1

tuyhW

juk; 7 myF 2 vkJ fPu;j;jp kpf;f muru;fs;

khdtu;k kd;dd; Ml;rpf;F tUKd; murpay; epiy :

trgd; - ,yk;gfu;z tk;rk;

jhJNrdd; - Nkhupa tk;rk;

,yk;gfu;z tk;rk;

Nkhupa tk;rk; - mEuhjGuj;ij ePz;lfhyk; Ml;rp nra;j tk;rk;. Ml;rp cupikf;fhf ,t;tk;rq;fspilNa Nkhjy;fs; Vw;gl;ld.

Nkhjypd; tpisTfs;. epiyahd Ml;rp ,d;ik ehl;bd; nry;tk; moptile;jik ,U mur tk;re;jtu;fSk; fhyj;jpw;Ff; fhyk; njd;dpe;jpag; gilfis tutioj;jik. ehl;bd; nghUshjhuk; tPo;r;rpAw;wik.

khdtu;k kd;dd; ( fp.gp. 684 – 78)

je;ij – 2 Mk; fhrpag;gd; 2 Mk; fhrpag;gd; fp.gp 650 ,y; Ml;rpf;F te;jhd;. 9 Mz;Lfs; Ml;rp nra;jhd;. Nehapd; fhuzkhf ,we;jhd;. khdtukd; rpWtd; Ml;rpf;fhf Nkhjy;fs; Vw;gl;ld. khdtu;kd; ghJfhg;gpw;fhf xope;J tho;e;jhd; Ml;rpahsd; 2 Mk; jNlhgjPrd; khdtu;kidj; Njbagbahy; mtd; ,e;jpahtpw;Fj; jg;gp Xbdhd;. ,e;jpahtpy; gy;yt murpw;Fj; jg;gpr; nrd;w khdtu;kd; 1 Mk; eurpq;ftu;k gy;ytDf;F tpRthrkhfr;

Nrit Gupe;jhd;. gy;yt murdpd; Nghu;fspy; khdtu;kd; cjtpahy; gy;yt kd;dd; khdtu;kd; kPJ ey; mgpg;gpuhak;

nfhz;bUe;jhd;. ,jdhy; khdtu;kDf;F gil cjtp toq;fpdhd;. khdtu;kd; ,yq;iff;F te;J 2Mk; jNlhgjPrDf;F vjpuhfg; Nghupl;lhd;. Nghu; Neuj;jpy; ,e;jpahtpy; gy;yt kd;dd; NehAw;wjhy; cjtpf;F te;j gil jpUk;gpr; nrd;wJ. ,jdhy; khdtu;kDk; Nghiuf; iftpl;L ,e;jpah nrd;whd;. jdJ Fwpf;Nfhis miltjw;fhf 20 tUlq;fs; gy;yt kd;dDf;F cjtp nra;J te;jhd;. gy;yt kd;dd; 2 Mk; eurpq;ftu;kdpd; gil cjtpAld; ,yq;iff;F te;J mg;Nghija ,yq;if

Ml;rpahsd; `j;jhl kd;didj; Njhw;fbj;J fp;gp; 684 Mk; Mz;by; Ml;rpiaf; ifg;gw;wpdhd;. khdtu;kd; murdhtjw;F Kd; 50 Mz;Lfs; ehl;by; cs;ehl;Lg; g+ry;fs; ,Ue;jjhy;

murpay;

nghUshjhuk; rPu;Fiye;J fhzg;gl;lJ. eLj;ju tajpNyNa khdtu;kd; Ml;rpiag; ngw;whd;. 35 Mz;Lfs; ,yq;ifia Ml;rp nra;jhd;. epiyahd Ml;rp Njhd;wpaJ. ,tdJ Ml;rpapd; NghJ ehl;by; kuG uPjpahd epu;thf Kiw Vw;gl;ljhf mwpaKbfpd;wJ. muRupikapy;

kuGupik Muk;gkhdJ

khdtu;kDf;Fg; gpd; mtdJ gps;isfs; Ml;rpf;F te;jdu;.

khdtu;k tk;rk; mEuhjGu fhyj;jpd; ,Wjptiu 300 Mz;Lfs; tiu Ml;rpGupe;jJ.

2

Kjyhk; Nrdd; ( fp.gp 833 – 853)

je;ij - 2 Mk; jg;Gy tk;rk; - khdtu;k tk;rk; 2 Mk; jg;Gy 16 Mz;Lfs; Ml;rp nra;jhd;. mjd; gpd; mtdJ kfdhd 4 Mk; mf;Ngh Ml;rp nra;jhd;. 4 Mk; mf;Ngh Ml;rpf; fhyk; - 3 tUlq;fs; mjd; gpd; mtdJ rNfhjud; 1 Mk; Nrdd; fp.gp 833 ,y; murdhdhd;. 20 tUlq;fs; Ml;rp nra;jhd;. Kjyhk; Nrddpd; Ml;rpapd; Muk;gj;jpy; ,yq;if ghz;bauhy; Mf;fpukpf;fg;gl;lJ. njd;dpe;jpahtpy; ghz;bauhl;rp NkNyhq;fp ,Ue;jJ. = khw = ty;ytd; ghz;ba kd;dd; ngUQ;NridAld; ,yq;ifia Mf;fpukpj;jJ. Kjyhk; Nrddpd; gil Njhy;tp Aj;jj;jpy; Kjyhk; Nrddpd;

rNfhjud; - kfpe;jd; ,sturd; - fhrpag;gd; ,we;jdu;.

Kjyhk; Nrdd; ghJfhg;gpw;fhf kiyaul;ilf;Fj; jg;gpr; nrd;whd;. ghz;bag; gil mEuhjGu efuj;ijr; #iwahbaJ. Kjyhk; NrdDf;Fk; ghz;ba kd;dDf;Fk; ,ilNa rkhjhd cld;gbf;if

nra;ag;gl;ljd; tpisthf ghz;bau;fs; kPz;Lk; muir Kjyhk; Nrddplk; ifaspj;jdu;. ,e;j Mf;fpukpg;gpd; Nehf;fk; ehl;ilf; ifg;gw;Wtjid tpl ngWkjpahd nry;tj;jpidf;

nfhs;isabg;gjhFk;. Kjyhk; Nrdd; Mf;fpukpg;ghsu;fshy; rpijTw;w gpuNjrq;fis kPz;Lk; Gduikj;jhd;. upl;bfy Muhik> N[j;jtduhka> mgafpup Mfpa tpfhiufSf;F mUfpy; Gjpa

fl;llq;fis mikj;jhd;. ghz;ba Aj;jj;jpy; Kjyhk; Nrddpd; rNfhjuu;fs; ,Utu; ,we;jdu;. ,jdhy; rNfhjuuhd cjad; ,sturdhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhd;. ,sturd; cjad; Nehapdhy; ,we;jhd;. ,jdhy; Nghupy; ,we;j fhrpag;g ,sturdpd; %j;j kfd; Nrdd; ,sturd; Atuh[hthf

epakpf;fg;gl;L cUFizg; gpuNjrj;jpd; Ml;rpajpfhuj;ijg; ngWg;Ngw;whd;.

,uz;lhk; Nrdd; ( fp.gp 853 – 887) Kjyhk; Nrd kd;ddpd; rNfhjud; fhrpag;g ,sturdpd; kfd; cUFiz Ml;rpahsdhd 2 Mk; Nrdd; 1 Mk; Nrdd; ,we;j gpd; mEuhjGu

kd;ddhdhd;. 2 Mk; Nrdd; 35 tUlq;fs; Ml;rp nra;jhd;. mf; fhyj;jpy;

ehl;by; rkhjhdk; epytpaJ.

nropg;ghd epiy kPz;Lk; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

nghUshjhuk;

ngsj;j rhrd tsu;r;rp vd;gd Vw;gl;lJ. 1 Mk; Nrdd; fhyj;jpy; rpijtile;jtw;iwg; Gduikj;jhd;. ngsj;j rhrd tsu;r;rpf;F ngUk; gq;fhw;wpdhd;. kpfpe;jiyapy; itj;jparhiy mikj;jhd; kfhtyp fq;ifapy; mikf;fg;gl;bUe;j kzpNkfiy (kpdpg;Ng) mizf;fl;bidg;

Gduikj;jhd;. kpd;Ndupahf; Fsj;jpy; kjF xd;iwf; fl;bdhd;. 1 Mk; Nrdd; fhyj;jpy; ghz;bau;fs; mgfupj;Jr; nrd;w nghUl;fis kPl;lhd;.

3

ghz;ba ,sturd; 2 Mk; tuFztu;kd; ghz;ba rpk;khrd cupikg; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; jdf;F cjTk;gb Nfl;L ,yq;if te;jikahy; ghz;ba ehl;il Mf;fpukpj;jhd;.

,uz;lhk; Nrd kd;ddpd; jsgjp Fl;lf. ghz;ba ehl;bw;Fr; nrd;w gilfSf;Fj; jiyik jhq;fp ghz;bag; gilfisj;

Njhy;tpailar; nra;jhd;. ghz;baupd; jiyefu; - kJiu kJiu Rw;wptisf;fg;gl;ljpy; =khw =ty;ytd; kuzkile;jhd;. tuFztu;kd; ghz;ba ehl;L kd;ddhf ,yq;ifg; gilapduhy; Kb#l;lg;gl;lhd;. ,uz;lhk; Nrd kd;ddpd; ,t; ntw;wp fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; nghwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mEuhjGu ,upgpd;dpaht fy;ntl;by; Fl;lh nrdtpujhzd; vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;J. ,J ghz;ba Mf;fpukpg;ig elj;jpa Fl;lf jsgjpia Fwpf;Fk;.

Ml;rp mikg;G Kiw

kd;dd; kd;dDf;F cjTk; mjpfhupfs; FO. ehL KOtJk; ,jd; mjpfhuj;jpw;Ff; fPo; fl;Lg;gLk; gb cUthf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk; Ml;rp

Kiw – kj;jpa Ml;rp kj;jpa Ml;rpapd; jiytu; - kd;dd;. muRupik ghuk;gupa Kiwapy; toq;fg;gl;lJ. mEuhjGu fhyj;jpy;

je;ijf;Fg; gpd; kfd; gz;Lfhgad; - %j;jrptd;

%j;j rNfhjud; - ,isa rNfhjud; Jl;lifKD – rj;jhjp];]d; vd;w uPjpapy; muRupik toq;fg;gl;lJ.

Ml;rpAupikAs;s ,sturDf;F toq;fg;gl;l gapw;rpfs;

cau;e;j fy;tp nkhopawpT Mtzq;fs; Fwpj;j ghuk;gupaf; fy;tp (ngsj;j gpf;Ffshy; toq;fg;gl;lJ) tpy;tpj;ij epGzu;fshy; toq;fg;gl;lJ. ths;tpj;ij Gjpa kd;du; xUtu; muRupik ngWk; NghJ gl;lhgpN\fk; nra;ag;gl;lJ. gl;lhgpN\fk; - kd;dd; jdJ nghWg;Gf;fis rl;luPjpahfg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; re;ju;g;gk;

kd;ddpd; flikfs;.

ehl;by; rl;lj;ijAk; mikjpiaAk; NgZtJ. cs;ehl;L > ntspehl;L giftu;fsplkpUe;J ehl;ilg; ghJfhg;gJ. kj;jpa Ml;rpf;Fk;> gpuNjr epu;thfj;jpw;Fk; cupa mjpfhupfis epakpj;jy;. ehl;bd; nghUshjhu eltbf;iffis Nkk;gLj;jy; tup tpjpj;jy; ePjp rhu;eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;sy;

murhl;rpapy; kd;dDf;F cjtpa mjpfhupfs;

Atuh[d; - vjpu;fhyj;jpy; murdhf cupik ngw;wtd; Nrdhjpgjp nghUshsu;

4

Mtzg;gLj;Jgtu; ( Mtzq;fSf;Fg; nghWg;ghd gpujhdp)

,tu;fis mq;fj;jtu;fshff; nfhz;l murrig. ehl;bd; Kf;fpa gpur;rpidfs; njhlu;ghff; fye;Jiuahl murdpd; jiyikapy; mur

rig $l;lg;gLk; mEuhjGu fhy fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; mnjftU vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. mnjftU vd;gJ rk];fpUj nkhop ,jd; nghUs; gzpg;ghsu; md mnjf – Fjpiug; gzpg;ghsu; mjp mnjf – ahidg; gzpg;ghsu; mnjf> mjpf vd;gJ mjpfhupfs;. jpizf;fsk; my;yJ eltbf;iffSf;Fg; nghWg;ghd gpujhdpfs; khdtu;kd; kd;dd; fhyj;jpy;

gz;ila Ml;rp Kiw eilKiwf;F te;jJ. rpy fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; o Vg;gh (Mjpghj) o khg;gh (k`hjpghj) Mfpa gjtpfis tfpj;J kd;ddhf te;jik gw;wpf;

Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. o Vg;gh (Mjpghj) khg;gh (k`hjpghj) gjtpfSf;F mur FLk;g

,sturu;fNs epakpf;fg;gl;ldu;. ,jdhy; vjpu;fhy murhl;rpf;Fj; Njitahd gapw;rpfis cupa Kiwapy; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s Kbe;jJ.

gpuNjr Ml;rp

mEuhjGu fhyj;jpy; muR epu;thf myFfshfg; gpupf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. gpuNjr mjpfhupfs; %yk; gpuNjrq;fs; epu;tfpf;fg;gl;ld. mEuhjGuj;ijr; #oTs;s gpuNjrq;fs;

o tlf;F o njw;F o fpof;F o Nkw;F vd jpirfSf;F Vw;g gpupf;fg;gl;bUe;jd.

,jw;F Nkyjpfkhf o ul my;yJ o ul;l vd miof;fg;gl;l Ml;rpg;gFjpfSk; ,Ue;Js;sJ.

,tw;wpd; epu;thf mjpfhupfs; o ul;yJ my;yJ o ul;lyj;jd; vd miof;fg;gl;ldu;.

jiyefupypUe;J njhiytpy; ,Ue;j gpuNjrq;fs; o kiyaul;il o khaul;il / jf;fpz Njrk; o cUFZ ul;il vdg; gpupf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ.

,g; gpuNjrq;fs; ntt;NtW Ml;rpahsu;fspd; fPo; ,Ue;jd. ehl;bd; kpfr; rpwpa epu;thf myF – fpuhkk; fpuhk mjpfhup – fkpf mEuhjGuj;jpd; gpw;gl;l fhyj;jpy; fpuhk epu;thfp – fk;yj;jd; vd miof;fg;gl;lhu;

mur nfhs;ifAk; r%f eyd;Gup eltbf;iffSk;.

nfhs;if tFf;Fk; NghJ muru;fs; ftdk; nrYj;jpa tplaq;fs; ehl;bd; ghJfhg;G rl;lk;> mikjp nghUshjhu Nkk;ghL ngsj;j rhrd Kd;Ndw;wk;

5

ehl;bd; ghJfhg;G

ehl;bd; ghJfhg;gpw;F kd;dDf;F o Nrdhjpgjp o gilapdu; o gpuNjr Ml;rpahsu;fs; cjtpdhu;fs;.

mEuhjGu fhyj;jpd; Kd;diug; gFjpapy; kd;ddpd; gilfs; o ahid o Fjpiu o ,ujk; o fyhy;gil vd ehd;F tifr; Nridfs; ,Ue;jd.

khdtu;k kd;dd; Ml;rpapd; NghJ o kd;dDila gilAld; o njd;dpe;jpag; gil tPuu;fisf; nfhz;l rk;gsk; ngw;w ,uhZtf; FO

xd;Wk; ,Ue;Js;sJ.

mEuhjGu kd;du;fs; efu epu;khzj;jpd; NghJ mjd; ghJfhg;gpy; ftdk; nrYj;jpdu;. mEuhjGu efuk;

o kjpy; o thapy; fjTfs; vd;gtw;wpd; KOikahd ghJfhg;Gld; fl;lg;gl;lJ. o cs;ehl;L o ntspehl;L Mf;fpukpg;gpd; NghJ

Nfhl;ilfis epu;khzpg;gJk; ghJfhg;G ,lq;fspy; fhtyuz;fis mikg;gJk; ghJfhg;G

cghaq;fshf ,Ue;jd. rl;lk; - mikjp

mEuhjGu Afj;jpy;

ePjpj;Jiwf; fl;likg;G Kiwg;gLj;jg;gl;bUe;jJ.

khdtu;k kd;dd; fhy ePjp njhlu;ghd fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; o fhzp cupik Fwpj;j rl;lk; o tu;j;jfk; njhlu;ghd rl;lk; o tptrhak; njhlu;ghd rl;lk; o tup njhlu;ghd rl;lk; o Fw;wtpay; njhlu;ghd rl;lk; vdg; gy rl;lq;fs; ,Ue;jd.

fp.gp 10 Mk; E}w;whz;bw;Fupa Ntnty; nfl;ba fy;ntl;L mf;fhyj;jpy; eilKiwapy; ,Ue;j rl;lq;fs; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLk; kpf Kf;fpa MtzkhFk;.

mf; fy;ntl;by; o 10 fpuhk epu;thfk; o Fw;w tof;Ffisj; jPu;f;Fk; rl;lq;fs; tpgupf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. o gy ,lq;fspy; ,f; fy;ntl;bd; gpujpfs; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sikahy;

kd;dd; rl;l jpl;lq;fisg; nghJkf;fs; mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;fhd Vw;ghLfisr; nra;jpUe;jhd; vd mwpaKbfpd;wJ.

mEuhjGu Afj;jpd; ,Wjpapy; kd;du;fs; cau; mjpfhupfs; rpy egu;fs; epWtdq;fs;

Nghd;wtw;wpw;F tpNrl mjpfhuq;fis toq;fpapUe;jik me;jhdp J}z;fspy; nghwpj;J nghJkf;fSf;F mwpTWj;j eltbf;if Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.

me;jhdp J}z; - mur nfhLg;gdT gw;wpa fy;ntl;L tif nghUshjhu Nkk;ghL

6

nghUshjhuk; Kf;fpak;

mEuhjGu fhyj;jpy; kd;du;fs; o Fsq;fs; o fhy;tha;fis mikg;gjpy; Mu;tk; fhl;bdu;.

epu;thf eltbf;iffspd; NghJk; tup tpjpf;Fk; NghJk; kd;dd; “ngurpupj” gb elf;f Ntz;b Vw;gl;lJ.

“ngurpupj” – vd;gJ Kd;G kd;du;fs; filg;gpbj;J Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;l nfhs;iffs; MFk;.

khdtu;k kd;dd; fhyj;jpy; ehl;by; mbg;gil Kfhikj;Jtf; nfhs;iffs; epytpajw;fhd rhd;Wfs; cs;sd.

ehd;fhk; kfpe;jdpd; kpfpe;jiy Rtu;f;fy;ntl;L mbg;gil Kfhikj;Jtk; Fwpj;j Kf;fpa Mtzk;. ,jpy;

o kpfpe;jiy tpfhiuapy; cs;s epu;thfk; o ngsj;j FUkhu; gpd;gw;w Ntz;ba gof;f tof;fk;

njhlu;ghf mf;fy;ntl;by; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.

gQ;rpfh Gj;jfk; (fzf;Fg; Gj;jfk;) – tpfhiuapd; md;whl fzf;F tpguq;fs; vOjg;gLtJ.

kd;du;fspd; itj;jpa gzp

kd;du;fs; ngau; itj;jpa gzp Gj;jjhrd; 10 fpuhkq;fSf;F xU itj;jpau; tPjk;

epakpj;jik

Kjyhk; cgjp];]d; ghu;itapoe;jtu;fSf;Fk; NehahspfSf;Fk; itj;jparhiyfs;> jhdrhiyfis epWtpaik

Kjyhk; cjad; nghyd;dWit gjtpahtpy; itj;jparhiyfis epWtpaik. mtw;wpd; nrytpw;fhf fhzpfis toq;fpaik

Ie;jhk; fhrpag;gd; njhw;WNehahsu;fSf;F rpfpr;ir mspg;gjw;fhf mEuhjGu efuj;jpy; itj;jpa rhiyfis epWtpaJld; efuj;jpy; rpfpr;ir epiyaq;fis mikj;jik.

ngsj;j rhrdj;jpd; mgptpUj;jp

ngsj;j rhrdk; ,yq;ifapy; gutpa gpd; midj;J muru;fSk; ngsj;j rhrd tpUj;jpf;F gq;fspg;gpid Nkw;nfhz;Ls;sdu;.

ngsj;jFUkhu; - kd;ddpd;; mwpTiuahsu;fshfr; nraw;gl;ldu;. ,jdhy; kd;ddpw;Fk; ngsj;j rhrdj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapy; rpwe;j njhlu;G ,Ue;jJ. kd;du;fs;

tpfhiufis mikj;jy; mtw;wpw;Ff; fpuhkq;fis toq;Fjy; gpf;Ffspd; fy;tp eltbf;iffSf;fhf gpupNtdhf;fis mikj;jy; Nghd;w

eltbf;iffspy;

7

ghz;ba muR njd;dpe;jpahtpd; fpof;Ff; fiuapy; ,yq;iff;F kpf mUfpy; mike;jpUe;jJ. fp.gp. Mwhk; E}w;whz;bd; ,Wjpf;fhyj;jpy; gyk; tha;e;j murhf ,Ue;jJ. ghz;ba murpd; jiyefuk; kJiu ,yq;if kPJ jhf;fj;jpid Vw;gLj;jpaJ.

gy;yt muR njd;dpe;jpahtpy; Nrho murpw;F tlf;Nf gy;yt muR gue;jpUe;jJ. gy;yt murpd; jiyefuk; fhQ;rpGuk; njd;dpe;jpahtpy; Kjd;Kjyhf cUthfpa ghupa NguuR fp.gp 7 Mk; E}w;whz;by; gy;ytu;fs; gyk; nghUe;jpatu;fshf ,Ue;jdu;. fp.gp 9 Mk; E}w;whz;L tiu gy;ytu;fspd; mjpfhuk; epiy ngw;wpUe;jJ. khdtu;kd; gy;yt kd;dd; ,uz;lhk; eurpk;k kd;ddpd; cjtpiag; ngw;W

,yq;ifapy; muRupikiag; ngw;Wf; nfhz;lhd;. Nrho muR

ghzba murpw;F tlf;Nf njd;dpe;jpahtpd; fpof;Ff; fiuf;F mUfpy; Nrhog; NguuR mike;jpUe;jJ.

Nrhog; Nguurpd; jiyefuk; jQ;rhT+u; ghz;bau;fSf;F vjpuhf Mf;fpukpg;Gf;fis Nkw;nfhz;ldu; fp.gp 9 Mk; - 10 Mk; E}w;whz;Ltiu Nrhou;fs; khngUk; Nghuuir cUthf;fp

,Ue;jdu;. ,yq;ifapy; ,uh[uh[d;> ,uhN[e;jpud; Mfpa Nrho kd;du;fshy; mEuhjgu muR

tPo;r;rpaile;jJ. ,yq;if kd;du;fs; ghz;baUf;F vjpuhf gy;ytu;fSlDk; NrhoUf;F vjpuhf

ghz;baUlDk; ,ize;J nraw;gl;ldu;. ,uh\;bu $lu; vd;w ,e;jpa muR vOr;rp milAk; NghJ mtu;fSld; ,yq;ifau;

xw;Wikahfr; nraw;gl;ldu;. mEuhjGu fhyj;jpd; gpd;diug; gFjpapy; njd;dpe;jpa Mf;fpukpg;Gf;fs; ,yq;if kPJ

Vw;gl;ld. fp.gp 8 Mk; E}w;whz;L Kjy; ,e;J rKj;jpu tu;j;jf Mjpf;fj;jpy; khw;wq;fs; Vw;gl;ld. khdtu;k mur tk;r fhyj;jpy; mEuhjGu Ml;rp rpwg;Gw;W ,Ue;jJ. vdpDk; 5 Mk;

kfpe;jdpd; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; ( fp.gp 982 – 1017) kj;jpa Ml;rp gytPdkile;J cs;sf Nkhjy;fs; jPtpukile;jd.

Ie;jhk; kfpe;jd; fhyj;jpw;Ff; fhyk; ,yq;iff;F te;j gilfs; mEuhjGuj;jpy; jq;fpapUe;jd. ehl;bd; nghUshjhuk; tPo;r;rp mile;jpUe;jjpdhy; gilapdUf;F rk;gsk; nfhLf;f

murdhy; Kbatpy;iy. ,jdhy; njd;dpe;jpa gilapeu; mur khspifiar; Rw;wp tisj;jdu; 5 Mk; kfpe;jd; ghJfhg;Gj; Njb cUFizf;Fj; jg;gpr; nrd;whd;. ,uhN[e;jpud; mEuhjGuj;ij Mf;fpukpj;jhd; Nrhou;fs; mEuhjGuk;> nghyd;dWit cl;gl;l ,uhrul;ilapd; ngUk; gFjpiaf;

ifg;gw;wpf; nfhz;ldu;. Nrhog; Nguurpd; xU gFjpahf ,uhrul;ilg; gpuNjrj;ij Ml;rp nra;jdu;. 14 E}w;whz;L fhykhf ehfupfj;jpw;F mbj;jskpl;bUe;j mEuhjGu ,uhrjhdp 1017 ,y;

tPo;r;rpaile;jJ.

8

70 mz;Lfs; Nrhoupd; Ml;rpapd; fPo; ,Ue;jJ.

kfh tp[aghF / Kjyhk; tp[aghF (fp.gp 1055 – fp.gp 1110)

rpWtajpy; fPu;j;jp / fpj;jp vd miof;fg;gl;lhd;. je;ij – k`hrhkp nkhf;fy;yhd jha; - Nyhfpjh Njtp jsgjp – rpj;jhUk;gp Gj;jdhaf;fh / Gjy;dh / Gj;juh[h mwptjw;F cjTk; tuyhw;W %yq;fs;

kfhtk;rk; gdhfLt nrg;G rhrdk; mk;gfKt fy;ntl;L

Nrhou; Ml;rp

fp.gp. 1017 ,y; njd;dpe;jpa Nrhog;Nguurd; Kjyhk; ,uhN[e;jpud; ,yq;ifia Mf;fpukpj;J 5 Mk; kfpe;jidf; ifJ nra;J Nrhog; Nguurpw;Ff; nfhz;L nrd;whd;.

fp.gp. 1017 – fp.g.p 1070 tiu ,yq;ifapy; Nrhouhl;rp Nrhou;fs; ehl;bd; muRupikahsu;fshfpa ,sturu;fisf; nfhiy nra;jdu;. 5 Mk; kfpe;jdpd; kfd; fhrpag;gd; ( tpf;fpukghF) 5 Mk; kfpe;jd; fp.gp. 1029 ,y; Nrhoehl;by; ,we;jhd; Nrhou;fSf;F vjpuhf cUFizapy; vjpu;g;G ,af;fk; Muk;gpj;jJ. ,jidj; jLg;gjw;F Nrhou;fs; Nkw;nfhz;l je;jpNuhghaq;fs;

o nghyd;dWitapy; ,Ue;J cUFZul;ilf;Fg; gilnaLj;J cUFizapYs;s tsq;fis mopj;jik.

o cUFiz murpw;F cupikAilatu;fisf; nfhiy nra;jik o ,jd; %yk; cUFizapy; murpay; uPjpapy; cWjpaw;w epiyia cUthf;f

Nrhou;fs; Kad;wdu;. o Kjyhk; tp[aghF cUFizapy; Ml;rp mjpfhuj;ijg; ngWtjw;F Kd;

mg;gpuNjr Ml;rpahsupilNa xw;Wik ,Uf;ftpy;iy. ,jid Nrhou;fs; rhjfkhfg; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhz;ldu;.

Kjyhk; tp[aghF cUFiz murd;

cUFizapd; rpj;jhUk;gp Gj;jehaf;f / Gjy;dh / Gj;juh[h Kjyhk; tp[aghF cs;spl;l mur FLk;gj;jpdUf;Fg; ghJfhg;G toq;fpdhu;. murhl;rp ngWtjw;F cjtpdhu;.

Gjjuh[ Nrdhjpgjpapd; Nritfs; njhlu;ghff; $Wk; nrg;NgL – gdhf;fLt nrg;NgL gdhf;fLt nrg;NgL

njd;gFjpapy; nkhutf;f Nfhwisapy; gdhfLt fpuhktaypy; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;lJ. Kjyhk; tp[aghF kd;ddpd; ,sikf;fhyk; njhlu;ghd tpguq;fs; cs;sJ. ,sikapy; mtd; czT> ePu; ,d;wp mDgtpj;j Jd;gq;fs; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. Kjyhk; tp[aghF> mtupd; ngw;NwhUf;F Nrdhjpgjpahd Gj;jdhaf;fh ghJfhg;G

toq;fpa tpguq;fs; cs;sJ. Gj;juh[h Nrdhjpgjpapd; Nritfs; Kjypa tplaq;fs; ,jpy; cs;sJ.

Kjyhk; tp[aghF kd;ddpd; Fz ,ay;Gfs;

giftuplkpUe;J ehl;il kPl;gjw;F rpWtaJ Kjy; mf;fiwAld; nraw;gl;lik Kjypy; cUFizapy; Ml;rp cupikiag; ngWtjw;F Aj;jk; Gupa Ntz;b Vw;gl;lJ. cUFiz Ml;rpahsd; NfrjhJ fhrpag;gNdhL Aj;jk; nra;jhd;. Gj;juh[h cjtpdhu;. ,jpy; NfrjhJ fhrpag;gd; Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;lhd;.

9

,sturd; rPu;j;jp 1055 ,y; fjpu;fhkj;ij Ml;rp ikakhff; nfhz;L 1 Mk; tp[aghF vd;w ngaupy; kd;ddhdhd;.

,yq;ifiar; Nrhouhl;rpapy; ,Ue;J kPl;nlLj;jy;.

Kjyhk; tp[aghF mjpfhuk; ngw;wJk; Nrhou; cUFizia Mf;fpukpj;jdu;. murd; jd; mjpfhuj;ij epiyehl;l Kd; kd;ddpd; gilfis mopg;gJ Nrhoupd;

Nehf;fkhf ,Ue;jJ. Mdhy; kd;dd; kiyehl;bw;Fj; jg;gpr; nrd;whd;. Nrhou;fs; cWFiziaf; nfhs;isabj;J nghyd;dWitf;Fr; nrd;wdu;. kPz;Lk; cWFizf;Fr; nrd;w 1 Mk; tp[aghF

o vjpu;fhy Aj;jj;jpw;Fj; Njitahd cjtpfisg; ngWtjw;fhf gu;kh/ ukQ;QNjrk; ehl;Lld; njhlu;gpid Vw;gLj;jpdhd;.

,uhrul;il kf;fs; Nrhou;fSf;F tup nrYj;Jtjid epWj;jpg; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; rkhjhdkhd ,yq;if xd;W cUthfpaJ. nghyd;dWit Afj;jpd; Kjy; kd;dd; tp[aghF

Kjyhk; tp[aghFtpd; gzpfs;

Vg;gh> khg;gh gjtpfs; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;L ghuk;gupa Kiwapyhd epu;thfk; kPz;Lk; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ

10

ePu;g;ghrdj; jpl;lq;fs; GdUj;jhuzk; nra;ag;gl;lJ. nghUshjhuk; tsu;r;rpaile;jJ. mEuhjGuj;jpy; murkhspif mikj;jhd;.

Kjyhk; tp[aghF kd;ddpd; ntspehl;Lf; nfhs;if

Nrhou;fspd; Mf;fpukpg;igj; jtpu;j;Jf; nfhs;sy; may; ehLfSld; tu;j;jf cwTfisf; fl;b vOg;GtJ – gpujhd ntspehl;Lf;

nfhs;if. Nrho Mf;fpukpg;gpy; ,Ue;J ,yq;ifiag; ghJfhg;gjw;fhf ,e;jpahtpy; NrhoUf;F

vjpuhd muRfSld; njhlu;Gfis Vw;gLj;jpdhd;. ( ghz;ba ehL> fypq;f Njrk;)

Kjyhk; tp[aghFtpd; jpUkz cwT.

rNfhjup kpj;jhit ghz;ba ,sturDf;Fj; jpUkzk; nra;J itj;jhd;. Kjyhk; tp[aghF fypq;f tk;r ,sturp jpupNyhf Re;jupia ,uz;lhtJ jlitahf

jpUkzk; nra;jhd;. J}Jtu;fs; %yk; gupRg; nghUl;fis mDg;gp rhSf;fpa murtk;rj;Jld; el;Gwitg;

Ngzpdhd;. ,yq;ifapd; nghUshjhu> ngsj;j rhrd tsu;r;rpf;fhf gu;khTld; ey;Ywit

tsu;j;Jf; nfhz;lhd;.

Kjyhk; tp[aghFtpd; rka eltbf;iffs;.

gu;khtpypUe;J gpf;Fkhiu tutioj;J cgrk;gjh tpohit elj;jpdhd;. nghyd;dWitapy; %d;wLf;F jyjhkhspifia mikj;jhd;. rptndhspghj kiyf;Fr; nry;Yk; ghijiar; rPuikj;J rptndhspghj kiyf;Ff;

fpuhkq;fis toq;fpaik. mEuhjGuk;> cUFizapy; cs;s tpfhiufisg; Gdu;epu;khzk; nra;jik

Kjyhk; tp[aghF kd;ddplkpUe;J ngwf;$ba Kd;khjpupfs;

rpWtajpy; mDgtpj;j Jd;gq;fisf; $wpaik – Neu;ik Gj;jehaf;ftpw;F guprpyfs; toq;fpaik – nra;ed;wpkwthik Nrho Aj;jj;Jld; Njhy;tpaile;j NghJ – njhlu;e;J Kaw;rpf;Fk; Fzk; ntspehl;L Mf;fpukpg;gpy; ftdk; nrYj;jpaik. Kjyhk; tp[aghFtpd; Fzhk;rq;fs; - mk;gfKt fy;ntl;L

mk;gfKt fy;ntl;by; cs;s tpguq;fs;

Kk;kzpf;F – gzptpil Mrhd;fSf;F – mbgzpjy; jhu;kPfkf;fSf;F – khpahij fy;tpkhd;fSf;F – nrsghf;fpak; cwtpdu;fSf;F – mDruiz ez;gu;fSf;F – el;G giftUf;F – Njhy;tp midj;J capupdq;fSf;Fk; - fUiz rigf;F - mwpT jkf;F – epiwT

kfhguhf;fpukghF kd;dd; / Kjyhk; guhf;fpukghF

11

gpsTgl;bUe;j ,yq;ifia xd;WgLj;jp ehl;bd; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;F msg;gupa Nritfis Mw;wpdhd;.

Kjyhk; tp[aghF kd;ddpd; gpd; o fypq;f tk;r> ghzba tk;r Mjuthsu;fSf;F ,ilNa muRupik Fwpj;J

Nkhjy;fs; Vw;gl;lJ. o epiyahd Ml;rp Vw;gltpy;iy. mjdhy;

,uhrul;il jf;fpzNjrk; cUFiz vd ehL gpuptile;jpUe;jJ.

,g; gpd;dzpapy; Kjyhk; guhf;fpukghF gpwe;jhd;.

Kjyhk; guhf;fpukghF je;ij – khdhguzd; (,sturp kpj;jhtpd; 1 Mk; khdhguzd;) kfd; jha; - ,uj;dhtyp 1 Mk; khdhguzd; - jf;fpz Njr ml;rpahsd; (njjpfk)

njjpfk nfhl;l ntn`u my;yJ Rjpfu irj;jpak; - Kjyhk; guhf;fpukghF gpwe;j ,lj;;jpy; mikf;fg;gl;l tpfhiu Kjyhk; guhf;fpukghFtpd; rpWtajpy; 1 Mk; khdhguzd; ,wg;G rpwpa je;ij – fPu;j;jp = Nktd; jf;fpz Njr Ml;rpahsd; Kjyhk; guhf;fpukghFtpw;F

ghJfhg;G toq;fpdhd;. fPu;j;jp = Nktd; guhf;fpukghFtpw;F

nkhop tpy;tpj;ij ahidg;gapw;rp Nghd;w tplaq;fisf; fw;gpj;jhu;.

Kjyhk; khdhguzdpd; gpd; jf;fpz Njr Ml;rpahsd; - fPu;j;jp = Nktd; fPu;j;jp = Nktd; kuzj;jpd; gpd; jf;fpz Njr Ml;rpahsd; - 1 Mk; guhf;fpukghF

jf;fpz Njrj;jpy; guhf;fpukghFtpd; gzpfs;

guhf;fpukGuk; vd;Dk; Gjpa efunkhd;iwf; ( jw;nghOJ – gz;Lt];Etu) fl;bdhd;. nghUshjhu uPjpapy; Kd;Ndw;wpdhd;.

“ tpz;zpypUe;J tpOk; xU Jsp ePNuDk; tptrhaj;jpw;Fg; gad;glhJ tPNz fliyr; nrd;wilaf; $lhJ.” vd;w nfhs;ifAld; kd;dd; nraw;gl;lhd;.

njJU Xahtpd; ePiu tptrhaj;jpw;Fg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhf %d;W ,lq;fspy; mizfl;b ePiuj; jpir jpUg;gpdhd;. mt;tplq;fs;

nfhl;lgj;j #f;fu ep[;fu Njhujf;fpj

njJW Xahtpy; upjpnge;jp mizfl;lg;gl;lJ. rpwpa Fsq;fisg; ngUg;gpj;jy;> Fsq;fspd; mizfisr; rPu;jpUj;Jjy; Nghd;wtw;iwr;

nra;jhd;. fSfq;if> nge;ju fq;iff;F ,ilNa mike;Js;s g];Jd; Nfhwis rJg;G

epyq;fspy; ePiu tope;Njhlr; nra;J me;j ,lq;fis mgptpUj;jp nra;jhd;. guhf;fpukghF jf;fpzNjr Ml;rpahsdhf ,Ue;j NghJ nghyd;dWit Ml;rpahsd;

tpf;fpukghF mtdJ kuzj;jpd; gpd; mtdJ kfd; 2 Mk; f[ghF kd;ddhdhd;. cWFiz Ml;rpahsd; rpgy;ytd; kuzkile;jijj; njhlu;e;J mtd; kfd; 2 Mk;

khdhguzd; cUFiz Ml;rpahsdhdhd;. nghyd;dWit Ml;rpiag; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;fhf

Kjyhk; guhf;fpukghF ,uz;lhk; f[ghF

12

,uz;lhk; khdhguzd; MfpNahupilNa Nghl;b Vw;gl;lJ. ,jd;NghJ

Kjyhk; guhf;fpukghFtpw;Fk; - ,uz;lhk; f[ghFtpw;Fk; ,ilNa 2 Mk; khdhguDf;F vjpuhf cld;gbf;if xd;W nra;ag;gl;lJ.

cld;gbf;if Kjypy; xUtu; ,we;jjd; gpd; kw;wtUf;F muRupik. ,J fy;ntl;lhf vOjg;gl;lJ. ,f;fy;ntl;L FUzhfy; khtl;lj;jpy; rq;fKt tpfhiuapy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ. mJ

“rq;fKt tpfhiuf; fy;ntl;L” vdg;gl;lJ. cld;gbf;ifapd; gpd;Gk; 2 Mk; khdhguzd; Nghu; nra;tij epWj;jtpy;iy. 2 Mk; f[ghFtpd; kuzj;jpd; gpd; 2 Mk; khdhguzd; 1 Mk; guhf;fpukghFTld; Nghupy;

gj;jpujhJTk; RfyhNjtpaplk; ,Ue;jJ. Gdpj rpd;dq;fis itj;Jf; nfhz;L Nghupl;lhs;. RfyhNjtpapDlhd Nghupy; guhf;fpukghF ntw;wp ngw;whd;. je;jjhJTk;> ghj;;jpujhJitAk; ngw;Wf; nfhz;lhd;. fp.gp.1153 ,y; Kjyhk; guhf;fpukghF kd;dd; jyikapy; xd;Wgl;l Xu; ehL cUthfpaJ.

nghyd;dWit Ml;rpahsdhd;; guhf;fpukghFtpd; nghUshjhug; gzpfs; Njhg;ghthtp Jk;GSthtp Mfpatw;iw ,izj;J guhf;fpuk rKj;jpuj;jpid mikj;jhd;. ,tdJ

fhyj;jpy; 3910 fhy;tha;fSk; 163 Fsq;fSk; mikj;jjhf #stk;rj;jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.

rpW Fsq;fs;. mizfs; Nghd;wtw;iwAk; mikj;jhd;. ngsj;j rkag; gzpfs;

gpf;Ffspd; Kg;gpuptpidAk; xd;wpizj;J rq;fj;jpy; xw;Wikia Vw;gLj;jpdhd;. nghyd;dWit fjpf;fht (xOf;ff; Nfhit) ia cUthf;fpdhd;. ,t; xOf;ff; Nfhit ( fj;jpfhtj) nghyd;dwitapd; cj;juuhk vd;Dk;

fy;tpfhiuapd; fw;W}zpy; vOjg;gl;Ls;sJ. nghf;Fy; tpfhiu> fpup tpfhiu> gGY tpfhiu vd;gd ,tdhy; mikf;fg;gl;l

tpfhiufs; MFk;. mEuhjGu tpfhiufisg; Gdu;epu;khzk; nra;jhd;.

Kjyhk; guhf;fpukghF kd;ddpd; ntspehl;Lf; nfhs;if gu;kh (ukQ;QNjrk;)> njd;dpe;jpah Mfpa ehLfSld; njhlu;G itj;jpUe;jhd;. ,yq;iff;Fk; gu;khtpw;FkpilNa tu;j;jfk;> rkaj;njhlu;G ePz;lfhykhf epytpaJ. gu;khtpw;Fk; ,yq;iff;Fk; ,ilapy; Kuz;ghL Vw;gl;lJ. gu;khtpd; kd;dd; - myTq;rpj; kd;ddpd; eltbf;iffs; jpUg;jp mspf;ftpy;iy. gu;kh - ,yq;ifg; Nghu;. Nrdhjpgjp – efufpupfPu;j;jp jyikapy; flw;gil xd;W gu;khtpw;F mDg;gg;gl;Ls;sJ

gu;khit Mf;fpukpj;J ntw;wpngw;wJ. Nghupy; ntw;wp ngw;w Nrdhjpgjp efufpup fPu;j;jpf;F kd;dd; fpuhkq;fis toq;fpdhd;. ,J njhlu;ghd tpguq;fs; njtdfy fy;ntl;by; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.

13

,yq;if – ghz;ba ehL Mf;fpukpg;G ,e;jpahtpy; ghz;ba murpd; Ml;rpAupik njhlu;ghd Nkhjypd; NghJ Kjyhk;

guhf;fpukghF jiyapl;lhd; ghz;ba murpd; Ml;rpahsd; guhf;fpuk ghz;bad;. guhf;fpuk ghz;baDf;F vjpuhfg; Nghupl;lhd; - FyNrfud; guhf;fpuk ghz;bad; Kjyhk; guhf;fpukghFtpd; cjtpia ehbdhd;. yq;fhGu> [fj; tp[a vd;w ,U Nrdhjpgjpfspd; jyikapy; ghz;ba ehl;bw;F gil

mDg;gg;gl;lJ. eprq;fky;y kd;dd;

Kjyhk; guhf;fpukghF kd;dDf;Fg; gpd; nghyd;dWitia Ml;rp nra;j kd;du;fSs; eprq;fky;yd; Kf;fpak; ngWfpd;whd;.

Kjyhk; guhf;fpuk ghFtpw;Fg; gps;isfs; ,y;yhjpdhy; 2 Mk; tp[aghF murdhdhd;. 2 Mk; tp[aghF> Kjyhk; guhf;fpukghF kd;ddpd; rNfhjupapd; kfd;. 2 Mk; tp[aghF kd;dd; fhyj;jpy; cguh[h – eprq;fky;yd; 2 Mk; tp[aghFtpd; Ml;rpf; fhyk; - 1 tUlk; 2 Mk; tp[aghF nfhiy nra;ag;gl;L murdhdtd; - kfpe;j kfpe;j murdhfpa 5 ehl;fspy; mtidf; nfhiy nra;J eprq;fkyyd; murdhdhd;.

eprq;f ky;yd; vjpu; Nehf;fpa rthy;fs;

ntspehl;by; gpwe;j> fypq;f tk;rj;ijr; Nru;e;jtdhf ,Ue;jik. je;ij – [a Nfhgd; ( ,e;jpah – fypq;fk;) tk;rk; - fypq;f tk;rk; ,tdJ fhyj;jpy; nghyd;dWit toq;fg;gl;l ngau; - fypq;fGuk;. ,Jtiu ,yq;ifia Ml;rp nra;j fypq;f tk;rj;jtu;fs; ,yq;ifapy; gpwe;jtu;fs;. Mdhy; eprq;fky;yd; ,e;jpahtpy; fypq;f Njrj;jpy; gpwe;jtd;. G+u;tPfk; ntspehlhf ,Ue;jik ,td; vjpuNehf;fpa rthyhFk;. Kjyhk; guhf;fpukghFtpd; rpwe;j Nrdhjpgjpfisj; jd;trg;gLj;jy; ghz;bau;fspd; vOr;rpiaj; jLj;jy; cUFiziaj; jd;trg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;Sjy;. ,g;gpur;rpidfisj; jPu;g;gjw;fhf kd;dd; ehL KOtJk; Rw;Wg; gazk; Nkw;nfhz;L

kf;fspd; kdjpidf; ftUk; tifapy; nraw;gl;lhd;. ePz;l fy;ntl;Lf;fs; mikj;J kf;fSf;F mwpTiu toq;fpdhd;.

jk;Gs;s tpfhiu rptndhspghj kiy

ahj;jpiu nra;j ,lq;fs; eprq;ky;y ky;ydpd; eltbf;iffs;

Jyhghuf; nfhil toq;fpdhd; Jyhghuf; nfhil vd;gJ xUtupd; clypd; epiwf;F rkkhf toq;fg;gLk; nghUl;fs;

xd;gJ Mz;Lfs; ,yq;ifia Ml;rp nra;jhd; fy;ntl;Lf;fs; ehL KOtJk; fhzg;gLtjpypUe;J Mjpf;fk; gutpapUe;jij mwpa

Kbfpd;wJ. kf;fspd; tpRthrj;jpidg; ngw;Wf; nfhz;lhd; ehL KOtJk; gpuahzk; nra;jhd; ehl;Lkf;fspd; eyd;fUjpg; gzp Mw;wpdhd; ehl;L kf;fSf;F nry;tq;fis toq;fpdhd; jpUlu;> giftu; njhy;iyfis ePf;fpdhd; vspNahiuf; ftdpj;jhd;.

14

,it fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. eprq;f ky;ydpd; gzpfs; fhzg;gLk; fy;ntl;Lf;fs;

o nghyd;dWit ml;ljhNf fy;ntl;L o jk;Gs;s ghiwf; fy;ntl;L o thJ&g;Ng fy;ntl;L

tupr; Rikfisf; Fiwj;jhd; gioa muru;fs; gy tupfis ePf;fpaJld; tupr;rYiffisAk; toq;fpdhd;.

eprq;fky;yd; mikj;j rkaf; fl;llq;fs; je;jjhJ itg;gjw;fhf jyjhkhspifia mikj;jhd;. mJ ml;ljhNf vdg;ngau; ngw;wJ. ud;nfhj; tpfhiu tl;ljhNf eprq;fyjh kz;lgk; Nghd;wtw;iw mikj;jhd; nghyd;dWit eprq;fky;y ,uh[rig kz;lgk; mikj;jhd; mjpy; ,uh[rigapd; eltbf;iffs; ,lk; ngw;wJ. mq;F fhzg;gLk; fw;W}z;fspy; ,uh[rig mjpfhupfs; mkUk; ,lq;fs;

Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUg;gJ rpwg;ghFk;.

15

tuyhW

juk; 7 myF 3 vkJ fyhrhu kuGupikfs;

gz;ghl;L kuGupikfs; fyhrhu kuGupikfs; ghupa Fsq;fs; topghLfs;

mizfs; gof;fq;fs; Gug;gsT ek;gpf;iffs; njhopy;El;gk; ehl;lhu; ghly;fs; Mly;fs; fu;zguk;giuf; fijfs; fiyEl;gq;fs; rk;gpujha itj;jpa Kiwfs; gz;ila kuGupikfs;

rlq;Ffs; rk;gpujhaq;fs; tptrhak;

,yq;ifapd; fyhrhu kuGupikfs;

njhl;L czuf; $baitfs; njhl;L czu Kbahjit(guk;giu guk;giuahfg; gpd;gw;wg;gLgit)

rka topghl;L epiyaq;fs; rk;gpujhaq;fs; G+q;fhf;fs; rlq;Ffs; tuyhw;W ,lq;fs; gof;f tof;fq;fs; fl;llq;fs; ngupNahiu tzq;Fjy; mur khspiffs; rka topghL Nfhl;ilfs; ud;kR G+q;fh> ep];]q;f yjh kz;lgk; Fwpg;gpl;l ,dj;jpw;Fupa njhl;L

czu Kbahj kuGupikfs; njhl;L czuf; $ba kuGupikfs;

,yq;ifapy; njhl;Lzuf; $ba ghuk;guaq;fs; gy fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,jw;fhd rhd;Wfs;

njhy;nghUl;fs;

Nkk;ghlile;j ePu;g;ghrdk; ,yq;ifapd; jdpj;Jtj;jpid vLj;Jf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ.

cyfpd;> ,yq;ifapd; jdpj;Jtj;jpid vLj;Jf; fhl;Ltjw;F ,f; fyhrhu kuGupikfs; cjTfpd;wd

cyfpd; Vida ehLfSf;F ,izahf ,yq;ifapYs;s kuGupikfs;

,yq;ifapd; gz;ila Fsq;fs; mizfs; thtpfs; - njhopy;El;gk; fUq;fy; epu;khzq;fs; Mk;gd;Nf kur;nrJf;fy;fs;> rpfpupa

rk;gpjhaq;fs; nkhopfs; ehl;lhu; ghly;fs; Mly;fs; fiy njhlu;ghd mwpT gof;ftof;fq;fs; topghL ek;gpf;iffs;

16

,it vkJ Kd;Ndhu;fshy; vkf;F mspf;fg;gl;lit. ,yq;ifapd; jdpj;Jtj;jpid vLj;Jf; fhl;Lk; capNuhl;lkhd fhlrpfshFk;.

cyf fyhrhu kuGupikfs;

kuGupik njhlu;ghd tplaq;fs; If;fpa ehLfs; rigapd; tpQ;Qhd gz;ghl;L mikg;ghd And];Nfh epWtdj;jhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd.

kuGupikfSf;F mopNth> NrjNkh Vw;glhJ ghJfhg;gJ Ad];Nfh mikg;gpd; Nehf;fkhFk;.

fp.gp. 2011 ,y; Ad];Nfhtpdhy; 704 fyhrhu kuGupikfs; cyf kuGupikfshf milahsk; fhzg;gl;Ls;sd.

,jpy; 6 ,yq;ifapy; cs;sd.

cyf fyhrhu kuGupikfsj; njupT nra;Ak; NghJ Ad];Nfh ftdj;jpy; nfhs;Sk; tplaq;fs;

kdpjdpd; cd;djkhd Mf;fj;jpwDs;s my;yJ mwptpid ntspg;gLj;Jk; Mf;fq;fs; fyhrhuk; xd;wpw;Fupa

fl;llf; fiy efu mikg;G fiy njhopy;El;gk;

Nghd;wtw;iw vLj;Jf; fhl;Lk; Mf;fq;fs; jw;NghJ fhzg;gLk; my;yJ mope;Js;s gz;ghl;by; gz;ghL epytpaikf;fhd rhd;W kdpj tuyhw;wpd; Kf;fpa re;ju;g;gq;fis vLj;jf; fhl;Lk; fl;llk; my;yJ njhoy;El;gk;. jtpu;f;f Kbahj fhuzj;jpdhy; moptpw;F cs;shFk;> mr;RWj;jy;fSf;F cs;shd

gioa gz;ghl;L epyq;fs; my;yJ r%f trpg;gplq;fs; myyJ mjw;Fupa epidTr; rpd;dk;.

gioa nkhrQ;rjhNuh efu;.

gz;ila efu mikg;G - ,d;iwa ghfp];jhd; ehl;by; mike;Js;sJ. mopTw;w gz;ghlhf> gz;ila efu mikg;gpw;Fr; rhd;whf cyf njhopy;El;g

gl;baypy; Nru;f;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

rPdg; ngUQ; Rtu;.

rPdhtpy; mike;Js;sJ. gz;ila ghJfhg;Gr; Rtu; cyf gz;ghl;Lg; ghuk;gupak; rPd ehl;bd; Kf;fpa milahsk;.

,yq;ifapy; mike;Js;s cyf kuGupikr; rpd;dq;fs;

1. gioa mEuhjGu efuk; 2. gioa nghyd;dWit efuk; 3. rPfpupah 4. ud;fpup jk;Gs;s Fif tpfhiu 5. jyjh khspif cl;gl;l fz;b efuk; 6. fhypf; Nfhl;il

17

,tw;wpd; %yk; ,yq;ifapd; cau;kl;l tuyhW gz;ghl;L Kf;fpaj;Jtq;fis cyfk; mwpaf; $bajhf cs;sJ. ,yq;ifapd; gz;ila ngUik cyfpw;F ntspg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. ,yq;ifapd; tuyhw;W kuGupikfisf; fz;lwpe;J mtw;iwg; ghJfhg;gJ vkJ

flikahFk;. 1. gioa mEuhjGu efuk; ,q;F

=kfhNghjp &td;ntyprhah Nyhtkfhgha mgafpup N[j;jtduhka Fl;lk; ngha;if ( ,ul;ilj; jlhfk;) ahidg; ngha;if ,RWKdp ud;kR cj;jpahdj; jlhfk; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. 1982 ,y; cyf kuGupikg; gl;baypy; Nru;f;fg;gl;Ls;sJ

1. rpfpupah Kjyhk; fhrpag;g kd;dd; fhyj;jpy; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. je;ij – jhJNrdd; rNfhjud; - Kfyd; rpfpupah gioa Nfhl;il mur khspif fiyf;$lk; Kf;fpakhdit. 1982 ,y; cyf kuGupikg; gl;baypy; Nru;f;fg;gl;lJ.

rpfpupahtpy; cs;s

rpwe;j fl;llf;fiy gspq;Fr; Rtu; gbf;fl;L

2. gz;ila nghyd;dWit efuk;.

12Mk; 13 Mk; E}w;whz;by; Kf;fpa efuk; rpijtile;j ngsj;j> ,e;J topghl;Lj;jyq;fs;

muru;fspd; rpwe;j epu;khzq;fs; ,q;F fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

tl;ljhNf jptq;frpiy kid uz;nfhj; tpfhiu fpup tpfhiu yq;fhjpyf mur khspi eprq;fyjh kz;lgk; fy;tpfhiu rptd; Nfhtpy; (Njthyak;) rj;k`y;gpurhja guhf;fpuk rKj;jpuk; 1982 ,y; cyf kuGupikg; gl;baypy; Nru;f;fg;gl;lJ.

18

Xtpak; rpq;fj;jpd; tha; G+q;fh ePu;j;Njf;fk; Fspay; jlhfk; mfop – ghJfhg;G muzhfTk;> fiyauq;fhfTk; cs;sJ.

rpfpupaf; fl;llf;fiy

fly;kl;lj;jpy; ,Ue;J 1214 mb cauj;jpy; mike;Js;sJ.

kiyapy; cs;s fw;ghiwapd; cr;rpapy;

gioa murkhspifiaAk; Vida fl;llq;fspd; mopTr; rpd;dq;fisAk; fhzyhk;.

ghiw cr;rpapy; mopTfSld; $ba gpuNjrk; 3.5 Vf;fu; cr;rp tiu mikf;fg;gl;l

o gbf;fl;L o ghyk; o ghJfhg;Gr; Rtu;

vd;gtw;Wld; tpag;gpw;Fupa epu;khzkhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ghupa rpq;f cUtk; fhuzkhf ,e;j ,lk; rPfpupah vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ. Nghf;Ftuj;Jg; ghijapy; ghJfhg;Gf; fUjp mikf;fg;gl;bUe;j ePz;l ghJfhg;Gr; Rtupd;

cl;gFjp nrg;gdpl;L mikf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J gspq;Fr;Rtu; my;yJ fz;zhbr;Rtu; vdg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jpy; vOjg;gl;bUf;Fk; ftpij rpfpupa fpWf;fy; ftpij vdg;gLk;.

rpfpupag; g+q;fh

kFy;cad G+q;fh – Nkw;Nf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. guztpjhd ,jid „gpukj‟ vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu; rpfpupahg; G+q;fh ePu;g;G+q;fhTld; $bajhf mike;Js;sJ. rpfpupah ePu;kyu; kpfr; rpwe;j njhopy;El;gg; gilg;ghFk;.

rpfpupah Xtpak;.

rpfpupahtpd; cl;Fopthd ,lq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; ngz;fspd; cUtq;fs; Gfo;ngw;wit. Nkfq;fspypUe;J vOk;gp clypd; Nkw;ghfk; njupAk; gb ,g;ngz;fspd; cUtq;fs;

tiuag;gl;Ls;sd. 1500 Mz;Lfs; goiktha;e;j ,it cyfpd; cd;dj fiyg;gilg;Gf;fs; vdg;

gpugy;ak; ngw;Ws;sd.

2. jk;Gs;s u[kf`h tpfhiu rpj;jpuq;fSldhd ghupa Fif tpfhiu ,aw;ifahd fy;yDs; epu;khzpf;fg;gl;Ls;s ngsj;j tpfhiu Fspu;r;rpahd MNuhf;fpakhd ,lk;. 1991 ,y; cyf kuGupikg; gl;baypy; Nru;f;fg;gl;lJ.

3. fhypf; Nfhl;il Nghu;j;Jf;Nfauhy; rpwpastpy; fl;lg;gl;lJ. xy;yhe;ju; ghJfhg;G muzhfg; gykpf;fjhff; fl;bdu; xy;yhe;ju; fl;llf;fiy kuigr; Nru;e;j

fl;llq;fs;

19

njhy;nghUl;fs;

epidTr; rpd;dq;fs; ,q;F fhzg;gLfpd;wd. 1988 ,y; cyf kuGupikg; gl;baypy; Nru;f;fg;gl;lJ.

4. jyjh khspif cs;spl;l fz;b efuk; fz;b efu tuyhW gioa fl;llq;fs; efiur; Rw;wp eilngWk; rka gz;ghl;L eltbf;iffs; vd;gtw;wpw;fhf 1988 ,y;

cyf kuGupikahfg; gpufldg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

jyjhkhspif

gioa mur khspif

kFy; kLt gioa fl;llq;fSf;Fr; rhd;W

fz;b vryg; ngufu o gz;ila gof;f tof;fq;fs;> rkgpujhaq;fs;> ghuk;gupa fiy mk;rq;fis

vLj;Jf; fhl;Lfpd;wd.

njhl;Lzu Kbahj kuGupikfs;

guk;giu guk;giuahf kf;fs; FOthy; Kd;ndLj;Jr; nry;yg;gLk; fyhrhu kuGupikfs; njhl;Lzu Kbahj kuGupikfs; vdg;gLk;.

njhl;Lzu Kbahj kuGupikfs; - And];Nfh 1. ehl;lhu; nkhoptof;Fk; fUj;Jntspg;ghLk; 2. muq;ff; fiyfs;> ehl;lhu; ghly;fs;> ehl;lhu; ,ir 3. r%fg; gof;f tof;fq;fs;> topghLfs;> ek;gpf;iffs;> tpohf;fs; 4. ,aw;ifAk; rw;whlypy; ,Ue;J ngWk; mwpTk; gof;fKk; 5. kuGuPjpahd fiyEl;gq;fs;

1. ehl;lhu; nkhoptof;Fk; fUj;Jntspg;ghLk;

rpq;fs nkhop – 2500 Mz;L tuyhW

jkpo;nkhop – ePz;l tuyhW

ePz;l fhyk; ,k;nkhopfs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;L te;jikahy; mtw;wpw;Fupj;jhd nkhop mikg;Gf;fs; cUthfp cs;sd.

ctikfs;> cUtfq;fs;> gonkhopfs; Nghd;wtw;why; ,k;nkhopfs; Cl;lk; ngWfpd;wd.

rpq;fsnkhop> jkpo;nkhop vd;gd Vida nkhopfshYk; jhf;fj;jpw;F cl;gl;Ls;sJ.

jkpo;nkhop rkfhy Vida nkhopfspd; jhf;fj;jpw;F cl;gl;Ls;sJ.

nkhop ifahs;tJ – njhl;LzuKbahj kuGupikahFk;.

2. muq;ff; fiy &td;ntyprha mbf;fy; ehl;Lk; itgtk; - eldk;

jw;fhyk; rpwg;G mjpjpfs; - eldk;.

Kjyhk; guhf;fpukghF – Mly; ghlYf;F vd fl;llq;fs; mikj;Js;shd;.

Kjyhk; guhf;fpukghF kd;ddpd; kidtp &ghtjp Mly; ghlypy; rpwe;jts; - kfhtk;rk;

,yq;ifapd; Mly;> ghly; gw;wp o kfhtk;rk; o ftprpYkpd o re;ju;kyq;fhu Nghd;w E}y;fspy; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.

20

2 Mk; guhf;fpukghF kd;dd; o gy;NtW Mly; ghly;fs;

kJu fPjq;fSld; tpohf;fs; elj;jpajhf kfhtk;rk; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ

goq;fhy Mly;> ghly;fspy; o gytpj Nksq;fs; o tPiz o Foy; Nghd;w rq;fPj cgfuzq;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.

gz;ila eldk;> rq;fPjf; fiyfspy; rpyrk;gpujhaq;fs; ,d;iwa

rhe;jp fu;k rlq;Ffs;

G+i[fspYk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

fz;b vyfyg; ngu`u

ehl;lhu; ghly; fyhrhu kuGupikfspy; xd;whFk;.

gpuNjrj;jpw;Fupa ehl;lhu; ghly;fs; cz;L.

vdNt ,it guk;giu> guk;giuahf vkf;Ff; fpilf;fg;ngw;w njhl;Lzu Kbahj kuGupikfshFk;.

o gz;ila tptrhag; ghly;fs; o khl;L tz;bg; ghly;fs; o kPdtu; ghly;fs; o Ruq;fg; ghly;fs;

fisg;igg; Nghf;Ftjw;Fk;

jdpikiag; Nghf;Ftjw;Fk; ghlg;gl;litahFk;.

gz;ila kf;fspd; mDgtq;fs; njhopy;fs; gw;wp mwpa cjTfpd;wJ.

ngw;Nwhu;> ngupNahupd; Fzeyd;fis vLj;Jiuj;jy;

jyhl;Ljy;

,isa guk;giuia ey;topapy; nfhz;LtUjy;

grpia ntspg;gLj;jy;

cwtpdupilNa njhlu;ig ntspg;gLj;jy; vd;gtw;wpw;fhfTk; ehl;lhu; ghly;fs; ghlg;gl;ld.

kdjpy; vOk; vz;zq;fis ntspg;gLj;jp mtw;iwj; jhsj;Jld; ghLjy; ehl;lhu; ghly;fspy; fhzg;gl;lJ. ,it rKfk; xd;wpdJk;> kf;fs; FOtpdJk; kuGupikahFk;.

r%fg; gof;ftof;fq;fSk; ek;gpf;iffSk;.

guk;giuahf tUk; njhl;Lzu Kbahj kuGupik

guk;giuahf tUk; ew;gof;fq;fs;

r%fg; gof;ftof;fq;fs; fhyzpfs; topghLfs; jiyf;ftrk; fow;Wjy; ek;gpf;iffs; ngw;Nwhu; Mrpupau;fis tzq;Fjy; kupahij nrYj;Jjy; iffOtp czT cz;Zjy; rPtuhrpfSf;Ff; fUiz fhl;Ljy; Vio vspatUf;F cjTjy;

21

,tw;wpd; %yk;

fUiz md;G xOf;fk; Neu;ik Nghd;w cau; gz;Gfs; tsu;r;rpailAk;.

tpohf;fs; elj;Jjy;

gpwg;gpy; nra;a Ntz;ba flikfs;

kf;fs; xd;W$br; nra;a Ntz;ba nghJ itgtq;fs; - ,uh[ul;ilf; fhyk;

guk;giuahfg; gpd;gw;wg;gl;LtUk; njhl;Lzu Kbahj kuGupikfs;

ngau; itj;jy ntrhf; tpoh ntrhf; fhJFj;Jjy; ePu;tpisahl;L tpoh vryg; nghu`u NrhW Cl;Ljy; Vu;G+l;L tpoh cgrk;gjh VL njhlf;Fjy tpthfk; nra;jy;

,yq;if kf;fs; gpd;gw;Wk; kjk; nfhz;lhLk; tpohf;fs; ngsj;jk; rpq;fs GJtUlk; - ngsj;j gof;ftof;fk; ,e;J kjk; ijg;nghq;fy; ,];yhk; uk;ohd; ngUehs; fpwp];jtk; ghyd; gpwg;G ghuk;gupa fiyEl;gq;fs;

RtNuhtpak; gha;gpd;dy; gpj;jisg; ghj;jpuk; nra;jy; Kf%b nra;jy; fiy nghk;kyhl;lk; nkOFf; fiy

njhl;Lzuf;$ba njhl;Lzu Kbahj fyhrhu kuGupikfisg;guk;giu fuk;giuahfg; ghJfhj;jjpdhy; mit ,d;iwa r%fj;jpw;F cupikahfp cs;sd.

Kf%bfs;

rhe;jp fu;k rlq;Ffs; $j;Jf;fs; - Nghd;wtw;wpw;fhf Kf%bfs; nra;ag;gl;ld.

,jpy; gprhRfs; Njtu;fs; cUtq;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. gak;> kfpikiaf; fhl;Ltjw;F Kf%bfs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld.

22

,yq;ifapd; njd;gFjpapy; Kf%b nra;tjw;Fg; gpurpj;jp ngw;w ,lq;fs; mk;gyhq;nfhil cLtpy

muf;F rpj;jpuf;fiy

kj;jpa kiyehL gpurpj;jp ngw;wJ. nfg;ngl;bah nrbapy; thOk; yhf;\h vd;w rpw;Wapupdj;jpypUe;J ngwg;gLk; gir

,j;njhopYf;fhd %yg;nghUs;. Cd;WNfhy; ifj;jb kuj;jpdhyhd ntw;wpiyj; jl;lk; kuj;jpyhd rhbfs; tPl;Lg; ghtidg; nghUl;fs; tprpwpf; ifgpb Mytl;lk; Vl;Lr; Rtbfspd; ml;il myq;fhuk; Nghd;wtw;wpw;fhf ,f; ifj;njhopy; gad;gLfpd;wJ.

gz;ghl;Lg; ghuk;gupaq;fisg; ghJfhg;gjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk ;

gilg;ghf;fk; njhlu;ghd Kd;Ndhu;fspd; mwpT ehL> ,dk;> kjk; njhlu;ghf mtu;fspd; kdg;ghq;Ffs; mDgtq;fs; ,tw;iw ehk;

ghJfhf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,yq;iff;Nf cupj;jhd fyhrhu kuGupikfisg; ghJfhj;jy; mtrpak; fyhrhu kuGupikfs; Rw;Wyhf; ifj;njhopypd; tsu;r;rpf;F cjTfpd;wJ.

vkJ Kd;Ndhu;fs; ghJfhj;J vkf;F mspj;j fyhrhu> gz;ghl;L kuGupikfisg; ghJfhj;J vjpu;fhy re;jjpapdUf;F ifaspg;gJ vkJ nghWg;Gk; flikAkhFk;.

tlkhfhzk;

fpof;F khfhzk;

tlkj;jpa khfhzk;

tlNky; khfhzk;

t

kj;jpa khfhzk;

Nky; khfhzk;

njd; khfhzk;

Cth khfhzk;

rg;gpufKt khfhzk;

,yq;ifapd; khfhzq;fs;

myF 7.2 vkJ fPu;j;jp kpf;f muru;fs;

,uh\;bu $lk;

fypq;fk;

gy;yt ehL NrhoehL

ghz;ba ehL

gu;kh

,e;jpah

,yq;if

myF 7.2. vkJ fPu;j;jp kpf;f muru;fs;

njd;dpe;jpa ,uhr;rpa jiyefuq;fs;

,e;J rKj;jpuk;

kJiu

fhQ;rpGuk; jQ;rhT+u;

[Type text]

,yq;ifapd; gpujhd Fsq;fs;

,uizkLf;Fsk;

Nahjthtp

fe;jsha;f; Fsk; Etuthtp

ehr;rJt thtp

kfhfzjw thtp

FUS thtp

guhf;fpuk rKj;jpuk;

khJWXah ePh;j;Njf;fk ;

Nrdehaf;f rKj;jpuk;

cltsit ePh;j;Njf;fk;

fyhthtp

kfhtpyhr;rp Fsk;

njhGuthtp

fTLYthtp

kpd;Ndupah

gjtpahf;Fsk;

khdhfl;ba Fsk;

,uh[hq;fz ePh;j;Njf;fk;

jg;Ngh thtp

mgathtp

jp];]thtp

2

3

fhy;tha;;;;fs;

1. kpdpg;Ng fhy;tha; 2. vyfuf; fhy;tha; 3. Nahj fhy;tha; 4.mq;fkby;y fhy;tha; 5. gg;gjd;d fhy;tha;

nrhwgwf; Fsk;

2

1

4

5

kpdpg;Ng miz

upjpnge;jp miz

myF 7.2

vkJ fPu;j;jp kpf;f muru;fs;

mEuhjGuk;

nghyd;dWit

kfhtypfq;if

kpfpe;jiy

fjpu;fhkk;

kzpNkfiy mizf;fl;L

kpd;Ndupah

mk;ghe;Njhl;il

rptndhspghjkiy

kfhjpj;j

kfhehfFy

thfpupfy

njJU Xah

gz;Lt];Etu

fSfq;if

nge;Njhl;l fq;if

upl;bf;fy

myF 7.3 vkJ fyhrhu kuGupikfs;

rPdh

,yq;if

ghfp];jhd;

nkhfQ;rjhNuh

myF 7.3 vkJ fyhrhu kuGupikfs;

fhyp

fz;b

rpfpupah

nghyd;dWit

mEuhjGuk;

myF 7. 2 vkJ fPu;j;jp kpf;f kd;du;fs;

,uh[ul;il

jf;fpz Njrk;/ khaul;il

kiyaul;il

WFZul;il

kiyaul;il