UNESCO Iraq Office · - 1 - UNESCO Iraq Office Survey of Bibliography: Cultural Heritage of Iraqi Marshlands Prepared by Rizlaine Touili & Abd ulamir Al Hamdani

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UNESCO Iraq Office

Survey of Bibliography:

Cultural Heritage of Iraqi Marshlands

Prepared by Rizlaine Touili & Abd ulamir Al Hamdani

الرحيم الرحمن اهللا بسم

الدراسات المنشورة مرجعية عن قائمة نضع بين أيدي القارئ الكريم االهوار العراقية... في

ان هذه الدراسة هي أحدى فعاليات مشروع تعاون دولي ينفذ من قبل ومنظمة التربية والعلوم والثقافة ) يونيب (برنامج األمم المتحدة للبيئة

بهدف بناء قدرات الكوادر العراقية في تسجيل االهوار )يونسكو(ضمن الئحة التراث الثقافي والطبيعي العالمي

اشكر وزارة البيئة لتحملها تكاليف طباعة هذا التقرير

. علـــي الالمــي د

مستشار وزارة البيئة

رئيس اللجنة الوطنية للمشروع

2011آذار

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UNEP-UNESCO joint project

“World Heritage Inscription Process as a tool to enhance natural and cultural management of Iraqi

Marshlands”

Summary

List of Figures p.3

I. Introduction p.4

II. Specificities of the Iraqi Marshlands Cultural Heritage p.5

III. Methodology of work p. 8

IV. Analysis of the Bibliographical survey p. 9

Annex I List of Journals p. 10

Annex II Thematic Bibliographical Survey p. 13

Annex III Chronological Index of References p. 37

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Marshlands”

List of Figures

Figure 1 Map of Iraqi Marshlands (Source: CIMI)

Figure 2 Representation of Reed houses on Sumerian artifacts; E.L. Ochsenschlager; Iraq‟s Marsh Arabs in the Garden of Eden, 1968-1990

Figure 3 Reed house by Wilfred Thesiger during his stay within the Iraqi Marshlands in 1964; W. Thesiger, The

Marsh Arabs, 1967

Figure 4 Representation of a Sumerian boat, E.L. Ochsenschlager; Iraq‟s Marsh Arabs in the Garden of Eden, 1968-

1990

Figure 5 Boat used by the Marsh Arabs photographed by E.L. Ochsenschlager; Iraq‟s Marsh Arabs in the Garden of Eden, 1968-1990

Figure 6 Construction of a Raba photographed by E.L. Ochsenschlager; Iraq‟s Marsh Arabs in the Garden of Eden, 1968-1990

Figure 7 Mudhif from inside by W. Thesiger; W. Thesiger, The Marsh Arabs, 1967

Figure 8 Aerial view of the Marshlands by W. Thesiger in 1964; W. Thesiger, The Marsh Arabs, 1967

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Marshlands”

I. Introduction

Coming from the Lake Van in the Turkish mountains, the rivers Tigris and Euphrates travel thousands of miles before they join each other

south of Basra and form the Shatt-el-Arab flowing into the Arab/Persian Gulf. This region of southern Iraq shelters the Iraqi Marshlands and their

unique natural and cultural components. Theses marshes are mainly fed by the Tigris floods which can be unpredictable and devastating. The

inhabitants of the marshes, the Marsh Arabs or Marsh dwellers, have therefore evolved in an original environment that led them to develop a unique

lifestyle intimately bound with it. Iraqi Marshlands offer a special opportunity to discover but also protect an outstanding cultural heritage, both

intangible and tangible, along with its exceptional natural environment.

Numbers of problems are threatening not only the natural settings of the Marshlands but also its population and their culture which Marsh

Arabs have succeeded to perpetuate throughout centuries. The World Heritage Convention of 1972 is an international tool designed to preserve any

outstanding cultural and natural heritage. The Government of Iraq, aware of those threats, proposed Marshlands of Mesopotamia for the Tentative

List of Iraq for World Heritage as a mixed cultural and natural site. Since 2003 the mixed site of the Marshlands of Mesopotamia is on the above-

mentioned Tentative List. Next step would be to prepare the Nomination File for the inscription of the Marshlands on the World Heritage List. The

process itself is extremely complex and meticulous, starting with the challenging identification of the boundaries of the site at both levels - boundaries

of the core protected area or areas and boundaries of the buffer zone either for each area or including all protected areas, and ending with the

construction of an institutional framework for the management of the future World Heritage property, Marshlands of Mesopotamia. One of the crucial

requirements for the preparation of the nomination file is the proper documentation of all natural and cultural components of the proposed site which

we are calling mapping of cultural and natural resources of the Marshlands of Mesopotamia. Moreover, the nomination process itself constitutes an

invaluable tool to enhance cultural and natural management of Iraqi Marshlands.

Iraqi Heritage Law N 55 of 2002 legally preserves Iraqi cultural heritage in accordance with the national inventory of antiquities and

heritage. It should be noted that currently the only available publication that directly reflects the national inventory or, more specifically forms a

baseline data for such a national inventory is the Atlas of Archaeological sites in Iraq published in 1970 by the Ministry of Culture and Information

of the Republic of Iraq, Directorate of Antiquities. This Atlas and its second volume with the catalogue of the sites are considered as the legal base

for the application of the Law 55. For the three Governorates of Basra, Thi-Qar and Missan where the Iraqi Marshlands are located, the overall

number of sites, in accordance with the above Atlas, is of 798. The sites are distributed in those Governorates, as follows: Basra 84 sites; Thi-Qar

522 sites, and Missan 192 sites. Since 1970 by 2010, in 40 years, number of new cultural heritage sites has been discovered; therefore an updated

cultural resource mapping for Iraqi Marshlands is absolutely critical.

The proposed work is a preliminary survey of the bibliographical resources available on Iraqi Marshlands. It constitutes the first step toward

the gathering of data, indispensible for the localization and documentation on the Iraqi Marshlands Cultural Heritage.

Figure 1

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Marshlands”

II. Iraqi Marshlands: region and inhabitants

The southern Iraq witnessed the development of one of the first urban civilization of mankind, Sumer, as well as the development of the

first trading system with a „worldwide‟ dimension linking the ancient Meluhha (India), Magan (Oman), Dilmun (Bahrain) and Sumer. Lacking natural

resources in sufficient quantity, Sumerians have taken advantage of their most important asset: their strategic position. During the 3rd millennia BC,

the Gulf coast was much closer to the city of Ur, one of the most famous archaeological sites of that period, which enabled its development as a

major trading harbor. In exchange for the raw materials, the Sumerians exported manufactured high quality product always attractive for Sumerians

trading partners.

Later on, the coastline changed and a new story began for the Iraqi Marshlands. In Medieval times, this region will be an edge area, riding

between two cultural entities that are the actual Iran and Iraq. Historical chronicles described a safe haven for rebels. Although Basra remains, over

the centuries, an important trading center, the Marshlands will remain marginalized till the end of the Ottoman Empire. The remoteness was the key

element for the Marsh Arabs enabling them to preserve and perpetuate their incredible culture and lifestyle.

The extent of the marshes has changed over the centuries. Numerous teams of researchers are further studying this phenomenon for

better understanding. Despites the changes which have modified the natural landscape, the Marsh dwellers have managed to preserve and adapt

their lifestyle and transmit it to the following generations. Until the „50s, the traditional subsistence lifestyle of the Marsh Arabs had been hardly disturbed. The gradual shrinking of Marshland‟s in space and size begun at the end of „50s. Many dams were built upstream of Tigris and Euphrates,

in Turkey, Syria and Iraq. Over the years, the flow of the rivers diminished dramatically in the south of Iraq and therefore the amount of water in

Marshlands also decreased significantly. This process severely accelerated during the 90s, particularly after the First Gulf War, when Saddam

Hussein had undertook massive development work on the Tigris and Euphrates and drained the marshes. For its inhabitants, with a largely self-

sufficient economy structured around aquatic elements, draining of swamps meant not only the destruction of their livelihood but also destruction of

their entire lifestyle. Faced by growing poverty, the Marsh Arabs deliberately neglected by the government of Saddam Hussein, and also being a

part from any policy of modernization, have been forced to migrate to urban centers of Iraq or Iran. It is estimated that the marshes have been

drained to 95 percent, leaving its inhabitants in a major poverty.

Since 2003, various projects were undertaken in the Iraqi Marshlands in order to document and plan a proper development of the Iraqi

Marshlands combining the needs of the population and the needs to protect the Iraqi Marshlands as cultural and natural treasure. The Italian Ministry

for Environment, Land and Sea developed “New Eden” project, implemented since 2003 in coordination with Iraqi Ministry of Environment, Ministry

of Water Resources and Ministry of Municipalities and Public work, and managed through an Iraqi NGO, “Nature Iraq”. A “New Eden” Master Plan for

Integrated Water Resources Management in the Marshlands Area‟ has been developed to assist Iraqi policy makers by providing information and

analytical tools regarding water resource and environmental management. One of the objectives of this project is to create a Mesopotamia

Marshlands National Park in order to improve the restoration, protection and development of the Marshlands and its population1.

The Canadian Initiative for Iraqi Marshlands2 (CIMI), supported by various Iraqi stakeholders such are central or governorates officials,

tribal and community leaders, academics, and local NGOs, implements various activities focusing on the better understanding of the health of Iraqi

Marshlands, of its past and future development, with final goal of devising sustainable management and development plan, community projects,

improve capacities of local stakeholders and national institutions. This initiative aims to support a stable and prosperous southern Iraq and support

the social, economical and environmental sustainability of Iraqi Marshlands based, as mentioned above, on the involvement of all actors intervening

in the developments of Iraqi Marshlands.

These projects, among other works, provide us with update information on the health of Iraqi Marshlands. Thanks to these new data, we

were able to further understand the consequences of the last decade‟s policies in this area. It was estimated that, since 2003, only 10 % of the

former extend of the marshlands were recovered. 10 % of the original marshlands extending in three governorates, Basra, The Qar and Missan,

1 www.newedengroup.org

2 www.iraqimarshlands.org

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Marshlands”

covering an area of 35 000 km2, including 9000 km2 of permanent marshes. It should be noted that among different scenarios the worst case

scenario identified by CIMI anticipates the preservation of only c.391 km23 in the coming years.

Above-mentioned projects record some natural and also socio-economical data of Iraqi Marshlands. However, this data needs to be

enriched with information about the cultural heritage dimension of Marshlands. It is particularly important to have detailed data on the cultural

resource of the area for at least following reasons: 1) the universal importance of the cultural heritage of southern Iraq for the development of human

civilization; 2) the initial commitment of the Government of Iraq to propose Iraqi Marshlands as mixed natural and cultural nomination; 3) the

importance of the cultural dimension of Iraqi Marshlands for the protection and promotion of Iraqi cultural diversity.

Cultural heritage of Iraqi Marshlands, tangible and intangible, is only randomly documented due to the difficulty to undertake archaeological

survey in the past years. For example, 60 archaeological sites had been relatively recently located in Al-Hammar marsh. Mounds (tells) located in

the western part of these marshes, bordering with what appears to be the ancient flow of the Euphrates. These sites represent shelter settlements

belonging mainly to the Early Dynastic Period of Sumer with some sites occupied until the Third Ur Dynasty and the Middle or New Babylonian

periods. Other archaeological settlements have been located closer to the current flow of the Euphrates and at the east of Garraf River, and most of

these belong to the Sassanid period reaching the Islamic periods. The survey on the ground needs to be completed and deepened but even partial

information gives us evidences of continuous settlements from the Early Dynastic Period of Sumer until the Islamic times and thus provides with new

examples of cultural richness of the Iraqi Marshlands.

The Sumerian civilization, one of the first urban civilizations developed by mankind, enabled the early development of elements essential

for the Humanity such are writing, commercial exchanges, mythology, science etc. Sites like Ur, Uruk or Babylon display the glory of that civilization.

Question is whether one can note any link between this legendary civilization and the present inhabitants of the Iraqi Marshlands? The answer is

definitely positive. Several features in the culture of the Marsh Arabs are a living testimony of the persistence of some Sumerian traditions.

The most striking example is the Mudhif/ مضيف (Fig.2), this arched construction, made

of reeds assembled and used until today in the marshlands (Fig.3). We have many descriptions

and pictures documenting the construction of the Mudhif (Fig.4). The use of such a dweller depends

on its size. The larger ones were the center of the

village, where all the decisions were taken (Fig.

5). It was also the place where hospitality was

offered to the traveler. The Raba, same type of

structure but smaller, was the traditional home of the

Marsh Arabs. Several seals and other representations

attest the existence of a type of construction

identical to the Mudhif during the Sumerian times. It is therefore

an architectural form used since the 3rd millennium BC,

involving most probably the use of similar technique of construction and similar materials.

Similarly, we have representations of Sumerian boats (Fig. 6) which show strong similarities

with the type of boats produced and used by the Marsh Arabs to move along the marshes (Fig.7).

In addition, comparative studies on the material excavated in Tell Al-Hiba/Lagash and utensils

produced and used by Marsh Arabs highlight technical continuities. Ethno-archaeology is a valuable source of

information. After lengthy observations and studies of fabrics of pottery produced by the Marsh Arabs, their pottery

was compared with in situ ceramic fragments from Lagash archaeological layers. Certain forms, patterns of decoration and fabrication marks are

identical in both cases which indicate the use of similar techniques in Sumerian period and in modern times. Moreover, the technique of weaving

reed, in order to make different kind of objects intended either for domestic use or for sale, has high similarities to the Sumerian techniques that

archaeological research has revealed. These phenomena require more comprehensive study to be understood in detail but it appears obvious that

the culture of Marsh Arabs threatened for several years but still alive is a living testimony of one of the first great civilization the history of humanity:

the Sumerian civilization.

3 Managing for Change; The present and future state of the Marshes of Southern Iraq; by the Canada-Iraq Marshlands Initiative

(CIMI), 2010

Figure 2

Figure 3

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Marshlands”

Due to its isolation and its environmental context, Iraqi marshlands also preserved part of the archaeological heritage of Sumer. Major

Sumerian sites are on the bank of the marshes: Ur, Uruk, Eridu,

Lagash and many others, but recent surveys indicate that more

sites are available within the marshlands itself. Iraqi Authorities

record number of completely unknown site discovered because

of the wetlands draining. These sites have never been studied

and it is possible that other new sites have not yet been

discovered. These sites certainly contain precious information

for the understanding of the Sumerian civilization.

The Marshland homes the tribes of Mi‟dan and Beni Hassan. Beni Hassans live on the banks of the marshes, mainly

of cattle breading. Mi‟dans are commonly known as the Marsh Arabs. Living in the heart of the marshes, they live from the

exploitation of the environment. Mi‟dans include different tribes

or confederations of tribes such as the Al Bu Muhammad, Ferayghat, Shaghanbah and Ban Lam. These tribes have

developed a unique culture in direct interaction with the surrounding environment. In each village, there were two main groups, defined according to

their main occupation: the first group was in charge of the breeding of buffalo, an animal introduced into the region during the 3rd millennium BC and

perfectly adapted to the marsh. The second group cultivated rice, barley, wheat and pearl millet

The authority of the village was held by the Sheikh who was tasked to maintain the Mudhif, center - political, social, religious and economic

life of the village. Most Mi‟dan houses were built on the same principle: architecture of arched reeds tied together to form large structure. Thanks to

proper maintenance, a Mudhif or a Raba could be used for 25 years. Boats were also constructed from reeds. This material was available

everywhere around the villages. Besides, being very economic for the inhabitants, the Mi‟dan‟s outstanding skill for the use of this material crossed

centuries. The main advantage of the reed is its resistance to water. Moreover, it is easily transportable, easily disassembling and reassembling

each structure whenever necessary. The reed was therefore an ideal material: accessible, economic and adapted to an aquatic environment.

The natural environment has not only impacted the lifestyle of Marsh

Arabs, it also influenced their beliefs. In general, the majority of Marsh Arabs are

Muslim Shiites, source of a certain historical mistrust from the rest of the country.

However, some inhabitants of the Marshlands don‟t belong to the Arab ethnic

group and are still speaking Aramaic. In addition, some foreign observers

noticed the existence of pre- or extra-Islamic beliefs. Unfortunately, considering

the difficulty accessing the private sphere of the Marsh Arabs, they were not able

to have more information. Nevertheless, we have examples such as the legend

of Hufaidh, a mythic island lost somewhere in the swamps. It is a kind of

Eldorado where buffalos are bigger and the land more fertile. The island was

protected by Jinn and if, by misfortune, anyone discovered it, no one would be

able to understand his words when he would return from this mythic “island”.

The culture developed in the Marshlands is an outstanding example of human settlement and land-use in direct interaction with

surrounding natural settings (Fig. 8). In contact with other cultures, despites turbulent history, the Marsh traditional houses survived across the

centuries being in harmony with nature and preserving their culture. Therefore, thanks to their lifestyle, the Marsh Arabs turned this land, originally

hostile to man, into a prosperous and fertile land.

Figure 4

Figure 5

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Marshlands”

III. Methodology

The present survey is limited to the scientific libraries and institutes of Amman4 along with

available resources on Internet like Jstor and ebscohost databases5. Number of articles from various

scientific journals such are Iraq, Sumer and others (please refer to the list of journals in the Annex I)

has been used along with specialized books6.

As we have seen, this area has always been a refuge, a territory apart with an original identity

and specific cultures adapted to the unique environment. However, historically, the Marshlands are also

a contact zone linking the rest of Iraq with south-west Iran and north of Arabia. That is why we included

bibliography on these three areas. Bibliography on sites surrounding Marshlands, such are Ur, Uruk,

Eridu and Lagash, have been also included in order to gather the maximum of data. Besides, this

survey includes references in Arabic.

This bibliographical index is not structured by a chronological framework as it seems

important to classify data according to various subjects and themes highlighting the continuity of certain

cultural component throughout the history. Nevertheless, distinctions between pre-Islamic, Islamic and

Ottoman periods are made since Islam‟s spread has been a major bend in Iraqi History. However, in

order to have the same bibliography available with cross references an additional list of titles and

references is built in chronological order.

Finally, in the Anthropological part, scientific texts focusing on Iraq have been used as it could provide precious data on Iraqi Marshlands.

Moreover, all available travelers‟ narratives are in this index as they

are a valuable source of data thank to descriptions, both textual and

visual, provided by people who lived among Marsh population.

Despite the imperfection intrinsic to this kind of work, we

hope that this bibliographical survey we‟ll be the first step toward localization and documentation of all cultural assets of the Iraqi

Marshlands.

4 American Center of Oriental Research; Institut Francais du Proche-Orient; British Institute; Library Shoman 5 Journal Storage (Jstor); Ebscohost database; Mediterranean and Orient Research Center-Jean Pouilloux 6 For each reference with a web access, an electronic reference is attached.

Figure 6

Figure 7

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Marshlands”

IV. Analysis

Throughout the Prehistory, Protohistory and Antiquity, southern Iraq is well documented. Since the end of the 18th century, and particularly

the publication of „The Description of Egypt‟ by Napoleon, Europeans were fascinated by the treasure of the ancient civilizations of Antiquity.

Best sales of books during the 19th century were the testimonies of the few ones who visited these sites in Egypt or Middle East. This

fascination stayed throughout the years and lead to a wide bibliography, excavation reports, studies of artifacts etc., documenting sites such are

Ur, Uruk, Eridu, Lagash or Larsa. All these references on archaeology, artifacts, cuneiform inscriptions, and others provide us with precious

information on southern Iraq history but also on the historiography which frames scientific researches. With the improvement of archaeological

investigation techniques, but also with unfortunate alteration of the environment, mainly by the dry up of the Marshlands, most likely new data

and new interpretation will nourish future research on cultural heritage of Iraqi Marshlands.

New data also reflects the change in the scientific research approaches. Since the last decade, more studies focuses on the exchanges of

southern Iraq with neighboring regions throughout history, particularly on trade network and commercial routes. Economical life of ancient

civilization is attracting scholars also because of new kind of information emerging. For example, regarding the commercial routes of southern

Iraq during the Antiquity, the new data appears from new studies in India and in the Gulf countries, indirectly increasing the knowledge on and

the understating of processes in the history of southern Iraq and more specifically of Iraqi Marshlands.

Islamic and Ottoman periods of southern Iraq are much less reflected in the scientific bibliography. During these times, this region was

considered as a marginalized region, neglected between actual Iraq and Iran. To look for information on the Marshlands of those periods, we

had to pass though cross-references enabling us to deduct some variable indirect information.

At the end of the Ottoman Empire available bibliographical information becomes richer thank to the development of anthropological or

ethnological studies. Since the 19th century, diverse descriptions of Iraqi Marshlands were done by number of travelers, who stayed with the

local population or just passed through the Marshlands. These testimonies, accompanied sometimes with pictures, are precious for their

detailed description of the lifestyle and of the environment. These travelers‟ journals provide invaluable information for the modern scientific

investigation of Iraqi Marshlands.

Figure 8

In conclusion it should be noted that the cultural heritage of Iraqi Marshlands from Prehistory up-to-day is well documented and has rich

bibliography that is an asset for the preparation of the scientific and technical content of the nomination file. The update of that proposed

bibliographical survey would be continued. However, UNESCO considers that the baseline data is collected in the current survey and can be

used by all concerned stakeholders.

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Annex I

List of Journals

American Historical Review: American Historical association American Anthropologist: Blackwell publishing on behalf of the American Anthropological association American Antiquity: Society for American archaeology American Journal of Archaeology: Archaeological Institute of America American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures: The University of Chicago Press Annual Review of Anthropology: Annual Reviews-USA Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research: American Schools of Oriental Research-Boston University Anthropological Series, Field Museum of Natural History: Natural History Museum Fieldiana Anthropology-Chicago

Arabica, Journal of Arabic and Islamic Studies: E.J.Brill-Leiden, Netherlands

Ars Orientalis: University of Michigan and Freer Gallery of Art, Smithsonian Institution

Asia: Asian affairs: Royal society for Asian Affairs-UK Asiatic Journal Asian and African Studies: E.J.Brill-Leiden, Netherlands

Baghdader Mittielungen: Deutsches Archaologisches Institut-Berlin Bulletin of the American Geographical Society: American Geographical Society

Bulletin d’Etudes Orientales: Institut Francais d‟etudes arabes de Damas (IFPO)-Damas Bulletin of the Oxford University Institute of Economics and Statistics: Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of Oxford University Bulletin de la Société de Géographie : Société de Géographie-Paris Bulletin de la Société de Géographie commerciale de Paris : Société de Géographie commerciale de Paris- Paris Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies: University of London-Cambridge University Press on behalf of the School of Oriental and African Studies

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“World Heritage Inscription Process as a tool to enhance natural and cultural management of Iraqi Marshlands”

Carnets de geologie/Notebooks on geology Current Anthropology: The University of Chicago Press on behalf of Wener-Green Foundation for Anthropological Research Economic Geography: Clark University

L’Explorateur Geographical Review: American Geography Society-New York Geographical Journal: Blackwell publishing on behalf of the Royal Geographical Society-UK Geological Magazine: Cambridge University Press-New-York La géographie Hesperia: Culturas del Mediterraneo: Fundacion Jose Luis Pardo. Culturas del Mediterraneo and Fundacion Tres Culturas del Mediterraneo-Espagna

Islamic Culture:

Indian Antiquary: Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland-Bombay, Education Society‟s Press

Journal of Archaeological Science: Elsevier -Maryland Heights, USA Journal of the American Society Journal of the American Oriental Society: American Oriental Society JA Journal of the British Institute of International Affairs: Blackwell publishing on behalf of the Royal Institute of International-London Journal of Contemporary History: Sage Publication Ltd.-USA Journal of Cultural Heritage: Elsevier -Maryland Heights, USA Journal of Cuneiform Studies: American Schools of Oriental Research-University of Boston Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient: E.J.Brill-Leiden, Netherlands

Journal of Field Archaeology: University of Boston Journal of Interdisciplinary History: The MIT Press-Cambridge, USA Journal of Island & Coastal Archaeology: Taylor and Francis Ltd.-UK

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Journal of Medieval History: Elsevier -Maryland Heights, USA

Journal of Near Eastern Studies: The University of Chicago Press-Chicago Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society: Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland and Cambridge University Press- UK Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute: Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland Journal of the Royal Central Asian Society: Routledge

Journal of the Royal Geographical Society: Royal Geographical Society with IBG-London

Man: Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland-UK

Mesopotamia Middle Eastern Studies: Middle East Studies Association-The University of Arizona, USA

Middle East Report: Middle East Research and Information Project-Washington DC

Nature and Resources: Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science: Koninklijke Landbouwkundige Vereniging (KLV) / Royal Netherlands Society for Agricultural Sciences

Orientalia: Eurasia Academic Publishers

Osterreichische Monatsschrift fur den Orient: Österreichisches Handels-Museum

Oriental herald: J.M.Richardson-London

Quarterly Review: John Murray Publish.-London

Revue Maritime : Ministère de la Marine and Librairie militaire de L.Baudoin-France

Revue des deux mondes : FIMALAC group-Paris

Rocznik orientalistyczny: The Central European Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities- Varsaw Revue Assyriologie: Sumer: Transactions of the Oriental Ceramic Society: Oriental Ceramic Society-London Transactions of the Bombay Geographical Society: Geographical Society-Bombay

Visual resources: an international journal of documentation: Routledge Ltd.

World Archaeology: Taylor and Francis Ltd.-London

13



Annex II

Thematic Bibliographical Survey

History and Archaeolgy General Information:

Geography:

ギヨェأ ،リΑギャا メゅヨィ :テシやヱるΒفやゲغィユイバョァ،ゲョヲシるヤイョ ،1-2 ュ ،13 るヨΑギボャやケゅをΓやるΑゲΑギョ ، キやギغよ ،るョゅバャや1957. ヅゅΒガャا リジェ :ベやゲバャやれゅバボレわジョヱケやヲワأ るΒفやゲغィりゲワゅボャや ،るΒよゲバャやれゅシやケギャやヱゐヲエらャやギヰバョ ،

1975.

ギヨエョリよユΒワاゲよا ベゅエシا ヲよا ،ンゲガトااص :マャゅヨヨャやヱマャゅジヨャやエョペΒボエゎ ، メゅバャやギらハゲよゅィギヨロゲワゅボャやユヤボャやケやキ ،ヴレΒエャや,1961.

1994

، ヶシギボヨャاリジェأ ユΒヤホأやるفゲバョヶف ユΒシゅボわャや ـィ ،3 ( りゲワゅボャや :ョるらわムョヶャヲよギ1411 ـワ /1991 ュ) ヵキヲバジヨャا ゲワヲイャやラキゅバョヱょワグャやァヱゲョ ، ヅ ،5 ( れヱゲΒよ : ゲムヘャやケやキ1393 /1973 ) モホヲェリよا チケأやりケヲص ، ( れヱゲΒよ : りゅΒエャやるらわムョケやキ1979 .) ヶャヱギΒジャا ギィゅョ :りゴΑヲエャやケヲワ ،キやギغよ ،りケヲゼレョゲΒغ ゲΒジィゅョるャゅシケ ،1967. ヶャヱギΒジャا ギィゅョ :ガΑケゅわャやるΒفやゲغイャやベやゲバャやケやヲワأ るΒ キギバャや ،りゲダらャやるバョゅィ ،ゆやキΓやるΒヤミるヤイョ ،ヴャヱأやるレジャや ،サキゅジャや . りゲダらャや1972. ゆاゲヰシ :りケゅヨバャやるΑゅヰルヴャやるバらジャやユΒャゅホأやょئゅイハゅレΒΒ1929، ف. ギヨエョキヲヨエョゥゅらص :ヶよゲバャやヶفやゲغイャやゐやゲわャやヶف れゅシやケキ،キやギغよ ،1982. ヮよクاキゲخ リよ :マャゅヨヨャやヱマャゅジヨャやィヲΑا ،れヱゲΒよ ،ノらデオΑケゅゎギ ،ヵヲヨエャاه ا ギらع リよれヲホゅΑ :ラやギヤらャやユイバョ ،ヶルゅんャやギヤイヨャや ، れヱゲΒよ ،ケキゅص ケやキ1993 キاヲィゲヘバィギヨエョ ،ヶائゲョゅジャا :ラゅジΒョれゅヌفゅエョヶف るんΑギエャやメゴらャやヱヵゲャやノΑケゅゼョケゅホヵク ،

りゲダらャやヱ(るΒئゅヨャやキケやヲヨャやるΒفやゲغィヶف るシやケキ)ョゅィゆやキΓやるΒヤミ ،りケヲゼレョゲΒغ ロやケヲわミキるャゅシケ ، るバ ،キやギغよ2006. るヘΒヤخ るョゅシا ،ヶヤΒェヲャا :るらΒジャやヱりゲダらャやヶわレΑギョリΒよゆゲバャやテセケゴィるΒィヲャヲفヲョヲΒィヱるΒよヲシケ ،

،りゲダらャやるバョゅィゆやキΓやるΒヤミ ،りケヲゼレョゲΒغ ゲΒわジィゅョるャゅシケ2009.

ユシゅィギΒイョヶョゅシ ، :ベやゲバャやゆヲレィケやヲワأやるボトレョヶف るェゅΒジャやケヲトゎゲΒغ ゲΒわジィゅョるャゅシケ ، ゆやキΓやるΑゅミ ،りケヲゼレョるバョゅィ ،キやギغよ1982. ゲョゅع ،マジェ :ベやゲバャやゆヲレィケやヲワأ キやギغよ ،فケゅバヨャやるバらトョ ،1979. ゲミゅセゥفا ،キヲシأ :るΒفやゲバャやキヱギエャや- るΒルやゲΑإやキやギغよリΒルゅバャやるバらトョ ،1970. るヨバルヶヤع ،ヲヤエャا :コやヲェأやヅ ،2 キやギغよ ،1969. ゲホゅよヮデ :るΒガΑケゅわャやベやゲバャやるΒفやゲغィヶف るョギボョأやキギバャや ،ュاホأやるヤイョ ، キやギغよリャヱ1971. ギわジワラキケヲミ :ベやゲバャやるΒفやゲغイャるΒバΒらトャやザシأやキやギغよ ،るΒよゲバャやるバらトヨャや ،فヤガャやユシゅィるヨィゲゎ ،

1948. فΑゲセユΒワاゲよا :ベやゲバャやリョヶよヲレイャやユジボャやヶف れゅバボレわジヨャやヱケやヲワأやペデゅレョゆやキاやるΒヤミるヤイョ ، るΑケギレムシاやるバョゅィ1954. キاヲィリΒジエャاギらع ،ウΑゲジャا :ャヶヘΒظヲャやユΒヤホاやるルゲボャやるレΑギヨ ،ゅヰヨΒャゅホやヱラギヨャやゅΒفやゲغィヶف るシやケキ ،

キやギغよ ،キゅセケاやるバらトョ1977. اهギらع メキゅع ،ゆゅトخ :ベやゲバャやゆヲレィヶف ケやヲワاやユΒヤホやるバョゅィ ،ゆやキاやるΒヤミ ،ゲΒわジィゅョるャゅシケ ، りゲワゅボャや1967. ケゅصルュゅョااギらع ،ヵゲΑキ: ベやゲバャやリョヶよヲレイャやユジボャやォゅレョ ئصゅダガャヶفやゲغィモΒヤエゎるャゅシケ ،わジィゅョキやギغよるバョゅィゆやキاやるΒヤミ ،りケヲゼレョゲΒغ ゲΒ1988.

1927

1962

1971

ラケゅらイャا ギらع ، サケゅヘャاウئゅトらャや ، キやギغよ ، サキゅジャや ءゴイャや ، メやギわハاやるヤイョ ،1946 ュ.

1963

1967

1971

20161982

1993

n E.I. (2) , new edition" didjila" i, Longrigg, S.H.

キ ، ズヤゼャا .リΒジェヶヤع るΒカゅレヨャやベやゲバャやユΒャゅホやギΑギエゎヶف るΒらシゅエャやゲΒΑゅバヨャやヂバよュやギガわシや ، ، ، ろΒジفヱاャるΒヤワاやノよゅトヨャや ، るΒルゅんャやるレジャや ، リョゅんャやギヤイヨャや ، チゅΑゲャやるバョゅィ ، ゆやキاやるΒヤミるヤイョ

، チゅΑゲャや1972ュ. サゅらع キヲヨエョ ، ラヲヤミ ،Βャゅシاやヱ فやギワاやモらボわジヨャやヱょケゅホヵクるヌفゅエョヶف ケやヲワاやりヱギルノئゅホヱ ،1986 ュ ( ケヲゼレョゲΒغ.)

261990

14



2005

ヶルاギジムャا ザΒホリよヶヤع リよギヨェا ، るΒゼェヱリよا .るΒトらレャやるェاヘャや . ギヰف ペΒفヲゎペΒボエゎ( メヲシゅヨΒャ : ュれ ، ゲゼレャやヱるハゅらトヤャヶよゅイャやヱラゅヘイャや1 ً1993ュヱュ2-1995ュヱュ3 ً1998ュ. ) ヶイレトャا ヶゎاヲヤャا ユΒワاゲよا リよギヨエョリよリΑギャا ザヨセ ، るデヲトよリよا . ょئやゲغ ヶف ケゅヌレャやるヘエゎ

ケゅヘシاやょئゅイハヱケゅダョاや . ペャゅガャやギらハギヨエョオΒゼャやペΒボエゎヱゥゲセ( りゲワゅボャや : るΑゲワコاやるバらトヨャや1928ュ. )

ゴΑゴバャا ギらع リよ اه ギらع ギΒらع ヲよا ، ヵゲムらャا . リョユイバわシやゅョユイバョノッやヲヨャやヱキاらャや ءゅヨシや . ペΒボエゎゅボジャやヴヘトダョ( りゲワゅボャや : ゲゼレャやヱるヨィゲわャやヱ فΒャأわャやるレイャるバらトョ1949ュ . ) ヶらΒصレャا モホヲェリよユシゅボャا ヲよا ، モホヲェリよا .チケأやりケヲص ( れヱゲΒよ: ヱるハゅらトヤャりゅΒエャやるらわムョケやキ

، ゲゼレャや1992ュ.) اه ギらع リよ اه ギΒらع ، るよクاキゲخ リよا .マャゅヨヨャやヱマャゅジヨャや (ャラギΒ: ،モΑゲよるバらトョ1889ュ.) ゆやゲヰシ( ヵゲイヰャやノよやゲャやラゲボャやヶف スゅハ /ヵキاΒヨャやゲセゅバャや ). ゅヰよヶわャやるバらジャやユΒャゅホأやょئゅイハΒミヱりケゅヨバャやف ゲバョヱゅワケゅヰルやペボゼゎヱゅヰよケゅエらャやるデゅェやヱラギヨャやるゃΒワفやケヱゅョノΒヨィヱゅヰャゅらィるء

やヱキギバャやヱゆゅジエャやヱりゲトジヨャゅよチゲバャやヱメヲトャやヱ ءやヲわシأやテカゲミクゅョノΒヨィヴヤハゑエらャ . オジルマΑゴョラヲف ザルゅワウΒエダゎヱ( ゅレΒホ :، ラコヲワゴャヲワ فャヱキآ るバらトョ1347 ـ ـワ1929ュ.) リΑギャا ヶヘص ، ペエャا ギらع リよا . ネゅボらャやヱるレムョاや ءゅヨシやヴヤハネاデاやギصやゲョ . ヶヤハペΒヤバゎヱペΒボエゎ

ヵヱゅイらャやギヨエョ ( りゲワゅボャや :ءゅミゲセヱヶらヤエャやヶよゅらャやヴジΒハ ، るΒよゲバャやょわムャや ءゅΒェやケやキ، ロ1954ュ. ) リΑギャا ケヲルリよモΒعゅヨシا リΑギャا キゅヨا ، عギヘャا ヲよا .ラやギヤらャやユΑヲボゎ . ポゅョラヱケゅらャやヱキヲレΑケノらデヱウΒエダゎラاジΑキリΒミヲミ( ザΑケゅよ : ، るΒルゅトヤジャやるハゅらトャやケやキ1804ュ.) ヶルاギヨヰャا ユΒワاゲよا リよギヨェا ،ヮΒボヘャا リよا .ラやギヤらャやゆゅわミゲダわガョ ( ラギΒャ : ، モΑゲよ1304ـワ.)

ヶヤع ، ヵキゅصヤボャا .ケヵキゅダヤボャやるヤェ . ラゅヘィأやヲよやキヲヨエョペΒボエゎ( ザルヲゎ : ノرΑコヲわヤャるΒرジルヲわャやるミゲرゼャや ،1978ュ.)

ヵケゅدゼらャゅよ اヱゲدバヨャا ゲدムよヶدよا リدよギدヨェا リدよギدヨエョ ، ヶシギボヨャا . ユΒャゅرホأやるفرゲバョヶفر ユΒرシゅボわャやリرジェや ( ラギΒャ : ، モΑゲよるバらトョ1906ュ.)

ゲـミゅセ ، ポゅــらخص . ヶよゲバャやヶفやゲغイャやゐやゲわャやヶف るゃΒツョれゅよゅわミ(ギغよキや : ، ュاジャやケやキるバらトョ1979ュ .)

ゲـミゅセ ، ポゅــらخص .るΒよゲバャやるΒفやゲغイャやヶف ( キやギغよ :1975ュ.)

ラキケヲــミ ، ギわジワ .ベやゲバャやるΒفやゲغイャるΒバΒらトャやザシأや . فヤガャやギヨエョユシゅィるヨィゲゎ(キやギغよ :1948ュ .)

ゲدددددヨع リدددددよキヲدددددヨエョ ، ヵゲدددددゼガョゴャا ،メゅرررررらイャやヱロゅرررررΒヨャやヱるرررررレムョاやユΒワやゲرررررよや ، ケヲわミギرررررャやペرررررΒボエゎ ،ャやキやギغよ ، ヶئやゲョゅジ . ヵギددددゎاギらャا リョ ددددヨャا ギددددらع リΑギددددャا ヶヘصدددد ، ペددددエャا ギددددらع リددددよء ، اゅヨررررシやヴررررヤハネرررراデاやギصررررやゲョ

ネゅボらャやヱるレムョاやょヤェ ، ンゲカやるバらトョ ، りゲワゅボャや ، るヨΑギボャやょわムャや ءゅΒェやケやキ ،1954 ュ .

ロゅددددヨェょェゅصدددد モΒعゅヨددددシا اギددددヘャا ヲددددよا リΑギددددャا キゅددددヨا ، عギددددヘャا ヲددددよا ،ラやギررررヤらャやユΑヲررررボゎ ، ザΑケゅررررよ ،1890ュ. اه ギدددددらع リدددددよギدددددヨェا ، ヵゴدددددΑゲボヨャف اヱゲرررررバヨャやケゅرررررをΓやヱテرررررトガャやゲミグرررررよケゅرررررらわハاやヱ عハやヲرررررヨャや ،

るررررΑゴΑゲボヨャやテトガャゅررررよ ، ヴررررレんヨャやるررررらわムョろΒررررジفヱاゅよヮررررバらデれキゅررررハやヱ ، りゲワゅررررボャや ، ベاヲررررよるررررバらトョ ، ، キやギغよ1970ュ . モΒعゅヨددددシا キゅددددヨع ケヲわミギددددャا ، モددددΒヤخ るΒョرررراシاや فケゅررررバヨャやりゲئررررやキ ، りキゅررررョ ( ポやゲわわررررゼャるررررエΒトらャや )

ヨィゲゎゲダョ ، ラヱゲカやヱヵヱゅレレゼャやギヨェや ، る1933ュ .

ヶヤع リよゆゅワヲャا ギらع リΑギャا ァゅゎ ، ヶムらジャا ،りケゅヨバャやゅヰよヶわャやるバらジャやユΒャゅホاやょئゅイハロゲゼレよヴレわハや ، ゅレΒف ، ラコヲワゴヨャヲワ فャヱキやるバらトョ ، マΑゴョラヲف ゴルゅワヮボΒボエゎヱ1929ュ.

History and Archeology:

サاヲムΒル ، ろΒ わシヲよ . ベやゲرバャやりケゅرツェロケゅرをآ ヱ . ヶرらヤイャやユΒェゲرャやギرらハゲΒヨرシるرヨィゲゎ( キやギغرよ : ケやキ ، ラヲョأヨャや1991ュ .)

ヶヤع ギヨェأ りケヲを ،ギヨエョリよヴヤハゅワギئゅホヱアルゴャやヅ ،1 ( りゅΒエャやるらわムョケやキれヱゲΒよ1961 ) اه ギددらع ケゅددらィ ، ヵヱاゲΒよヲددイャا ゅョرراシケやヲررワاやゅررヰわΑや .. りケやコヱるررΒをやゲゎヱるررΒفやゲغィヱるررΒガΑケゅゎれゅررエヨャャやュاハإやヱるفゅボんャやるョゅバキやギغよ ،1993 .

عヱギィユΒワاゲよا :るΒよゲバャやウئゅトらャやりケゅョإ ،りゲダらャやるバョゅィ،りケヲゼレョゲΒغ ゲΒわジィゅョるャゅシケ ،1986. ヵヱاゲらΑヲイャاه اギらع ケゅらィ :りケゅヨバャやゲئゅゼハヱラゅジΒョオΑケゅゎキやギغよ ،1992. ユΑゲムャاギらع ،ヵヱاギレャا :ゅワゲئゅゼハヱりケゅヨバャやオΑケゅゎキやギغよ ،ヶルゅバャやるバらトョ ،1972. ヵギヰョ ، ヵヱゅレジエャا ،やゲرッゅエャやゲエシヶッゅヨャやリئゅレィゲョヲシりケゅツェ ، ケやヲワا ラヱرنゼャやケやキ ، キやギغرよるョゅバャやるΒفゅボんャや2004 .

ズエよヶトシاヲャا コاコゲャا モヰシリよユヤシا ، メ .テシやヱオΑケゅゎ . キやヲハザΒミケヲミペΒボエゎ( キやギغよ : るバらトョゅよりゲミグゎ( れヱゲΒよأやれゅホゅヘゎやリハケゅらカأケゅヘシ. اゲΒらィリよギヨエョ ، ゲΒらィリよ اヶルゅレムャ اأヶジャギル ا ヶジレヤらャ (.よ.1923اテョ :اポゴらΑ)やるΒャゅガャأやラヱゲボャやリハるΒホゅらャやケゅを .اリよギヨエョ ، ヶルヱゲΒらャ اギヨェ اヲガャاワً1967ュ . ) ヶョコケـ ケゅバヨャや1387ف ،

りゲワゅボャや ـ:れاよ، ヵゲダヨャやゆゅわムャやケやキヱヶルゅレらヤャやゆゅわムャやケやキ.) ゲヘバィリよا ヵキやギغらャやょゎゅムャやるョやギホ ،. るよゅわムャやるバレصヱァやゲガャやゆゅわミリョりグらル .غΑキペΒボエゎヮΑヲ( ラヱギغヲャ:، ヴレんヨャやるらわムョヮバらデりキゅハ1989إュ.) ヵキاギらャا ギヨエョ ، ょΒらェリよا .ゅヰヘヤゎنョヱモئゅらボャや فヤわガョ(ゅゎヲغ :، テョاよ1850ュ.) ギΒバシリよギヨェا リよヶヤع ، ュゴェリよا .ゆゲバャやゆゅジルやりゲヰヨィ . ラヱケゅワギヨエョュاジャやギらハペΒボエゎ( りゲワゅボャや:،فケゅバヨャやケやキ1962ュ.) ヨエョリよギヨエョリよゅΑゲミコ ، ヶレΑヱゴボャاキヲ .キゅらバャやケゅらカやヱキاらャやケゅをや ( れヱゲΒよ:れاよ ، ケキゅص ケやキ.)

15



ヶヤع リよリΒジエャا リよヶヤع ، ヵキヲバジヨャا . ヱラやギヤらャやょئゅイハヱラゅをギエャやロキゅよやリョヱラゅョゴャやケゅらカやラやゲヨバャやヱ ءゅヨャゅよゲョゅغャや . ヵヱゅダャや هやギらハウΒエダゎヱるバィやゲョ( りゲワゅボャや : ギヨェやギΒヨエャやギらハるバらトョ

، ヶヘレェ1357 ـ ـワ1938ュ.) よヱا ヲدـΒャ ، ユـΑゅヰレ . リΑゲرヰレャやリΒرよゅرョキراよ . ベやコゲرャやギرらハヶرツΒف ヵギバرシるرヨィゲゎ( キやギغرよ : るرΑゲエャやケやキ، るハゅらトヤャ1981ュ.)

メゅــヨィ ، ラゅよゅよ . るرΒホやゲバャやノرホやヲヨャやヱラギヨャや ءゅヨシやメヲصや ( キやギغرよ : ヵキゲرムャやヶرヨヤバャやノرヨイヨャやるرバらトョ،1976ュ .)

リـΒジェ ، リـジェ .ユΒヨゎュاハや ( れヱゲΒよ : るΒよゲバャやるジシنヨャや ، ゲゼレャやヱれゅシやケギヤャ1980ュ .)

るヨバルヶـヤع ، ヲヤـエャا . コやヲェأや "ラゅわジよゲハ ( "キやギغよ : ، ヵゲダらャやケやキ1969ュ .)

ヶレΒددジエャا ヵギددヰョギΒددジャا リΑギددャا ゴددバョ ، ヶددレΑヱゴボャا ( れ1300ررـワ ) . ゅررワゲΒغヱるررΒホやゲバャやモئررゅらボャやゆゅررジルや (.ワً1918ュـ イレャや :، るΑケギΒエャやゅヰわバらトョヱるΑヲツゎゲヨャやるらわムヨャや1377ف )

، ゥゅــΒヨャاギヨエョヶـヤع . オΑケゅわャやヱゅΒفやゲغイャやヶف るシやケキキやヲジャやチケやヶヨヤバャやノヨイヨャやるヤイョ ، ヶホやゲバャや (アョ41 ،1410 ـワً1990ュ.

リدددددジェリدددددよりゴدددددヨェ ، ヶルゅヰヘء ، ااصدددددゅرررررΒらルاやヱチケاやポヲرررررヤョヶレرررررシオΑケゅرررررゎケやキれやケヲرررررゼレョ ، ゅΒルゅヨャや ، ポゴらΑا ، りゅΒエャやるらわムョ .

ギヨェا リよギヨエョ ، ヶルヱゲΒらャ1048، ا ، ュらャやケゅをاやるΒャゅガャやラヱゲボャやリハるΒホゅ ، ポゴらΒャるバらトョ ،1923ュ

ギددددヨエョリددددよヶددددヤع リددددよリヨェゲددددャا ギددددらع ، ヵコヲددددイャا リددددよا ユررررョاやヱポヲررررヤヨャやケゅررررらカやヶفرررر ユヌわررررレヨャや ، ، リミギャやキゅよآ ケギΒェ ، るΒルゅヨんバャや فケゅバヨャやケやキるバらトョ ، ヴャヱاやるバらトャや . ユバレدددヨャا ギدددらع リدددよギدددヨエョ ، ヵゲدددΒヨエャا ケゅرررトホاやゲرررらカヶفررر ケゅرررトバヨャやチヱゲرررャやラゅرررジェやペرررΒボエゎ ، ラ

れヱゲΒよ ، サゅらハ1975 ュ . ユΒワاゲددددよا リددددよりギددددヨエョリددددよギددددヨェا サゅددددらバャا ヲددددよا リΑギددددャا ザヨددددセ ، ラゅددددムヤخ リددددよا ラゅررررΒハاやれゅررررΒفヱ ،ラゅョゴャや ءゅレよや ءゅらルやヱ ، れヱゲΒよケやキ ، サゅらハラゅジェやペΒボエゎ ،1969ュ .

دفシヲΑ ゲدヘيヨャا ヲدよا リΑギدャا ザヨدセ ، ヵコヲدイャا リよا テらシ ، ラゅرョゴャやりآゲرョるرデヲトガョラゅトヤرジャやるرらわムョ ،シやヶف ゑャゅんャやギヨェやメヲらレト.

دددفシヲΑ ゲدددヘيヨャا ヲدددよا リΑギدددャا ザヨدددセ ، ヵコヲدددイャا リدددよا テらدددシラゅرررョゴャやりآゲرررョるرررデヲトガョ ، るرررらわムョ ، メヲらレトシやヶف ゑャゅんャやギヨェやラゅトヤジャや .

ラヱゲدددワコリدددよユΒワاゲدددよا リدددよリدددジエヨャا リدددよا メددداヰャا リدددジエャا ヲدددよا ، ヶよゅصدددャا ، ヶء فرررやゲرررョاやるرررヘエゎ، ΒボエゎررررヨエョペررررΒヤカギررررヰャやモررررらわムョ ، サやゲررررΒヤムャやるررررや ، れゅاョررررメやヲ اよددددヲ عΒらددددギ ، اシゅボャددددよユددددシリدددداケゅわジャやギらハペΒボエゎ ، りゲワゅボャ1958 . ュ فゅΒェやケやキ ، ァやゲء やケコヲャやオΑケゅゎや ، るΒよゲバャやょわムャやء

りゲワゅボャや ، るΑゲワコاや1968ュ . キゅدددヨバャا リدددよギدددΒヨエャا ギدددらع ゥددداヘャا ヲدددよا ، ヶدددヤらレエャا キゅدددヨバャا リدددよا ، リرررョケゅرررらカやヶفررر ょワグرررャやれやケグرررセょワク ، りゲワゅボャや ، サギボャやるらわムョれやケヲゼレョ ،2351ュ .

دددΒエΑ ، ヶدددセゲボャاュキا リدددよヶゲミゅرررセギرررヨエョギرررヨェやウΒエرررダゎ ، ァやゲرررガャや ، ، るΒヘヤرررジャやるرررバらトヨャやゲرررゼル ،りゲワゅボャやるΒルゅんャやるバらトャや ، りゲワゅボャや . キヲدددヨエョリدددよギدددヨエョリدددよゅدددΑゲミコ ، ヶدددレΑヱゴボャا キゅرررらバャやケゅرررらカやヱキاらرررャやケゅرررをや ، れヱゲرررΒよ ، ケキゅصررر ケやキ ،

،1960ュ . ギدددヨェا サゅدددらバャا ヲدددよا ، ヵギレدددゼヤボャا ، やゆゲرررハモئرررゅらボよ رررفΑゲバわャやヶفررر ラゅرررイヤャやギائرررホラゅرررョゴャりゲワゅرررボャやラ ،1959ュ . ゲミゅددددセリددددよゲددددヨع ، ヶددددらわムャا オΑケゅررررわャやラヲررررΒハ ، ギررررらハヮررررヤΒらルヱ ، ゲョゅررررジャやモررررダΒف ケヲわミギررررャやペررررΒボエゎ ،

キやギغよ ، キヱやキユバレヨャや1977ュ . ベاコゲدددددャا ギدددددらع ギΒدددددジャا ، ヶレدددددジエャا ユヰΒرررررッゅョヱユワゲرررررッゅェヶفررررر ラヲゃよゅرررررダャや ، ، るرررررΒルゅんャやるرررررバらトャや ، ラゅレらャ ، やギΒص ، ラゅفゲバャやるバらトョ1958ュ . ا ヶボゎ ، ヵケヱギャااケゅع リΑギャベやゲバャやヶء فやゲョاやりゲョやゲダハ ، キやギغよ ،1975ュ . リΒジェギヨエョケヲわミギャا ، ヵギΒよゴャا ،ヶヰΑヲらャやゲダバャやヶف ベやゲバャやりゲワゅボャや ،1969ュ . リΑギャا ゲΒخ ، ヶヤミケゴャا ュاハاや ، れヱゲΒよ ،1921ュ . モصددددΒف ケヲわミギددددャا ، ゲョゅددددジャا アルゴررررャやりケヲررررを ، ゐやゲررررわャや ءゅررررΒェやケやキキやギغررررよ ، ケゅررررレヨャやるررررらわムョゲررررゼル ،

ゲバャやれヱゲΒよ ، ヶよ1971ュ . ベケゅددددデギددددヨエョケヲわミギددددャا ، ょددددゎゅムャا オΑケゅررررわャやヱりゲررررダらャやテررررセヱゆゲررررバャやテررررセ ، ، ヴررررャヱاやるررررバらトャや ، りゲダらャや1971ュ . ヶدددミ ، アルゲわدددジャるΒホゲرررゼャやるافرررガャやラやギرررヤよ ، キやギغرررよ ، キやヲرررハザΒミケヲرررミヱザΒرررジルゲف ゲΒرررゼよるرررヨィゲゎラ1954ュ . ヶددددヤع リΒددددジェケヲわミギددددャا ، ンゲددددジヨャا ウئゅررررトらャやヶفرررر るΒレΒワゅررررゼャやりケゅررررョاや ، イョ ، キギررررバャや ، るررررボΒをヲャやるررررヤ

リΑゲエらャや ، リョゅんャや1986ュ . ギددددヨェا ウャゅصدددد ケヲわミギددددャا ، ヶددددヤバャا ケキゅررررダヨャやヴررررャやりギレわررررジョるررررΒفやゲغよヲデるررررシやケキ ، テررررシやヱるررررボトレョ ،るررررررΒよキاやるレررررررジャ ، リΑゲررررررゼバャやヱサキゅررررررジャやギررررررヤイョゲョヲررررررシるررررررヤイョ ،1970 ノよゅررررررジャやギررررررヤイヨャやヱ ، ュ

るレジャリΑゲゼバャやヱ1971ュ . ラゅدددددジΒョ ، ラゅョギدددددャヲルモرررررΒヨィキやفرررررن クゅわرررررシاやるرررررヨィゲゎ ، ギرررررヤイョ ، クゅわرررررシاやるرررررヤイョ ،(12 ) ، キやギغرررررよ1964ュ .

16



Islamic times:-Pre

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ベやゲバャや / りゲダらャやるバョゅィ ،ケゅエらャやュヲヤハゴミゲョ2005. فΑゲセユΒワاゲよا :ヶョاシإやウわヘャやヴわェユャゅバャやオΑケゅゎヶف ロゲをやヱベやゲバヤャヶفやゲغイャやノホヲヨャやァ ،1 ،

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ゲトョキاヲィ،ヵヲシヲヨャا :ユΑギボャやベやゲバャやヶف ケやヲワأやるャヱキラゅジΒョ(ュاシإやモらホ) るصゅガャやりヱギレャやれゅシやケキ،るΒホやゲバャやケやヲワأゅよ, キやギغよ،るفゅボんャやりケやコヱれゅハヲらトョ

ギΒバシヶョゅシギヨェاا .ヶよゲバャやゲΑゲエわャやヴわェるレョコاやュギホやリョヶよゲバャやアΒヤガャやオΑケゅゎ ( りゲダらャや : るバらトョ ، りゲダらャやるバョゅィュ.)

، ゲホゅよヮـــデ .るヨΑギボャやれやケゅツエャやオΑケゅゎヶف るョギボョ ( キやギغよ : ، るرョゅバャやるΒفゅボんャやラヱنゼャやケやキ1986ュ ) ءゴرイャやメヱأや .

ラヱゲآخ ヱヮデ ، ゲホゅよ .ユΑギボャやベやゲバャやオΑケゅゎ (キやギغよ : ، キやギغよるバョゅィるバらトョ1980ュ.)

ゲـョゅع ، ラゅــヨΒヤシ .ユΑギボャやオΑケゅわャやヶف ベやゲバャや ( ゲゼレャやヱるハゅらトヤャょわムャやケやキ ، モصヲヨャや ،1993ュ .)

ギヨェا ウャゅص ، ヶـヤバャا .ュاシاやモらホゆゲバャやオΑケゅゎヶف れやゲッゅエョ( モصヲヨャや : ゲرゼレャやヱるハゅらトヤャょわムャやケやキ ،1981ュ.)

فΒトヤャاギらع ケاゴル ، ヶんΑギエャا .ベやゲバャやりケゅツェ ، ュاシاや ءヶイョギレハベやゲバャや (ゥ5-1985ュ. )

モΒعゅヨدシا ペاقدヱ ، ヶエャゅصدャا . " るرΒガΑケゅゎるرシやケキラゅرジΒョるرムヤヨョケヲرトゎヱ ءヲرゼルるرΑゲをやヱ " キケヲرヨャやるرヤイョ ،(ネ3-1986)

ザΒــミケヲミ ، キاヲعـ .リΒョギホاやゆゲバャやゆゅわムャやゲヌルヶف ベやゲバャやケゅをやゲョヲシるヤイョ ،(アョ5 -1949 . ) ギヨエョヶـヤع ، ゥゅــΒヨャا . りやヲレャやヶよゲバャやリデヲャやりヱギルノئゅホヱ ، ュاシاやモらホベやゲバャやヶف るΒよゲバャやモئゅらボャや

オΑケゅわャやゲらハれやキやギわョاやヱ(1421ـワ-2000ュ. )

ギـヨェا ، ヮــシヲシ . るヨΑギボャやヅケやヲガャやヶف ベやゲバャや(キやギغよ : ، فケゅバヨャやるバらトョ1379 ـワ-1959ュ.)

ギـヨェا ، ヮــシヲシ . ベやゲバャやヶف ヵゲャやケヲトゎ( キやギغよ : ، فケゅバヨャやるバらトョ1946ュ )

ラゅــΒヤヨジムョ ، マΑゲわセ . るヨΑギボャやベやゲバャやケゅヰルやヱキやギغよテトカ(るΒガΑケゅゎるΒトトカるシやケキ) . ギャゅカるヨィゲゎヶヤハモΒハゅヨシや(よキやギغ : ، ヶホやゲバャやヶヨヤバャやノヨイヨャやるバらトョ1406ـワً 1986ュ. )

ラヲムャゅفددددヱゴΒャ ، リΑギفررررやゲャやヵキやヲررررャヶفررررやゲغイャやオΑケゅررررわャやるررررヤイヨャや ، ヶررررヤバャやギررررヨェやウャゅصرررر ケヲわミギررررャやるررررヨィゲゎ ، るレシ ، ヶルゅんャやギヤイヨャや ، るΒホやゲバャやるΒفやゲغイャや1962

Artifacts by materials Brechet R. Evolution de la poterie, de la période néolithique a la période abbasside.

Amman : IFPO, 1981 Berti A. I capitelli ionoci e corinzi di eta seleucid e partica in Iran e Mesoptamia. Torino:

Turin University, 1973 (Diss.)

Crawford H.E.W. The architecture of Iraq in the Third millennium BC. Mesopotamia, vol.5. Debevoise N.C. Parthian Pottery from Seleucia on the Tigris. Ann Arbor: University of

Michigan, 1934


18



Edzard D.O. ; Farber G. Répertoire Géographique des Textes Cunéiformes. 2, Die Orts- und Gewässernamen der Zeit der 3. Dynastie von Ur. Wiesbaden: L. Reichert,

1974, 315 p. (Beihefte zum Tübinger Atlas des Vorderen Orients. Reihe B, Geisteswissenschaften ; 7/2)

Haex O.M.C.; Curvers H.H.; Akkermans P.M.M.G. [ed.]. To the Euphrates and beyond: archaeological studies in honour of Maurits N. Van Loon. Rotterdam-Brookfield: A. A. Balkema, 1989, 304 p. Hopkins C. Topography and Architecture of Seleucid on the Tigris. Ann Arbor:

University of Michigan, 1972

L’archéologie de l’Iraq du début de l’époque néolithique a 333 avant notre ère, perspectives et limites de l’interprétation anthropologique des documents. Paris : Colloques internationaux du CNRS, 13-15 juin 1978 Nashef K. Archaeology in Iraq. American Journal of Archaeology, vol. 94 no. 2, Apr. 1990, p. 259-289. Available on JSTOR: : http://www.jstor.org/stable/505953 Potts D. T. Mesopotamian Civilization, The Material Remains. Ithaca (N.Y): Cornell

University Press, 1997

Potts D.T. Mesopotamian Civilization: The Material Foundations. Ithaca (N.Y.): Cornell university Press, 1997 Valtz E. Ceramica fine e invetriata di Seleucia sul Tigris. Torino: Turin University, 1973

(Diss.)

Archaeological Sites:

ヮデ ، ゲホゅよ : るヨΑギボャやれやケゅツエャやオΑケゅゎヶف るョギボョ ،ァ ،1ヅ3، ゐキやヲエャやるバらトョ ، キやギغよ ،1973ュ

パゅよギャا ヶボゎ ،ラゅジルإやヱるバΒらトャや- ベやゲバャやりケゅツェャやケやキ ،メヱأや ءゴイャや ، ،キやギغよ ،るハゅらトヤャるΑゲエ1985

ヶヤائヲャا モصΒف ،ユΑギボャやベやゲバャやゆキأ リョキやギغよ، ゲョヲシるヤイョ ،1963. . キ ، るシヲシ .ギヨェا ، れゅヘゼわムヨャやヱるΒハやケゴャやヵゲャやノΑケゅゼョ ءヲッヶف リΑギفやゲャやヵキやヱりケゅツェオΑケゅゎ

るΒガΑケゅわャやケキゅダヨャやヱるΑケゅをاや ، るハゅらトヤャるΑゲエャやケやキ ، メヱاや ءゴイャや ،1983ュ. ヲよサاヲムΒル ، ろΒ わシ .ロケゅをآ ヱベやゲバャやりケゅツェ . ヶらヤイャやユΒェゲャやギらハゲΒヨシるヨィゲゎ( キやギغよ : ケやキ

، ラヲョأヨャや1991ュ .)

ァケヲـــィ ، ヱケ .ユΑギボャやベやゲバャや .リΒジェラやヲヤハリΒジェるヨィゲゎ . ヶヤハギェやヲャやギらハモッゅف るバィやゲョ(キやギغよ : ، るハゅらトヤャるΑゲエャやケやキ1984ュ.)

ヵケゅـワ ، ゴــミゅシ .モよゅよるヨヌハ . るヨィゲゎラゅヨΒヤシゲョゅハ( モصヲヨャや : ، ゲゼレャやヱるハゅらトヤャょわムャやケやキ1989ュ)

ァケヲـィ ، ヲΒレわルヲـミ .ケヲセやヱモよゅよキاよヶف るΒョヲΒャやりゅΒエャや . ギらハラゅワゲよヱヶわΑゲムわャやヮデユΒヤシるヨィゲゎヶわΑゲムわャや( キやギغよ : ، るハゅらトヤャるΑゲエャやケやキ1979ュ.)

リジェゴΑゴع ユΑゲミ ،ヶヨΒャギャا . ゲイف ゲダハグレョユΑギボャやベやゲバャやヶف るハやケゴャやゲダバャやるΑゅヰルヴわェれااジャやユΑギボャやヶヤよゅらャや(3000-1595ベ.ュ( ) りケヲゼレョゲΒغ ロやケヲわミキるャゅシケ . キやギغよるバョゅィ . ゆやキΓやるΒヤミ1416ـワ-

1996ュ .)

ヵゲョゅバャا ァゲف リΒジェヶヤع ، .キヲヨヤわャやヱユΑギボャやギヰバャやヶゎゲわف ヶف モよゅよキاよヶف るヨΑギボャやノッやヲヨャや ءゅヨシや (るルケゅボョるΑヲغャるシやケキ ( ) ゲΒわジィゅョるャゅシケりケヲゼレョゲΒغ .キやギغよるバョゅィ . ، れゅغヤャやるΒヤミ1998ュ.)

ギΒバシヶョゅシ ، ギヨェاا .ベやゲバャやりケゅツェ ، ヵゲャやヱるハやケゴャや (ゥ2 ،1985ュ . )

ユΑゲムャا ギらع ケグレョ ، ゲムらャا .るΒよゲバャやラゅジΒョるャヱキキケヲヨャやるヤイョ ، ( ネ3-1986ュ.)

ヵヱゅΒェょΑギワ ،るャاゴغ :ヲらルマヤヨヤャヶガΑケゅわャやケヱギャやヱるんΑギエャやるΒャゅらャやるャヱギャやゅヰゎキゅΒホヶف ギΒئゅル ( ゲΒわジィゅョるャゅシケりケヲゼレョゲΒغ /キやギغよるバョゅィ ،ゆやキΓやるΒヤミ )1989.

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Society, vol. 120 no. 2, Apr- Jun 2000, p. 247-250. Available on Jstor: http://www.jstor.org/stable/605034

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Woolley L. Sir. Ur Excavations. Vol. IV, Early periods: a report on the sites and objects prior in date to the Third dynasty of Ur, discovered in the course of the excavations. Philadelphia:

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Woolley L. Sir [and al.]. Ur Excavations. Vol. IX, Neo-Babylonian and Persian period.

London: Trustees of the two museums, 1962, 140p. (Publications of the Joint expedition of the British Museum and of the Museum of the University of Pennsylvania to Mesopotamia)

Woolley L. Sir. Ur Excavations. Vol. VIII, Kassite period and the period of the Assyrian kings. London: Trustees of the two museums, 1965, 114p. (Publications of the Joint expedition of the British Museum and of the Museum of the University of Pennsylvania to Mesopotamia)

Woolley L. Sir. Ur: the buildings of the third dynasty. Philadelphia: Trustees of the two

museums, 1974, 110p. (Publications of the Joint expedition of the British Museum and of the Museum of the University of Pennsylvania to Mesopotamia)

Woolley L. Sir. Ur Excavations. Vol. VII, Old Babylonian period. Philadelphia: British

Museum, 1976, 260p. (Publications of the Joint expedition of the British Museum and of the Museum of the University of Pennsylvania to Mesopotamia)

Woolley L. Sir; Moorey P.R.S. Ur of the Chaldees: A Revised and Updated Edition of Sir Leonard Woolley’s Excavations at Ur. Ithaca (NY): Cornell University Press, 1982

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Uruk-Warka:

Adams R. McC. Uruk-Warka Area. Sumer, vol. 23, 1967, p.203-209 Adams R. McC.; H.J.Nissen. The Uruk Countryside: The natural setting of urban

societies. Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1972, 241p. Adams R. McC.; Nissen H.J.[Review of]. The Uruk Countryside: The natural setting

of urban societies. The American Historical Review, vol.79 no.5, Dec.1974, p.1523-1524. Available on Jstor: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1851787

Adams R. McC. An early prehistoric site in the Warka region. Sumer, vol. 31, 1975a, p.11-15

Boehmer R. M., Finkbeiner U. Uruk-Warka XXXVII, Survey Des Stadtgebietes Von Uruk. Sumer, vol. 43 no.1-2, 1984, p.91-107

Demirji M. S. (Dr.) Notes on the Social and Economical aspects during Warka. Sumer, vol. 44 no.1-2, 1985/86, p.5-7(Arabic)

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Ebeling E. Altbabylonische briefe amerikanischer sammlungen aus Larsa. Osnabrück:

O. Zeller, 1972 (1st ed. 1943), 153p. (Mitteilungen der altorientalischen Gesellschaft; 16.12)

Forest J. D. Tell El-‘Oueili Preliminary Report on the 4th season (1983 Stratigraphy and Architecture). Sumer, vol. 44 no.1-2, 1985/86, p.55-66

Genouillac H. de. [dir.]. Fouilles de Telloh. Tome II, Epoques d'Ur IIIe dynastie et de Larsa. Paris: P.Geuthner, 1936, 170p.

Huot J-L. Larsa: Preliminary report of the Seventh campaign at Larsa and the First campaign at Tell-‘Oueili (1976). Sumer, vol. 36 no.1-2, 1980, p.99-13

Huot J-L [et al.]. Larsa: Preliminary Report on the Eight Season, Sumer, vol. 38 no.1-2, 1982, p.73-90 (Arabic)

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Cole S.W. Marsh Formation in the Borsippa Region and the Course of the Lower Euphrates. Journal of Near Eastern Studies, vol.53 no.2, Apr.1994, p.81-109. Available on Jstor: http://www.jstor.org/stable/546075 Gasche H.; Tanret M. [Review of]. Changing Watercourses in Babylonia: Towards a Reconstruction of the Ancient Environment in Lower Mesopotamia Vol. 1. Journal of Near Eastern Studies, vol. 62 no. 1, Jan.2003, p. 31-33. Available on Jstor: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3128980 Hansman J.F. The Mesopotamian Delta in the First millennium B.C. Geographical Journal, vol. 144 no. 1, Mar. 1978, p. 49-61. Available on JSTOR: http://www.jstor.org/stable/634649 Kennett D. Early State Formation in Southern Mesopotamia: Sea Levels, Shorelines, and Climate Change. Journal of Island & Coastal Archaeology, vol. 1 no.1, Jan. 2006, p.67-99. Available on Ebsco: http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=21782243&site=ehost-live Larsen C.E. The Mesopotamian Delta Region: A reconsideration of Lees and Falcon. Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. 95 no. 1, Jan-Mar. 1975, p. 43-57. Available on Jstor: http://www.jstor.org/stable/599157 Larsen C.E.; Evans G. The Holocene geological history of the Tigris-Euphrates-Karun delta. In Brice W.C. [ed.]. The environmental history of the Near and Middle East since the last ice age. London: Academic Press, 1978, p. 227-44 Lees G.M.; Falcon N.L. The geographical history of the Mesopotamian plains. Geographical Journal, vol.118, 1952, p.24-39 Nutzel W. The formation of the Arabian Gulf from 14000 BC. Sumer, vol.31, 1975, p.101-10 Nutzel W. The climate changes of Mesopotamia and bordering areas 14000-2000 BC. Sumer, vol.31, 1976, p.11-24 Plaziat J-C.; Younis W.R. The modern environments of Mollucs in southern Mesopotamia, Iraq: A guide to paleogeographical reconstructions of Quartenary fluvial, palustrine and marine deposits. Carnets de geologie/Notebooks on geology, 2005/01 Sieger R. Am Euphrat und Tigris. Osterreichische Monatsschrift fur den Orient, vol. 26, 1900, p. 79-82 Ubell K. Iraq’s water resources. Nature and Resources, vol.7 no.2, 1971, p.3-15 Pournelle J. Marshlands cities: Deltaic Landscapes and the evolution of Early Mesopotamian civilization. San Diego: UC San Diego University, 2003 (Diss.)

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Trade and Commercial Routes:

Adams R. McC. Anthropological Perspectives on Ancient Trade. Current Anthropology, vol. 33 no. 1, Feb. 1992, Supplement: Inquiry and Debate in the Human Sciences: Contributions from Current Anthropology (1960-1990), p. 141-160. Available on Jstor: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2743942

Adams R. McC. Anthropological Perspectives on Ancient Trade [with comments and replies].Current Anthropology, vol. 15 no.3, Sep.1974, p. 239-258. Available on Jstor: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2740901

Aruz J.; Benzel K.; Evans J. M. Beyond Babylon: art, trade, and diplomacy in the second millennium B.C. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art; New Haven: Yale

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Documentary Evidence. American Journal of Archaeology, vol. 76 no. 3, Jul.1972, p. 271-281. Available on Jstor: http://www.jstor.org/stable/503920


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Edens C. Dynamics of Trade in the Ancient Mesopotamian "World System". American Anthropologist, New Series vol. 94 no. 1, Mar. 1992, p. 118-139. Available on Jstor: http://www.jstor.org/stable/680040

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Uruk system :

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With the Gulf:

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Graeve de M.C. The ships of the Ancient Near East (c.2000-500 BC). Serie Orientalia Lovaniensia 7. Leuven: Department orientalister, 1981

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Surveys: Cahen C. L’Islam des origines au début de l’empire Ottoman. Paris : Hachette

Litteratures,1970

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ギدددヨェا ウャゅصددد ، ヶدددـヤバャا. ヵゲرررイヰャやメヱاやラゲرررボャやヶفررر りゲرررダらャやヶفررر るΑキゅرررダわホاやヱるرررΒハゅヨわィاやれゅرررヨΒヌレわャや ( れヱゲΒよ : ، ゲゼレャやヱるハゅらトヤャるバΒヤトャやケやキ1969ュ.)

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Agriculture production and land control:

Cahen C. Le service de l’irrigation en Iraq au debut du XIe siecle. 1947-48 Northedge A. Archaeology and new urban settlement in Early Islamic Syria and Iraq. In King G. R. D.; Cameron A. Studies in Late Antiquity and Early Islam II, Settlement Patterns in the Byzantine and Early Islamic Near East. Princeton: 1994, p. 231-265

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Hitti P.K. Capital cities of Arab Islam. Ann Arbor, MI: Books on Demand, 1991, 268p. Lapidus I.M. Muslim cities in the later Middle Ages. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1967, 307p.

Basra:

Al Azzawi A. al-Basra, khilal al-tanqib wal-siyana li-sanat 1980-1985. Sharja,1994 Donner F.M. Tribal settlement in Basra during the 1st century AH. In Khalidi, T. Land tenure and social transformation in the Middle East. Beirut: AUB, 1984 Hallett J. Trade and innovation: The Rise of a Pottery industry in Abbasid Basra. Oxford: University of Oxford, 1999 (Ph.D.diss.) Hammudi K. K. Conservations of Al-Kawwaz Mosque in Basrah, Archaeological restrictions and correction. Sumer, vol. 36 no.1-2, 1980, p.317-333 (Arabic) Husain K. A. (Dr.).The excavation of ancient Basrah, 2nd season, North sector. Sumer, vol.50, 1999/2000, p.239-249 Massignon L. Explication du plan de Basra. In Westöstliche Abhandlungen, Mélanges R. Tschudi. Wiesbaden: 1954 Meinecke M.; F. Aalund [Review of]. Basra. Islamische architektur und Archaologie. Mesopotamia, vol. 41, 2006 Mitchell R.C. Recent marine deposits near Basrah. Geological Magazine, vol.95, London: 1958, p.84-85 Al Nagshabandi N. The ancient city of Basrah. Sumer, vol. 36 no.1-2, 1980, p. 280-285 (Arabic) Pellat Ch. Le milieu basrien et la formation de Gahiz. Paris : A. Maisonneuve - J. Maisonneuve, 1953, 308p.

Kufa, Wasit :

Ahmad S. Survey of the Kufa area. Sumer, vol. 21, 1965, p. 229-252 Djaït H. Al-Kufa : naissance de la ville islamique. Paris: Maisonneuve et Larose, 1986, 340 p. (Islam d'hier et d'aujourd'hui; 29) Mustafa M.A. Taqir awwali ‘an al-tanqib fi l-Kufa lil mawsim al-thalith. Sumer, vol.12, 1956, p. 2-32

Mustafa M.A. Dar al Imara at Kufa. Sumer, vol. 21, 1965, p.229-252 Safar F. Wasit: The sixth season’s excavations. Cairo: Imprimerie de L‟Institut Français d‟Archéologie Orientale, 1945

Trades and markets: Al-Hadithi N.A.L. Les Relations arabo-persanes : aperçu historique. Bagdad: Dar al-

Ma'mun, 1986, 160 p.

Al-Rashid S. A. Darb Zubaydah: the pilgrim road from Kufa to Mecca. Saudi Arabia:

Riyadh University Libraries, 1980. Crowe Y. Early Islamic pottery and China. Transactions of the Oriental Ceramic

Society, vol. 47, 1977, p. 263-78

Gray B. The export of Chinese porcelain to the Islamic world: Some reflections on its significance for Islamic art before 1400. Transactions of the Oriental Ceramic Society, vol.41, 1977, p. 231-62, Whitehouse D. Maritime Trade in the Gulf: The 11th and 12th Centuries. World Archaeology, vol. 14 no. 3, Islamic Archaeology, Feb. 1983, p. 328-334. Available on Jstor: http://www.jstor.org/stable/124345

Cities and Their Rulers:

Armies:

Forey A. The military orders and the conversion of Muslims in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. Journal of Medieval History, vol. 28 no.1, Mar2002.

Kennedy H. The Armies of the Caliphs: Military and Society in the Early Islamic State. London-New York: Routledge, 2001, 229 p. (Warfare and History)

Control of the Land: Cahen C. L‟évolution de l‟itqa du 9e au 13e siècle. In Cahen C. Les peuples musulmans

dans l’histoire médiévale. Damas : Piblication de l‟Institut francais de Damas, 1977, p.231-69

Lambton A.K.S. The evolution of the iqta in medieval Iran. Iran, vol.5, 1967, p.41-50

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In Khalidi T. Land Tenure and Social Transformation in the Middle East. Beirut:American University of Beirut, 1984, p.209-222

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Pottery: Adams R.McC. Tell Abu Sarifa. A Sasanian-Islamic ceramic sequence from south

central Iraq. Ars Orientalis, vol. 8, 1970, p.87-119 Brechet R. Evolution de la poterie, de la période néolithique a la période abbasside. Amman : IFPO, 1981 Lane A. Early Islamic Pottery. London: Faber and Faber, 1971 (1st. ed. 1947) Pradell T.; Molera J.; Smith A. Technology of Islamic luster. Journal of Cultural Heritage, Suppl. vol. 9, Dec2008, p.123-128. Available on Ebsco : http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=35611518&site=ehost-live Pradell T.; Molera J.; Smith A.D.; Tite M.S. The invention of luster: Iraq 9th and 10th centuries AD. Journal of Archaeological Science, vol. 35 no.5, May2008, p.1201-1215. Available on Ebsco: http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=31397080&site=ehost-live

Arts and architecture: Architecture Education in the Islamic World: Proceedings of Seminar Ten in the Series

Architecture Transformations in the Islamic World held in Granada, Spain, April 21-25, 1986. Mass.: Aga Khan Program for Islamic Architecture at Harvard University, 1986, 212p. Creswell K.A.C. A bibliography of the Muslim architecture of Mesopotamia. Sumer, vol.12, p. 51-65, 195

The Ottoman Period, Sixteenth-Eighteenth / XVI-XVIII Centuries: General history: Al-Feel M.R. The Historical Geography of Iraq between the Mongolian and the

Ottoman Conquests 1258-1534. Reading, UK: University of Reading, School of Graduate Studies (Ph.D), 1959

Holt P.M. ; Lambton A.K.S. Encyclopédie générale de l'Islam : l'empire ottoman. Paris: SIED, 1984, 305 p.

Mantran R. [dir.]. Histoire de l'Empire Ottoman. Paris: Fayard, 1989, 816 p.

ュヱギョキリΒジェゲミゅセ ،ヵゲトゼャا : ヶルゅヨんバャやギヰバャやゲカやヱأ ヶف りゲトゼャや- ュゲΒわジィゅョるャゅシケ، キやギغよるバョゅィゆやキΓやるΒヤミ ، りケヲゼレョゲΒغ.

The Ottoman Empire :

Finkel C. Osman's Dream: The Story of the Ottoman Empire 1300–1923. London: John Murray, 2006

Newman A. J. Safavid Iran: Rebirth of a Persian Empire. London: I.B.Tauris, 2006 Price M. Iran's diverse peoples: a reference sourcebook (Ethnic Diversity within

Nations). California: ABC-Clio, 2005 Savory R.H. Iran under Safavids. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,1980 Spencer W. Iraq: Old Land, New Nation in Conflict. Brookfield , CT : Millbrook Press,

2000

The structure of the government: Buzpinar S. T. Ottoman Administration of Iraq, 1890-1908. Middle Eastern Studies, vol.

45 no. 2, Mar2009, p344-347. Available on Ebsco: http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=37185000&site=ehost-live Kunt M. The Sultan’s servants: the transformation of Ottoman provincial government. 1550-

1650. New-York: 1983 Mantran R. Règlements fiscaux de la province de Bassora. Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, vol.10, 1967, p.224-77 Raymond A. Les provinces arabes 16e-18e siècles. In Mantran R. [ed.]. Histoire de l’empire ottoman. Paris: Fayard, 1989, p.341-420 Rycault P. The History of the Present State of the Ottoman Empire. London: 1675 Societies:

Population: Barkan O.L. Essai sur les données statistiques des registres de recensement dans l’empire ottoman aux 15 e et 16 e siècles. Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, vol. 1, 1958, p.9-36

Trade : Fattah H.M. The politics of regional trade in Iraq, Arabia, and the Gulf, 1745-1900. Albany, NY: State University of New York, 1997, 254p. Mantran R. L’empire ottoman et le commerce asiatique aux 16e t 17e siècles. In Richards D.S. [ed.]. Islam and the Trade of Asia. Oxford: Bruno Cassirer ,1970, p. 169-79 Mc Carthy J. The Population of Ottoman Syria and Iraq 1878-1914. Asian and African Studies, vol.15-1, 1981, p.3-44

Cities:

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Continuity and Change: Design Strategies for Large-Scale Urban Development: Proceedings of the fourth seminar at Harvard and M.I.T., August 15-19, 1983.

Cambridge [Mass.]: Aga Khan Program for Islamic Architecture at Harvard University,

1984, 137 p. (Designing in Islamic Cultures ; 4)

Dumont P. ; Georgeon F. Villes ottomanes à la fin de l'Empire. Paris: L'Harmattan, 1992 Hanssen J.; Philipp T.; Weber S. [ed.]. The Empire in the City: Arab Provincial Capitals in the Late Ottoman Empire. Beirut: Ergon Verl., 2002, 375 p. (Beiruter Texte und Studien ; 88) Jwaide A. Aspect of Land tenure and social change in Lower Iraq during the late Ottoman time. In Khalidi T. Land tenure and social transformation in the Middle East. Beirut: American University of Beirut Press, 1984 Jwaide A. Midhat Pasha and the land system of Lower Iraq. In Hourani A. [ed.]. Land tenure and social transformation in the Middle East. Beirut: American University of Beirut Press, 1984, p.333-356 Raymond A. The Great Arab Cities in the 16th-18th centuries. New York: New York University Press,1984

Basra: Al-Rubaiay D.J. Irrigation and drainage systems in Basra Province, Iraq. UK: University

of Durham, 1984, p. 439

Rudi M. [Review of]. Between Arabs, Turks and Iranian: the town of Basra, 1600-1700. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, vol.69 no. 1, 2006 Saleh A.A. Khitat al-Basra. Sumer, vol. 8, 1952 Thabit A.J [Review of]. Merchants, Manlucks and Murder: The political economy of trade in Eighteenth century Basrah. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, vol.64 no. 3, 2001 Thabit AJ. A. [Review of]. Merchants, Mamluks and Murder: The Political Economy of Trade in Eighteenth Century Basra. Middle Eastern Studies, vol. 37 no. 4, Oct2001, p255. Available on Ebsco: http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=lfh&AN=5690567&site=ehost-live Visser R. Basra, the failed Gulf state: separatism and nationalism in southern Iraq.

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1924 Naff T.; Owen O. [ed.]. The Islamic world in the 18th Century. Carbondale, Illinois: 1977 The Climax of European Power (1914-1939): Abdul-Jabar F.; Dawod H. Tribes and power: nationalism and ethnicity in the Middle

East. London: Saqi Books, 2003, 325p.

Batatu H. The Old Social Classes and the Revolutionary Movements of Iraq. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1978 Çetinsaya G. The Ottoman View of British Presence in Iraq and the Gulf: The Era of Abdulhamid II. Middle Eastern Studies, vol. 39 no.2, Apr2003, p194. Available on Ebsco: http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=11404601&site=ehost-live Kedourie E. England and the Middle East: the destruction of the Ottoman Empire 1914-1921. London: Mansell 1987 (2nded.) Khadduri M. Independent Iraq 1932-1958. London: Oxford University Press, 1960 (2nded.) Longrigg S.H. Iraq 1900-1950: A Political, Social, and Economic History. London: London and New York: Oxford University Press, 1953 Luizard P-L. La Formation de l'Irak contemporain: Le rôle politique des Ulémas chiites à la fin de la domination ottomane et au moment de la construction de l'état irakien. Paris: CNRS Editions, 1991, 557p. Sluglett P. Britain in Iraq 1914-1932. London: Ithaca. Press, 1976 Hasan M.S. The Growth and Structure of Iraq’s population 1867-1947. Bulletin of the Oxford University Institute of Economy and Statistics, 1958, p. 339-351

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Anthropology

General bibliography:

Amin J. Confesiones y etnicas de Iraq. Hesperia: Culturas del Mediterraneo, vol. I, 2005, p43-65 Campbell C.G. [ed.]. Folktales from Iraq. Philadelphia: University of Philadelphia Press, 2005 (1st ed. 1949) Dziekan M. M. Iraqi-Irani Border, History- politics-culture. Rocznik orientalistyczny, vol. 56i, 2003, p 5-34 Field H. The Anthropology of Iraq Part I, N.2, the Lower Euphrates-Tigris Region. Anthropological Series, Field Museum of Natural History,vol.80,Chicago, 1949 Field H. [Review of]. An Anthropological Reconnaissance in the Near East, 1950. Man, vol. 58, Mar.1958, p. 49. Available on Jstor: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2793834 Hywel Davies D. Observations on Land Use in Iraq. Economic Geography, vol.33 no.2, Apr.1957, p.122-134. Available on Jstor: http://www.jstor.org/stable/142438 Ingham B. Regional and Social Factors in the Dialect Geography of Southern Iraq and Khūzistān. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, vol. 39 no. 1, 1976, p. 62-82. Lebon J.H.G. Population Distribution and the Agricultural Regions of ‘Iraq. Geographical Review, vol. 43 no. 2, Apr. 1953, p. 223-228. Available on Jstor: http://www.jstor.org/stable/211936 Lebon J.H.G. The New Irrigation Era in Iraq. Economic Geography, vol.31 no.1, Jan.1955, p.47-59. Available on Jstor: http://www.jstor.org/stable/142410 Shams C. [ed.]. Iraq, its history, people and politics. New-York: Humanity books, 2003 Strijp R. Cultural anthropology of the Middle-East: a bibliography. Vol. 1, 1965-1987.

Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1992, 568p. (Handbuch der Orientalistik. Abt. I, der Nahe und Mittlere Osten ; 10)

Strijp R. Cultural anthropology of the Middle-East: a bibliography. Vol. 2, 1988-1992.

Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1997, 260p. (Handbuch der Orientalistik ; 10)

Terence C. Iraq: people and places. Asian affairs, vol. 32/88i, 2001 , p 3-19 Tribus en Afrique du Nord et au Moyen-Orient. Laboratoire d'Anthropologie Sociale.

Paris: Navarin, 1987

ヴヘトصョゲミゅセ ،ユΒヤシ :ズΑゅらイャや (ベやゲバャやケやヲワأ ヶف るΑゲボャるΒィヲャヲよヱゲんルأ るシやケキ) キやギغよ ،るトよやゲャやるバらトョ ،.

ヶワゅらシゴΑゴع リΒΒئやギレヨャやるゃよゅダャやケヱグィ ، キやギغよ ،. ヵヱاゲらΑヲイャاه اギらع ケゅらィ :るΑゲصゅレャやヱりヱゅヨジャやヱるΒルやヲΑギャやヱるヤエャやヶف ヶよヲレイャやヱテシヱأやれやゲヘャやヴئゅゼハ ،

キやギغよ.

ムシスヲらヤワギΑゲ :ヶッゅヨャやヱゲッゅエャやヶف ラやギバヨャやるレΑギョァ ، ゲョヲシるヤイョリレΒョأやキヲヨエョるヨィゲゎ ، ، ギヤイョキやギغよ ،るョゅバャやケゅをΓやるΑゲΑギョ ،

リΒルفا :ケやヲワاやゆゲハヱやラゅムΑケァゅエャやキやギغよ ،فΑゲセユΒワやゲよやヱギΒバシモΒヨィるヨィゲゎ ،.

リΒジェギヨエョ ، ヵギΒよゴャا :ヵゲイヰャやメヱاやラゲボャやヶف るفヲムャやヶف るΑキゅダわホاやヱるΒハゅヨわィاやるャゅエャや ( りゲワゅボャや :، るΒヨャゅバャやるバらトヨャやュ.)

Marshes Hiltermann J.R. Diverting Water, Displacing Iraq’s marsh People. Middle East Report,

vol.181, Radical Movements: Migrants, Workers and Refugees, Mar-Apr.1993, p.36. Available on Jstor: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3013020

Thesiger W.; Westphal H. [Review of]. Die Ma'dan: Kultur und Geschichte der Marschenbewohner im Sud-Iraq. American Anthropologist, New Series vol. 67 no. 3, Jun. 1965, p. 809-811. Available on Jstor: http://www.jstor.org/stable/668548

Tillier M. Les Qâdî-s d'Irâq et Khûzistân : l'image de leur rôle politique et social à travers le Nishwâr al-muhâdara du qâdî al-Tanûkhî. Lyon: [s.n.], 1999, 144 p. (DEA : Histoire et Archéologie Médiévale: Université Lumière Lyon II : 1999.)

Westphal-Hellbusch. Die Ma’dan: Kultur and Gesichte der Marshenbewohner im Sud-Iraq. In Forshungen zur Ethnologie und Sozialprychologie, vol.4, Berlin:1962

Wilfred T. Les Arabes des Marais : Tigre et Euphrate. Paris: Plon, 1983, 280p.

Travelers:

Albright W. F. The Mouth of the Rivers. The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures, vol. 35 no. 4, July. 1919, p.161-195. Available on Jstor:


A Handbook of Mesopotamia (C.B 294). 4 vols. Admiralty War Staff, Intelligence Division. London: 1917

Azzawi A. The Tribes of Iraq, vol. I. Baghdad: Baghdad Press, 1936 Beawes W. Journey from Aleppo to Bassora. Asiatic Journal , vol. 5 (1817), p. 568; 6

(1818),p. 269-270 Bell G. Letters and pictures available on Gertrude Bell Archive: http://www.gerty.ncl.ac.uk/

(1868-1926) Binder H. Mésopotamie et Perse: voyages et voies de communication culturel, causes qui

peuvent améliorer l’état de ces pays. Bulletin de la Société de Géographie commerciale de Paris, vol. 10, 1887-1888, p. 509-517

http://www.gerty.ncl.ac.uk/

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Blunt A. (Lady).Bedouin Tribes of the Euphtates vol.I-II. London: Frank Cass, 1968 (1st

ed. 1879.) (Islam and the muslim world; 7)

Boesch H.H. El-‘Iraq. Economic Geography, vol. 15 no. 4, Oct. 1939, p. 325-361. Available on Jstor: http://www.jstor.org/stable/141771 Bourdillon B.H. The Political Situation in Iraq. Journal of the British Institute of International Affairs, vol.3 no.6, Nov.1924, p.273-287. Available on Jstor: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3014554 Buxton P.A.; V.H.W. Dowson. The Marsh Arabs of Lower Mesopotamia. Indian Antiquary, vol. 50, 1921

Cadoux H.W. Recent changes in the course of the lower Euphrates. Geographical Journal, vol. 38, 1906, p.266-77

Cahen C. Le service de l’irrigation en Iraq au début du XIe siècle. Bulletin d’Etudes Orientales, vol. 12, 1947-48, p.117-43

Caramon A. Des expéditions du colonel Chesney dans le but d’étudier la navigation de l’Euphrate, parallèle entre cette navigation et celle du Nil et de la Mer rouge. Bulletin de la Société de Géographie, 2eme série vol. 16, 1841, p.273-313

Carrington E. A trip to the Euphrates. Oriental herald, vol. 4, 1839, p.49-54 Chesney (Lieut-Colonel). The Expedition for the survey of the rivers Euphrates and

Tigris carried on by order of the british government in the years 1835, 1838 and 1837: preceded by geographical and historical notices of the regions situated between the rivers Nile and Indus. Volume I-II. New York: Longman, 1969(1st ed. 1850)

Chesney F.R. Narrative of the Euphrates expedition during the years 1835, 1836 and 1837. London: Longmans, 1868

Clave J. La route de L’Inde par la vallée de l’Euphrate. Revue des deux mondes, seconde période vol. 85, 1870, p.135-159

Cursetjee M. The land of the date: a recent voyage from Bombay to Basra and back, fully descriptive of the ports and peoples of the Persian Gulf and the Shat'-el-Arab, their conditions, history, and customs: 1916-1917. New ed. Garnet Pub.: 1994 Diary of a journey with Sir Eyre Coote from Bussora to Aleppo in 1780, from the original MS. Journal of the Royal Geographical Society, vol. 30, 1859, p.198-211

Dougherty R.P. Searching for Ancient remains in Lower Iraq. Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research, vol.7, 1925

Drower S. E. Marsh People of South Iraq. Journal of the Royal Central Asian Society, 1947

Fernea R.A. Shayh and Effendi: Cahnging patterns of authorithy among El Shabanaof southern Iraq. Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press, 1970

Field H. Arabs in central Iraq: their history, ethnology, and physical characters. Chicago, IL: Chicago Field Museum, 1935.

Field H. Marsh Arabs of Iraq. Asia, August 1936 Fontanier V. Navigation de l’Euphrate. Bulletin de la Société de Géographie, 2e série

vol. 7, 1836, p.118-120

Fulanain H. R. Marsh Arabs. London: Chatto & Windus, 1927 Fernea E.W. Guests of the Sheik: an ethnography of an Iraqi village. Garden City, NY: Doubleday and Co, 1969, 346p. Groom L. An interlude in Iraq: the photographs and diaries of Australian photographer Frank Hurley in the catalogues of the National Library of Australia. Visual resources: an international journal of documentation, vol. 21i, 2005, p41-53 (Marsh Arabs of Iraq photographed in 1944)

Harrison J.V. The Shatt-el-Arab. Journal of the Royal Central Asian Society, 1942 Huart C. Notice sur les tribus arabes de la Mésopotamie. JA, 7e serie, vol. 13, 1879, p. 53-

91 Hedgcock S.E. and S; Rikkan H. Marsh Arab. London: Chatto and Windus, 1927 Ismail A.Q. Twenty-five Days among the Marshdwellers. Ali-Ahaly Newspaper, Baghdad,

1934 Le commerce de la vallée de l’Euphrate de 1874-1875. l’Explorateur, vol. 3, 1876, p.576-578 Le Strange G. Description of Mesopotamia and Baghdad, written about the year 900 A.D. by

Ibn Serapion. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1895, p.1-76, 255-315. Levy R. A Note on the Marsh Arabs of Lower Iraq. Journal of the American Oriental Society,

vol. 44, 1924, p. 130-133. Available on Jstor: http://www.jstor.org/stable/593545 Loftus W.K. Notes of a journey from Baghdad to Busrah, with descriptions of several

Chaldeans remains. Journal of the Royal Geographical Society, vol. 26, 1856, p.131-153 Loftus W.K. Travels and researches in Chaldea and Susiana. London: J.Nisbet, 1857 Longrigg S.H. Four centuries of modern Iraq. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1925 Lynch H.B. Memoire, in three parts, of the River Euphrates. Transactions of the Bombay

Geographical Society, vol.6., 1841/44, p. 166-184 Maxwell G. A reed shaken by the wind. London: Eland, 1994 (1st ed. 1957) Maxwell G. [Review of]. A Reed Shaken by the Wind. Geographical Journal, vol. 124 no. 1, Mar. 1958, p.92-94. Available on Jstor: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1790573 Morgan J.de. Notes sur la Basse-Mésopotamie. La géographie, vol. 2, 1900, p.247-262 Moritz B. Zur Geographie and Ethnographie von SudMesopotamien. Gesellschaft fur Erdkunde zu Berlin, Verhandlungen vol.15, 1888, p.185-201 Musil A. The Middle Euphrates: a topographical itinerary. New York: AMS, 1978, 426p. Nippa A.; Burchardt H.; Herbstreuth P. Unterwegs am Golf von Basra nach Maskat. Photographien von Hermann Burchardt = Along the Gulf from Basra to Muscat. Photographs. Berlin: Schiler, 2006, 232p. Ochsenschlager E.L. Iraq's Marsh Arabs in the Garden of Eden. University of Pennsylvania: Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, 2004. Ochsenschlager E.L. [Review of]. Iraq’s Marsh Arabs in the Garden of Eden. American Anthropologist, New Series vol.107 no.3, Sept.2005, p.539-540. Available on Jstor: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3567072 Pelly L. Remarks on the tribes, trade, and resources around the shore line of the Persian Gulf. Transactions of the Bombay Geographical Society , vol. 17, 1863/64, p.32-112

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Pelly L. Recent tour round the northern portion of the Persian Gulf. Transactions of the Bombay Geographical Society, vol. 17, 1863/64, p.113-140 Philby H.St.J.B.; Edmonds C.J. The Marshes of Southern Iraq. Geographical Journal, vol. 125 no. 1, Mar.1959, p. 143-144. Available on Jstor: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1791939 Rajab J. S. The Marsh Arabs of Iraq-a memoir of their life, their dwelling and their embroideries. In P. L. Baker; B. Brend. Sifting sand, reading signs, studies in honor of Profesor Geza Fehervari. London: Furnace Publishing, 2006, p141-145 Salim S.M. Marsh dwellers of the Euphrates Delta. University of London: The Athlone press, 1962 (Ph.D: Economical and Political organisation of al-Shibayish, a marsh village community in southern Iraq, 1954-55) Sayce (Prof); Jackson J.; King L.W. [and al.].The Garden of Eden and its Restoration: Discussion. Geographical Journal, vol. 40 no. 2, Aug. 1912, p. 145-148. Available on Jstor: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1778460 Shahvar S. Tribes and telegraphs in Lower Iraq: The Muntafiq and the Baghdad-Basrah telegraph line of 1863-65. Middle Eastern studies, vol.39i, 2003, p89-116. Available on: http://www.ingentaselect.com Sigard F. De la navigation du cours inferieur de l’Euphrate en Basse Mésopotamie. Revue Maritime, vol.29, 1870, p.792-807 Smeaton W. Tattooing among the Arabs of Iraq. American Anthropologist, New Series vol. 39 no. 1, Jan-Mar. 1937, p. 53-61. Available on Jstor: http://www.jstor.org/stable/662073 Thesinger W. The Marshmen of Southern Iraq. Geographical Journal, vol. 120 no. 3, Sep. 1954, p.272-281. Available on Jstor: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1791577 Thesinger W. The Marsh Arabs. London: Penguin Books, 1967 (1st. ed. 1964) Thomas M. Bedouin Tribes and the Imperial Intelligence Services in Syria, Iraq and Transjordan in the 1920s. Journal of Contemporary History, vol. 38 no. 4, Oct. 2003, p.539-561. Available on Jstor: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3180708 Vaucelles (De) P. La Vie en Irak il y a un siècle vue par nos consuls. Paris: A.

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Voyage up to the river Euphrates from the Persian Gulf to Bussorah. Oriental herald, vol. 19, December 1828,p. 521-542 Wheeler N. Return to the Marshes: Life with the Marsh Arabs of Iraq. London: Collins, 1977 Willcocks S.W. The Garden of Eden and its restoration. The Geographical Journal, vol. 15, 1912, p.129-168 Willcocks S.W. [Review of]. The Irrigation of Mesopotamia. Bulletin of the American Geographical Society, vol.44 no.9, 1912, p.701. Available on Jstor: http://www.jstor.org/stable/200835 Wilson A.T. The Delta of the Shatt al ‘Arab and Proposals for Dredging the Bar. Geographical Journal, vol. 65 no. 3, Mar. 1925, p. 225-239. Available on Jstor: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1782890

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リジエャا ヲよأ ،ゲΒاأق リよإユΑゲムャا ギらع リよギヨエョュゲムャا ヶよأ リよヶヤع :オΑケゅわャやヶف モョゅムャや ،ノよやゲャやギヤイヨャや، ラゅレらャれヱゲΒよ،るΒヨヤバャやょわムャやケやキ،るバよやゲャやるバらトャや،ベゅホギャや فシヲΑ ギヨエョるバィやゲョ2003.

ゲΑゲィリよギヨエョゲヘバィヲよأ ، ヵゲらトャا( :やオΑケゅゎユョأ ポヲヤヨャやヱ)ァ،4 りゲワゅボャや ،ンゲらムャやるΑケゅイわャやるらわムヨャや ،1939.

197719871992

リΑギャا ユイルギヨェا :ベやゲバャやヶف ラゅムジャやメやヲェأゅボャやラるΒよゲバャやれゅシやケギャやヱゐヲエらャやギヰバョ ، りゲワ1970.

ろミヲセンギル ،れキヲィ :ケゅホヵクるトفゅエョケやヲワأ ヶف ヶヘΑゲャやラゅトΒわシإやるΒヤミ ،りケヲゼレョゲΒغ ゲΒわジィゅョるャゅシケ ، ،キやギغよるバョゅィゆやキΓや1989.

ヶヘトャラاヲヤシ ،ヶヤع ギヨエョ : るΒヨワأ リヨッるΑゲゼらャやれやゲボわジヨャやろّــわゼゎヱゴΒミゲゎヶف るΒヨレわャやれゅΒトバョペデゅレヨよるホاバャやれやクラゅジΒョヱケゅホヵク ،りゲダらャやれゅヌفゅエョケやヲワأやるΒヤミ ،りケヲゼレョゲΒغ ゲΒわジィゅョるャゅシケ ،

،キやギغよるバョゅィゆやキΓや2006. ユظゅミユヤジョ ،ギΒヨェ :ケやヲワاやユΒヤホやヶف リヤトΒわシاやゴミやゲョヲヨルヱケやゲボわシやヶف ヵキゅダわホاやヅゅゼレャやるΒヨワや ،

キやギغよるバョゅィ ،ヶヨΒヤホاやヱヵゲツエャやテΒトガわャやゴミゲョ ،りケヲゼレョゲΒغ ゲΒわジィゅョるャゅシケ1989.

34



キヱاキュゅバルا ،モレェ : テΒトガわャやベやゲバャやケやヲワやンゅハペΒらトわャやノョるΒェゅΒジャやるΒヨレわヤャゲΒغ ゲΒわジィゅョるャゅシケ ، キやギغよるバョゅィ ،キゅダわホاやヱりケやキاやるΒヤミ ،りケヲゼレョ1980.

1991

モΒعゅヨددシا モددΒヤخ ، ベやゲررバャやヶفرر ヶررヘΑゲャやラゅトΒわررシاやヅゅررヨルやるΒルゅヨΒヤررジャやるررヌفゅエヨャるررルケゅボョるررシやケキ ، ، キやギغよるバョゅィ ، ゆやキاやるΒヤミ ، ロやケヲわミキるャゅシケ ، ケゅホヵクヱケゅらルاやヱ1979 ュ ( ケヲゼレョゲΒغ )

キ ، ヵギバددジャا . モضددゅف サゅددらع ، やゲررバャやヶفرر ケやヲررワاやるررボトレョラゅムررジャヶفررやゲغイャやノررΑコヲわャやゲررΒغゎユヰゎゅررミゲェヱベヶョゅررハリΒررよるررΒルゅムヨャや1977 ً 1987 りヱギررルノئゅررホヱ ، ュ ( ベやゲررバャやゆヲررレィヶفرر ケやヲررワاやモらボわررジョヱノررホやヱ )

1992 ュ ( ケヲゼレョゲΒغ . ) キ ، リヨェゲャا ギらع . ユΒدェケリΑヱゲよ ، ケやヲرワاやユΒرヤホやヶفر るرΒヨレわャやヴرヤハるェゅΒرジャやゲرをやヶفر ケやヲرワاやりヱギرルノئゅرホヱ ،

، ケゅホヵクるヌفゅエョ1986 ュ ( ケヲゼレョゲΒغ ) ケヲددヤミサゅددらع キヲددヨエョ ، ، モらボわررジヨャやヱょΒャゅررシاやヱ فやギررワاや ، ケゅررホヵクるررヌفゅエョヶفرر ケやヲررワاやりヱギررルノئゅررホヱ ،

1986 ュ ( ケヲゼレョゲΒغ . ) モΒعゅヨددシا モددΒヤخ ، ギددヨエョ ، ケゅررホヵクケやヲررワやヶفرر ヶررヘΑゲャやラゅررトΒゎاやヱるررΒفやゲغヨΑギャやれやゲررΒغわヨャやりヱギررルノئゅررホヱ ،

ケゅホヵクるヌفゅエョヶف ، ケやヲワاや1986 ュ ( ケヲジレョゲΒغ ) ، ヶヤΒボバャا ズدワキ ، ラゅدヨバル ، リΒエرダャやるرボトレヨャるΒェゅΒرジャやるرΒفやゲغイャや ، るرΒホやゲバャやるرΒفやゲغイャやるرΒバヨイャやるرヤイョ ،

، ノよゅジャやギヤイヨャや1971 ュ . キ ، ヵギレらゼボレャا .リΒョا ギヨエョキاコا ،りゲダらャやるヌفゅエョヶف るΒバΒらトャやるΒェゅΒジャやれゅルゅムョاやりゲرダらャやるハヲرシヲョ ،

るΑケゅツエャや(1 ) ، ヶفやゲغイャやケヲエヨャや ،1988ュ .

ヶヤع ギらع ラゅヨヤシベやゲバャやヶف ヶヘΑゲャやノヨわイヨャや ، ラゲゼレヤャギΒセゲャやケやキ ،1980ュ.

Soil, agriculture, plants, birds and water resources:

ユシゅホ ،ヶシヲデゲヘャا :ケやヲワاやヶف ギΒダャやキやギغよ ،るハゅらトヤャりゲΑゴイャやょわムョ ،2007. ゲΒゼよ ،サヲヤャا :るΒئゅヨャやケヲΒトャやァ ،1 キやギغよ ،るトよやゲャやるバらトョ ،1960. ギらع モムΑゅョ ،ゅゎヱゲΒよاه : ょシやヱゲャやるΒئゅΒヨΒミケヱギΒワヱるΒئゅΒヨΒミヲΒィヱるΒفやゲغヱゲわよヱるΒよヲシケベやゲバャやゆヲレェヶف ケゅヨエャやケヲヰャるんΑギエャや ،ュヲヤバャやるΒヤミ ،りケヲゼレョゲΒغ ゲΒわジィゅョるャゅシケ ،

キやギغよるバョゅィ1982. リΒレセ اهギらع ،ヶヨシゅイャا : るΑゴワゅィヶف ケゅヨエャやヶャゅハやケやヲワやゆゲゎヂバよ فゅヘィゲΒをأゎマルゴャやヱケヲヘジヘャやغ ゲΒわジィゅョるャゅシケ ، キやギغよるバョゅィるハやケゴャやるΒヤミ ،るよゲわャやユジホ ،りケヲゼレョゲΒ

1988. ヶルゅق ヶワاケラاゲヨع ،ヶョاャا : ゲヤハヶよゲバャやアΒヤガヤャるΑゲエらャや ئصゅダガャやヂバよゲΒをゅゎゆゲバャやテセンゲイヨャヶャゅヨゼャや ءゴイャやるΒィヲャヱケギΒワるΒヤミ ،りケヲゼレョゲΒغ ゲΒわジィゅョるャゅシケ ،

،りゲダらャやるバョゅィゆやキΓや2009. るヘΒヤخ ギヨエョ ،ヶヨΒャギャا :れゅェゅジョリΑゅらゎベやゲバャやヶف コゲャや ،りケヲゼレョゲΒغ ゲΒわジィゅョるャゅシケ ، キやギغよるバョゅィゆやキاやるΒヤミ1975.

ギヨエョモΒヤイャا ギらع ، ヵギΒよゴャا ، ょャゅエトャやヴヤハるΒゃΒよるシやケキ ( るΒゎゅらレャやれゅヨئゅヰャや ) ヂバらャるレホゲャやリョるらΑゲボャやケやヲワاやペデゅレョュヲヤバャやるΒヤミ ، りゅΒエャやュヲヤハユジホ ، ゲΒわジィゅョるャゅシケ ،

، りゲダらャやるバョゅィ1985 ュ ( ケヲゼレョゲΒغ. ) ヶئゅددトャا /リددシケゲخゅفدد ベやゲررバャやヶفرر ケやヲررワاやゆゲررゎ فΒصررヲゎ ، ユررジホ ، ゲΒわررジィゅョるャゅررシケ ، ، キやギغよるバョゅィ ، るハやケゴャやるΒヤミ ، るよゲわャや1989 ュ ( ケヲゼレョゲΒغ . ) ゲددらィユΒددェケ ، ヶددヤع ، ヮررゎゅルゅムョやヱォヲΒررゼャやベヲررシ ءゅررツホヶفرر ヶررハやケゴャやァゅررわルاやれゅررョヲボョ

るΒヤらボわジヨャやゆやキاやるΒヤミ ، ゲΒわジィゅョヴャゅシケ ، ، りゲرダらャやるرバョゅィ1990 ュ ( ケヲرゼレョゲرΒغ ) . キ ،リΒジェ .るバヨィユシゅよケやヲワاやヶف ポゅヨシاやギΒص ヴヤハりゲトΒジャや ، ケやヲرワاやりヱギرルノئゅホヱ ،

، ケゅホヵクるヌفゅエョヶ1986ف ュ . ユΒددムエャا ギددらع るددヘΒヤخ ラاヲضددケヱモددΒヤخ モΒعゅヨددシا ، ょددΒトガャا ، ゆゲررわャやりケやキやヱゥرراダわシやエらャやザرررヨヤバャやゑرررレャやヶرررレャや ، りヱギرررミゲョりヱギرررエらャやゴرررΒハやケゴャやゐヲرررヨャやヱるرررゅヨャやキケやヲئΒرررヤイョ ، るررر

ベやゲرバャやゆヲرレィケやヲرワاやるボトレョゲΑヲトゎリハヴャヱاやるΒヨャゅバャや ءゴرイャや ، ベやゲرバャや ، ケゅرホヵク ، ، メヱاやラヲルゅミ ، メヱاや1986 ュ ( . ケヲゼレョゲΒغ . ) キ ، ヅゅΒガャا .リΒジエャا ギらع ، ケやヲرワاやラゅムرジャるらジレャゅよゅヰわヨワやヱベやゲバャやヶف ケやヲワاやれゅゎゅらル ،

れゅゎゅらレャやゐヲエよゴミゲョヲرよや ، るرΒボΒらトわャやるرΒハやケゴャやゐヲエらヤャるョゅバャやるゃΒヰャや ، ケヱグらャやペΑギダゎヱ ، ケゅرホヵク ، ベやゲرバャやゆヲرレィケやヲرワاやるرボトレョゲΑヲرトゎリرハヴرャヱاやるرΒヨヤバャやりヱギرレャや ، ょΑゲغ

، メヱاやラヲルゅミ ، ヶルゅんャや ءゴイャや ، ベやゲバャや1986 ュ ( ケヲゼレョゲΒغ . ) キ ، ラゅヨΒヤددシ . ギددらع ケキゅدددルレイャやベやゲرررバャやケやヲررワやメغاわرررシやるرررΒルゅムョや ، ポゅヨرررシやヶرررよやゲヨミるررΒよヲりヱギررルノئゅررホヱ ، メヲررヤエャやヱれゅررホヲバヨャや ، れゅΑゲررゼホヱ ( ゆヲررレィヶررヘミケやヲررワاやモらボわررジョヱノررホやヱ

ベやゲバャや ) ،1992 ( ケヲゼレョゲΒغ . ) キ ، ラゅヨヤددシ . ギددらع ケキゅددル ، ケやヲررワاやるررゃΒよリررトボゎヶررわャやポゅヨررシاャるررΒゎゅΒエャやょررルやヲイャやヂررバよりヱギررルノئゅررホヱ ، ベやゲررバャやヶفرر るررΒよヲレイャや ( ィヶفرر ケやヲررワاやモらボわررジョヱノررホやヱベやゲررバャやゆヲررレ) ،

1992 ュ ( ケヲゼレョゲΒغ . ) ヵキゅヰャا ギらع るョゅシا ، ヶルاキヲジャا ، るرΒらΒらエャやゥやヲرャاやるハゅレص ヶف ケやヲワاやれゅゎゅらルュやギガわシや ، ، ケゅホヵクるヌفゅエョヶف ケやヲワاやりヱギルノئゅホヱ1986 ュ (ケヲゼレョゲΒغ . ) キ ، ゲワゅدددデ .ゴدددΑゴع ゲΒヨدددシキ ، . ょرررダボャやヲرررヨルヴرررヤハりゲをرررنヨャやモرررョやヲバャや ، るャヲヨرررゼミょرررャゅデ

ゅゼわルやヱベやゲバヤャるΒよヲレイャやケやヲワاやヶف ケリرハヴرャヱاやるرΒヨャゅバャやりヱギレャや ، テヘレャやゐヲエよゴミゲョ ، ، ヶルゅرんャや ءゴرイャや ، ベやゲرバャや ، ケゅホヵク ، ベやゲバャやゆヲレィヶف ケやヲワاやるボトレョゲΑヲトゎ1986 ュ

( ケヲゼレョゲΒغ . ) リررハ ررصガヤョゲررΑゲボゎ ، ユΒョゅررダわャやヱれゅررシやケギャやユررジホ ، るررョゅバャやれゅررルやゴガャやヱキヱギررジャやるررΑゲΑギョエャやネヱゲゼョるシやケキ ، るルゲボャやヴャやるΑゲصゅレャやリョケゅヨ1976 ュ ( ケヲゼレョゲΒغ . ) ، るررバよゅわヨャやヱテトガわررャやユررジホ ، りゲررダらャやヶفرر ヶررハやケゴャやゥاصرراやヱるررハやケゴヤャるررョゅバャやるررゃΒヰャや

، りゲダらャやるヌفゅエョヶف ケやヲワاやリハれゅシやケキ1983 ュ ( ケヲゼレョゲΒغ . ) テΒرررトガわャやユرررジホ ، りゲرررダらャやるرررヌفゅエョヶفررر ヶرررハやケゴャやゥاصررراやヱるرررハやケゴヤャるرررョゅバャやるرررゃΒヰャや ، りゲダらャやヶف ケやヲワاやリハるシやケキ ، るバよゅわヨャやヱ1979 ュ ( ケヲゼレョゲΒغ . ) れゅرゎゅらルリرョ فゅرイャやヶルやヲرΒエャや رفヤバャやノΒレダゎるレイャ ، ヶハやケゴャやゥاصاやヱるハやケゴャやりケやコヱ

، ベやゲバャやヶف ケやヲワاや1974 ュ ( ケヲゼレョゲΒغ ) ررヤエャやヱれゅررホヲバヨャや ، ケやヲررワاやるررボトレョヶفرر るΒムヨررジャやりヱゲررんャやるررΒヨレゎ ، ユررイルゲررヨホ ، ュゅワギررャや ، メヲるレررジャや ، ヶررよゲバャやアΒررヤガャやるررヤイョ16 キギررバャや ، ラヱゲررゼバャやギررヤイヨャや2 アΒررヤガャやれゅررシやケキゴررミゲョ

، りゲダらャやるバョゅィ ، ヶよゲバャや1988ュ .

35



リرョるデヲرغツヨャやるرΒらΒらエャやゥやヲرャاやノΒレرダゎ ، テヘレرャやゐヲرエよゴرミゲョ ، ヶرヨヤバャやゑエらャやザヤイョ ، ヵキゲらャや1984 るヨホゲヨャやネやゲわカاやりءやゲよ ، ュ1947 ヶ1986/ 23/4ف ュ ( ケヲرゼレョゲرΒغ

. )

ユΒワاゲよا ، モヰヤヰョ ،マヘわレヨャや ءやヲャヶف コゲャやるハやケコギヤイヨャや ، るΒホやゲバャやるハやケゴャやるヤイョ ، ، ゑャゅんャや ءゴイャや ، ゑャゅんャや1948. ヶΒエΑ ゥゅわف りケゅヨバャや ءやヲャヶف ょヤゼャやるハやケコ ، ، ヶルゅرんャやギرヤイヨャや ، るΒホやゲバャやるハやケゴャやるヤイョ ،

، ノよやゲャや ءゴイャや1947ュ . キ ، ラヲバヨセ .ベヱコケゲΒヨャا メغاわシやるΒヨワや ، ヶムヨرジャやヶئやグغرャやリرョاやペرΒボエわャるよグバャやロゅΒヨャやベやゲバャやヶف キギバャや ، るΒムヨジャやるハやケゴャやるヤイョ ،2 ،1989 ュ . キ ، اゅエصددャا . ヶددヤع ギددヨエョヵギددヰョヮررΒف りゲをررنヨャやモررョやヲバャやヱヵゲررヰレャや فΑゲررダわャや ، るررヤイョ ،

، キやギغよるバらトョ ، サキゅジャやギヤイヨャや ، るΒホやゲバャやるΒفやゲغイャやるΒバヨイャや1970ュ . キ ، ズヤゼャا . リΒدジェヶدヤع ، ヶرハやケゴャやァゅرわルاゅよヮرわホاハヱヶئゅرヨャやラコやヲرわヤャヶルゅرムヨャやリΑゅرらわャやベやゲバャやヶف ギヤイヨャや ، りゲダらャやるバョゅィ ، ヶよゲバャやアΒヤガャやるヤイョ ،11 キギバャや ،1 ،1979 ュ . キヲددヨエョ فمゅددェ ، ユظゅددミ ، ペデゅررレヨャやヱヶよヲررシゲャやモヰررジャやヶفرر メゅررョゲャやケキゅررダョリررハゲررΑゲボゎケヱゅرررイヨャやヵゲرررエわャやヱヶィヲرررャヲΒイャやアΒرررジレヤャるرررョゅバャやるرررΑゲΑギヨャや ، モرررΒヤエゎゴرررミゲョ ، ヶルギرررバヨャや

، るΑヲイャやヱるΒئゅツヘャやれゅョヲヤバヨャや1978ュ . ベاコゲددャا ギددらع リددジェ ، ギددヨエョ ، ノΑケゅررゼヨヤャるΒررジΒئゲャやメコゅررらヨャやヱれゅよゅررダバャや ءゅررゼルやるررΒヨワやるΒئゅヨャやるΒゃΒらャやヱるΒئやヱケاや ،1987 ュ ( ケヲゼレョゲΒغ . ) キ ، リジΒエョ .ヶルゅバレムャا ユイルヵギヰョゥصاヱギヨض ラゅェゲف るرΒよゲわャベやゲرバャやゆヲرレィるرヨائョ ،

やヵキゅرΒわハاやゆケゅムャやポゅヨシりヱギرルノئゅرホヱ ، ( ベやゲرバャやゆヲرレィヶفر ケやヲرワاやモらボわرジョヱノرホやヱ )1992 ケヲゼレョゲΒغ ュ . ، りケヲررゼレョゲررΒغ れゅررルゅΒよ ، りゲرトΒらャやユررジホ ، りゲررダらャやるررヌفゅエョヶفر るررΒルやヲΒエャやりヱゲررんャやるرΑゲΑギョ1992 ュ . ررハゲررΑゲボゎ ، ユΒョゅررダわャやヱれゅررシやケギャやユررジホ ، るررョゅバャやれゅررルやゴガャやヱキヱギررジャやるررΑゲΑギョリ

ベやゲバャやケやヲワや1976 ュ ( ケヲゼレョゲΒغ . ) リررハ ررصガヤョゲررΑゲボゎラユΒョゅررダわャやヱれゅررシやケギャやユررジホ ، るررョゅバャやれゅررルやゴガャやヱキヱギررジャやゲΑギررョ ، るルゲボャやヴャやるΑゲصゅレャやリョケゅヨエャやケヲワネヱゲゼョるシやケキ1971 ュ (ケヲゼレョゲΒغ ) るرシやケキリرハ صガヤョゲΑゲボゎ ، ユΒョゅダわャやヱれゅシやケギャやユジホ ، るョゅバャやれゅルやゴガャやヱキヱギジャやゲΑギョ

ゲゼョ ، るレホゲャやヴャやるΑゲصゅレャやリョケゅヨエャやケヲワネヱ1976 ュ (ケヲゼレョゲΒغ . ) リΒدジェュゅعصد ، ケゅイレャا コゲرャやチケやるرをやゲェ ، るرボヤエャや ، ヶرハやケゴャやギرセゲヨャやるャゅرシケ ،93 ، ، キやギغよ1973ュ . ، るررバよゅわヨャやヱテΒررトガわャやユررジホ ، りゲررダらャやヶفرر ヶررハやケゴャやゥاصرراやヱるررハやケゴヤャるررョゅバャやるررゃΒヰャや

ダらャやるヌفゅエョヶف ケやヲワاやリハるシやケキ ، りゲ1983 ュ (ケヲゼレョゲΒغ ) テΒرررトガわャやユرررジホ ، りゲرررダらャやるرررヌفゅエョヶفررر ヶرررハやケゴャやゥاصررراやヱるرررハやケゴヤャるرررョゅバャやるرررゃΒヰャや ، りゲダらャやヶف ケやヲワاやリハるシやケキ ، るバよゅわヨャやヱ1979 ュ (ケヲゼレョゲΒغ . ) りギرررジャやるΒミヲヤرررシ ، るΒئゅرررゼルاやれやゲرررらわガヨヤャヶョヲرررボャやゴرررミゲヨャや ، ゲرررΒヨバわャやヱラゅムرررシاやりケやコヱ

ペデゅレョヶف るΒらΑゲイわャやベやゲバャや ، ベやゲバャやゆヲレィヶف ケやヲワاや(れ، ゆ ( ) ケヲゼレョゲΒغ ) れゅرゎゅらルリرョ فゅرイャやヶルやヲرΒエャや رفヤバャやノΒレダゎるレイャ ، ヶハやケゴャやゥاصاやヱるハやケゴャやりケやコヱ ، ベやゲバャやヶف ケやヲワاや1974 ュ (ケヲゼレョゲΒغ . ) るヤムررゼョ ، ヵゲررャやノΑケゅررゼョユΒョゅررダゎヱれゅررシやケギヤャれやゲررヘャやゴررミゲョ ، ヵゲررャやヱるررハやケゴャやりケやコヱ

ょΒシゅレョネゅヘゎケや ، ケゅヨエャやケヲワ1988 (ケヲゼレョゲΒغ )

، ゆゲバャやテセロゅΒョるェヲヤョ ، ヵゲャやヱるハやケゴャやりケやコヱ1992 (ケヲゼレョゲΒغ ) ゲررΒغ れゅررルゅΒよ ، ヵゲررャやノΑケゅررゼョモΒررغゼゎヱるルゅΒررダャるررョゅバャやるررゃΒヰャや ، ヵゲررャやヱるررハやケゴャやりケやコヱ ،りケヲゼレョ1992ュ . ギヨエョケゅらイャا ギらع ، リΒョا コゲャやるハやケコ ، ギヤイヨャや ، るΒホやゲバャやるハやケゴャやるヤイョ ،26 ءゴرイャや ، ، ノよやゲャや1972ュ . ユΒワاゲدددよا キヲدددヨエョラギدددョゅエャا ベやゲرررバャやヶفررر ゆケゅرررムャやポゅヨرررシやるرررΒよゲゎ ، るرررΒホやゲバャやるرررヤイヨャやラ

، ヶルゅんャやキギバャや ، メヱاやギヤイヨャや ، るΒハやケゴャやゐゅエよاャ1960ュ . キ ، ゆゅゼガャا . キヱペدΒفヱ . اゅエصدャا ヵギدヰョるΒヤらボわرジヨャやヱるرΒャゅエャやゅرワケゅをやヱヵゲرャやノΑケゅرゼョ ،リΑギفやゲャやキاよヶف れゅシやケキ ، キギバャや ، メゅΒィاや1 ، るジョゅガャやるレジャや ،1984ュ . メキゅعدد ، ゆゅددトガャا ، ベやゲررバャやヶفرر るΒムヨررジャやりヱゲررんャやるررバョゅィ ، ゆやキاやるررΒヤミ ، ギررよゲヨャやるررヤイョ ، キギバャや ، りゲダらャや2-3-1978ュ . キ ، モらΒعキ .りゲワゴャا ギらع ヶヤع ، るΒムヨرジャやりヱゲرんャやヴرヤハヶرゃΒらャやゐヲヤんャやゲΒをأゎりヱゲرんャやるرヤイョ ، キギバャや ، るΒムヨジャや1 やるレジャや ، ، ポゅヨシاやヶイわレヨャるョゅバャやるルゅョاや ، ヴャヱ1981اュ . ユددイルゲددヨホ ، ュゅワギددャا ケやヲررワاやるررボトレョヶفرر るΒムヨررジャやりヱゲررんャやるررΒヨレゎ ، ،メヲررヤエャやヱれゅررホヲバヨャや ،

るレジャや ، ヶよゲバャやアΒヤガャやるヤイョ16 キギرバャや ، ラヱゲرゼバャやギヤイヨャや ،2 アΒرヤガャやれゅرシやケキゴرミゲョ ، ، りゲダらャやるバョゅィ ، ヶよゲバャや1988 ュ . ラヲレェ فヤخ ، ヶバΒよゲャا ، ゲرダらャやるرボトレョヶفر ゆケゅرムャやポゅヨرシやるرΒよゲわャるΒヨヤハるよゲイゎメヱや ، り

キギバャや ، ヶルゅんャやギヤイヨャやラりゲダらャや ، るバョゅイャやるヤイョ3-4 ً 1968ュ . キ ، ヶدددバΒよゲャا .ユدددシゅィキヱاキるرررミゲバヨャやヱチケاや ، ゆゲرررバャやテرررゼャるرررΒィヲャヱケギΒワるرررシやケキ ، ، ، りゲダらャやるバョゅィ ، ゆやキاやるヤイョ1987ュ . キ ، ヶバΒよゲャا .ユシゅィキヱاキ ، りゲワゅظ ヶفر ゆヲرシゲャやモヰرジャやリرョヶよヲرレイャやユرジボャやヶفر るرェヲヤヨャや

ベやゲررバャや ، ラヱゲررゼバャやギررヤイヨャや ، りゲررゼハるررシキゅジャやるレررジャや ، りゲررダらャやヶررよゲバャやアΒررヤガャやるررヤイョ ، キギバャや2 ،1988ュ . キ ، ヶバΒよゲャا .キケاヲヨャا ラユシゅィキヱاキ ، りゲرダらャやるرヌفゅエョヶفر るΒエトرジャやるΒエトرジャやるΒئゅヨャや ،

، ゲゼハるレョゅんャやるレジャや ، ヶよゲバャやアΒヤガャやるヤエョ ، ギヤイヨャや22 キギバャや ،3 ،1990 ュ . ペΒヘセ ، ヵギヰョ ، ヶよゲバャやリデヲャやヱベやゲバャやヶف るΒئゅヨャやケヲΒトャや ، ケヲΒトャやるرΒヨヤバャやるヤرジヤジャや ، ،16 ، ゲゼレヤャギΒセゲャやケやキ ،1982ュ .

ラゅツョケンゲゼよ ، リΒシゅΑ ، るレΑギヨャや ءゅツホヶف ヶハやケゴャやァゅわルاャヶفやゲغィモΒヤエゎるャゅシケ ،ゲダらャやるバョゅィ ، ゆやキاやるΒヤミ ، ゲΒわジィゅョ ، り1992 ュ ( ケヲゼレョゲΒغ.) عコゅددィメギレصدد キاヲددィ ، ラاギددヤらャا りゲررダらャやるررヌفゅエョヶفرر ケヲررヨわャやァゅررわルやヱモررΒガレャやるررハやケコ ، ،

りゲわヘヤャ1950 ً 1980 ュ . ، りゲرダらャやるرバョゅィ ، るΒよゲわャやるΒヤミ ، ゲΒわジィゅョるャゅシケ1988 ، ( りケヲゼレョゲΒغ . ) キ ، ヮシヲシ .ギヨェا るرョゅバャやヵゲرャやるΑゲΑギョ ، れやゲヘャやゲヰル ، ベやゲバャやヵケヶف ، メヱاや ءゴرイャや ،

، キやギغよ ، るョヲムエャやるバらトョ ،1945ュ . キ ، ヮدددシヲシ .ギدددヨェا ラオΑケゅرررわャやヶفررر キやギغرررよれゅルゅرررツΒف ょرررΑキاやるرررバらトョラメヱاやユرررジボャや ، ، るΑキやギغらャや1963ュ . キ ،اゅエصャا .ヵギヰョラゐヲヤわャやリョゅヰわルゅΒصヱベやゲバャやヶف るΒئゅヨャやキケやヲヨャや ،1976ュ . リシケゲخゅف ، ヶئゅトャاケやヲワاやゆゲゎ فΒレダゎヱ فΒصヲゎラベやゲرバャやヶفر ゲΒわرジィゅョるャゅرシケ ،

، キやギغよるバョゅィラるハやケゴャやるΒヤミ ، るよゲわャやユジホ ،1989 ュ (りケヲゼレョゲΒغ ) アددΑا ケゅددらィ ، ヶددヤع キやギغررよるررレΑギョモررカやキるررヤィキゲررヰルヶفرر るررらئやグャやるررャヲヨエャやるررシやケキ ، るャゅررシケ ، ، キやギغよるバョゅィ ، ュヲヤバャやるΒヤミ ، ゲΒわジィゅョ1985 ュ (りケヲゼレョゲΒغ )

36



ゲدらィユΒدェケ ، ヶヤا عやれゅرョヲボョ ، るΒヤらボわرジヨャやヮرゎゅルゅムョやヱベヲرシ ءゅرツホヶفر ヶرハやケゴャやァゅرわル ، ، りゲダらャやるバョゅィ ، ゆやキاやるΒヤミ ، ゲΒわジィゅョるャゅシケ1990 ュ ( りケヲゼレョゲΒغ ) ヵキゅヰャا ギらع るョゅシا ، ヶルاキヲジャا ، るرΒらΒらエャやゥやヲرャاやるハゅレص ヶف ケやヲワاやれゅゎゅらルュやギガわシや ،

، ケゅホヵクるヌفゅエョヶف ケやヲワاやりヱギルノئゅホヱ1986 ュ0 ケヲゼレョゲΒغ ) ゲرΒغ れゅرルゅΒよ ، るرバよゅわヨャやヱテΒرトガわャやユرジホラォヲΒرゼャやベヲシ ءゅツホヶف ヵゲャやヱるハやケゴャやネゲف ، りケヲゼレョ1992ュ . ، るرΒئゅヨャやれاヲャギرヨャや ، メゴرらャやヱヵゲرャやユرジホラりゲرダらャやるرヌفゅエョヶفر ヵゲرャやヱるرハやケゴャやネゲف

1992 ュ ( りケヲゼレョゲΒغ れゅルゅΒよ ) ، るررバよゅわヨャやヱテΒررトガわャやユررジホ ، りゲررダらャやるررヌفゅエョヶفرر ヵゲررャやヱるررハやケゴャやネゲفرر ゲررΒغ れゅررルゅΒよ ، りケヲゼレョ1992ュ . るرバよゅわヨャやヱテΒرトガわャやユرジホラケゅرホヵクヵゲرャやヱるرハやケゴャやネゲف ( ヶفر リΒャヱرنジヨャやノرョるرヤよゅボョ

りゲئやギャや )1992ュ . ، りケヲرゼレョゲرΒغ れゅرルゅΒよるバよゅわヨャやヱテΒトガわャやユジホ ، キヲヰヘャやるΒェゅルヶف ヵゲャやヱるハやケゴャやネゲف1992ュ . サゅらع リジェ ، ヶヤバャا ،バャやケやヲワاやるボトレョヶف ヶルゅΒェاやるΒホやゲ 2004 .

37



Annex III

Chronological Index of References

Proto-history: Adams R. McC. An early prehistoric site in the Warka region. Sumer, 1975a, p.2 Algaze G. The Uruk world system: the dynamics of expansion of early

Mesopotamian civilization. 1993, p.3

Algaze G. [and al.]. The Uruk Expansion: Cross-cultural exchange in Early Mesopotamian Civilization [with comments and reply]. 1989, p.3 Aruz J.; Benzel K.; Evans J. M. Beyond Babylon: art, trade, and diplomacy in the second millennium B.C. 2008, p.3

Butterlin P. Les temps proto-urbains de Mésopotamie : contacts et acculturation à l'époque d'Uruk au Moyen-Orient. 2003, p.4 Crawford H.E.W. Mesopotamia’s Invisible Exports in the Third Millenium B.C. 1973, p.4 Edens C. Dynamics of Trade in the Ancient Mesopotamian "World System". 1992, p.3 Johnson G.A. Local exchange and early state development in southwestern Iran. p.4 Kozlowski S.K. The Eastern wing of the Fertile Crescent. Late prehistory of greater Mesopotamian lithic industries. 1999, p.1 Kubba S.A. A. Mesopotamian architecture and town planning : from the mesolithic to the end of the proto-historic period c. 10.000-3.500 B.C. 1987, p.3

Mark S. From Egypt to Mesopotamia: A Study of Predynastic Trade Routes. 1998, p.4 Matthews R. (Dr). The early prehistory of Mesopotamia: 500,000 to 4,500 BC. 2000, p.1 L’archéologie de l’Iraq du début de l’époque néolithique a 333 avant notre ère, perspectives et limites de l’interprétation anthropologique des documents. 1978, p.1 Nissen H.J.; Lutzeier E.; Northcott K.J. [Review of]. The Early History of the Ancient Near East: 9000-2000 BC. Jan-Mar.1992, p.1 Nutzel W. The formation of the Arabian Gulf from 14000 BC. 1975, p.3 Nutzel W. The climate changes of Mesopotamia and bordering areas 14000-2000 BC. 1976, p.3 Oates J.L. Ur and Eridu: The prehistory. Iraq, 1960, p.2 Price I. M. Transportation by Water in Early Babylonia. 1924, p.3

Rothman M. S. Uruk Mesopotamia and its neighbors: cross-cultural interactions in the era of State formation. 2001, p.4

Rova E. [Review by]. Ricerche sui sigilli a cilindro Vicino-Orientali del periodo di Uruk/Jemdet Nasr.1997, p.2 Rova E. [Review by]. Ricerche sui sigilli a cilindro vicino-orientali del periodo di Uruk/Jemdet Nasr. 1999, p. 2 Stein G.J.; Tucson A. Rethinking world-systems: Diasporas, colonies, and interaction in Uruk Mesopotamia. 1999, p. 4

Wright H.T.; Neely J.A.; Johnson G.A. Early fourth millennium developments in southwestern Iran. 1975, p.4

Bronze Age:

Adams R. McC. Paterns of Urbanization in Early Southern Mesopotamia. 1972, p.3 Crawford H. Mesopotamia and the Gulf: The history of a relationship. 2005, p.4 Curtis J. Early Mesopotamia and Iran: Contact and Conflict 3500-1600 BC: Proceedings of a Seminar in memory of Vladimir G. Lukonin. 1993, p.4

Hamblin D.J. The First cities.1973, p.1

Kuhrt A. [Review of]. The Ancient Near East 3000-330 BC. I-II. 1997, p.1

Lamberg-Karlovsky C.C. Beyond the Tigris and Euphrates: Bronze age civilizations. 1996, p.1

Malowan M. E. L. L'Aurore de la Mésopotamie et de l'Iran. 1966, p.4

Mieroop Van de M. A History of the Ancient near East: ca. 3000-323 BC. 2007,

p.1

Pahin V. Premières villes et urbanisme en Mésopotamie dans la première moitié du IIème millénaire av. J.-C. vol.I. 2002, p.3

Potts T.F. Patterns of Trade in the Third-Millenium BC Mesopotamia and Iran. 1993, p.4 Potts D.T. Rethinking Some Aspects of Trade in the Arabian Gulf. 1993, p.4 Potts T. F. [Review of]. Mesopotamia and the East: An Archaeological and Historical Study of Foreign Relations 3400-2000 BC. p.4 Rowton M.B. The role of watercourses in the growth of Mesopotamian civilization. In Rollig W. [ed.]. Lisan Mithurti: Festschrift fur Wolfam Freiherr von Soden. Neukirchen-Vluyn: Neukirchener Verlag, 1969 p.3 Wright H.T. The Administration of rural production in an early Mesopotamian town.

1969, p.3

38



Wright H. T.; Johnson G. A. Population, Exchange, and Early State Formation in Southwestern Iran. 1975, p.4

Sumer (3500-2330 BC): Alden J.R.; Heskel D.; Hodges R. Trade and Politics in Proto-Ealmite Iran [and comments and reply].1982, p.4 Alster B.; Charpin D.; Cooper J.S. Sumer. 1999, p.1

Crawford H. [Review of]. Sumer and the Sumerians. 1995, p.1 Crawford H.E.W. The architecture of Iraq in the Third millennium BC. p.1 Jacobsen T. La geographie et les voies de communication du pays de Sumer. 1958, p.3 Kramer S.N. Sumer and its neighbors. 1979, p.3

Kramer S. M. The Sumerians, Their History, Culture, and Character. 1963, p.2

Akkadian (2334-2150 BC): Adams R. McC. Settlement and Irrigation patterns in ancient Akkad. 1972, p.3 Frayne D. Sargonic and Gutian Periods: (2334-2113 BC). 1993, p.2

Gregoire J.P. La Province méridionale de l'état de Lagash. 1962, p.2 Invernizzi A. Dal Tigri all'Eufrate : Sumeri e Accadi .1.1992, p.1

Potts D. T. Mesopotamian Civilization, The Material Remains. 1997, p.1

Potts D.T. Mesopotamian Civilization: The Material Foundations. 1997, p.1

URIII (2113-2006 BC) Alani M. La Troisième dynastie d'Ur : histoire et archéologie. 2005, p.2 Edzard D.O. ; Farber G. Répertoire Géographique des Textes Cunéiformes. 2,

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Frayne D. Ur III Period (2112-2004 BC). 1997, p.2 Frayne D. (Review of). Ur III Period (2112-2004 BC). 2000, p.2 Goetze A. Sakkanakkus of the Ur III Empire. p.2

Genouillac H. de. [dir.]. Fouilles de Telloh. Tome II, Epoques d'Ur IIIe dynastie et de Larsa. 1936, p.2

Jacobsen T. The waters of Ur. 1960, p.3 Oppenheim A.L. The Seafaring Merchants of Ur. 1954, p.4 Stone E. C. The Ur III-Old Babylonian transition: An archaeological perspective. 2002, p.2 Walters S.D. Water for Larsa: An Old Babylonian archive dealing with irrigation. 1970, p.3

Woolley L. Ur Excavations. Vol. IV, Early periods: a report on the sites and objects prior in date to the Third dynasty of Ur, discovered in the course of the excavations. 1955, p.2 Iron Age:

Boucharlat R. ; Salles J-F. [dir.]. Arabie orientale, Mésopotamie et Iran méridional de l'Age du Fer au début de la période islamique : (réunion de travail, Lyon, 1982, Maison de l'Orient). 1984, p.4

Graeve de M.C. The ships of the Ancient Near East (c.2000-500 BC). 1981, p.4 Hansman J.F. The Mesopotamian Delta in the First millennium B.C. 1978, p.3 Invernizzi A.; J-F Salles [ed.]. Arabia antiqua : hellenistic centres around Arabia. 1993,

p.4 Mark S. [Review of]. From Egypt to Mesopotamia: A Study of Predynastic Trade

Routes. 1998, p.4 Michael Rice. The Archaeology of the Arabian Gulf, circa 5000-323 B.C. 1994, p.4

Assyria (953-612 BC):

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Documentary Evidence. 1972, p.3 Edzard D.O. [Review of].Gudea and His Dynasty. Journal of the American

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2003, p.2

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Lukonin V.G.; Curtis J [ed.]. Mesopotamia and Iran in the Persian period, conquest and imperialism, 539-331 BC: proceedings of a seminar in memory of Vladimir G. Lukonin.1997,p.4

Tuplin C [ed.]. Persian responses: political and cultural interaction with(in) the Achaemenid Empire. 2007, p.4

Parthians (227-126 BC): Lukonin V.G.; Curtis J. [ed.]. Mesopotamia and Iran in the Parthian and Sasanian

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Debevoise N.C. Parthian Pottery from Seleucia on the Tigris. Ann Arbor: 1934, p.1

Seleucid Berti A. I capitelli ionoci e corinzi di eta seleucid e partica in Iran e Mesoptamia.

Torino: Turin University, 1973 (Diss.), p.1

Hopkins C. Topography and Architecture of Seleucid on the Tigris. Ann Arbor, 1972, p.1

Valtz E. Ceramica fine e invetriata di Seleucia sul Tigris. Torino: Turin University, 1973 (Diss.), p.1

A.D Sassanid (224-651): Adams R.McC. Tell Abu Sarifa. A Sasanian-Islamic ceramic sequence from south

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Harper P. O. In search of a cultural identity: monuments and artifacts of the Sasanian Near East, 3rd to 7th century A.D. 2006, p.1 Morony M. G. Continuity and Change in the Administrative Geography of Late Sasanian and Early Islamic al-`Iraq.. 1982, p. 5

Middle Ages: Cahen C. Nomade et sedentaires dans le monde musulman du moyen age. 1947, p.6

Cahen C. Notes pour une histoire de l’agriculture dans les pays musulmans medievaux, 1. 1971, p.6

Cahen C. Les Peuples musulmans dans l'histoire médiévale. 1977, p. 5

Cahen C. Mouvements populaires et autonomisme urbain dans l’ Asie musulmane du moyen age. 1958-59, p.6

Creswell K.A.C. A bibliography of the Muslim architecture of Mesopotamia. 1956,p.7 Fahd T. Materiaux pour l’histoire de l’agriculture en Irak : Al-filaha n-nabatiyya. p. Grimwood-Jones D. [and al.]. Arab-Islamic Bibliography.1977, p.5

Hitti P.K. History of the Arabs. 1943, p.5

Hitti P.K. Capital cities of Arab Islam. 1991, p.6 Hodgson M. G.S. The Venture of Islam: Conscience and History in a World Civilization. 1974, p. 5

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Muslim Conquest and Rashidun Conquest/Early Islamic state:

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Morony M.G. Landholding and social change: lower al-‘Iraq in the early Islamic period.

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Tillier M. Les Qâdî-s d'Irâq et Khûzistân : l'image de leur rôle politique et social à travers le Nishwâr al-muhâdara du qâdî al-Tanûkhî. 1999, p.9

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Yapp M. Some European travelers in the Middle East. 2003, p.10 Westphal-Hellbusch. Die Ma’dan: Kultur and Gesichte der Marshenbewohner im Sud-

Iraq. 1962, p.9

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Documents

UNESCO Iraq Office · - 1 - UNESCO Iraq Office Survey of Bibliography: Cultural Heritage of Iraqi Marshlands Prepared by Rizlaine Touili & Abd ulamir Al Hamdani