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Rectified Oil of Turpentine, Rectified Turpentine Oil.

OLEUM TEREBINTHINAE.----Related entries: Pix liquida - Resina---Oil of Turpentine,Spirit of Turpentine, Turpentine Oil.

A volatile oil distilled with water from the concrete oleoresinderived from Pinus palustris, Miller, and other species ofPinus. (Nat. Ord. Pinaceae.) United States and Europe.---Description.—A thin colorless liquid having a characteristictaste and odor, becoming more intense with age and byexposure. Soluble in alcohol and glacial acetic acid. It readilydissolves resins, wax, sulphur, iodine, andphosphorus.---Principal Constituents.—A mixture of severalterpenes each having the formula C10H16. Among them arepinene, phellandrene, camphene, dipentene, and limonene;some sesquiterpenes. and the fragrant ester bornyl acetate(borneol). American oil of turpentine contains principallydextro-pinene (australene), while French oil of turpentine ischiefly laevo-pinene (terebentene). Oil of turpentineemulsifies with mucilage 2 parts and water 16 parts, bythorough trituration.--Preparation.—LinimentumTerebinthinae, Turpentine Liniment. Prepared by melting andmixing together 350 parts of oil of turpentine and 650 parts ofrosin cerate.----Internal. This preparation should not be usedinternally; only when rectified is it fit for internal medication.(See Oleum Terebinthinae Rectificatum.)—But can be without any concern if diluted and used intelligently (personal note-based on other research there is littleconcern unless you have a weakened kidneycondition –even then when diluted can be used)

OLEUM TEREBINTHINAE RECTIFICATUM.

Rectified Oil of Turpentine, Rectified Turpentine Oil.

Description.—A thin colorless liquid corresponding to theproperties described under Oleum Terebinthinae, which see.Dose, 1 to 20 drops. ( Usual dose, 5 drops.)--Preparation.—Emulsum Olei Terebinthinae, Emulsion of Oil ofTurpentine. Dose, 1/2 to 2 fluid drachms.--SpecificIndications.—Internal. Dry, deep red, glazed and crackedtongue, with sordes, muttering delirium, rapid feeble pulse,repressed secretions, tympanites and hemorrhage; relaxedand enfeebled mucosa with excessive catarrhal discharges.

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External. Pain and meteorism.

Action and Toxicology.—Oil of turpentine is rapidlyabsorbed by the skin, which it irritates and reddens, and iflong in contact, may produce vesication or ulceration[F1].These untoward effects are more apt to occur if theoil be applied hot or with friction. Applied to the skinit imparts warmth and dilates the peripheral vessels.Upon the mucous tissues its warmth is more intenseand may amount to smarting pain and producecongestion. Swallowed it imparts the same glowingwarmth from mouth to stomach, excites secretion,checks flatulence, induces peristalsis, and if theamount be large, provokes diarrhea[F2]. Its ingestioncauses the skin to feel hot, the circulation is slightlyaccelerated and arterial tension increased. Being quicklyabsorbed it appears in the urine almost immediatelyafter being swallowed or inhaled, imparting to thatexcretion the characteristic odor of violets. The vaporis irritating to the breathing passages, and, as also whentaken, induces a sense of intoxication and dizziness. Thesecretion of the kidneys is increased, and prolongeduse or overdoses may cause irritation, and inflammation ofthose organs, and hematuria. Poisonous amounts causebloody urine, severe strangury, priapism, intolerable aching inthe loins, acute nephritis, cyanosis, dilated pupils, gastro-enteritis, and collapse. Some individuals are very susceptibleto the effects of turpentine, and, in a few, vesicular or papularrashes of an eczematous type have occurred.

Therapy.—External. Turpentine is rubefacient andcounter-irritant and to some degree antiseptic andhemostatic. Locally applied it is valuable to assist inrelieving deep-seated and other inflammations, as inpleurisy, pneumonia, bronchitis, laryngitis,pharyngitis, peritonitis, arthritis, and othercongestive and inflammatory disorders; and toalleviate pain in sciatica, myalgia, pleurodynia, andvarious neuralgias. For these purposes equal parts orone-fourth part of turpentine may be mixed with hotlard or olive or peanut oil or lanolin, and applied byhand, with or without friction, as desired. It must be borne inmind that friction intensifies the local effect of the oil. A moreeffectual method is to apply a flannel cloth wrung from hotwater and upon which has been sprinkled a few drops ofturpentine. Another but more complicated procedure ofpreparing a "turpentine stupe" is to wring a flannel out of veryhot water by twisting it in a towel until it ceases to drip. Thendip the cloth in turpentine which has been heated in a tincontainer immersed in another vessel of very hot water and


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wring out all excess of the oil. (Caution: Turpentine must notbe heated on a stove or over a flame; it is highly inflammable.)Turpentine stupes are to be applied as hot as can be borne,and as soon as any discomfort or pain is felt are to beimmediately removed, lest blistering occur. Turpentine,applied full strength, or diluted with a bland oil, maybe used to relieve chilblains and bunions and tostimulate repair in sluggish ulcers and bed sores.Combined with linseed oil it has been advised for small burnsand scalds, but as this method is painful and absorption greatit is not to be commended. Liniments containingturpentine may give relief to inflamed joints in acutearticular rheumatism, swollen and inflamed glands,and are popular in domestic practice for the relief oftemporary lameness and muscular soreness. It is ofgreat service locally, together with its internal use, toprevent and control meteorism in typhoid fever andpuerperal peritonitis. In all inflammations with tenseskin great care must be taken not to cause blisteringby it. The vapor of turpentine is said to be fatal to theitch mite; and the oil vaporized from hot water givesrelief in croup and chronic bronchitis. It may be used asan adjunct to treatment in diphtheria for its antiseptic andstimulant properties, and particularly in the membranousform of laryngeal diphtheria, in which it contributes in somemeasure to the loosening and expulsion of the membrane.

Internal. For internal use only the rectified oil of turpentineshould be used. Turpentine is employed as a diffusiblestimulant, antiseptic, and antihemorrhagic. It is alsoan anthelmintic and taeniafuge. Very small doses arestomachic, and as a warming carminative it is usefulto relieve intestinal flatulence. Turpentine has a twofoldaction, which is important. It stimulates to normalsecretory activity when there is a lack of intestinalsecretion due to a semi-paretic state of thealimentary canal; and it restrains excessive secretionwhen due to lack of tone. It is always a remedy foratony and debility; never for active and plethoricconditions. In typhoid or enteric fever it is the bestremedy known to prevent tympany and ulceration. Itis indicated when the tongue is dark red, glazed, orbrown-coated, hard, dry, and cracked, and there aresordes upon it, as well as upon the teeth. In this stageulceration is active, hemorrhage impending orpresent, temperature high, pulse small, wiry andrapid, the mind wanders, and the urine is scanty,concentrated, and very dark. In this state there is markeddepression of innervation, putrefactive gases are formed,hemorrhage imminent, prostration is great, mentalitydisordered, and the patient is at a very low ebb. When this


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condition prevails no other medicine offers suchhope of relief as turpentine. From five to ten minims maybe given in emulsion every two or three hours. In tardyconvalescence from enteric fever, when ulcers of Peyer'sglands stubbornly refuse to heal and diarrhoea continues orfrequently recurs, and hemorrhage still threatens,turpentine may be given to stimulate repair and willdo as much as any medicine can to hasten recovery.When hemorrhage does occur during the progress of the fever,turpentine by its hemostatic action assists in controllingmanageable cases. The external use of the drug (see above)should accompany its internal administration.

Turpentine is of value in other hemorrhages of thegastro-intestinal tract—notably that accompanyingulceration of any part of the small intestines, withflatulent distention. It frequently renders goodservice in the hemorrhage of gastric and duodenalulcer; and it may succeed in some cases of hematuriaand menorrhagia. As these cases are seldom or neverhemorrhages of plethora, but are of the passive variety thatoccurs in the weak and anemic subject with a disposition totissue dissolution and relaxed blood vessels, turpentine isclearly indicated and its record justifies its claim toefficiency. Turpentine is also one of the few drugs thathave been effectual in hemorrhagic transudation intothe skin and mucosa, as in purpura and scurvy, and ithas a limited usefulness in hemophilia.

In renal disorders turpentine is generally contraindicated;certainly so in irritation and inflammation. It may, however,be used when a deficient secretion of urine depends whollyupon general debility; and in chronic disorders, when activeinflammation has long passed, and in chronic nephritis, whereactive inflammation is seldom present, it may be necessary toemploy a powerful stimulating diuretic. Turpentine may bestserve the purpose. It must be remembered, however, that inall kidney disorders there is the ever-confronting danger ofprovoking suppression of the urine. Turpentine has beenadvised in pyelitis, pyo-nephritis, and hydro-nephritis, bothfor its stimulating and pus-limiting antiseptic effect. It is ofmore certain service in chronic cystitis and gleet, both withexcessive mucous discharge.

As an anthelmintic and taenicide such large doses ofturpentine are required as to render such use; and itslocal employment for ascarides is too painful and lessdesirable in every way than weak salt solutions or infusion of


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quassia.

Old oxidized oil of turpentine and French oil of turpentine arereputed antidotes in phosphorus poisoning.

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Tar, Pine Tar.A liquid obtained by the destructive distillation of the wood ofPinus palustris, Miller, and other species of Pinus (Nat. Ord.Pinaceae).

Description.—A blackish-brown, viscid, semi-liquid,amorphous substance, but gradually becoming granular andopaque; odor empyreumatic and terebinthinate, taste sharpand tarry. Slightly soluble in water, with a brownish color andacid reaction. Mixes with alcohol, ether, chloroform, and oils.Upon distillation it yields oil of tar and pyroligneous acid.Dose, 5 to 15 grains.Principal Constituents.—Oil of turpentine, creosote,phenol, catechol, xylol, toluol, acetic acid, acetone, methylalcohol, and at least ten resins.Preparations.—1 Oleum Picis Liquidae Rectificatum,Rectified Oil of Tar. Dose, 3 to 5 minims.2. Aqua Picis Liquidae, Tar Water. Dose, 1 to 3 fluidouncesevery four to six hours.3. Syrupus Picis Liquidae, Syrup of Tar. Dose, 1 to 2fluidrachms.

Action.—Tar is irritant and antiseptic. Upon prolongedapplication tar acne may ensue, and in some instances it hasproduced poisoning similar to that of phenol. Internally itexcites the circulation and the secretions, especially of thekidneys and lungs, and acts as an antiseptic to those tracts,thus proving diuretic, disinfectant and expectorant. Overdosesproduce headache, indigestion, black vomit and stools, andblackish urine with blood and albumen and a decided tar-likeodor.

Therapy.—External. Tar is chiefly used as an antipruritic[F3]

and antiparasitic. It is of use in scaly skin diseases, and invarious preparations it has been applied in psoriasis,chronic eczema, prurigo, porrigo, lichen, sycosis,lupus vulgaris and erythematosus, pemphigus, tineacapitis and other forms of ringworm, scabies, andboils. Some persons are very susceptible to tar, an erythemafollowing the application of even dilute preparations of it.

Internal. Tar water, or syrup of tar, may be used inbronchial cough, and to prevent the recurrence ofboils, in chronic urinary catarrhs, and in eczema andpsoriasis (together with its external use). Tar should


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not be given to those having a disposition to hemorrhages.Syrup of wild cherry added to tar water or the syrupof tar makes a useful cough remedy for chronicbronchitis.

[F1][F1][F1][F1]Would depend on how much in light amountsWould depend on how much in light amountsWould depend on how much in light amountsWould depend on how much in light amountsunless you have a sensitivity to pine should not be anunless you have a sensitivity to pine should not be anunless you have a sensitivity to pine should not be anunless you have a sensitivity to pine should not be anissueissueissueissue

[F2]A cleansing effect which is a sign it is releasingA cleansing effect which is a sign it is releasingA cleansing effect which is a sign it is releasingA cleansing effect which is a sign it is releasingand flushing out what is thereand flushing out what is thereand flushing out what is thereand flushing out what is there

[F3]Antipruritic == anti Itch

Antiparasitic—kills or resists parasites

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