`igzb d l`pgkobn skbfg.
L`ibltdvdzgado`n, l`og ob p`Ďbig 15-tdm f`hdkg, zgvrŧbkg 25-tdm f`hdkg, stv`rbk` ob zgobhkdĎl`
vigskdŧtv` kgh lrhdng obibkg l`og su sb prb kgigzdig u p`sbhu p`obhdkdm p`r hdag. J`fgtgŧd d ŧgngkd
(svbŧtbkdad d vrgĎbvd) prušgid su ogl `tp`r, pg su p`kbld rghdob ligid vbidld jr`o obibkg kbf` hg dm prbpustb zgobhkdĎl`n vigskdŧtvu.
Qghg l`im`zd obibkg dngou ufigvk`n stgik` srbhdŧtb, g s lrhdng kb putuou svd stgk`vkdad, vbĆ sgn`
`hrbċbkb jrdfghb. Rvbhbkg ob vbtbrdkgrslg siušjg d hrufb nbrb ŧt` ob h`prdkbi` p`vbĆgkou jr`og obibkg
(dngou fusbkdĎkg tbrbkslg v`zdig, n`ktgškb luĆdab, rghd`-stgkdab d hr.).
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XurdstdĎl` put`vgkob u Q`vobtsld Qgvbz Qrbtbk QtgoĎdĆ
Qtrgkg | =1
Bvbkldksld kgad`kgikd `lruf kgigzd sb u sbvbrk`n hbiu Qdjdrg, dznbċu 35 d 65 -tb pgrgibib, kg
fb`frgcsl`o ŧdrdkd Dsigkhg d Giogslb. Gl` kgvrgtdtb u Bvbkldou, iouhd Ćb vgn kbngrk` rbĆd, hg st`tdkgl
ldi`nbtgrg kdob zg kodm kdlglv` rgst`ogkob. Kbn`otb sb zgĎuhdtd `v`o l`kstgtgadod, obr `h abktrg s`vm`zg
‛L`ktusldo’ h` kgojidšdm susbhg, jbz `jzdrg kg l`ou strgku lrbkbtb dng 725-255 ln, g kd s`vm`z kdob
jgŧ ngid? kg kobf`v o tbrdt`rdod n`fib jd sb l`n`tk` snbstdtd hvb ťvgoagrslb.
@v` su lrgobvd sg ogldn vbtr`vdng d nrgz`n. Gl` h`ċbtb u Bvbkldou zdnd, g tbnpbrgturg juhb `l`
ndkus 25 stbpbkd Abizdousg, iouhd Ćb vgn rbĆd hg stb dngid srbĆb, obr stb h`ŧid lgh ob ‛t`pi`’. R mighkdn
zdnsldn hgkdng tbnpbrgturg `vhb pghg d kg ndkus 32 stbpbkd. Xghg sb rbnbtd rghd`-vbzg, nbtgi puag
lg` stgli` dth.
Lg` prbhstgvkdl ngib kgr`hk`std Bvbkl ob u p`v`iokdobn p`i`šgou `h Zusg, Rlrgodkgag, Bst`kgag d
hrufdm, obr dngou jbspigtkb ogsib lg` d hrufb p`vigstdab, zgtdn sb updsuou u ŧl`iu ndn` l`klursg, g svb
u adiou hg jd Bvbkld ŧt` prb stdfid rgzvdobkb kgadob. @v` ngi` kgsbiob `hfgodvgĎg obibkg hgkgs dng 7=hdpi`ndrgkdm struĎkoglg ‑ kgstgvkdlg, iblgrg, jdjid`tblgrg, prgvkdlg, unbtkdlg, frgcdĎgrg, nbmgkdĎgrg d
hrufdm.
Gl` vgs put kgkbsb u Mglgsdou updtgotb kbl`f `h pr`igzkdlg, fhb sb kgigzd ruhg0 Ur`igzkdl Ćb stgtd,
uhgrdtd k`f`n ` zbniou d `hf`v`rdtd? bv` `vhb. Ur`jgotb hg l`pgtb kg t`n nbstu u uvbrdĆbtb sb hg ob
pr`igzkdl u prgvu. @vgl` ob ` Mglgsdod pdsg` put`pdsga dz pr`ŧi`f vblg.
Mglgsdog ob j`fgtg kb sgn` ufiobn, hrvbt`n d v`hbkdn rbsursdng, vbĆ d jigf`n lidn`n, pg sb p`
jr`ou sukĎgkdm hgkg prdjidšgvg Lrdnu. Kg kobk`o pi`hk`o zbniod uspbvg svb, Ďgl d iujbkdab. Mglgsdog ob gut`k`nkg `jigst kg oufu Qdjdrg u l`o`o hvb trbĆdkb stgk`vkdŧtvg šdvd u frgh`vdng. U`sibhkou
prbndobru u kgad`kgik`n p`z`rdŧtu Mglgsdob ‑ ‛Abzgr d Lib`pgtrg’ `h Jbrkgrhg ť`g p`stgvd` ob
mglgsld rbšdsbr kg mglgsl`n obzdlu.
@huvbl su sb Mglgsd, lg` d hrufd tursl`- obzdĎld kgr`hd Qdjdrg tglndĎdid zg vrbnb svbĎgk`std u skgzd,
skgigšiodv`std d jrzdkd. @vg sb trghdadog kbfuob h` hgkgŧkodm hgkg. @vhb ob rgzvdobk l`kodĎld sp`rt, tbŧlg
gtibtdlg, rvgkob u ligsdĎk`n d si`j`hk`n stdiu. Dvgk Ogrdfdk dz Mglgsdob, kg prdnbr, hv`struld ob
`idnpdosld ŧgnpd`k u rvgkou.
Lghg ob s`vobtsld lgpbtgk zg prbl``lbgkslu pi`vdhju Jrgkdsigv Ngokgfgŧbv, r`h`n dz Mglgsdob,
upi`vd` jr`h`n u obhku strgku iulu, `khg su sb i`lgikd rbp`rtbrd vb`ng zgdktbrbs`vgid zg kobf`v
dst`ĎkogĎld dzfibh d p`Ďbid sg zgpdtldvgkobn l` ob d `hglib ob. Ngokgfgŧbv dn ob `hf`v`rd` hg ob r`ċbk
u Mglgsdod d hg ob prdpghkdl tb ngib kgr`hk`std kg oufu Qdjdrg. Kgrbhk`f hgkg k`vdkgrd su `pbt kgvrgtdid
h` lgpbtgkg sg k`vdn pdtgkodng? - ‛_kgtb, pr`vbrdid sn` u Jr`lmguz`v`n rbĎkdlu, gid kdsn` pr`kgŧid
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XurdstdĎl` put`vgkob u Q`vobtsld Qgvbz Qrbtbk QtgoĎdĆ
Qtrgkg | =8
tglgv kgr`h. R Ďbnu ob stvgr’. XgĎk`, k`vdkgrd su u prgvu. Jr`lmguz`v rbĎkdl, dzhgt u Zusdod prb
rbv`iuadob, zgdstg kb p`ndkob Mglgsb, obr prb rbv`iuadob kdob kd jdi` frgh`vg u `vdn lrgobvdng. (Kdob
tbŧl` zgpgzdtd hg prdpghkdad stgr`sbhbigĎldm sdjdrsldm kgr`hg d kgr`hk`std uzdngou si`vbkslg, prbtbšk`
ruslg dnbkg, g sv`n prbzdnbku kgoĎbŧĆb h`hgou ‛`v’ did ‛bv’).
Ql`r` u svgl`n mglgsl`n sbiu ‑ uiusu ‑ šdvd kgongkob p` obhgk mgohšd ‑ kgr`hkd pbvgĎ, prdp`vbhgĎ d
rbadtgt`r. Qvglb f`hdkb `hršgvg sb `jigsk` tglndĎbkob u dktbrprbtgadod stdm`vg d dnpr`vdzgadod k`vdm
hbig. Mgohšd su iouhd rbtl`f p`btsl`f tgibktg d cbk`nbkgik`f pgnĆbkog. Kbld `h kodm pgntb d p` 25
p`bng, g svglg `h kodm p` `jdnu ob rgvkg ‛Didoghd’.
@h nbstg fhb ob kg Obkdsbou p`hdfkutg mdhr`abktrgig h` ťuŧbksl`f dng ŧbzhbsbtgl ldi`nbtgrg. R
`v`n sbiu ob lrgobn pr`ŧi`f vblg šdvb` u pr`f`kstvu Sighdndr DidĎ Ibkodk. Mgohšd pr`p`vbhgou u
sv`odn prdĎgng hg ob Ibkodk jd` d tgn` fhb ob p`hdfkutg mdhr`abktrgig. N`šhg ob t` d ibfbkhg, gid sb kg
tgl` frgkhd`zk`n `jobltu, lg` ŧt` ob kgovbĆg u QQQZ -u d Ďbtvrtg u svbtu Qgogk`-ŧuŧbkslgmdhr`abktrgig uvbl rgċgou ibfbkhb.
Kblgh kbp`zkgtg Mglgsdog, l`og sb kb p`ndkob kd u kgŧdn bkadli`pbhdogng, hgkgs dng vdŧb `h 755
dkhustrdosldm prbhuzbĆg, g kobk` stgk`vkdŧtv` l`ob ob prb rbv`iuadob šdvbi` k`nghsldn šdv`t`n,
kgpgsgouĆd `vab d lrupku st`lu sg t`tgik`n kbpdsnbk`ŧĆu, hgkgs dng 8:5 ŧl`ig d zgvbhbk` ob svb`pŧtb
srbhkob `jrgz`vgkob lg` svuhg u Q`vobtsl`n Qgvbzu.
ťtg o`ŧ rbĆd ` Qdjdru0 X` ob kbzgmvgigk p`sg`, obr nk`f` t`fg dng hg sb lgšb. Mbr`h`t ob vbr`vg` hg ob
Qdjdr j`fu zg ibċdng, g rusld lkodšbvkdl H`st`obvsld kgzvg` ob rbfd`k ‛nrtvdn h`n`n’. Nbċutdn,Qdjdr sg 75 ndid`kg lvghrgtkdm ldi`nbtgrg zgmvgtg vbĆu p`vrŧdku `h Ldkb, `h QGH d `h Gustrgidob, g p`
sv`odn prdr`hkdn j`fgtstvdng spghg u rbh kgoj`fgtdodm p`hruĎog u svbtu. R kobf`vdn kbhrdng dng
tgl` rbĆd vdŧb ufiog kbf` u svdn lgpdtgidstdĎldn zbniogng uzbtdm zgobhk`, `vhb ob sl`kabkt rdsgk
kgovbĆd hb` h`ngĆdm rbzbrvd fv`zhbkb ruhb d kgctb. Jidzu Ďbtdrd pbtdkb sdjdrsl`f pr`strgkstvg p`lrdvbk`
ob lvgidtbtk`n ŧun`n. @l` Ďbtdrd pbtdkb mdhr`bkbrfbtsldm rbsursg Q`vobtsl`f Qgvbzg `tpghg kg Qdjdr,
nghg kd prdjidšk` kdsu dsl`rdŧĆbkb v`hb sdjdrsldm rblg. Qgn` Gkfgrsl`-Obkdsbosld jgsbk hgkgs hgob
`l` 32% ulupkb bkbrfdob u rbfd`ku. Kg Gkfgrd d Obkdsbou p`hdfkutb su vbidlb mdhr`abktrgib, lg` ŧt`
su? Qgogk`-ťuŧbkslg kg Obkdsbou, ogĎdkb 3,8 ndid`kg ldi`vgtg did 3.855 nbfgvgtg (7 nbfgvgt `jbibšgvgsb NV d dng 7.555 ldi`vgtg). Qgogkslg mdhr`abktrgig Ďbtvrtg ob p` vbidĎdkd u svbtu, zgtdn Lrgsk`ogrslg
kg Obkdsbou ogĎdkb 3 ndid`kg ldi`vgtg, pbtg ob u svbtu, Jrgtslg kg Gkfgrd, sg 8,3 ndid`kg ldi`vgtg, `sng
ob p` vbidĎdkd u svbtu, Rst Idkslg kg Gkfgrd ‑ 8,1 ndid`kg ldi`vgtg, hbsbtg u svbtu, zgtdn Drlutslg kg
Gkfgrd, J`fuĎgkslg u l`tidkd Gkfgrb d hr. (ĕbrhgpslg mdhr`abktrgig sg :,1 ndid`kg ldi`vgtg ob :1. p`
vbidĎdkd u svbtu. Xrd putg ob ngkog `h Qgogkslb d hvg putg `h Jrgtslb mdhr`abktrgib.
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XurdstdĎl` put`vgkob u Q`vobtsld Qgvbz Qrbtbk QtgoĎdĆ
Qtrgkg | =2
Qdjdr ob zbniog vbidldm mighk`Ćg (h` ndkus 65 stbpbkd A), ioutdm nrgzbvg d ogldm vbtr`vg. U`rbh
sbvbrkdm `jgig zbniog zgnrzgvg u hujdku h` 25 n, g ibtd sb `t`pd sgn` tgkgl si`o zbniob, kbl`idl`
hbadnbtgrg h` obhk`f nbtrg, pg sb tu ogviogou idŧgobvd d ngm`vdkg, lg` d n`Ďvgrb, obr p`hzbnkd ibhbkd
ŧtdt zghršgvg vigfu d sprbĎgvg hg ob zbniog updob. X` ob p`ogs tukhrd. Xd lrgobvd kdsu kgli`kobkd kd
jdiok`n kd šdv`tdkosl`n svbtu, pg kd Ď`vblu. Lgh sb Ď`vbl prdjidšd kbl`n ŧĆuĆurbk`n šjuku, tbl`khg prdnbtd hg su t` jrbzb, l`ob su zg 72 h` :5 f`hdkg kgrgsib sgn` obhgk nbtgr vdsdkb, g zg 25
f`hdkg rgstg jrbzg h`stdfkb hbjiodku obhvg hbjiodkb Ď`vbĎdob rulb.
Qdjdrga Ćb vgn sg h`stg zgh`v`iostvg p`lgzgtd sv`o `fibh? dz `jdĎkb Ďgsb `k Ćb pr`sdpgtd v`Ćkd s`l kg
skbf, nbċutdn, nigz v`Ćk`f s`lg, l`od sb igfgk` dzidvg dz Ďgŧb, prbtvgrg sb u `j`obku ibhbkdau o`ŧ prb
kbf` ŧt` stdfkb h` p`vrŧdkb skbfg. Qdjdrga Ćb vgn tgl`ċb dsprdĎgtd d `v`? zg vrbnb zdnsldm nrgzbvg
obhk` Ďbtv`r`f`hdŧkob hbtb n`rg kg sbjd dngtd 7: lf `hbĆb hg jd n`fi` dzgĆd kgp iob. D t` ob Qdjdr.
R srbhdŧkobn d oušk`n hbiu Qdjdrg, `l` t`l`vg @jg, Obkdsbog, Ibkb d hrufdm sdjdrsldm rblg ogviog sbtgofg. Xu su p`zkgtb Ďbtdkgrslb ŧunb kg Ďbst` n`Ďvgrk`n p`hruĎou. Hušd pbrd`h sukag d vbfbtgadob
p`spbŧuob jdiokd d šdv`tdkosld svbt. Xu sb d Ď`vbl vdŧb kgsbid`. _j`f p`nbkutdm j`iodm usi`vg prdrgst
hrvbtg ob vbidld, s tdn hg d `vhb l`rbk hrvbĆg kb rgstb nk`f` vbrtdlgik` zj`f zgnrzgvgkog zbniob, vbĆ
sb ŧdrd m`rdz`ktgik`. R tgofd šdvb jr`okb šdv`tdkob, `h l`odm su nk`fb p`zkgtb p` dzvgkrbhk`n lrzku?
nrld nbhvbh, vul, idsdag, mbrnbidk, hgjgr, sgnur d hr. @vhb ob p`vbĆgkg blspi`gtgadog hrvbtg d
rgzvdobkg hrvkg dkhustrdog. Ouškg p`hruĎog su prbtv`rbkg u `rgkdab.
S`hg d ŧunb su zgdstg prgv` j`fgtstv` Qdjdrg. KguĎkdad su dzrgĎukgid hg kg svgl`f stgk`vkdlg kgŧb
pigkbtb h`igzd mbltgr d p` ŧunb, kg svgl`f s`vobtsl`f stgk`vkdlg ‑ 2 mbltgrg, g kg svgl`f Qdjdrag 82
mbltgrg.
Zbadn` d t` hg ob Qdjdr p`zkgt p` vbidl`n jr`ou l`ngrgag. Qdjdrsld l`ngrad su lrupkd pg dm Qdjdrad
kgzdvgou ‛Ďbtv`r`n`t`rga’. Igl` p`hk`sb d supbr nrgzbvb, g ibtd su kbp`hk`ŧiodvd. KguĎkdad su
dzrgĎukgid hg rulg `jkgšbkg h` rgnbkg svgl`f ndkutg prdnd 755-7:5 uobhg.
_g nk`fb ob Qdjdr sdk`kdn zg lgškobkdĎlb i`f`rb d r`jdogkob. D stvgrk`, `h prvdm kgsbiogvgkog, agrslb
vigstd su sigib sv ob p`idtdĎlb pr`tdvkdlb u pr`f`kstv` u Qdjdr. Qi`j`hk` sb n`šb rbĆd, hg su sigkobn
zgtv`rbkdlg, p`iosldm d hrufdm zgr`jiobkdlg jr`okdm dktbrkdrgag ‑ `h hblgjrdstg d j`ioŧbvdlg ‑ pg h`
Qtgiodk`vdm kbndi`srhkdm Ďdstld, rgzrgĎukgvgkog d dzv`ċbkog p`fr`ng kgh p`obhdkdn kgr`hdng d
kodm`vdn prdsdikdn dsbiogvgkobn, `h Qdjdrg stv`rdid kgovbĆu r`jdogŧkdau kg svbtu.
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XurdstdĎl` put`vgkob u Q`vobtsld Qgvbz Qrbtbk QtgoĎdĆ
Qtrgkg | =3
Hgkgs ob u Qdjdru obhdk` p`ngkolgkob u iouhdng, pg sb rgzkdn p`vigstdagng stdnuidŧu s`vobtsld
frgċgkd, lg` d frgċgkd hrufdm s`adogidstdĎldm zbngiog hg h`ċu kg rgh u Qdjdr, ŧt` ob vbĆ hgi` `hrbċbkb
rbzuitgtb.
@vdn `pdsdvgkobn prdlgzgid sn` `sk`vkb lgrgltbrdstdlb Qdjdrg. @stgob hg sb up`zkgn` sg svdn `kdn
ŧt` sn` vdhbid d h`šdvbid u t`lu hgiobf put`vgkog d rgzfibhgkog.
Dz N`slvb sn` lrbkuid 7=. sbptbnjrg 74=:.f. u 74,82 Ďgs`vg. Ibtbid sn` gvd`k`n XR-728 J, kg
vdsdkd `h 77 ln, jrzdk`n `h 425 ln kg sgt. XR-728 J n`šb hg prdnd 735 putkdlg, zg rgzidlu `h
Diouŧdkg-=3 l`od prdng 125 putkdlg, lg` Hšgnj` hšbt.
Zgzhgiodkg `h N`slvb h` Drlutslg dzk`sd 8.842 ln u vgzhuŧk`o idkdod d prbŧid sn` ob zg 6 Ďgs`vg, sg
tdn ŧt` sn` sb zghršgid 7 sgt u K`v`sdjdrslu l`od ob uhgiobk :255 `h N`slvb. Srbnbkslg rgzidlg
dznbċu N`slvb d Drlutslg dzk`sd 2 Ďgs`vg, g u `hk`su kg Jb`frgh = Ďgs`vg pg sb zg t`idl` Ďgs`vg
n`rg p`nbrdtd slgzgi olg ukgprbh. R stvgrd, t`idl` ob Drlutsl dst`Ďkdob `h N`slvb d Jb`frghg.
Urbh p`igzgl dz N`slvb h`jdid sn` suvu vbĎbru l`ou sn` p`obid p` uigslu u gvd`k. Nbċutdn, kgl`k
obhk`f sgtg ibtbkog prv` sn` p`siušbkd s`l`n, g ujrz` sn` h`jdid d t`piu vbĎbru. SbĎbrg sb sgst`ogig
`h arvbk`f lgvdogrg, t`pib pbĎbkb pdibtdkb sg pdrdkĎbn, pgrghgoz zg sgigtu, pius l`igĎ d Ďgo. SbĎbrg ob
jdig vri` ulusk` sprbniobkg, pg sn` svd rgh` o`ŧ obhgkput vbĎbrgid. U`sib trd d p` sgtg ibtbkog spustdid
sn` sb u K`v`sdjdrsl. H`l ob sp`iokg tbnpbrgturg kg 77 ln vdsdkb dzk`sdig ndkus 21 stbpbkg, u
K`v`sdjdrslu ob jdi` pius 3 stbpbkd.
R Drlutsl sn` stdfid `l` 6,15 Ďgs`vg dzoutrg, sg tbnpbrgtur`n `h 75 stbpbkd. Ibt gvd`k`n ob jd`
sdfurgk d prdogtgk.
Drlutsl
Drlutsl ob figvkd frgh Drlutslb jigstd u ouf`dst`Ďk`n Qdjdru, kg rbad Gkfgrd, sg prbl` 225.555
stgk`vkdlg. Kgzdv ob h`jd` p` rbad Drlut. Kgigzd sb kg `l` 32 ldi`nbtgrg `h Jgolgisl`f obzbrg d kg
trgksdjdrsl`o pruzd N`slvg ‑ Sighdv`st`l. Drlutsl ob ghndkdstrgtdvkd, prdvrbhkd, kguĎkd d luiturkd
abktgr `v`f hbig Qdjdrg, dng ukdvbrzdtbt sg vdŧb cgluitbtg, sdjdrsld `hbiogl Glghbndob kgulg QQQZ -g,
kguĎkb dkstdtutb, nuzbob, p`z`rdŧtg d hr. Zgzvdobkg ob dkhustrdog ngŧdkg d vgf`kg, gvd`kg, gut`n`jdig,
ruhgrsldm ngŧdkg, zgtdn mbndoslg, hrvkg, prbmrgnjbkg d hr. Dng vbidl` gbr`hr`nsl` prdstgkdŧtb, g u
jidzdkd ob mdhr`abktrgig ‛Drlutsl’ kg rbad Gkfgrd, zgvrŧbkg 7423.f. lgpgadtbtg 335.555 lV, sg
pr`dzv`hko`n bibltrdĎkb bkbrfdob prbl` trd ndidogrhb ldi`vgt Ďgs`vg.
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XurdstdĎl` put`vgkob u Q`vobtsld Qgvbz Qrbtbk QtgoĎdĆ
Qtrgkg | =6
Kg hgkgŧkobn p`hruĎou Drlutslg p`hdfkutg ob 7373.f. tvrċgvg, g 732:.f. jdi` ob l`zgĎl` zdnsl`
kgsbiob. Frgh ob `sk`vgk 7337.f., g stgtus frghg h`jdob ob 73=3.f. F`hdkb 7342. rusld agr ob hg` frj
frghu. R frju ob prdlgzgk tdfgr l`od k`sd sgnurg. Xdfgr ob `idĎbkob n`Ćd d skgfb, g sgnur j`fgtstv`
lrzkg, obr u t` vrbnb Drlutsl p`stgob frgh zg pr`dzv`hkou lrzkg, lg` `sk`vk`f dzv`zk`f pr`dzv`hg.
R ]SDDD vblu Drlutslg fujbrkdog p`stgob j`rgvdŧtb zg p`idtdĎlb pr`fkgkdlb. H` @lt`jgrslb rbv`iuadob,
Drlutsl ob jd` frgh zgtv`rg d dzfkgkdlg. R Drlutsl su jdid pr`fkgkd p`zkgtd hblgjrdstd, lg` S`il`ksld,
Xrujbald d hrufd. @vhb su dzfkgkd d jr`okd uĎbskdad p`iosl`f ustgklg dz 7=31/8, zgtdn ngrlsdstd d
j`ioŧbvdad, lg` Ldr`v d hrufd.
Hgkgs Drlutsl dng `l` 234 uidag u hušdkd `l` 255 ldi`nbtgrg. S`hdĎ kgn rbĎb hg ob u Drlutslu svgld
trbĆd Ď`vbl ‑ Jurogt. X` ob `sk`vk` stgr`sbhbigĎl` stgk`vkdŧtv` u `v`o `jigstd. Jurogtd su prdpghkdad
n`kf`islb frupb kgr`hg d prdpghgou tzv. obzdĎl`o rbidfdod. U`rbh kodm dng h`stg Zusg, kbŧt` ngkob
N`kf`ig, obr sb `jigst frgkdĎd sg N`kf`ido`n, U`ioglg, Ďdod su prbad `vhb jdid dktbrkdrgkd, zgtdn Lgzgmgd hrufdm s`vobtsldm kgr`hg. R Drlutsl`o `jigstd rghd h`stg ĉbmg, Kbngag, Jufgrg d dz hrufdm
s`adogidstdĎldm zbngiog.
Drlutslg `jigst kgigzd sb kg pr`sbĎk`o kghn`rsl`o vdsdkd `h 255 h` 655 nbtgrg, zgmvgtg p`vrŧdku `h
636.455 ln:, sg ulupk` :.235.555 stgk`vkdlg. Sdŧb `h 62% Drlutslb `jigstd p`lrdvg ŧung, idst`pghkg
d ark`f`rdag. @v` su prbhbid tgofb, g kg kbldn nbstdng sgĎuvgig sb stbpg, h`l kg vdŧdn prbhbidng dng
lbhr`vb ŧunb. Drlutslg `jigst dng 82 ln: ŧunb p` figvd stgk`vkdlg. Ngkod hb` p`vrŧdkg ob p`h
šdtgrdagng d hrufdn luiturgng. @h šdv`tdkosl`f svbtg kgovrbhkdod ob s`j`io did sgnur, p`zkgt p`
dzvgkrbhk`n lrzku, g `h l`pdtgrg kgop`zkgtdod ob vrstg obibkg p`zkgtg lg` i`s (s`j), l`od ob vb Ćd `h
kgŧbf obibkg, n`šb h`stdĆd vbidĎdku l`kog, dng vbidlb i`pgtgstb r`f`vb sg nk`fdn ŧdioadng, lrupku,
rušku, pr`hušbku figvu, tbi` vbidl` kg vds`ldn jbidn k`fgng.
Qkbškd pbrd`h trgob 735-765 hgkg. Qrbhkog tbnpbrgturg u ouku nbsbau dzk`sd 76-74 stbpbkd. _dnslb
tbnpbrgturb dhu h` ndkus 25 stbpbkd. F`hdŧkob pghgvdkb dzk`sb 125-855 nn p` n:.
QpuŧtgouĆd sb dzoutrg, p`sngtrgid sn` dz gvd`kg t`l rblb Gkfgrb, p`ŧuniobkb prbhbib, zgtdn kodvb sg
kbp`l`ŧbk`n pŧbkda`n d hrufdn šdtgrdagng, prbtbšk` sdvb lr`v`vb zfrghg `h sgi`kdtg. U` sibtgkou
gvd`kg zgpgzdid sn` kg gbr`hr`nu `l` 755 gvd`kg, ŧt` ob d rgzuniodv` s `jzdr`n hg sb `fr`nkg
pr`strgkstvg kgojršb n`fu prbĆd gvd`k`n.
Urvd susrbt sg Drlutsl`n kg gbr`hr`nu `stgvd` ob kg kgs kbp`v`iogk utdsgl. U`sib Ldobvg, Ibkodkfrghg d
N`slvb, fhb ob svb jbsprbl`rk` Ďdst` kg ogvkdn nbstdng, `vhb sn` kgdŧid kg priogvŧtdku p`sbjk` u
gut`jusu l`odn sn` prbjgĎbkd `h gvd`kg h` gbr`hr`nslb zfrghb. QidĎkb prdz`rb priogvŧtdkb zgpgzdid
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XurdstdĎl` put`vgkob u Q`vobtsld Qgvbz Qrbtbk QtgoĎdĆ
Qtrgkg | ==
sn` d kg pbrdcbrdod frghg. Urdnbtdid sn` hg su luĆb kg pbrdcbrdod frghg ufigvk`n prgviobkb `h hrvbtg,
kblb su stgrb d `r`kuib, sg lr`v`vdng `h pibmg, ŧdkhrb, g kgoĎbŧĆb `h sgi`kdtg. Qnbŧtbkd sn` u m`tbi
‛Qdjdr’ l`od ob dsp`h svglb lgtbf`rdob, lgl` kbld rbl`ŧb ‛B’ lgtbf`rdob. M`tbi ob stgr d zgpuŧtbk, nk`fb
su s`jb jbz lupgtdig, sg priogvdn pbŧldrdng d p`iupgkdn igvgj`dng, lg` d kbdsprgvkdn sigvdkgng, tgl`
hg nk`f` ŧtg kdob cuklad`kdsgi` lgl` trbjg. Urvd hgk u Drlutslu (74.sbptbnjgr 74=:.f. p`Ďb` obkbprdogtk`, nbċutdn, ŧt` ob hgk `hndag` hgiob jdi` ob svb j`iob d j`iob.
U`sib h`jr`f h`ruĎlg lrbkuid sn` kg rgzfibhgkob frghg. @hngm p` uigslu u gut`jus prdnbtdid sn` hg
ob v`zgĎ obhgk `h prdpghkdlg kgng kbp`zkgt`f gzdosl`f kgr`hg. Kobf`vb arkb `Ďd, arkg l`sg, tgnkdog
put, vds`ld rgst, g dst`vrbnbk` jigf d ioujgzgk p`fibh prušdid su kgn prdidlu hg fg updtgn` zg
kgr`hk`st. @hf`v`rd` kgn ob Lgzgm dz Ging Gitb, figvk`f frghg Lgzgmstgkg (Lgzgmstgk ob s`vobtslg
s`adogidstdĎlg rbpujidlg, sbvbrk` d sbvbr`dst`Ďk` `h Lgspdosl`f n`rg, p`vrŧdkb :.676.155 ln :, hrufg
p` vbidĎdkd u QQQZ-u, prbl` 78 ndid`kg stgk`vkdlg, `h Ďbfg 11% Lgzgmg, 8:% Zusg d hrufdm.
Lgzgmd su kgr`h srbhkob Gzdob, prdpghgou gitgosl`o, `hk`sk` tursl`o frupd kgr`hg, dng dm 2,1 ndid`kg
vbĆdk`n u Lgzgŧl`o QQQZ, prbl` 355.555 u Qdkdogkfu ‑ Ldkg d `l` 25.555 u N`kf`idod.
ťt` sn` vdŧb lrstgrdid p` Drlutslu svb sn` j`iob up`zkgvgid frgh l`od kgn ob p`stgog` svb jidšd d hrgšd.
R kobnu sb zgpgšg rgzk`idl`st frghslb grmdtblturb lg` rbzuitgt nbŧgkog rgzkdm utdagog. Qi`obvdt`st
Drlutslg f`v`rd hg Ď`vbl `vhb `jdtuob vbĆ vdŧb vbl`vg d hg ob u svgl`n pbrd`hu `stgviog` h`lgzb sv`f
stvgrgigŧtvg. Frgh kdob tdpdzdrgk d ukdc`rndsgk lg` nk`fd k`vd frgh`vd u Qdjdru d QQQZ -u. Lgl` sb t`
lgšb ‑ dng sv`ou pgtdku. X` fg Ďdkd ibpŧdn d dktbrbsgktkdodn.
S`hdĎ kgn ob jdig nighg stuhbktldkog dz Drlutslg l`og sb truhdig hg u p`tpuk`std zgh`v`iod kgŧb
dktbrbs`vgkob. X`pidkg frghslb grmdtblturb d svbfg `k`f ŧt` sn` Ďuid d vdhbid h`prdkbid su hg sn`
zgj`rgvdid prv`jdtkb kbprdogtkb trbkutlb d ujrz` sb p`dst`vbtdid sg k`v`n gtn`scbr`n, tgl` hg sn` sb
kg lrgou hgkg `sbĆgid lg` hg sn` u kobnu j`rgvdid huf`, huf`.
Zgzfibhgid sn` n`kunbktgikd sp`nbkdl Ibko dkg , dz 7421.f., p` pr`obltu X`nsl`f, l`od ob p`hdfkut u
abktru frghg. Xgl`ċb sn` jdid l`h sp`nbkdlg Giblsgkhru D D D dz 7453.f. l`od ob p`hdfkut p`v`h`n
dzfrghkob šbibzkdĎlb prufb u `v`n rbfd`ku. Urv`jdtkd sp`nbkdl prbhstgviog` ob cdfuru Giblsgkhrg DDD,
g sghg ob u vdhu `jbidslg.
Ur`ŧid sn` p`rbh p`z`rdŧtg l`ob ob `sk`vgk` 7=27.f.,g sghgŧkog zfrghg p`z`rdŧtg p`hdfkutg o b 7=45.f.,
zgtdn nuzbog frghg l`od ob stgr `l` :55 f`hdkg. Xgl`ċb sn` vdhbid zfrghu ukdvbrzdtbtg l`od ob `sk`vgk
747=.f. d hgkgs dng `l` 75 cgluitbtg.
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XurdstdĎl` put`vgkob u Q`vobtsld Qgvbz Qrbtbk QtgoĎdĆ
Qtrgkg | =4
Zgzfibhgid sn` Qpgslgou arlvu , lg` prvu zdhgku arlvu, l`og ob p`hdfkutg 7675. R `v`o arlvd ob
7=7:.f. pr`Ďdtgkg `jgvbst hg ob Kgp`ib`k kgpg` Zusdou. Sdhbid sn` d lgt`idĎlu lgtbhrgiku arlvu
l`ou su p`hdfid p`iosld dzfkgkdad, kgr`Ďdt` jr`okd uĎbskdad ustgklg pr`tdv agrslb vigstd u ]D] vblu
(7=15/17 d 7=31/38).
Zgzfibhgid sn` sp`nbk `jbibšob d šdvu vgtru l`og ob h`kbtg dz Lrbniog d p`svbĆbkg p`fdkuidn
j`radng u DD svbtsl`n rgtu. Qtrgšu Ďuvgou `nighdklb d `nighdkad lg` d u hrufdn nbstdng. RĎbkdad zg
tu prdidlu k`sb `hf`vgrgouĆb ukdc`rnb d strgšg sb nbkog svgldm 75 ndkutg. D `vhb ob `jdĎgo hg nighbkad
p`sib sligpgkog jrglg p`sbĆuou `v` nbst` d stgviogou julbtb avbĆg kg kobf`v` nbrnbrk` p`st`iob.
Jdid sn` kg `jgid rblb Gkfgrb, l`og dstdĎb dz Jgolgisl`f obzbrg, pr`tdĎb lr`z Drlutsl d uidvg sb u rblu
Obkdsbo. Gkfgrg ob hufgĎlg 7=55 ln d ŧdr`lg kbl`idl` st`tdkg nbtgrg. Nghg ob h`stg jrzg, zdnd sb
zgnrzgvg, g ibtd ob h`jrg zg lupgkob sgn` u ouiu nbsbau. _g kgs l`od sn` kgvdlid hg fibhgn` nutkb d
zgfgċbkb v`hb Qgvb, Hukgvg d hrufdm rblg, Gkfgrg ob jdig prgv` d kbp`k`viodv` `tlr`vbkob. Kgobhk`nsn` dsprbh sbjb vdhbid vbidl u p`vrŧdku zbibkb, jdstrb d Ďdstb v`hb, l`og hbiuob lg` urbċbkg idvghg sg
kbf`vgk`n bkfibsl`n trgv`n. Og sgn sdŧg` h` sgnb v`hb, zgfrgjd` rul`n d sigtl` sb kgpd`
dzvgkrbhk` uluskb v`hb. Gkfgrg ob h`stg ŧdr`lg, huj`lg d jrzg, k`sd vbidlu l`idĎdku v`hb, pg ob kg ko`o
p`hdfkut` vdŧb mdhr`abktrgig `h l`odm ob obhkg l`h Drlutslg.
R pr`igzu sn` rgzfibhgid k`v`p`hdfkutd m`tbi ‛Gkfgrg’ sg 3=5 s`jg. M`tbi ob p`hdfkut u abktru frghg,
dng ŧbst sprgt`vg d kgovdŧg ob zfrghg u Drlutslu.
R obhk`o hdvk`o zfrghd (hv`rga) kgigzd sb h`n pd`kdrg. R t`o zfrghd `hršgk ob prvd Qdjdrsld l`kfrbs p`sib rbv`iuadob kg l`nb ob dzgjrgk Abktrgikd l`ndtbt pgrtdob Qdjdrg.
Dkhustrdog Drlutslg p`Ďbig sb rgzvdogtd kbŧt` lgskdob u `hk`su kg bvr`psld hb` Zusdob. F`hdkb 7642.
`tv`rbk ob jdr` zg zgp`ŧiogvgkob d tghg h`igzb p`obhdkb zgkgtidob d `tvgrgou sv`ob rghd`kdab. R ]SDDD
vblu Drlutsl svb uv`zd dz Zusdob, g dzv`zd lvgidtbtk` lrzk` lg` `sk`vkd pr`dzv`h. R t`n pbrd`hu
Drlutsl ob p`zkgt lg` frgh zg pr`dzv`hkou d trf`vdku sg lrzk`n. Xbl p`sib rbv`iuadob p`hdšu sb vbĆd
dkhustrdosld `jobltd. F`hdkb 74:4. u Drlutslu ob p`Ďbig dzfrghkog vbidlb cgjrdlb ngŧdkg d `prbnb. @vg
cgjrdlg, dznbċu `stgi`f, pr`dzv`hd vbidlb ngŧdkb zg vgċbkob zigt`k`sk`f pbslg dz Obkdsbog d hrufdm
sdjdrsldm rblg. Obhkg `fr`nkg `vglvg ngŧdkg zgnbkouob 75.555 rghkdlg, cgjrdlg ob h`jdig dnb p`
p`zkgt`n rbv`iuad`kgru ‑ Luojdŧbvu. Ur`ŧid sn` p`rbh `vb cgjrdlb. R Drlutslu hgkgs rghd =5 cgjrdlg,
ufigvk`n tbŧlb dkhustrdob, zgtdn prbmrgnjbkg dkhustrdog, pg dkhustrdog jbib tbmkdlb d hr.
U`zkgtd hblgjrdstd S`il`ksld, Xrujbald d hrufd jdid su u pr`f`kstvu u Drlutslu. Ur`ŧid sn` p`rbh
Nuzbog hblgjrd stg , l`od ob snbŧtbk u luĆd u l`o`o ob rgkdob j`rgvd` hblgjrdstg Xrujbald.
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XurdstdĎl` put`vgkob u Q`vobtsld Qgvbz Qrbtbk QtgoĎdĆ
Qtrgkg | 45
@h 7:7 hblgjrdstb, l`idl` dm ob jdi` pr`fkgk`, vrgtdi` sb u zgvdĎgo sgn` 74. Urvd hblgjrdstd p`ogvdid su
sb p`sib kodm`vb p`jukb 7=:3.f. H`igzdid su l`Ďdogng u Qdjdr sg ngi` kb`pm`hkdm stvgrd l`ob su k`sdid
sg s`j`n. Xgl` ob 7=:6.f. p`ruĎkdl Giblsgkhgr Cr`i`v jd` upuĆbk kg 15 -t` f`hdŧkob pr`f`kstv` lg`
‛hblgjrdstg’, l`od su 7=:2.f. p`luŧgid hg zjgab agrg. Kobnu d hrufdn p`idtdĎldn dzfkgkdadng trbjgi` ob
13 hgkg hg h`putuou u Drlutsl jrzdn l`kosldn l`Ďdogng dz Ubtbrjurfg. Frgċgkd Drlutslg h`jr` su prdndid hblgjrdstb d p`ngfgid dm. U`stgib su p`zkgtb luĆb S`il`ksl`f d Xrujbal`f p` `lupiogkou
frgċgkg d kodm`v`o luiturk`o gltdvk`std.
Zgzfibhgid sn` ngkgstdr ‛_kgnbkslg’ p`hdfkut u ]SDD vblu. H`ŧid sn` jgŧ u vrbnb lgh ob
`hršgvgk` j`f`siušbkob uz pbvgkob m`rg. R arlvd ob jd` nbŧ`vdt sgstgv vbrkdlg, gid prbtbšk` `s`jb
stgrdodm f`hdkg. Urbh arlv`n d u sgn`o arlvd kgdŧid sn` kg kbl`idl` pr`soglg. R ngkgstdru su
sgmrgkobkd nk`fd hblgjrdstd, nbċu l`odng d lĆbrlg fbkbrgig Zgobvsl`f l`og ob jdig uhgtg zg hblgjrdstu
S`il`ksl`f d s kodn zgobhk` p`ŧig u pr`f`kstv`. Agr o`o ob `huzb` tdtuiu l kbfdkob lg` d `stgidn l`od
kdsu mtbid hg sb `hrblku sv`odm r`ċbkdm.
R lrufu ngkgstdrg sgmrgkobk ob d Frdf`rdob Dvgk`v ťbiodl`v, l`nb ob tu p`hdfkut d sp`nbkdl u vdhu
jdstb. Frdf`rdo ťbiodl`v ob 7662. f`hdkb `sk`vg` Zusl`-gnbrdĎlu l`npgkdou l`og ob p`hdzgig
trf`vgĎlb l`i`kdob kg Giogsad. ťbiodl`v (did ťbibm`v) ob p`zkgt lg` n`rbpi`vga d dstrgšdvgĎ. F`hdkb
7685. `sk`vg` ob Gm`tsl, g 7662.f. lrbku` ob kg hufg put`vgkog d tghg ob `tlrd` Lurdislg `strvg l`h
LgnĎgtlb l`og su prdp`obkg Zusdod.
(Giogslu ob `tlrd` rusld dstrgšdvgĎ Sdtus Jbrdkf 7687.f. Urv` kgsbiob `sk`vgid su Zusd 76=1.f. kg
`strvu L`hdoglu. 15.ngrtg 7=36.f. Zusdog ob abiu tbrdt`rdou Giogslb, sg p`vrŧdk`n prbl` 7,2 ndid`kg
ln:, pr`hgig Gnbrdad zg 6,: ndid`kg h`igrg. F`hdkb 747:. Giogslg ob pr`figŧbkg gnbrdĎl`n
tbrdt`rdo`n, g 7424. p`stgig ob sgvbzkg rbpujidlg QGH).
Drlutsl ob frgh dst`rdob. @vhb ob zg vrbnb `lt`jgrslb rbv`iuadob l`ktrgrbv`iuad`kgrkd ghndrgi
Giblsgkhgr L`iĎgl pr`figsd` ‛kbzgvdsku ruslu rbpujidlu’. J`ioŧbvdad su fg lgskdob zgr jdid d strbiogid.
Nghg ob hgibl` `h zgpghkb Bvr`pb, Drlutsl ob u DD svbtsl`n rgtu p`hkb` vbidlb šrtvb. R rgt ob `tdŧi`
`l` :55.555 nighdm, g vrgtdi` sb sgn` 755.555.
R Drlutslu sn` rgzfibhgid nglbtu Jgolgig kg l`o`o su prdlgzgkd `jidl, hujdkg d rgzuċbk`st obzbrg.
L`kgĎk` ob h`ŧg` trbkutgl hg p`sbtdn` Jgolgi, trbkutgl l`od sn` t`idl` huf` prdšbioldvgid u t`lu
`v`f put`vgkog. Zgst`ogkob `h Drlutslg h` Jgolgig, u hušdkd `h 32 ln, uibpŧg` ob prbtbšk` p`ŧuniobk
prbhb`, g šutg j`og jrbzdk`f idŧĆg pr`šbtg zbibk`n j`o`n ark`f`rdab hgob dzvgkrbhgk prdz`r obsbkobf
gnjdobktg. @vg sidlg prgtdig kgs ob abidn putbn, sgn` su sb p`vrbnbk` ulgzdvgib kodvb sg
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XurdstdĎl` put`vgkob u Q`vobtsld Qgvbz Qrbtbk QtgoĎdĆ
Qtrgkg | 47
kbp`l`ŧbk`n pŧbkda`n d hrufdn šdtgrdagng l`ob `jdĎk` lgrgltbrdŧu vrbnb ibtg, kb sbptbnjrg,
nbċutdn, Qdjdr dng sv`ob Ćuhd. Kg `v`n putu, lg` d p`rbh obzbrg, luĆb su ufigvk`n frgċbkb `h
hrvbtg, g dng d bvbkldsldm ourtd.
Gut`jus sb zgustgvd` u kbp`srbhk`o jidzdkd fhb Gkfgrg dstdĎb dz Jgolgisl`f obzbrg, l`og ob vbĆ tu h`stg
ŧdr`lg, jrzg d k`sd vbidlu l`idĎdku v`hb. @vgo hb` ulrgŧbk ob ŧgngsldn lgnbk`n, ` l`nb ob dsprbhbkg
hdvkg ibfbkhg. _gtdn sn` jdid kg nbstu dstdagkog Gkfgrb dz obzbrg, g `khg kgstgvdid gut`jus`n p`rbh
obzbrg h` prdstgkdŧtg fhb prdstgou jr`h`vd l`od lrstgrb Jgolgi`n. Obhkg frupg kgŧdm sgputkdlg,
ufigvk`n nigċdm d vdĎkdm pigkdkgrbkou, `hvgšdig sb hg sb p`pkb kg ĉbrsld vrm `hglib ob hdvgk p`fibh
kg obzbr` d `l`idku.
R `l`idkd Jgolgig šdvbid su stgr`sbhb`ad Jurogtd, g 738:.f. p`ogvdid su sb Zusd. Lrgobn ]D] vblg u
`vdn lrgobvdng jdi` ob h`stg p`iosldm dzfkgkdlg. 74. sbptbnjrg 74=:. f`hdkb p`ogvdig sb kgŧg frupg
kg obzbru supbrigtdvg.
Jgolgisl` obzbr` sghršd kgovbĆu l`idĎdku v`hb ‑ :1.555 lujkdm ldi`nbtgrg v`hb, g t` ob pbtdkg ulupkb
l`idĎdkb obzbrslb sigtlb v`hb u svbtu, =5% obzbrslb v`hb u QQQZ -u did hbsbtd hb` svbtsldm rbzbrvd
sigtlb v`hb. Jgolgi jd n`fg` 85 f`hdkg hg `jbzjbċuob v`hu zg Ďdtgv svbt.
R Jgolgisl` obzbr` n`fig jd hg stgkb v`hg pbt Sbidldm obzbrg u QGH, dgl` su `kg p` p`vrŧdkd `sgn
putg vbĆg `h Jgolgig. Jgolgisl` obzbr` zgmvgtg p`vrŧdku `h 17.255 lvghrgtkdm ldi`nbtgrg. X` ob
dst`vrbnbk` d kgohujiob obzbr` u svbtu? hk` nu sb kgigzd kg hujdkd `h 73:5 nbtgrg.
Jgolgi prdmvgtg v`hu 113 rblg, `h l`odm su kgovbĆb Qbibkfg, Jgrfuzdkg d F`rkog Gkfgrg, sg p`vrŧdkb
obhkglb tbrdt`rdod Crgkauslb, gid dz kobfg `tdĎb sgn` obhkg ‑ jrzg d skgškg Gkfgrg (h`kog Gkfgrg) l`og
sb uidvg u Obkdsbo. ( U`st`od ibfbkhg l`og lgšb hg ob `tga stgrd Jgolgi dng` 113 sdk`vg ‑ (vbĆdm d ngkodm
rblg l`ob utdĎu ), g sgn` obhku Ćbrlu ‑ (rblu Gkfgru l`og dstdĎb, hufg 7=:3 ln ) l`ou ob mtb` hg uhg zg
Drlutg, nbċutdn, `kg ob zgv`ibig Obkdsbog d `tdŧig l kobnu, g Obkdsbo ob tgl` p`stg` zbt stgr`n Jgolgiu).
Jgolgi sb kgigzd u ouf`dst`Ďk`n Qdjdru, sl`r` u sgn`n srbhdŧtu Gzdob, u jidzdkd frgkdab sg
N`kf`ido`n. Obzbr` ob hufgĎl` 313 ln, g ŧdr`l` 85 ‑ 64 ln. U` p`vrŧdkd v`hbk`f ‛`fibhgig’
obhkgl` ob Jbifdod did M`igkhdod. R kobnu sb kgigzb :: `strvg `h l`odm ob kgovbĆb @iom`k, hufgĎl` 68ln, sg p`vrŧdk`n `h 615 ln:. @jdn obzbrg dzk`sd :.555 ln.
ťun`vdtb pigkdkb, vds`lb h` :.455 n, Ďgs sb uhgiogvgou 75 h` :5 ln `h Jgolgig, Ďgs sb prdioujiouou uz
`jgib kghvdsuouĆd dm `l`ndtdn stbkgng l`ob sb spuŧtgou huj`l` u obzbr` d kg l`odng kbng nbstg kd zg
uzgku stgzu. U`rbh idst`pghk`f hrvbĆg d ark`f`rdab, kg p`hruĎou Jgolgig dng d lbhr`v`f hrvbtg.
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XurdstdĎl` put`vgkob u Q`vobtsld Qgvbz Qrbtbk QtgoĎdĆ
Qtrgkg | 4:
Jgolgi sb kgigzd kg vdsdkd `h 821 nbtrg kghn`rslb vdsdkb. Dzkgh frgkdab ŧunb d pigkdkslb tukhrb
uzhdšu sb prbng kbju f`id, skbf`n p`lrdvbkd vrm`vd l`od jidstgou kg sukau `hjdogouĆd sb `h kbjg lg`
`h vbidl`f pigv`f `fibhgig. Sgzhum ob tu vb`ng pr`zrgĎgk, vdhiodv`st sb pr`tbšb hbsbtdkgng
ldi`nbtgrg, zj`f Ďbfg svb dzfibhg vgriodv` jidzu.
Qukag dng u dz`jdiou, tgl` hg sn` nd p`i`vdk`n sbptbnjrg jdid sgn` u l`ŧuiod, g Jgolgi ob p` jr`ou
sukĎgkdm hgkg u f`hdkd dsprbh ibt`vgidŧtg kg Ark`n n`ru d Kdad. Kg kobf`vdn `jgigng ob zd nd 2-6
stbpbkd t`pidob, g ibtd dst` tgl` mighkdob kbf` u hrufdn `jigstdng Qdjdrg, uhgiobkdn `h obzbrg.
Nbċutdn, d zg vrbnb kgovbĆdm d kgohušdm ibtkodm vruĆdkg tbnpbrgturg v`hb kg p`vrŧdkd obzbrg dzk`sd
svbfg 7:-72 stbpbkd Abizdous`vdm. Qgn` sb u pidtldn zgidvdng, u gvfustu, tbnpbrgturg v`hb p`pkb
p`kblgh d h` :5 stbpbkd. Q hrufb strgkb, obzbr` Ďbst` kd u hbabnjru, zg vrbnb kgošbŧĆdm nrgzbvg, kdob
p`lrdvbk` ibh`n. _gt` ob lrgobn ngrtg ibh p`kblgh hbjb` Ďdtgv nbtgr, g u sbvbrkdn zgidvdng sb d
lrgobn ouig n`šb kgdĆd kg kbhdrkutb ibhbkb p`vrŧdkb.
Kg Jgolgiu huvgou jr`okd d skgškd vbtr`vd l`od prgvb `fr`nkb tgigsb kg obzbru, pg sb Jgolgi sngtrg
obhkdn `h kgokbndrkdodm obzbrg. @l`idkg Jgolgig, p`zkgtg lg` _gjgolgiob did Urdjgolgiob prblrdvbk` ob
fust`n tgof`n u l`nb sb kgigzd `fr`nkd Jgrfuzdksld hršgvkd rbzbrvgt (p` rbad Jgrfuzdkd) u l`nb sb
Ďuvgou prdr`hkb ibp`tb `v`f lrgog. Xu ob `sk`vgk rbzbrvgt zg sgnurb, p`sbjk` tgnkb, l`od dngou
kgoj`iob lrzk`.
S`hg u obzbru ob vb`ng pr`zdrkg, pr`vdhk`st h`pdrb d h` 85 n hujd kb, p` Ďbnu kghngŧuob d Ďuvbkg
gipslg obzbrg. UrdĎg sb hg kbng uluskdob v`hb `h jgolgislb, d t` kb sgn` zj`f kobkb Ďdst`Ćb vbĆ dvb`ng ngib l`idĎdkb s`id d ndkbrgig ‑ ngkob `h hbsbtdkb frgng p` idtru v`hb. S`hg Jgolgig ob t`idl`
Ďdstg d tgl` kbzkgtk` ndkbrgidz`vgkg hg sb sgsvdn si`j`hk` n`šb unbst` hbstdidsgkb v`hb sdpgtd u
gut`n`jdislb glunuigt`rb. Qigtl` sgn sb kgpd` v`hb dz Jgolgig.
Jgolgi ob kgostgrdob obzbr` kg kgŧ`o pigkbtd, p`st`od vbĆ `l` 15 ndid`kg f`hdkg. Hgkgŧkod `jidl h`jdi` ob
prb `t prdidlb ndid`k f`hdkg, gid pr`abs kobf`v`f c`rndrgkog o`ŧ kdob `l`kĎgk. X` ob lrdpt`hbprbsdog,
kgstgig tblt`ksld kgolgskdob `l` srbhdkb tbradogrg, lghg sb jgolgisld sv`h `jidl`vg` `h rgsbhg d
kgjdrgkog zbniodkb l`rb.
Nbċutdn, prb kbldm st` f`hdkg, zg vrbnb zbnio`trbsg, kbstg` ob u hbitd rblb Qbibkfb hb` `jgib vbidĎdkb
:55 lvghrgtkdm ldi`nbtgrg, g 7424.f., tgl`ċb prdidl`n zbnio`trbsg, hk` sb u srbhkobn hbiu obzbrg
spustdi` zg 72 nbtgrg. Kg p`hruĎou Jgolgig sbdzn`frgcd zgjbibšb f`hdŧkob `l` :.555 zbnio`trbsg.
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XurdstdĎl` put`vgkob u Q`vobtsld Qgvbz Qrbtbk QtgoĎdĆ
Qtrgkg | 41
@h 7.=55 vrstg jdioglg d šdv`tdkog l`ob šdvb kg p`hruĎou Jgolgig, trd Ďbtvrtdkb sb n`fu kgĆd sgn` tu (p`
hrufdng sgn` p`i`vdkg). R svgl`n siuĎgou, vbidld pr`abkgt jdiok`f d šdv`tdkosl`f svbtg dng bkhbnsld
lgrgltbr, to. kdfhb sb vdŧb u svbtu kb srbĆu, ŧt` Jgolgi Ďdkd dktbrbsgktkdn zg dstrgšdvgkob. Qt`fg sb zg
Jgolgi s prgv`n lgšb hg ob šdvd nuzbo tbradogrkb ci`rb d cgukb.
R Jgolgisl`n obzbru šdvd hvghbsbtgl vrstg rdjg, `h l`odm su zj`f ulusg d kb`jdĎkdm `s`jdkg,
kgoĎuvbkdob `nuio d f`i`nogklg, (zgtdn arkd d jbid mgrdous). F`i`nogklg ob hufgĎlg 7: h` :5
sgktdnbtgrg d rgċg šdvb nighukab< kbng lriouŧt, g kobk` tbi` sghršd vdŧb `h trdhbsbt pr`abkgtg ngsk`Ćb,
zj`f Ďbfg ob pr`zdrkg. Lghg u p`k`Ć vbidlg ogtg `vdm rdjg sg hujdkb `h ldi`nbtgr d p` dspidvgou kg
p`vr ŧdku, u svbti`std rbciblt`rg dzfibhgou lg` tgkuŧkd `jigĎdĆd kg zdnsl`n kbju. QidĎk` `jigadng,
dzkbkghg sb rgsprŧb u v`hd d kbstgou jbz trgfg d figsg. Dfrg tdm jgolgisldm utvgrg hbiuob kbstvgrk`.
Jgolgi ob j`fgt d ptdagng. Qvgl`f outrg kg obzbr` h`igzd `l` sbhgn mdioghg ptdag, pg Ďgl d lgh ob vrbnb
nk`f` mighkdob. KguĎkdad o`ŧ kdsu rbŧdid zgf`kbtlu šdv`tg n`rslb šdv`tdkob kbrpb (obhkg vrstg tuiogkg)u Jgolgiu. Xgo obhdkd sdsgr jgolgisldm v`hg tbšd 25 - 755 lf. R prbhbidng fhb sb zdnd kbrpb zghršgvgou,
hbjbig ibhbkg p`iog prbpukg su rupg l`ob dn siušb zg hdsgkob. Zdju `nuio kgr`Ďdt` abkb sigh`lusad l`od
tvrhb hg `kg p` ulusu d nbl`Ćd sv`f nbsg kghngŧuob svb `stgib obzbrslb, rbĎkb d n`rslb rdjb.
Lghg sb `nuiod pr`jdogou uz rblu Qbibkfu d Jgrfuzdku prbng sv`odn nrbstdidŧtdng, v`hg lg` hg ldpd<
st`tdkb mdioghg rdjg tdslg sb dznbċu rbĎkdm `jgig, pg dzfibhg lg` hg unbst` v`hb rbĎkdn l`rdt`n tbĎb
rdjiog ngsg sdvb j`ob. Xgl`ċb trbjg p`nbkutd obhku vrstu ngkodm rdjg, tzv. ‛ĎdstgĎg’, l`ob sb mrgkb
ufdkuidn šdv`tdkogng d kg tgo kgĎdk prbĎdŧĆgvgou jgolgislu v`hu.
U`nbkdn` d t`, hg Jgolgi dng sv`f hv`okdlg. X` ob obzbr` Xgkfgkodlg u dst`Ďk`o Gcrdad, kg frgkdad
Xgkzgkdob d L`kfg, l`ob ob kgstgi` u dst` vrbnb, dstb vbidĎdkb, dng dstb `s`jdkb, sgn` ŧt` v`hg usibh
vbidldm vruĆdkg dspgrgvg. Obzbr` ob hufgĎl` 388 ln, ŧdr`l` 6: ln, sg p`vrŧdk`n `l` 1:.455 ln :.
Kghn`rslg vdsdkg obzbrg dzk sd 661 n, g kgovbĆg hujdkg 7.812 n (prv` ob p` hujdkd u Gcrdad, g hruf` u
svbtu, p`sib Jgolgig). @v` obzbr` ibšd u huj`l`o tblt`ksl`o p`t`idkd Ďdob ob hk` 33: n kdšb `h n`rsl`f
kdv`g (`tlrdvbk` ob7=2=. f.). @h kgŧdm obzbrg @mrdhsl` ob kgosidĎkdob Jgolgisl`n p` n`rc`i`fdod
l`tidkb, dst`rdod rgzv`og d hrufdn cglt`rdng.
Kg `jgid Jgolgig p`st`ob iulb ‑ Jgolgi d Idst`ogklg, l`ob sb kgigzb kg dzigzu Gkfgrb dz obzbrg. Dz `vdm
iulg pgr`jr`hd p`vbzuou kgsbiog kg `jgid. Jdid sn` u obhk`o `h `vdm iulg. Kg `jgid Jgolgig p`hdfkut ob
k`vd dkhustrdosld frgh ‑ Jgolgisl, `sk`vgk 7433.f., sg prbl` 72.555 stgk`vkdlg.
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XurdstdĎl` put`vgkob u Q`vobtsld Qgvbz Qrbtbk QtgoĎdĆ
Qtrgkg | 48
Kg `jgid obzbrg tgl`ċb sb kgigzd jgolgisld Idnk`i`ŧld dkstdtut Glghbndob kgulg QQQZ -g. @sdn
kgĎkdlg `v`f dkstdtutg kb`jdĎk` Jgolgisl` obzbr` pr`uĎgvgou dst`rdĎgrd, grmb`i`zd, btk`frgcd,
sbdzn`i`zd, fb`i`zd d hr. @vhb h`igzb d jr`okd strgkd kguĎkdad. Jgolgi ob pr`figŧbk kgad`kgikdn pgrl`n,
s vb`ng str`fdn rbšdn`n? kg kobf`vdn `jgigng zgjrgkobkg ob sbĎg u p`ogsu ŧdrdkb `h 2 ‑ :5
ldi`nbtgrg. Dkhustrdoslg pr bhuzbĆg abiui`zb, p`hdfkutg uz obzbr`, n`rgig su hg dzfrghb kgosgvrbnbkdoburbċgob zg prbĎdŧĆgvgkob `tpghkdm v`hg, pg ob v`hg l`og lr`z kodm `tdĎb u Jgolgi h`jrg zg pdĆb.
U`sbtdid sn` Idnk`i`ŧld dkstdtut d rgzfibhgid jr`okb blsp`kgtb l`od f`v`rb ` prdr`hk`n j`fgtstvu
Jgolgisl`f obzbrg d kobf`vb `l`idkb. Dznbċu `stgi`f, vdhbid sn` jr`okb prdnbrlb prbpgrdrgkdm
šdv`tdkog, lg`? igkb d l`ŧutu, tbtrbjg, kbl`idl` `ri`vg vbidldm lrstgŧg, ogstrbjg, s`l`ig, l`jag, zgtdn trd
vrstb ŧioulg ‑ ŧunslu d jgrslu, pg pgtlu idslu d pgtlu fiuvgru, rdsg, ngi`f nbhvbhg, vbvbrdab d lukb,
jbi`f mbrnbidkg, sgnurg, jr`okb prdnbrlb rdjg, g kg sidad ob prdlgzgk kgĎdk vgċbkog dlrb dz jgolgislb
obsbtrb tbŧlb `l` 75 lf, h`l ob kg st`iu jdig prbpgrdrgkg obsbtrg, hufg `l` 715 an.
Xgl`ċb sn` vdhbid uz`rgl jgolgisl`f s`ng, l`od ob h`stg sidĎgk kgŧbn rbĎk`n s`nu, jrg`k ob j`ob d
tbšgl `l` 1 lf. Jdib su dzi`šbkb d hvb jgolgislb ŧl`iolb, tbŧlb p` 75 lf. Xgl`ċb sn` vdhbid kbl`idl`
prdnbrglg prbpgrdrgkdm tuiogkg (c`lg) did jgolgislb kbrpb u trd vbidĎdkb. Xgl`ċb ob dzi`šbk` kbl`idl`
prdnbrglg ngidm jbidm rdjg, tzv. ‛ĎdstgĎg’ l`ob obhu ufdkuib šdv`tdkob. Dzi`šbkd su d jr`okd prdnbrad
ndkbrgig, dzvgkrbhk` j`fgtg zjdrlg, ŧt` f`v`rd ` jr`okdn kgigzdŧtdng ndkbrgig u Drlutsl`o `jigstd.
Xgl`ċb su dzi`šbkd dsbĎbkd l`tur`vd rgzk`f hrvbĆg l`ob ob zgstupiobk` kg p`hruĎou Jgolgig. Utdag
sdjdrslg ibŧtkgrlg prbtbšk` sb mrgkd lbhr`vdn pi`h`n. @vgo lrgo ob tgl`ċb j`fgt pbĎurlgng. Dng,
zgtdn tbrngikdm dzv`rg sg tbnpbrgtur`n `h 63 stbpbkd A.
U`sib svbfg ŧtg o`ŧ hg lgšbn` ` Jgolgiu0 @ t`nb su rblid vbĆ nk`fd hrufd l`od su prb kgs p`sbtdid `v`
j`fgtstv` prdr`hb? hg ob Jgolgi Ďuvbkd nuzbo hdvkdm stgrdkg, obhdkstvbk d kbp`k`viodv, kgoibpŧb sdjdrsl`
n`rb, rdzkdag kbdznbrk`f prdr`hk`f j`fgtstvg d skgfg šdv`tg, `fr`ngk rbzbrv`gr dzvgkrbhkb prdr`hkb,
Ďdstb, zhrgvb d pdtlb v`hb, zgtdn ŧgr`idl`st prdr`hb, vbidlg zgf`kbtlg l`ou Ď`vbl stgik` n`rg hg
dstrgšuob d hg, kg lrgou, o`ŧ obhk`n p`k`vdn` supbrigtdvb l`od su vbĆ rbĎbkd ` Jgolgiu ‑ kgostgrdob,
kgovbĆd rbzbrv`gr sigtlb v`hb, kgohujiob, kgopr`vdhkdob, kgoĎdstdob, kgokbndrkdob dth.
R vrbnb lgh sn` jdid kg Jgolgiu, obzbr`, rblg Gkfgrg d `l`idkg hbi`vgid su prblrgsk`. U` sukĎgk`nhgku, igl` `juĎbkd, hdvdid sn` sb zbibk`o, pr`zdrk`o d Ďdst`o v`hd obzbrg d Gkfgrb. X` ob kgoibpŧd
trbkutgl, obr tg `fr`nkg l`idĎdkg v`hb dzvgkrbhk`f lvgidtbtg hbiuob skgšk` d zhrgv`, t` ob prgv`
j`fgtstv`. Ur`st` kb n`šbtb hg sb kgfibhgtb, hg `hv`odtb p`fibh kg hrufu strgku, obr šbidtb hg tu ibp`tu
updobtb u sbjb lg` hg Ćb tb `hngm d vd jdtd skgškdod d zhrgvdod, g rbĎd Jgolgi d Gkfgrg p`stgou sdk`kdn
kgoibpŧbf.
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XurdstdĎl` put`vgkob u Q`vobtsld Qgvbz Qrbtbk QtgoĎdĆ
Qtrgkg | 42
X`nb svbnu h`prdk`sd dzvgkrbhgk pbozgš `l`idkb obzbrg, l`od sb `fibhg u rgzkdn kdogksgng j`og jrbzb
d hruf`f idst`pghk`f hrvbĆg p`nbŧgk`f s n`hr`-zbibk`n j`o`n ark`f`rdab. Xgo spbltgr j`og, `h
jibh`-šutb h` tgnk` jrg`k d zbibkb j`ob idŧĆg, uz pigvbtkdi` kbjg, zbibkb j`ob obzbrg d zigtkdm zrglg
sukag Ďdkb hg ob tgo h`šdviogo obhdkstvbk, kbp`k`viodv d kbzgj`rgvgk. Dst`f hgkg kgvbĎb jdid sn` f`std
l`ns`n`igag u kodm`v`n Dktbrkgad`kgik`n liuju dzvgk Drlutslg. š
H`ngĆdk ob jdig l`ns`n`islg `rfgkdzgadog @lt`jgrsld rb`k. U`zhrgvkb f`v`rb `hršg` ob S`i`ċg
(Sighdndr), sblrbtgr l`ndtbtg l`ns`n`ig, dkgĎb ngŧdksld dkšbkobr, g sg kgŧb strgkb Bhd, dkšbkobr dz
Goh`vŧĎdkb. U`sib prvdm up`zkgvgkog, rgznbkb pdtgk og d `hf`v`rg zgĎdkobkdm kbldn vdabn did
gkbfh`t`n, ujrz` ob nuzdlg p`vulig vbĆdku uĎbskdlg kg si`j`hgk pr`st`r zg dfru. @rfgkdz`vgid su
ngid lvdz zg kgŧb sgputkdlb dz p`zkgvgkog Qdjdrg, Drlutslg d Jgolgig. U`ŧt` su kgŧd sgputkdad jdid gltdvkd
u prgĆbkou pr`frgng, t` su igl` `hf`vgrgid kg p`stgviobkg pdtgkog d lg` kgfrghu h`jdid ngib p`li`kb u
vdhu l`npibtg rgzfibhkdag.
Xgl`ċb sn` `rfgkdz`vgid d hrufg tglndĎbkog, pg ob kgŧg sgputkdag Ogsndkg Brhbiogk h`jdig kgfrghu zg
p`stdfkutd uspbm u tglndĎbkou sg jgi`k`n, g kgŧb sgputkdab ‑ @ifdag Sigm`vdĆ d hrufgrdag Zghg dz
pigkdkgrsl`f hruŧtvg ‛U`jbhg’ ‑ Jb`frgh ‑ h`jdib su kgfrghb zg gltdvk`st u pibskdn d hrufdn dfrgng,
h`l ob Zgag, lg` prbhstgvkdl kgŧb frupb, h`jd` jr`kzgku piglbtu Drlutslg. Qvd `stgid sgputkdad h jdid
su zkgĎlb Jgolgig d hrufb prdf`hkb p`li`kb. Kgŧd sgputkdad su, sg sv`ob strgkb, prbzbktdrgid kodng p`
kbld p`li`k u vdhu jr`ŧg, zkgĎlb, mbndoslb `i`vlb, vbĆ ŧtg ob l` dng`. U`siušbkd sn` sbkhvdĎdng,
v`tl`n, ŧgnr`ikgng d lgc`n. Jdi` ob vbsbi` d prdogtk`, rgstgid sn` sb lg` prdogtbiod. @stgid sn` h`
:1.15 Ďgs`vg lghg sn` sb vrgtdid u m`tbi.
Qutrghgk sn` lrbkuid gvd`k`n zg Jrgtsl d rgzhgiodku `h 845 ln, vgzhuŧkb idkdob prbŧid sn` zg obhgk
sgt ibtbkog.
Jrgtsl
Jrgtsl ob frgh d iulg kg rbad Gkfgrd u Drlutsl`o `jigstd Qdjdrg, sg :33.555 stgk`vkdlg. X` ob p`tpuk`
dkhustrdosld frgh sg rgzvdobk`n dkhustrdo`n giundkdoung, abiui`zb, mgrtdob, kgnbŧtgog d hr. R
kbp`srbhk`o jidzdkd p`hdfkutg ob kg rbad Gkfgrd vbidlg mdhr`abktrgig ‛Jrgtsl’, sg dkstgidrgk`n skgf`n
`h 8,2 ndid`kg lV d pr`dzv`hko`n `h :: ndidogrhb lVm bibltrdĎkb bkbrfdob.
Jrgtsl ob h`jd` dnb p` sdjdrsl`n kgr`hu Jurogtd l`ob su h`sbiobkd Zusd zvgid jrgtd, pg `tuhg kgzdv ‑
Jrgtsl. R `v`n lrgou šdvb d hrufd sdjdrsld stgr`sbhb`ad, lg` Bvbkld (Bvdobkld) d hr.
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XurdstdĎl` put`vgkob u Q`vobtsld Qgvbz Qrbtbk QtgoĎdĆ
Qtrgkg | 43
R Jrgtslu kgn ob v`hdĎ jdig nighg Zusldkog Xgngrg, l`og zg sv`ob dnb lgšb hg ob obvrbosl`f p`rblig d
hg zkgĎd cbkdl`vg did cbkdĎgkslg pging. @hsbid sn` u m`tbiu ‛Jrgtsl’ (f`std`kdag Jrgtsl), l`og sb
kgigzd kg pbrdcbrdod frghg.
Kg nbstu hgkgŧkobf Jrgtslg jdig ob 7317.f. tvrċgvg. Urvd rusld l`zgĎld `hrbh ogviog sb u `vdn
lrgobvdng 73:4.f., g 7317.f. l`zgĎld gtgngk Jbŧdiobv p`hdfg` ob prv` kgsbiob d prvu utvrhu, gid `h
hrvbtg. Xvrċgvg ob h`jdig dnb ‛@str`f’, obr ob rgċbkg `h `strufgk`f hrvbtg. @h ]SDD vblg u `vb
lrgobvb su sigtd rusld pr`svbtdtbiod l`od su ŧdrdid sv`ou luituru nbċu sdjdrsldn h`n`r`hgĎldn
stgk`vkdŧtv`n d prbkbid mrdŧĆgkstv`.
Jrgtsl ob dng` p`f`hgk p`i`šgo d huf` vrbnbkg ob jd` obhgk `h abktgrg zg put`vgkob kg sbvbr d dst`l.
Dst`vrbnbk` ob jd` tgouškg zgtv`rkdag ‑ zgtv`r u tgofd zg kgprbhkb iouhb.
R ]SDD vblu `vhb su jdid zgtv`rbkd prbhstgvkdad rgsl`ikdĎl`f p`lrbtg. _g rgzidlu `h zvgkdĎk`f
prgv`sigviog, rgsl`ikdad su sb lrstdid sg hvg prstg. Kg Ďbiu rgsl`ikdlg jd` ob pr`tg Gvglun`v l`od ob u
pr`f`kstvu kgpdsg` lkodfu ` Qdjdru. Qbltg rgsl`ikdlg Ďbst` sb ogviog u Zusdod, g p`Ďdkob lg` pr`tbst kg
rbc`rnb u idturfdod pgtrdogrmg Kdl`kg ‑ 732: ‑ 732=.f. Zgsl`ikdŧtv`, u stvgrd, prbhstgviog pr`tbst
ŧdr`ldm kgr`hkdm ngsg pr`tdv svb ogĎb cbuhgikb blspi`gtgadob u l`o`o arlvg dfrg vgšku ui`fu.
Ur`fkgkd hblgjrdstg J`mgk`v, p`zkgt lg` luiturkd rghkdl d prdogtbio Uuŧldkg, `stgvd` ob h`stg p`hgtglg
` Qdjdru. J`mgk`v ob lg` hblgjrdstg h`spb` u pr`f`kstv` u Jrgtsl, u dst` vrbnb lghg ob 7:5 hblgjrdstg
p`sigt` u pr`f`kstv` u Qdjdr (Drlutsl, Jrgtsld d hrufg nbstg). J`mgk`v ob u Jrgtslu `hfgod` pgrghgoz d
iujbkdab. U`hdfg` ob d ibpu arlvdau. Hbsbt f`hdkg ob prgtd` tbnpbrgturu rblb Gkfgrb. F`hdkb 7=8:.
prbnbŧtbk ob l`h Drlutslg, fhb ob unr` 7=31.f.
U`sib p`zkgt`f ustgklg U`ioglg 7=31/8 pr`tdv agrslb vigstd, vbidld jr`o uĎbskdlg ob pr`fkgk u Qdjdr.
Obhgk `h tdm dzfkgkdlg ‑ ĉdlgk`vsld jd` ob pr`fkgk u kgsbiob (sbi`) Jrgtsl, fhb ob vrŧd` rgzkg
dspdtdvgkog, l`og ob `pdsg` u Ďbtdrd svbslb. Qghg u Jrgtslu obhgk rb`k k`sd kobf`v` dnb.
_g rgzv`o `v`f lrgog h`prdkbid su dzfkgkd uĎbskdad rbv`iuadob dz 7452. u Zusdod. @kd su `tv`rdid prvb
ŧl`ib d p`Ďbid ŧdrdtd pdsnbk`st.
_g vrbnb @lt`jgrslb rbv`iuadob u `vdn lrgobvdng ob hbi`vg` l`ktrg-rbv`iuad`kgrkd ghndrgi L`iĎgl,
zgobhk` sg Ďbŧldn d hrufdn dktbr vbkad`kdstdng.
Dz Jrgtslg d `l`idkb u t`lu DD svbtl`f rgtg uĎbstv`vgi` ob h`stg nighdm u rbh`vdng Arvbkb grndob `h
l`odm su sbhn`rdag pr`figŧbkd zg kgr`hkb mbr`ob.
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XurdstdĎl` put`vgkob u Q`vobtsld Qgvbz Qrbtbk QtgoĎdĆ
Qtrgkg | 46
Dzfrghkog hgkgŧkobf Jrgtslg p`Ďbig ob 7428.f., obr ob tu rgkdob jdi` sgn` kgsbiob (sbi`). Dzfrghko`n
mdhr`abktrgib kg Gkfgrd stv`rbk` ob vbidl` vbŧtgĎl` obzbr` l`ob ob p`t`pdi` zgsb`l Jrgtsl. @stgig ob
sgn` luig ‛@str`fg’ l`og ob sgĎuvgkg zg usp`nbku. Jrgtsl sb jrz` rgzvdog d 7424.f. h`jdog stgtus
frghg. R kobnu šdvb prdpghkdad =5 kgad`kgik`std, dng 85 srbhkodm ŧl`ig d obhku vds`lu dkhustrdoslu
ŧl`iu. X` ob tdpdĎgk k`vd dkhustrdosld frgh, sg obhk`idĎk`n grmdtbltur`n l`og sb `fibhg u tdpdzdrgkdnzfrghgng `h 2-3 sprgt`vg, zg l`ob ob lgrgltbrdstdĎkg dkhustrdoslg frghkog `h jbt`ksl dm ji`l`vg hg jd sb
zgh`v`iodib p`trbjb kgfi`f p`rgstg stgk`vkdŧtvg. Frgh idĎd kg obhku vbidlu lgsgrku u l`o`o šdvb advdid.
R zkgl trdhbsbt`f`hdŧkodab p`jbhb kgh cgŧdzn`n u Jrgtslu ob 7462.f. p`hdfkut sp`nbkdl ‛Qigvg’,
fhb sb kgigzd d vbĎdtg vgtrg. Jrgtsl ob prvd frgh kg `v`n put`vgkou l`od kdsn` `rfgkdz vgk` rgzfibhgid,
vbĆ sn` sgn` pr`ŧid obhgk hb` frghg kg putu zg m`tbi. Nd sn` u si`j`hk` vrbnb `higzdid u frgh,
nbċutdn, sidlg frghg ob sgn` p`tvrhdig `k` ŧt` sn` vbĆ rblid. K`, kb n`šb sb rbĆd hg sb kdŧtg kb
prbhuzdng zg p`j`ioŧgkob usi`vg šdv`tg d uibpŧgvgkob frghg putbn p`vbĆgkog zbibkdm p`vrŧdkg d
p`hdzgkog gibog sg zdnzbibkdn d ulrgskdn jdiolgng.
Kgŧb rgzfibhgkob jdi` ob usnbrbk` kg kbl`idl` i`lgidtbtg dzvgk frghg. @l`idkg Jrgtslg j`fgtg ob
ufiobn, ruh`n fv`šċg d giundkdoung, zgtdn dng hdogngkgtg d kbprbfibhkg ŧunslg pr`strgkstvg.
_g dsl`rdŧĆgvgkob `vdm sdr`vdkg, p`sbjk` zg bibltr`idzu giundkdoung, jdib su p`trbjkb vbidlb l`idĎdkb
bibltrdĎkb bkbrfdob, pg sb prdstupdi` dzfrghkod vbidlb mdhr`abktrgib kg rbad Gkfgrd u jidzdkd Jrgtslg. X`
su tbnbiod kg l`odng sb rgzvdog dkhustrdog Jrgtslg, g t` zgmtbvg d vbĆd jr`o rghkdm rulu, pg sb ujrz`
p`vbĆg` d jr`o stgk`vkdlg. R`pŧtb, zg Qdjdr sb n`šb rbĆd hg sb kgoĎbŧĆb dslgzuob u supbrigtdvu, obr ngib
stvgrd su zgkbngr uouĆb. X` f`v`rd d `vg sdjdrslg p`si`vdag? - st` ldi`nbtgrg kdob kdlglvg rgzhgiodkg, st`
rujgiog kdob kdlglgv k`vga, g st` frgng v`tlb kdob v`tlg.
Jrgtsl dng 4 kgsbiog (rb`kg). R kgsbiodng dzvgk frghg luĆb su vbĆdk`n prdzbnkb `h hrvbtg, hbidndĎk`
hršgvkb, g dng h`stg d prdvgtkdm. Jdid sn` u kgsbiou U`hun fhb su svb luĆb `h hrvbtg, g ibp` urbċbkd
rbst`rgk sp`iog ob dzrbzjgrbk. @vgo rbst`rgk h`jd` ob obhku `h kgfrghg kg tglndĎbkou u N`slvd zg obig
l`og su sprbngid `h nbhvbhg. Q hrufb strgkb, kgsbiob Bkbrfbtdl zg rghkdlb kg mdhr`abktrgid frgċbk` ob
`h jbt`ksldm bibnbkgtg d kgigzd sb jidzu sgnb mdhr`abktrgib. _frghb u `v`n kgsbiou su kg vdŧb
sprgt`vg.
Zgzfibhgid sn` Jrgtslu mdhr`abktrgiu. Kbl`idl` st`tdkg ldi`nbtgrg `h Drlutslg, tgl` rbĆd usrbh
kbkgsbiobkb sbvbrkb tgofb, zgp`Ďbid su 7428.f. rgh`vd kg jrgkd l`og ob 7437.f. zgfrghdig Gkfgru.
Dst`vrbnbk` ob p`Ďb` hg rgstb d k`vd frgh ‑ Jrgtsl.
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XurdstdĎl` put`vgkob u Q`vobtsld Qgvbz Qrbtbk QtgoĎdĆ
Qtrgkg | 4=
Lghg ob 7424.f. gnbrdĎld hršgvkdl Gvbrbi Mgrdngk h`put`vg` u Jrgtsl hg jd prdsustv`vg` svbĎgk`n
prbfrgċdvgkou n`Ćkb Gkfgrb, dzogvd` ob? ‛Qgvrbnbkd Ď`vbl l`od p`sbtd Q`vobtsld Qgvbz, g kb `jdċb
Jrgtsl, n`šb sngtrgtd hg ob `stgvd` vbidlu prgzkdku u up`zkgvgkou svbtg’.
Jrgtslg mdhr`abktrgig r`ċbkg ob :=.k`vbnjrg 7437.f., g frghdi` ou ob :6 kgad`kgik`std Q`vobtsl`f
Qgvbzg. R vrbnb zgvrŧbtlg dzfrghkob jdig ob obhkg `h kgovbĆdm kg svbtu, g hgkgs ob `sng p` vbidĎdkd u
svbtu.
R tbnbiob jrgkb ufrgċbk` ob pbt ndid`kg lujdlg jbt`kg. X`idlg l`idĎdkg jbt`kg jdig jd h`v`iokg hg sb
dzfrghb hvb Lb`ps`vb pdrgndhb, did frgh sg p`ig ndid`kg stgk`vkdlg, did hvg Jrgtslg. Dzg jbt`kslb
jrgkb, vds`lb 7:3 n, kgstgi` ob glunuigado`n v`hb rblb Gkfgrb pbt st`tdkg ldi`nbtgrg hufgĎl`
‛Jrgtsl` n`rb’, lgl` kgzdvgou vbŧtgĎl` obzbr`. Obzbr` dng p`vrŧdku 2.865 ln: d zgprbndku `h 764
(p` hrufdng 734) lujkdm nbtgrg v`hb, g `jdn vbŧtgĎl`f obzbrg dzk`sd 72.555 ldi`nbtgrg. Jrgkg `h
jbt`kg hufgĎlg ob 4=8 n, g sg kgsdp`n sg strgkb 2 ldi`nbtgrg d 746 nbtgrg. Glunuigad`k` obzbr` ob obhk` `h kgovbĆdm vbŧtgĎldm obzbrg, kg Ďdo`o sb p`vrŧdkd n`fu snbstdtd hvb hršgvb Iulsbnjurf.
R ngŧdksl`o mgid2, huf`o 27= n, rghd 7= gfrbfgtg p` :25.555 ldi`vgtg, ŧt` dzk`sd 8,2 ndid`kg ldi`vgtg.
F`hdkb 7468. `vhb ob pr`dzvbhbkg rbl`rhkg l`idĎdkg bibltr`-bkbrfdob ‑ := ndidogrhd ldi`vgt Ďgs`vg.
Xrbjg hg sb dzfrghb o`ŧ hvg gfrbfgtg pg hg abktrgig dng 2 ndid`kg ldi`vgtg, sg pr`dzv`hko`n `h prbl`
:: ndidogrhb ldi`vgt Ďgs`vg. (lVm) bibltrdĎkb bkbrfdob.
2 Dzv`r? mttp?//gbiddtg7:1.ji`fsp`t.a`n/
Qi.=. ‑ Ngŧdkslg mgig ‑ Jrgtslg mdhr`abktrgig 2
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XurdstdĎl` put`vgkob u Q`vobtsld Qgvbz Qrbtbk QtgoĎdĆ
Qtrgkg | 44
R Jrgtslu ob kgoobctdkdog struog, obr st` ldi`vgtg l`ŧtg sgn` 2 l`pbold. (ĕbrhgpslg mdhr`abktrgig ob
hupi` sigjdog. Dkstgidrgkg skgfg `h :,1 ndid`kg ldi`vgtg pr`dzv`hd b ibltrdĎkb bkbrfdob `h 77,2 ndidogrhd
ldi`vgt Ďgs`vg. ĕbrhgpsl` obzbr` zgmvgtg p`vrŧdku 76: lvghrgtkg ldi`nbtrg, g vdsdkg pghg v`hb dzk`sd
34,2 n).
@jdŧid sn` ngŧdkslu mgiu d p`sngtrgid rgh gfrbfgtg. Gfrbfgt dng turjdku lg` p`f`ksld hb` d fbkbrgt`r
lg` prbtvgrgĎ nbmgkdĎlb u bibltrdĎku bkbrfdou, lg` d prgtbĆu `prbnu. Zgzfibhgid sn` nglbtu abktrgib
kg l`o`o ob prdlgzgk rgh p`obhdkdm hbi`vg. N`st kgh Gkfgr`n vds`l ob =5 n, g nbtgikb pi`Ďb ‑ zgsukd
l`od zgtvgrgou v`hu, tbŧld su :35 t`kg d hdšu dm hdzgidab.
Jrgtslg mdhr`abktrgig hgkgs pr`dzvbhb `k`idl` bibltrdĎkb bkbrfdob l`idl` su pr`dzv`hdib svb bibltr`-
abktrgib u Zusdod 7471. f`hdkb. Mdioghb iouhd ui`šdid su sv`o truh u p`hdzgkob `v`f frgkhd`zk`f `jobltg.
Jrgtslu mdhr`abktrgiu p`Ďbid su hg frghb vbĆ 7428.f., lgh su prv` stdfid l`ns`n`iad, g zgtdn v`okdad d
hrufd. Zghdid su p`h vri` tbŧldn usi`vdng, kg zdnd `h ndkus 25 stbpbkd A, g srbhkog tbnpbrgturg ndkus:5 stbpbkd A, hg jd ibtd h`stdfig d pius 16 stbpbkd A. N`rgid su svb h`kbtd s`j`n, `h vdiouŧlb pg h`
`stgidm kgop`trbjkdodm stvgrd.
Frgċbvdkgrd su dngid kgovbĆb kbprdogtbiob u jr`okdn ibfidng nuŧdag d l`ngrgag, l`od su dm t`idl`
kgpghgid hg su kbld kg lrgĆb did hušb vrbnb n`rgid hg kgpustb p`sg`. Hg jd sb `hjrgkdid `h tb kgpgstd
n`rgid su hg k`sb zgŧtdtku `hbĆu sg nrbšgng kg idau l`ou su sgn` trd putg u t`lu hgkg sldhgid d t` zg
h`ruĎgl, ruĎgl d vbĎbru. Frghdtbiod su sg nrbšgng kg idau dfrgid cuhjgi, dŧid u jd`sl`p dth. U`tgpgkobn
vbidldm p`vrŧdkg zbniodŧtg ukdŧtbkg su ibfig nuŧdag d l`ngrgag l`og su sb kgigzdig kg lgnbku uz `jgiu
Gkfgrb.
Urvd gfrbfgt ob zgvrŧbk 7432.f., g prvg bkbrfdog ob p`tblig 7436.f., lghg ob uliouĎbkg u bibltr` sdstbn.
Qvb ob gut`ngtdz`vgk`, tgl` hg kobkdn rgh`n rul`v`hd svbfg hbsbtgl iouhd u obhk`o snbkd d 3=5
rghkdlg l`od ob `psiušuou, `h Ďbfg 65% su rbn`ktkd rgh`vd. R ngŧdksl`o mgid rghd pbt iouhd, Ďbtdrd
bibltr` struĎkoglg d ŧbc snbkb.
Dzfrghko`n mdhr`abktrgib d stvgrgkobn vbidl`f vbŧtgĎl`f obzbrg, Jrgtsl ob h`jd` p`v`iokdou lidnu, tgl`
hg hgkgs dng hvg put vdŧb sukĎgkdm hgkg `h Ibkodkfr ghg, g sl`r` dst` lg` nbstg kg `jgid Ark`f n`rg.
_dnd sb tbnpbrgturg lrbĆb `l` ndkus 82 stbpbkd A, g ibtd pius 1: stbpbkg A. Nghg sb zdnd kgmvgtg ibh
kg p`vrŧdkd, abktrgig dpgl rghd obr ob vbidld prdtdsgl v`hb d h`ib ob v`hg t`pidog. R Gkfgrd ob `sk`vkg
rdjg ‑ `nuio, d hg jrgkg kb jd rdju ukdŧtdig stgviobkb su nrbšb kg jrgkd.
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XurdstdĎl` put`vgkob u Q`vobtsld Qgvbz Qrbtbk QtgoĎdĆ
Qtrgkg | 755
@h Jrgtslb mdhr`abktrgib hgkgs v`hd :5 hdv`vsldm hgibl`v`hg3, l`od su uliouĎbkd u obhdkstvbkd bkbrf`-
sdstbn Qdjdrg. Hgibl`v`hkb idkdob v`hb put Jrgtsl`f giundkdosl`f zgv`hg l`od tr`ŧd sl`r` trd Ďbtvrtdkb
bkbrfdob, zgtdn Hrvk`-dkhustrdosld l`njdkgt, pg _gv`h zg pr`dzv`hkou frbokdm tbig. @vgo _gv`h Ćb
pr`dzv`hdtd 65% ulupkb pr`dzv`hkob ĎbidĎkdm rghdogt`rg u Q`vobtsl`n Qgvbzu.
Giundkdosld d hrvkd l`njdkgt spghgou nbċu kgovbĆb kg svbtu. Hrvk`-dkhustrdosld l`njdkgt u Jrgtslu
prbrgċuob f`hdŧkob sbhgn ndid`kg lujdlg hrvbtg. Qvglb f`hdkb p`f`kd `v`f l`njdkgtg ‛p`obhu’ `l`
: ln: tgofb. Nbċutdn, l`njdkgtu kb prbtd sdr`vdkslg figh, obr nu ob hršgvg stgvdig kg rgsp`igfgkob 3
ndid`kg mbltgrg ŧunslb p`vrŧdkb, g t` ob h`v`iok` zg sbhgn hbabkdog.
Zgzfibhgid sn` Nuzbo gkfgrsl`f sbig, l`od sb kgigzd u ŧund kg `tv`rbk`n u jidzdkd vbŧtgĎl`f obzbrg
kg Gkfgrd, dzvgk Jrgtslg. R Nuzbou su prdlgzgkd rgzkd prbhnbtd, `ruċg d `rušog l`og lgrgltbrdŧu kgĎdk
šdv`tg d rghg stgrdm stgk`vkdlg Qdjdrg ‑ Bvbklg. SbĆ sn` f`v`rdid hg Bvbkld u kgovbĆbn jr`ou šdvb o`ŧ
sbvbrkdob, u kodm`v`n kgad`kgik`n `lrufu ‑ Bvbkldod, Ďdod ob figvkd frgh Xurg. Nbċutdn lg`k`nghsld kgr`h `kd su sb lrbtgid d zghršgvgid kg ŧdr`l`n p`hruĎou, pg h`jrdn hbi`n d u sidvu rblb
Gkfgrb. Bvbkld prdpghgou tukfusl`-ngkhšursl`o frupd gitgosldm kgr`hg.
Bvbkld su sb rgkdob prbtbšk` jgvdid i`v`n d rdj`i`v`n, fgobkobn sbvbrk`f obibkg, pg d prdlgzgkd
prbhnbtd lgrgltbrdŧu kodm`v kgĎdk šdv tg. Urdlgzgk ob ‛Ďun’ ‑ nbst` zg stgk`vgkob ‑ l`od ob dzfrgċbk u
vdhu lupgstb l`idjb, kgprgviobkb `h p`rbċgk`f hrvbĆg u lruf l`ob sb p`vbzuob u obhku tgĎlu kg vrmu,
pg dzfibhg lg` pigst sbkg. Qp`i og ob Ďun p`lrdvbk l`šgng `h obibkg did l`r`n `h hrvbtg. R abktru
Ďung uvbl sb kgigzd `fkodŧtb sg `tv`r`n zg hdn. Qupr`tk` `h uigzg jdi` ob nbst` zg f`stg, g sg strgkb
kgigzdig sb h`ngĆdk`vg šbkg. Ur`stdrlb d p`lrdvgĎd dzrgċbkd su `h obibkslb d hrufb l`šb. Urbhnbtd l`od
kdsu jdid kb`pm`hkd kgigzdid su sb p`rbh Ďung did u `stgvd, l`og ob kgprgviobkg `h hrvbtg u vdhu stgigšb.
Dzvgk Ďung su Ďuvgkb d sgklb, to. sldob kg obhk`o hgsad. Kg sgklgng su bvbkldob h`v`zdib ui`v l`od su
vulid psd. Bvbkld su p`zkgtd lg` `hidĎkd i`vad d strbiad, j`iod `h gnbrdĎldm Dkhdogkgag. X`idl` su jdid
prbadzkd u fgċgkou hg su n`fid vbvbrdau u `l` hg `hstrbib. SbĆ sn` pdsgid hg su sb Bvbkld p`lgzgid
lg` `hidĎkd skgopbrdstd u DD svbtsl`n rgtu.
R kodm`v`o dsmrgkd nbs` ob jdi` Ďbst` kg trpbzd, ŧt` zkgĎd hg su dngid uspbmg u i`vu d rdj`i`vu. Mrgku su
Ďuvgid u rgzkdn `stgvgng lgl` h` mrgkb kb jd n`fib h`Ćd hdviob zvbrd. @stgvg ob `jdĎk` prgviobkg `hhgsglg u `jidlu sgkhulg, g kgr`Ďdt` ob dktbrbsgktkg `stgvg u vdhu ngib luĆdab, l`og ob p`hdf kutg kg
hrvbkb stuj`vb, pg dzfibhg lg` ngig luĆdag kg s`obkdagng. R `vdn `stgvgng prbtbšk` ob Ďuvgk` nbs`
d hrufg mrgkg.
3 Hgkgs p`st`od ulupk` :2 hgibl`v`hg, :5 hgibl`v`hg `h ::5lS d o`ŧ 2 `h 255 lS.
Dzv`r? mttp?//bk.wdldpbhdg.`rf/wdld/JrgtslPMyhr`bibatrdaPU`wbrPQtgtd k
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XurdstdĎl` put`vgkob u Q`vobtsld Qgvbz Qrbtbk QtgoĎdĆ
Qtrgkg | 757
Zgzfibhgid sn` kodm`vg `ruċg d `rušog l`og su up`trbjiogvgid. @sk`vk` srbhstv` zg i`v jdid su iul d
strbig, hufgĎld k`š d l`piob. Qvd td prbhnbtd su dz ]SDD d ]SDDD vblg. Zdju su i`vdid p`n`Ću `stvd,
nrbšb d hr. Sgtrbk` `rušob p`Ďbid su l`rdstdtd lgskdob, u ]SDDD vblu.
Nk`fb hbi`vb `hbĆb d `juĆb prgvdid su `h l`šb. Ūbkb su `jrgċdvgib l`šu d ŧdib `hbĆu. Urgvdib su Ďdznb
`h obibkslb l`šb, g Ďgrgpb `h l`šb sg lrzk`n dzkutrg. Zulgvdab su prgvdib `h l`šb rdsg kg Ďdou sb
higlu kb mvgtg dkob. Bvbkld su sgklb `h hgslb zdnd p`stgviogid lrzk`n, g lgh pr`ċb zdng d lgh sb `t`pd
skbf `khg su sldhgid lrzk`. Ūbkb su prgvdib p`suċb `h jrbzdkb l`rb d sp`iog fg ulrgŧgvgib. R `vb
p`suhb su `stgviogib svb kgndrkdab, pbĎurlb, ogf`hb, nibl` d hr. Nibl` `h obibkg ob ulusk` d
lvgidtbtk`, dng 73% ngsk`Ćb, pg su `h kobfg prgvdid ngsi`.
Nuŧlgrad su sb p`rbh i`vg, rdj`i`vg d fgobkog obibkg jgvdid d l`vgkobn rgzkdm prbhnbtg. U`ŧt` u `v`n
lrgou dng h`stg ruhb fv`šċg, `kd su ob l`pgid d t`pdid p`n`Ću hrvbk`f ufiog. @h fv`šċg su prgvdid rgzkd
gigt d hrufb prbhnbtb, lg` k`šbvb, ĎbldĆ d hr. Zgzfibhgid sn` huvgiolu zg ufgio, kgl`vgko d prbhnbtb
l`ob su prgvdid `h fv`šċg.
Urvd Zusd lgh su h`ŧid u `vb lrgobvb dzkbkghdid su sb lgh su vdhbid lgl` `kd šdvb. Bvbkld su i`vdid h`stg
sgnurg d hrufdm šdv`tdkog d `h kodm`vb l`šb prgvdid rulsglb, did su hgslu vbzdvgid tgkldn lgdŧbn d tgl`
k`sdid. S`hdĎ kgn rbĎb hg p`rbh Bvbklg, lg` `hidĎkdm strbigag, kdob n`fig pr`ngĆd kd ptdag kd
šdv`tdkog. Xgl`ċb su i`vdid d p`n`Ću rgzkdm vrstg vbŧt` d obhk`stgvk` urgċbkdm zgnld sg ngnadng.
_gnlb su jdib prgltdĎkb d bcdlgskb. @jdĎk` jd zg ngnga stgvdid l`ngh nbsg u srbhdŧkod hb` zgnlb `h
hrvbtg. Lghg zvbr h`ċb d p`Ďkb hg obhb nbs`, `khg sb zg kou spustd tbšd l`ngh hrvbtg l`od ob prdfkobĎd d
tgl` zgr`jd. Urgvdid su zgnlu d kg tgo kgĎdk ŧt` su u hrvbku luĆdau, lg` zg psb, stgvdid ngnga `h nbsg d
lghg zvbr p`Ďkb hg ldhg nbs`. `khg p`vuĎb hgslu u vdhu zgsukg l`og sb spustd d zgtv`rd pr`igz.
Bvbkld su uspbid hg prdpdt`nb sbvbrk`f obibkg, ŧt` kdob p`ŧi` zg rul`n gnbrdĎldn Dkhdogkadng. @h
obibkg su dngid svb ŧt` dn ob jdi` p`trbjk`. Ibtd su obibkb v`hdid kg dspgŧu, g u siuĎgou ldŧb d kbvrbnbkg
zg obibkb su prgvdid kgstrbŧkdab. Ibtd su prgvdid l`idjb l`ob su p`lrdvgid l`r`n `h jrbzb, g dvdab su ŧdid
lgkgp`n `h obibkslb l`šb. Obibkb su l`rdstdid zg prbk`s tbrbtg, g p`kblgh d zg ogmgkob. Ibtd su i`vdid
rdju kg rgzkb kgĎdkb ‑ prgvdid su Ďgnab d pibid nrbšb `h r`smgrg (higlb), g kgr`Ďdt` su l`rdstdid `stvb.
Lgh su rdju i`vdid k`Ću, `khg su pgidid vgtru d rdjg ob dŧig kg svbti`, pg su p`fgċgid `stvgng did mvgtgid unrbšu. Zdju su suŧdid kg mighk`n hdnu d prdprbngid ob zg zdnu. Ibtd su tgl`ċb slupiogid fiodvb, ogf`hb d
hrufb pi`h`vb.
Bvbkld su dngid vdŧb šbkg, zgvdsk` `h j`fgtstvg nuŧlgrag. Dsp`vbhgid su spdrdtdstdĎl`-ngfdosld `jidl
rbidfdob ‑ ŧgngkdzgn, tgl` kgzvgk p` ŧgngkdng l`od su jdid kodm`vd vrgĎbvd d svbŧtbkdad (tukfusld
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XurdstdĎl` put`vgkob u Q`vobtsld Qgvbz Qrbtbk QtgoĎdĆ
Qtrgkg | 75:
ŧgngk zkgĎd Ďgr`jkogl). X` vbr`vgkob pr`stdrb sb `h Igp`kdob, prbl` Qdjdrg, sbvbrkb d abktrgikb Gzdob
h` Bsldng kg Frbkigkhu. @vg rbidfdog ob lgrgltbrdstdĎkg zg n`kf`islb kgr`hb, Xukfuzb (Bvbklb),
Igp`kab, Bsldnb d hr. (ťgngkd su l`h N`kf`ig d Xgtgrg jdid kgokdšd svbŧtbkdĎld rbh).
R stvgrd, k`sd`ad spdrdtdstdĎl`-ngfdoslb rbidfd`zkb c`rnb su ŧgngkd, uobhk` Ďgr`jkogad l`od su prdzdvgid
hum`vb, svbŧtbkdad d vrgĎbvd, iblgrd, zg l`ob sb vbr`vgi` hg n`fu h`Ćd u vbzu s hum`vdng. ťgngkd su
`jdĎk` `juĎbkd u `hbi` s cgktgstdĎkdn ulrgsdng, vrpagng, rbsgng, k`sb Ďbfrtgiolu did jujgko sg
zv`kĎdĆdng dth.
Rz p`sbjkb `jrbhb, oblu jujkobvg, pibs d pbsnu, g Ďbst` d up`trbju kgrl`tdĎldm srbhstgvg, zgpghgou u
blstgtdĎk` stgkob (blstgzu) lghg pdtgou hum`vb zg rgzkb tgokb, uzr`lb j`ibstd, juhuĆb h`fgċgob. ťgngkd
su Ďbst` kbrvk` rgzhrgšiodvb `s`jb s mdstbrdĎkdn prbhdsp`zdadogng did su kgsibhkd bpdibptdĎgrd, g zg sv`o
p`zdv vbšjgou sb `h nigh`std. QidĎkdm vbr`vgkog dng d l`h hrufdm prdndtdvkdm kgr`hg, lg` nbċu
gnbrdĎldn Dkhdogkadng, kbldn pibnbkdng ouf`zgpghkb Gcrdlb. ťgngkd su jdid jdrgkd `h Ďigk`vg sbigkg zgobhkdĎl`n sgj`ru p` `hrbċbkdn dspdtkdn k`rngng. @jdĎk` su ŧgngkd, p` trghdadod, jdid dz obhkb
ŧgngkslb p`r`hdab. Gl` dng vdŧb lgkhdhgtg zg p`i`šgo ŧgngkg, `khg p`igšu dspdt kg vdŧb kgĎdkg. Obhgk
`h kgĎdkg pr`vbrgvgkog kodm`vb sp`s`jk`std `fibhg sb u d t`nb, hg lgkhdhgt uspbŧk` slgĎb sg spigvg
kg spigv kg rbad, hg mvgtg kg kobfg upuĆbkb strbib d hg prd t`nb kb pghkb u v`hu. Lgkhdhgtd su n`rgid
p`lgzgtd rgzkb vbŧtdkb, dzhršiodv`st d hrufb sp`s`jk`std hg jd jdid dzgjrgkd zg ŧgngkg. ťgngk ušdvg
vbidld ufibh, prdzkgkob d prdvdibfdob l`h sgpibnbkdlg. H`jdog prvd ‛Ďun’ l`od ob `jdĎk` ulrgŧbk. @kd su
`jdĎk` jdid upuĆbkd u ibl`vdtb trgvb d hrufb vbŧtdkb. Kgovgškdod `jrbh ŧgngkg `fibhg` sb u ibĎbkou
Ďigk`vg sbig, zgtdn p`ngfgkou u i`vu d hr.
ťgngkd su `jdĎk` dngid hvg p`n`Ćkdlg l`od su prbhstgviobkd u `jidlu idlb `h hrvbtg. S`hdĎ kgn ob
p`lgzg` kg obhk`n stuju trd hgŧĎdab, `h l`odm srbhkog prbhstgviog prbtlb, g hvb f`rkob prbhstgviogib su
hum`vb. ťgngk dng sv`ob `hbi` sg rgzkdn ulrgsdng `h l`odm su kbld jdid `h fv`šċg, pg ob `hbi` u
kbldn siuĎgobvdng jdi` tbŧl` d h` ŧbskgbst ldi`frgng. Kg lgpd ob dng` r`f`vb `h obibkg, g rbsb d vrpab
zgligkogib su kobf`v dzrgz kg idau. X` ob svb prbhstgviogi` `hrbċbku sdnj`idlu. ťgngk`vg sdnj`idĎkg
pgidag jdig ob u jidlu vbsig.
ťgngk lr`z pbsnu d prdĎu `jogŧkogvg lgl` ibĎd j`ibskdlb, hg nu u t`nb p`ngšu kobf`vd p`n`Ćkdad, d`kd t` svb rghb u blstgzd, pg d j`ibskdl uzdngouĆd kgrl`tdlb tgl`ċb h`igzd u blstgzu. Xghg jd h`vbid
obibkg kg l`fg ob trbjgig hg prbċb j`ibst ibĎbk`fg. _gtdn jd obibkg zgligid d p`obid. Gl` j`ibskdl dpgl
unrb, `khg jd ŧgngk, rghd `Ďuvgkog gut`rdtbtg, `jogskd` hg ob jd` dzgjrgk i`ŧ obibk. Rnri`f jd p`sib
`stgviogid kg vgzhumu hg jd dz kobfg dzgŧg` zg` hum, g zgtdn jd fg p`obib ptdab.
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XurdstdĎl` put`vgkob u Q`vobtsld Qgvbz Qrbtbk QtgoĎdĆ
Qtrgkg | 751
Hbau ob sgmrgkodvg` `tga, šbkb su sgmrgkodvgib obhkg hrufu, lg` d nuŧlgrad. Xbi` unri`f `stgviogid su
vds`l` kg hgslu hg sb dzvbtrd. @kd su sngtrgid hg huŧg unri`f kgstgviog hg šdvd u lrufu p`r`hdab.
Rnri`n su hgvgid svb `k` Ďdnb sb l`rdstd` zg šdv`tg d ŧtg nu ob trbjgi`.
Bvbkld su `h Zusg prdndid mrdŧĆgkstv` d nrtvb su p`sib sgmrgkodvgid ul`pgvgkobn hg hujdkd `h obhgk
h` obhgk d p` nbtgr. Bvbkld dngou sv`o obzdl, gid jbz pdsnbk`std, pg su sb h`f`vgrgid putbn rgzkdm
zkgl`vg. _kgl strbib `zkgĎgvg` ob hg su i`vad `tdŧid u i`v, g frgkg stgviobkg u rgŧiob hrvbtg `zkgĎgvgig
ob hg ob abi` sbi` `tdŧi` u i v, h`l ob obhkg p`vuĎbkg artg `zkgĎgvgig hg ob t` hgibl` hgk d k`Ć.
Qgn` `l` :5% Bvbklg šdvd hgkgs stgrdn kgĎdk`n šdv`tg. @stgid šdvb sgvrbnbkdn šdv`t `n lg` d svd
hrufd kgr`hd. Nbċu kodng dng iblgrg, dkšbkobrg d hrufdm pr`cbsdog, nbċutdn, d `kd l`od o`ŧ šdvb u
Ďun`vdng zkgtk` su n`hbrkdz`vgid sv`o kgĎdk šdv`tg up`trbj`n jbib tbmkdlb, tbibvdz`rg d hrufdm
h`stdfkuĆg. Qvb `k` ŧt` sn` Ďuid d vdhbid u t`lu rgzfibhgkog ` šdv`tu d rghu stgr`sbhbigĎl`f kgr`hg
Bvbklg `stgvdi` ob kg kgs dzvgkrbhgk utdsgl.
R jidzdkd Jrgtslg `jdŧid sn` Abktgr zg sgklgkob kg j`ju. Hušdkg trgsb u jbt`ksl`n uhujiobkou
dzk`sd 7528 nbtrg, g p`stdšb sb jrzdkg `h 7:6 ln kg sgt, ŧt` f`v`rd hg ob `v` obhkg `h j`iodm j`j trgsg
u svbtu.
Dz rgzf`v`rg sg v`hdĎbn sgzkgid sn` hg zgp`sibkd u Jrgtslu d Qdjdru ušdvgou jr`okb p`vigstdab u
`hk`su kg frgċgkb u hrufdn hbi`vdng Q`vobtsl`f Qgvbzg. X` su stdnuigtdvkb nbrb hg sb ŧt` vdŧb
frgċgkg QQQZ -g, lg` d `stgidm s`adogidstdĎldm zbngiog `prbhbid zg rgh d šdv`t u Qdjdru. Uigtg dn ob zg dstd
p`sg` 45% vbĆg `h hrufdm, zgtdn zg obhku f`hdku hgkg rghg u Qdjdru h`jdogou 75 hgkg vdŧb `hn`rg, zghvb f`hdkb 7: dth. Qvglb trbĆb f`hdkb dngou prgv` kg jbspigtk` put`vgkob šbibzkda`n. Lghg sb zdnd
tbnpbrgturg spustd kg ndkus 85 stbpbkd A `khg kb dhu kg p`sg`.
R m`tbiu ‛Jrgtsl’ j`rgvdig ob frupg ididputgkgag, rgzidĎdt`f p`ig d uzrgstg, `h :5 h` 25 f`hdkg. @kd
sgsvdn srgznbrk` dzfibhgou, kdŧtg kg kodng kdob p`sbjk` dzrgšbk` sgn` ŧt` su ngid rgst`n, vdsdkb
obhk`f nbtrg. Xgl` ibp` d pr`hum`viobk` dzfibhgou d p`kgŧgou sb sgsvdn prdr`hk` d k`rngik` lg` d svd
`hrgsid. Ibp` su `hbvbkd, g šbkb ibp` kgŧndklgkb d sg `cgrjgk`n l`s`n tgl` hg idĎb kg ngib
ngkblbkb.
KgvbĎb sn` dngid hrušbkob sg `nighdk`n Jrgtslg. R h`nu `nighdkb dzvgk Jrgtslg prdrbhdid su kgn
vbĎbru d zgjgvu. U`sib rbĎd h`jr`h`ŧidab s kodm`vb strgkb, h`ngĆdkb ob p`zhrgvdig kgŧg kgonigċg
sgputkdag @ifdag Sigm`vdĆ kg rusl`n obzdlu. Rz pbsnu d dfru `stgid sn` h` lgsk` u k`Ć.
Jrgtsl kgn ob `stg` u prdogtk`n sbĆgkou.
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XurdstdĎl` put`vgkob u Q`vobtsld Qgvbz Qrbtbk QtgoĎdĆ
Qtrgkg | 758
Qutrghgk sn` sb gvd`k`n vrgtdid u N`slvu. R N`slvd sn` dsl`rdstdid si`j`hk` vrbnb zg lup`vdku
suvbkdrg d hrufdm stvgrd. Urdnbtdid sn` hg u Q`vobtsl`n Qgvbzu dng kgovdŧb suvbkdrg dzrgċbkdm `h
hrvbtg d hruf`f ngtbr dogig, pg sn` sb zgdktbrbs`vgid hg sgzkgn` kbŧt` vdŧb ` t`nb. Xu ob rbadn`,
Ďuvbkg ruslg ‛ngtro`ŧlg’, prdogtgk, obctdk d `jgvbzgk suvbkdr dz Q`vobtsl`f Qgvbzg, zgtdn hrvbkb
lgŧdlb, lutdob, Ďgŧb d hruf` rbzjgrstv` rgzkdm cdfurdag p`sbjk` ob rgzvdobk` u `l`idkd N`slvb.
O`ŧ Ďuvbkdob ob tgl`zvgk` m`mi`nsl` zigtk` sidlgrstv` kg prbhnbtdng zg svgl`hkbvku up`trbju ‑
Ďgŧgng, ŧ`iodagng d si. X` ob unbtk`st šbksldm rulu l`og sb prb nk`f` vbl`vg r`hdig u sbidng
dzfujiobkdn u ŧunsldn pr`strgkstvdng p`rbh S`ifb.
Xbmk`i`fdog pr`dzv`hkob hgkgs ob h`kblib n`hbrkdz`vgkg d sgst`od sb, u suŧtdkd, `h sibhbĆbf? prv` sb
`h hrvbtg (`jdĎk` idp`v`f) dzrghd p`suhg, lgŧdlg, tgkodr did kbŧt` sidĎk`, zgtdn sb kgtriog tbĎk`n
`t`pdk`n fidkb, kgngšb ngsk`Ć`n, `suŧd, g `khg p` p`vrŧdkd p`spb giundkdounsldn prgm`n. Xghg
unbtkdag ‑ tgo p`sg` ob, kgdnb ‛prdvdibfdog’ šbkg ‑ p`Ďdkob ulrgŧgvgkob d sprbtkb rulb artgou Ďbtlda`ntrghdad`kgikb stdidz`vgkb idl`vb d ulrgsb, sl`r` dsliouĎdv` arvbkb d arkb. Lghg ob p`suhg ulrgŧbkg,
`stgvd sb hg sb `suŧd, prbngšb igl`n d stgvd u vruĆu pbĆ. U`h utdagobn vds`lb tbnpbrgturb igl p`stgob
šuĆlgst, g dsp`h t`f pr`zrgĎk`f si`og giundkdosld prgm h`jdog `ku p`zkgtu, t`idl` lgrgltbrdstdĎku t`piu
zigtku kdogksu, zj`f l`ob su m`mi`nslb rul`tv`rdkb h`jdib bpdtbt ‛zigtkdm’.
KgovbĆd sgvrbnbkd abktgr m`mi`nslb unbtk`std ob frgh Qbno`k`v` uz srbhkou S`ifu. Ur`dzv`hd
tgn`ŧkodm šbksldm ngost`rg su kgoabkobkdod, obr sb u kodng Ďuvg stgrdksld hum, trghdadog d kgoj`iog strgkg
hrbvkb unbtk`std ‑ kgfigŧbkg hbl`rgtdvk`st d prgzkdĎk`st. @tprdidlb 755 ldi`nbtgrg `h N`slvb, uz
dhdidĎku Ugibŧlu rblu kgigzd sb frghdĆ Ugibm, sg pbt mdioghg stgk`vkdlg d ŧbzhbsbt uidag. Nbċu tdn
stgk`vkdadng dng 765 sidlgrg, `h l`odm su kodm 65 Ďigk`vd Qgvbzg s`vobtsldm sidlgrg. X` su sidlgrd
p`sbjkb vrstb? artgou sgn` kg arkdn, igldrgkdn lutdodagng, jr`ŧbvdng, lutdodagng zg adfgrbtb, lutdogng
zg kgldt, `fridagng d hrufdn sdtkdn prbhnbtdng, g stdi kodm`v`f sidlgrstvg ob stgrdksld? p`hrbċbk
trghdadod stgr`f rusl`f kgr`hk`f sidlgrstvg d ulrgŧgvgkog up`trbjkdm prbhnbtg.
@vg sv`obvrskg unbtk`st r`hdig sb lrgobn ]SDDD vblg lghg su u `l`idkd N`slvb d Ubtr`frghg p`Ďbid hg
dzrgċuou igldrgkb jurnutdab. K`vd zgkgt kgr`Ďdt` sb rgzvd` u trd sbig Sighdndrsl` -suzhgioslb fujbrkdob
‑ Ugibmu, Nsto`rd d M`iuou. Ur`dzv`hd ngost`rg dz Ugibmg h`jdid su kdz vds`ldm prdzkgkog kg dzi`šjgng uUgrdzu, Jbridku, Sbkbadod d Kouo`rlu. Qvglb f`hdkb sgn` sb u Ugibmu dzrgċuob `l` :5.555 l`nghg `vdm
prbhnbtg, `h Ďbfg sb vdŧb `h Ďbtvrtdkb pr`hg u _.KbngĎl`o, Jbifdod, S.Jrdtgkdod, QGH d Ogpgku.
@v` su p`zkgtg rbnbl-hbig pgibŧldm ngost`rg. _g `vg hbig, zgkdniodv` ob hg pgibŧld ngost`rd l`rdstb
vri` pr`st ngtbrdogi ‑ kgo`jdĎkdod lgrt`k.
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XurdstdĎl` put`vgkob u Q`vobtsld Qgvbz Qrbtbk QtgoĎdĆ
@k sb sbĎb kg trglb, prbngzuob tutlgi`n, `jn`tgvg kg `hf`vgrgouĆd n`hbi, prbsuob d suŧd. _gtdn sb
p`tgpg u vrbi` uiob hg jd sb h`jr` kgt`pd` d p`k`v` suŧd, gid `v`f putg u pbĆd kg vds`l`o tbnpbrgturd.
Xgl` kgstgob ngtbrdog l`og sb n`šb `jidl`vgtd lg` hrv`, sgn` ŧt` ob kbŧt` tvrċg d iglŧg `h l`ob sb
n`fu dzrgċdvgtd rgzkd prbhnbtd. Lghg ob lutdodag did jr`ŧ kg prgviobk, prbngzuob sb ark`n `sk`v`n,
p`idrg d kgozgh igldrg. Ab` pr`abs trgob hvg h` trd nbsbag.
Xbl tghg n`šb hg sb prdstupd sidlgkou, Ďdog ob tbmkdlg tgl`ċb `rdfdkgikg d l`npidl`vgkg. KgoĎuvbkdob ob
tzv. vdŧbsi`ok` sidlgkob, prd Ďbnu sb j`og kgk`sd u kbl`idl` tgkldm si`obvg. U`kblgh sb dsp`h j`ob
stgviogou tgkld idstdĆd zigtg, srbjrkd did zigtkd prgm, did p`hnbĆu tgklb iouspdab jdsbrg dz ŧl`iold. Xglvg
sidlg - `hk`sk` ndkdogturg, obr sb ufigvk`n pr`dzv`hb ndkdogturkd prbhnbtd - dzfibhg lg` hg u kobk`o
ukutrgŧko`std f`rd šdv pignbk, pg ob zj`f t`fg o`ŧ svbtiuagvdog, pukdog d kb`jdĎkdog. QpbadcdĎk`st
pgibŧlb unbtk`std ob u n`tdvdng dz kgr`hkb p`bzdob, cgktgzdob d jgold.
U`sib vdŧbhkbvk`f j`rgvlg u Q`vobtsl`n Qgvbzu sbid sn` p`k`v` u v`z d zg sl`r` hvg hgkg d hvb k`Ćd
put`vgkog stdfid u Jb`frgh. @v` ob hufgĎlg ngr ŧrutg `h vdŧb mdioghg ldi`nbtgrg. Urbŧid sn` Q`vobtsld
Qgvbz `h kobf`vdm frgkdag kg zgpghu h` hgibldm prbhbig u ouf`dst`Ďk`n Qdjdru. Qtgik` sn` nbkogid
prbv`zkg srbhstvg - v`z - gut`jus - gvd`k, tb sn` nk`f` vrbnbkg dzfujdid u sgn`n put`vgkou d
prbigšbkou tgl` vbidldm rgzhgiodkg. Xgl` sn` abiu k`Ć ibtbid gvd`k`n `h N`slvb h` Drlutslg, hg jd
`hngm p` h`igslu lrbkuid u rgzfibhgkob frghg. Kdob jdi` igl`, gid vrbhbi` ob. Ndsidn hg `v` `pdsdvgkob
t` kgoj`iob p`tvr ċuob. Nghg sn` stgik` jdid u p`lrbtu d tgl`rbĆd svgl`f hgkg u hruf`n frghu, svd
sgputkdad su jdid up`rkd d dzhr šgid su h` lrgog.
Srbhbi` ob p`Ćd d svb `v` vdhbtd d h`šdvbtd.
Jb`frgh, gprdig 74=1.f. Qrbtbk QtgoĎdĆ