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Universal Journal of Environmental Research and TechnologyAll Rights Reserved Euresian Publications 2011 e !!" 22#$ 02%&Available 'nline at( )))*environmental+ournal*org,olume1- ssue 2( 1.%/1.$

135Kulkarni et al.

Open Access Research Article

Cotton Dyeing with Natural Dye Extracted from Pomegranate ( Punica granatum ) Peel

!ul"arni #$#$%&'o"hale A$ % *oda"e +$,% - Pathade '$R$1- 2- . e t of iotechnology- !inhgad 3ollege of !cience- Ambegaon- Pune- 4aharashtra- ndia

# e t of iotechnology- 5ergusson 3ollege- !hiva+inagar- Pune- 4aharashtra- ndia

Corresponding author. sayali /01gmail$comA2stract.+se of natural dyes has increased se3eral folds in the past few years due to the eco4friendly approach of thepeople$ 5his paper concerns with the purification of natural dyestuff extracted from an a2undantly occurringplant 6 Punica granatum 7$ 5he main coloring agent in the pomegranate peel is granatonine which is present in theal"aloid form N4methyl granatonine$ #ol3ent extraction method was used for the extraction of the dye$ 5hepomegranate peel dye was used for dyeing of scoured cotton cloth using two mordants4copper sulphate and

ferrous sulphate in the ratios . % . % . $ Dyeing along with mordanting techni8ues which included pre4mordanting% simultaneous mordanting and post mordanting was carried out$ #tudy a2out fastness tests of dyedclothes was underta"en$ 9arge range of shades was o2tained 2ecause of 3arying mordant ratios andcom2inations$ 5he production cost of the pomegranate peel dye was estimated$

!eywords. 3olor fastness- costing- granatonine- mordant- natural dye*

:ntroduction.yeing is an ancient art )hich redates )ritten

records* t )as racticed since ron6e Age* The)idely and commercially used synthetic dyes im artstrong colors but causes carcinogenicity andinhibition of benthic hotosynthesis 7Adeel et al. -

200$8* 9ermany )as the first to ta:e initiative to utban on numerous s ecific a6o/dyes for theirmanufacturing and a lications* "etherlands- ndiaand some other countries also follo)ed the ban7Patel- 20118* 3ertain roblems )ith the use ofnatural dyes in te;tile dyeing are color yield-com le;ibility of dyeing rocess- re roducibilityresults- limited shades- blending roblems andinade !iva-200?8* ut these roblems can beovercome by using chemicals called as mordants*4ordants are metal salts )hich roduce an affinitybet)een the fabric and the dye 7,an:ar et al. - 200$>!amanta and Agar)al- 200$8*

4etal ions of mordants act as electron acce tors forelectron donors to form co/ordination bonds )iththe dye molecule- ma:ing them insoluble in )ater74ong:holrattanasit et al. - 20118* Alum- chrome-stannous chloride- co er sul hate- ferrous sul hateetc* are the commonly used mordants* 7!iva- 200?>4ahangade etal. - 200$> !amanta and Agar)al-200$8*3otton te;tile dyeing )as done since the medieval

eriod using chea natural dyes 7"a Pruthi etal. - 200?> !aha and utta> !iva- 200?> 'nal- 1$$&8*

3olor fastness is the resistance of a material tochange any of its color characteristics or e;tent oftransfer of its colorants to ad+acent )hite materialsin touch 7!amanta and Agar)al- 200$8* 9enerallylight fastness- )ash fastness and rub fastness areconsidered for te;tile fibers*

Punica granatum is from the family Punicacea* tgro)s in all )arm countries of the )orld and )asoriginally a native of Persia 79oodar6ian andE:rami-20108* The rind of omegranate contains aconsiderable amount of tannin- about 1$ )ith

elletierine 7Adeel et al *- 200$> Ti)ari et al. -20108*The main coloring agent in the omegranate eel isgranatonine )hich is resent in the al:aloid form "/methyl granatonine 79oodar6ian and E:rami- 20108*This com ound gives colour to the dye* ts study )illenable us to understand the structural chemistry ofthe coloring com ound*

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Universal Journal of Environmental Research and Technology

136Kulkarni et al.

;ig . #tructure of granatonine

&$< ,aterials and ,ethods.2.1 Materials:2.1.1 Source: Pomegranates )ere urchasedfrom 4ar:et Bard- Pune*

;ig &. Pomegranate Peel

2.1.2 Substrate: 100 cotton cloth )asurchased from Pra:ash e artmental !tores- Pune

2.1.3 Chemicals: Caboratory grade chemicals/$% ethanol- co er sul hate and ferrous sul hate)ere su lied by Anand Agencies- Pune*

2.1.4 Equipments used in the PresentStudy: Deighing balance 73i 6en8 Dater bath 7"eolab D .##8 !o;hlet a aratus Fot air oven 7Thermo lab8 3olorimeter 7Erma Ja an 3GC8 U, Trans illuminator 7 ioera8

2.2 Methods:!olvent e;traction )as used for e;tracting the dye*

2.2.1 Preparation o !a" Material: Thesam les )ere collected and )ashed thoroughly )ith)ater to remove any im urities* After drying atroom tem erature- the sam les )ere ground into

o)der )ith the hel of grinder 7Din and !)e-200@8*

2.2.2 E#traction o Crude $yestu : 100 g ofsam le )as )eighed and ta:en in a round bottom

flas: and %00ml of solvent 7ethanol )ater8 in theratio #0(&0 )as added to it* The flas: )as heated in a)ater bath at &0H3 for &0mins*The solution )as thenfiltered to obtain crude dyestuff 7Din and !)e-200@> 9oodar6ian and E:rami- 20108*

2.2.3 Puri ication o Crude $yestu : Thecrude dyestuff is distilled to get 1I.rd of the solutionusing the !o;hlet a aratus at ?0H3 for .hrs* n this

rocess ethanol is recovered and the concentrateddye is obtained* The solution is :e t overnight atroom tem erature for reci itation* The

reci itation in ethanol )ater is obtained bydecanting the solution* The obtained articles aredried in the oven overnight at &0H3 7Din and !)e-200@> 9oodar6ian and E:rami- 20108* Dater )asadded in the so;hlet a aratus* y addition of )ater-the boiling oints of the com ounds are lo)ered-allo)ing them to eva orate at lo)er tem eratures73ho)dhari et al.. - 200#8*

2.2.4 Scouring o Cotton Cloth: !couring ofcotton cloth )as done by )ashing it in a solutioncontaining 0*%gIlit !odium carbonate and 2gIlit non/ionic detergent 7T)een @08 at %0H3 for 2% mins-:ee ing the material to liPruthi et al. - 200?> Jothi- 200@> ,an:ar et al. - 200$>Aminoddin and Fa+i- 20108*

2.2.% $yeing and Mordanting: Accurately)eighed cotton cloth )as treated )ith differentmetal salts 7mordants used/cu ric sul hate andferrous sul hate8*Three rocesses of mordanting)ere used/ re mordanting- simultaneousmordanting and ost mordanting* After dyeing- thedyed material )as )ashed )ith cold )ater and driedat room tem erature 7Pruthi et al. - 200?> Jothi-200@> !uitcharit et al. - 20108*

5a2le . Conditions for Dyeing and ,ordanting

ye 4ordant 4(C Tem * Time# o)f 2 o)f 1(#0 @0H3 &0mins

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137Kulkarni et al.

2.2.& 'astness (ests:The dyed material )as tested for light fastness- )ashfastness and rub fastness* The color fastness is

usually rated either by loss of de th of color inoriginal sam le or is e; ressed by staining scale7!amanta and Agar)al- 200$8* Cight fastness )asanaly6ed by e; osing the dyed materials to directsunlight for 2#hrs* The dyed clothes )ere :e t underU, transilluminator for 10mins* The )ash fastness)as carried out by )ashing the dyed fiber )ith non/ionic soa 71gIlit8* The rub fastness of the dyed fiber)as carried out by rubbing the fiber and chec:ing forfading of color 7Adeel et al. - 200$> Ra+a- 2010> 4ishraand Patni- 20118*

2.2.) Costing o the Pomegranate Peel $ye:3ost sheet is a statement- )hich sho)s variouscom onents of total cost of a roduct* t classifiesand analyses the com onents of cost of a roduct*To fi; the selling rice of a roduct or service- it isessential to re are the cost sheet* t hel s in fi;ingselling rice of a roduct or service by rovidingdetailed information of the cost* The costing )asdone ta:ing into consideration the direct e; enses-overheads and the administration charges*

$< Results and Discussion :The yield of dye e;tracted from omegranate eel

)as 1$*2 in this rocess* The amount of dyee;tracted from rind of omegranate )as 22*%79oodar6ian and E:rami- 20108*Bield of the dye canbe im roved by using so histicated techni

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138Kulkarni et al.

4ordants give different shades to the fabric*!imilarly- )ide range of soft and light colors )asobtained on sil: using the dye e;tracted from flo)er

of Spathadia campanulata 7=umaresan et al. 20118*The natural dye e;tracted from omegranate eelmight be used as a ossible substitute for thesynthetic dyes having banned aryl/amine moieties7Adeel et al. - 200$8* 3osting )as done* The

roduction cost )as estimated to be Rs*1&-.@& er:ilogram of the omegranate eel dye* This includedthe cost of ra) materials and chemicals used-electricity consum tion- ac:ing- trans ortation-labour and administration charges* Fo)ever- ca italinvestment of the laboratory e4

Prime Cost -%/&4#8 Add( 'verheads

Administrative E; ensesM7Travelling and !tationery8

2#0I/

Pac:aging 4aterial 120I/ 045otal Cost -%??4

%8 Profit ,argin < @ %-??>4

#elling Price 0$ 0?>4

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13*Kulkarni et al.

10* =umaresan- 4*- Palanisamy- P*"* and =umar-P*E* 720118( A lication of Eco5riendly "atural

ye 'btained from 5lo)ers of ! athodea

3am anulata on !il: Using 3ombination of4ordants* #uropean . Sci )esearch" %27.8( .0&/.12*

11* 4ahangade- R*R*- ,aradara+an- P*,*- ,erma- J*=*and osco- F* 7200$8( "e) yeing Techni

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