-
yrtsimehcortcelE :
. /
)326(
retpahC ht91 noisorroC fo slleC lacimehcortcelE fo sepyT
-
yrtsimehcortcelE :
. /
)426(
.
( :
slleC cinavlaG (
slleC noitartnecnoC (
slleC citylortcelE( ) (
)slleC cinavlaG( : :
)slatem ralimissid( (
. (
-
yrtsimehcortcelE :
. /
)526(
(. )
( ) )elbon ssel( )nZ(
. )uC( ( )
.
)nZ( )uC(
.
.
( )
.
.
-
yrtsimehcortcelE :
. /
)626(
.
)nZ( )lA(
:
V 96.1 - = E ,V 367.0 - = ElA nZ ) (
( - )
.
(-)
+3
+2
+2 +3
)s(lA e3 + )qa( lA 2
e2 + )qa( nZ )s(nZ 3
____________________________________)qa( nZ3 + )s(lA2 )s(nZ3 +
)qa( lA2
+3
+2
+3 +2
e3 + )qa( lA )s(lA 2
)s(nZ e2 + )qa( nZ 3
____________________________________)s(nZ3 + )qa( lA2 )qa( nZ3 +
)s(lA2
-
yrtsimehcortcelE :
. /
)726(
.
)gnilpuoc( ( )
.
(- )
.
.
.
-
yrtsimehcortcelE :
. /
)826(
(- )
muisengaM
syolla muisengaM cniZ S2 muinimulA muimdaC T-S42 muinimulA
nori ro leetS nori tsaC
)evitca( nori-rC %31 () tsiser-iN
)evitca( leets iN % 8 rC %81 () )evitca( leetS oM %3 iN%8 rC%81
() ( )
)oM%51 ,rC%81 ,iB %26( )evitca( yolletsaH () sredlos nit
daeL
daeL )evitca( lekciN ()
)eF %7 rC %31 iN %08( )evitca( lenocnI () )eF %02 ,oM %02 , iN
%06( A yolletsaH )eF %5 ,oM %03 ,iN %56( B yolletsaH
)eF %1 ,oM %23 ,iN %66( 2 temirohC )nZ-uC( sessarB
reppoC )nS-uC( seznorB ()
syolla lekciN reppoC lenoM
redlos revliS )evissap( lekciN ( )
)evissap( lenocnI ( ) )evissap( nori rC %31 ( ) )evissap( leetS
,iN % - rC %81 ( )
)evissap( C yolletsaH ( ) )evissap( oM %81 ,rC % 81 ,iN %26( 3
temirolhC ( )
revliS muinatiT etihparG
dloG munitalP
-
yrtsimehcortcelE :
. /
)926(
.
.
)
(
:
( (
(:-)
(-)
-
yrtsimehcortcelE :
. /
)036(
: e2 + )qa( eF )s(eF+2
:
: -
HO4 e4 + O H2 + O2 2 :
+ H e2 + H22
. )Hp(
. ( -) ( )
(-)
-
yrtsimehcortcelE :
. /
)136(
( : -)
( -)
)bP(
)nS(
.
( : -)
( -)
-
yrtsimehcortcelE :
. /
)236(
.
( : -)
( -)
:
)uC( )lA( " "
)eF( )uC(
.
-
yrtsimehcortcelE :
. /
)336(
.
( )
.
.
.
)leets sselniats(
.
-
yrtsimehcortcelE :
. /
)436(
. )3ONH(
)snoi -lC(
.
.
- - .
.
.
)iN( . )HOaN(
-
yrtsimehcortcelE :
. /
)536(
)lCH(
.
)4OS2H( )bP(
.
. )lA( )nS(
.
.
)iT( .
)lCH(
.
-
yrtsimehcortcelE :
. /
)636(
noisorroC lateM ralimissiD
( )
( )
)noitulos dica(
( ) )llec cinavlag(
: ( )+2
+2noitisoped
)noitadixo( e2 + )qa( nZ )s(nZ
)noitcuder( )s(uC e2 + )qa( uC
( :-)
-
yrtsimehcortcelE :
. /
)736(
:
egatlovrevO negordyH( ) ( )egatlovrevo negordyh(
:
2
+ + H gol 1950.0 - = EH H
H2
. :
. ( ) (. (
( ) :
)etalp cniz(
.
V 367.0 - = EnZ) ( ( ) . V 733.0 + = EuC) (
)s(uC e2 + )qa( uC+2noitisoped) (
-
yrtsimehcortcelE :
. /
)836(
e2 + )qa( nZ )s(nZ+2) ( )s(uC e2 + )qa( uC+2noitisoped) (
.
.
:
) (.
:
. ()
:
V 733.0 + = E , V 367.0 - = EuC nZ ) ( : (- -) )
.
-
yrtsimehcortcelE :
. /
)936(
( : -)
. (
) (.
( . ( )
: )6-91( .giF etaflus reppoc suoeuqa na ni desremmi si latem
cniz fo pirts A )a ecafretni noitulos-latem eht ta ecalp sekat
noitcaer xoder ehT .noitulos .snoi +2uC ot smota nZ morf snortcele
owt srefsnart yltcerid dna no sraeppa latem reppoc fo tisoped
deroloc krad a ,sessap emit sA )b .noitulos eht morf sedaf )qa(+2uC
ot eud roloc eulb eht dna ,cniz eht
-
Electrochemistry :
/ .
(640)
)- : ( .
) .( ) (
. 2+ 2+Zn(s) + Cu (aq) Zn (aq) + Cu(s)
) ( .
. Fig. (19-7) : An oxidation-reduction. A strip of zinc is
placed in a solution of copper (II) sulfate (left). The zinc reacts
with the copper (II) ions to produce copper metal (the
brown-colored deposit on the zinc strip) and zinc ions in solution.
2+ 2+Zn(s) + Cu (aq) Zn (aq) + Cu(s) As copper metal accumulates on
the zinc strip, the blue color due to the aqueous copper ions
gradually fades (middle and right) as Cu2+ ions are reduced to
metallic copper. The zinc ions I aqueous solution are
colorless.
-
yrtsimehcortcelE :
. /
)146(
( ) )+2uC(
.
.
)3ONgA( .()
:
V 997.0 + = E ,V 733.0 + = EgA uC ) (
)s(gA e + )qa( gA+noitisoped) ( )+2uC(
e2 + )qa( uC )s(uC+2) ( .
)seitirupmi fo ecneserp( ( )sedihplus( )sedixo(
. )llec cinavlag lacol(
)kcarc( .
-
yrtsimehcortcelE :
. /
)246(
)2O( )lCaN(
( ) ( )
:
+2
-2 2
: edona tae2 + eF eF
: edohtac taHO4 e4 + O H2 + O
:
2
- +22
OO2H2 3 2 2
)tpp neerg ro etihw( )HO(eF )qa( HO2 + )qa( eF
)tsurnworb-der yllausu( O H. O eF2 )HO(eF4
-
yrtsimehcortcelE :
. /
)346(
(
.
: )iN % 8( )rC % 81(
)C 007(
)3C7rC ro 2C3rC(
. ( )
( )4OS2H(
( )
( )
:
-
yrtsimehcortcelE :
. /
)446(
+2
+2
: sedona tae2 + )qa( eF )s(eF
: sedohtac ta)g( H e2 + )qa( H2
)+2eF(
.
. )4OSeF(
-
yrtsimehcortcelE :
. /
)546(
( ) :
:
-
. -
:
. -
. ( ) -
. -
.
) ( noitartnecnoC negyxO laitnereffiD( :
.
(
) ( )
-
yrtsimehcortcelE :
. /
)646(
(.
.
: )
()
(. )
. )noitarea laitnereffid fo tnerruc(
-
yrtsimehcortcelE :
. /
)746(
)sllec noitartnecnoc(
.
)edortcele negyxo(
:
2
2
2
-2 2
-4
O OO
- 4O O
O
-4O O
)qa( HO4 e4 + )L(O H2 + )g( O
gol - E = E1950.0HOP 4
gol HO gol E = E1 1950.0 1950.0P 4 4
P gol HO gol 104.0 = E1950.0 1950.04 4
+
PO2) ( .
-
yrtsimehcortcelE :
. /
)846(
.
() ( )
)2lCnZ(
( : - )
( )
.
( : -)
- )qa( HO4 e4 + )L(O H2+ )g( O2 2
)qa(e2 + nZ nZ+2
-
yrtsimehcortcelE :
. /
)946(
:
.
.
.
()
( - ) )eriw(
:
(
.
-
yrtsimehcortcelE :
. /
)056(
( ) (
: )tnerruc noisorroc( -
)qa( HO4 e4 + )L(O H2 + )g( O2 2 : ( )
e2 + )qa( eF eF+2 ( ) (
( )
.
.
( : -)
-
yrtsimehcortcelE :
. /
)156(
( : ) sporD yb noisorroC
(- )
.
( : -)
)lCK(
.
-
yrtsimehcortcelE :
. /
)256(
( )
: -
)qa( HO4 e4 + )L(O H2 + )g( O2 2
: ( ) e2 + )qa( eF eF+2
( ) ( )
(.-) ( ) ( )
( : -)
-
yrtsimehcortcelE :
. /
)356(
: - +2
)s( )HO(eF2 )qa( HO4 + )qa( eF22
: )tsur(2
2
O O Hx. O eF )HO(eFO H2 3 2 2
( : ) steehS lacitreV fo noisorroC
:
( )
)2O(
: -
)qa( HO4 e4 + )L(O H2 + )g( O2 2 )2O( ( )
.
.
-
yrtsimehcortcelE :
. /
)456(
.
.
.
.
)
(.-
( :-)
-
yrtsimehcortcelE :
. /
)556(
(.)
: ( (. )
: (
(
. (
.
.
.
( : )
.
-
yrtsimehcortcelE :
. /
)656(
.
( ( ) (
.
. (
:
. (
(
.
( :
)3OS2aN( (
: -2 +
)qa( OS2 + )qa( aN4 )qa( OS aN2 O + OS aN24 4 2 2 3 2
-
yrtsimehcortcelE :
. /
)756(
(
. )O2H.4H2N(
:
O H3 + N O + O H. H N2 2 2 2 4 2
-
yrtsimehcortcelE :
. /
)856(
(-)
( -)
lCaN
.
-
yrtsimehcortcelE :
. /
)956(
)2N( ( - )
.
: +2
-2 2
e2 + eF eF
HO4 e4 + O H2 + O
.
-
yrtsimehcortcelE :
. /
)066(
: ( -)
(-)
.
( -)
-
yrtsimehcortcelE :
. /
)166(
.
(-)
-
yrtsimehcortcelE :
. /
)266(
( etylortcelE fo noitartnecnoC laitnereffiD
:
( ) ( )
.
)4OSuC(
(. - )
: ( -)
-
yrtsimehcortcelE :
. /
)366(
: e2 + )qa( uC )s(uC+2
: )s(uC e2 + )qa( uC+2
(. - -)
.snoitcaer-flah +2uC/uC no desab llec noitartnecnoC : )71-91(
.giF eht esuaceb setarepo dna egatlov llec ten evitisop a sah llec
ehT noitcaer flah owt eht ni tnereffid era noi +2uC fo
snoitartnecnoc .stnemtrapmoc
-
Electrochemistry :
/ .
(664)
Fig. (19-18) : The concentration cell :
2+ 2+Cu(s) Cu (aq, 0.10 M) Cu (aq, 1.00 M) Cu(s) . The overall
reaction lowers the [Cu2+] concentration in the more concentrated
solution and increases it in the more dilute solution.
-
yrtsimehcortcelE :
. /
)566(
(
.
) (
.
: ( - ) -
-
.
-
.
-
yrtsimehcortcelE :
. /
)666(
(-)
:
(.-)
( -)
-
yrtsimehcortcelE :
. /
)766(
(
(
.
(. -)
( -)
-
yrtsimehcortcelE :
. /
)866(
.
(
.
(
.
-
yrtsimehcortcelE :
. /
)966(
( : slleC citylortcelE
)saera cidona(
. )saera cidohtac(
.( )
. )enil epip deirub noisorroc tnerruc-yarts(
(.-)
: ( -)
