STAGES OF INFANT STAGES OF INFANT DEVELOPMENTDEVELOPMENT

ERIKSON & PIAGETERIKSON & PIAGET

Erikson and PiagetErikson and PiagetErikson

Infancy is psychosocial stage of TRUST VS. MISTRUST – what does that mean?

Infants are born totally dependent on their caregivers

They MUST receive appropriate and consistent care in order to develop a sense of security

Infants whose needs are met consistently in a warm and nurturing manner learn that the world is a safe place and people are dependable = trust

Trust helps babies develop positive emotional bonds and attachments

What happens when babies don’t receive appropriate and consistent care?

PiagetPiaget

SENSORIMOTOR STAGE- Birth to 2 years Infant goes from having mostly random

reflex actions to goal-directed behavior

Birth to 1 month of age-Reflex activity reflexes present at birth are the basic

building blocks for intelligent behavior

Ex. – touch a baby on the cheek and the baby will turn toward the touch with an open mouth

1 to 4 months of age- Primary circular reactions - baby learns that certain reflexes bring about pleasurable results

Example – baby learns that sucking brings comfort

8-12 months of age- Coordination of secondary schemes – baby learns to take several random activities and put them together to achieve a goal

Baby begins to problem solve

Development of object permanence

Assessing Development Assessing Development

ASSESSING DEVELOPMENT-Human service professionals need to:

Contrast a child’s current level of functioning with what is expected of “typical” children of that age

Infants may need developmental assessment if they fail to demonstrate a skill at an age when 90% of babies can perform that skill

How do parents find that out?

FAILURE TO THRIVEFAILURE TO THRIVE

Weight and age are compared to see if a child falls below the 5th percentile for their age

MANY reasons for FTT – any guesses?

Organic FTT – underlying medical condition

Nonorganic FTT – no medical cause can be found

Categorization Categorization

Typical part of development

Process of placing new experiences into older categories for classifying experiences

Infants as young as 6 or 7 months have demonstrated this ability

SPEECH & SPEECH &

LANGUAGE LANGUAGE

DEVELOPMENTDEVELOPMENT

Developmental Milestones for Developmental Milestones for Speech & LanguageSpeech & Language

Coos 2 – 3 months

Babbles 3 – 6 months

Says “mama” and “dada” 9 – 17 months

Uses 2-3 words besides “mama” and “dada” 12 – 15 months

Uses many words and can point to body parts 15 – 18 months

Uses 2-3 word sentences 20 – 24 months

Refers to self by own name 24+ months

True or False????True or False????

Using “baby talk” delays a child’s language development

FALSE!!FALSE!! According to research by Anne Fernald, a leading

researcher in infant-directed speech, babies prefer baby talk.

The “sing-song” quality may be what engages babies’ attention – as babies prefer high-pitched sounds (think about how adults talk to babies)

Fernald’s research has shown that baby talk is important for normal infant development.

ATTTACHMENTATTTACHMENT

LOTS of research on this topic!

Early theories held that attachment was the result of needs satisfaction

Monkey study by Harlow failed to support that theory

Wire “mom” that fed baby monkeys vs. cloth “mom” - showed no preference to the wire mom

Today, it is believed that, according to John Bowlby, attachment has a biological, evolutionary basis

Babies form close, intimate relationships with a caregiver to ensure its survival

Theory suggests that parents and infants may be biologically programmed to form an attachment

Social ReferencingSocial Referencing

In new settings, infants will look to caregiver for guidance on how to interpret the situation

This social referencing helps infants determine whether novel situation is safe or frightening

Strange Situation ProcedureStrange Situation Procedure

Developed by American Developmental Psychologist Mary Ainsworth

Infant uses primary caregiver as a secure base – leaves the caregiver to explore – returns for comfort and security

Playroom experiment

Led to classification of attachment

Attachment DisordersAttachment Disorders

SIGNS OF ATTACHMENT DISORDERS

Failure to reestablish interaction after separations

Excessive dependency/inability to seek and use presence of attachment figure

Lack of comfort seeking when hurt, frightened, or ill

Very common with children in the child welfare system

Impact of Mother’s Emotional Impact of Mother’s Emotional State on AttachmentState on Attachment

Emotional state experienced by mothers can greatly impact attachment pattern of their infant

Mothers who display symptoms of stress/anxiety from post partum depression tend to have infants who develop Insecure-ambivalent attachment

INFANT TEMPERAMENTINFANT TEMPERAMENT

Three Types of TemperamentThree Types of Temperament EASY CHILD

SLOW TO WARM UP

DIFFICULT CHILD

EASY CHILD—regular positive responses to new stimuli, high adaptability to change, and mild or moderately intense mood-40 % are classified as Easy Child

Three Types of Temperament Three Types of Temperament (cont.)(cont.)

SLOW TO WARM UP—more sedate, less exuberant orientation to the world, negative responses, and slower adaptation-15 % are classified as Slow to Warm Up

DIFFICULT CHILD-unpredictable daily habits, negative responses to new stimuli, and intense negative mood

70 % of difficult infants entered psychiatric treatment in later life, while only 18 % of easy infants did

HEALTH HEALTH RISKS OF RISKS OF INFANTS &INFANTS &

ABUSEABUSE

Health Risks of InfantsHealth Risks of Infants EXPOSURE TO TOBACCO SMOKE

Can increase risk of respiratory problems

Places infants at higher risk for pneumonia and bronchitis

LEAD-Infants can ingest lead by: Drinking water Household dust Eating paint chips

Health Risks of Infants (cont.)Health Risks of Infants (cont.) SUDDEN INFANT DEATH SYNDROME (SIDS)

Most common cause of death in the first year of life-results in approximately 7,000 deaths per year

SIDS death and death from suffocation CANNOT be distinguished with an autopsy

Back to Sleep Campaign Initiated by National Institute of Child Health

in October 2002 Encouraged parents to put babies to sleep on

their backs

AbuseAbuse

1/3 of all child abuse victims are less than 1 year old

Parents who abuse their children may have been abused as children themselves

LOW INCOME FAMILIES/LOW INCOME FAMILIES/AT RISK PARENTSAT RISK PARENTS

Low Income FamiliesLow Income Families Infants in poor families are more likely to

have an increased number of injuries and health problems

WIC

Federally funded program

Provides source of supplemental nutrition for low income women and children up to age 5

At Risk ParentsAt Risk Parents PARENTS WITH MENTAL ILLNESS

Children whose parents have a mental illness-increased risk of developing mental illness themselves because of:

The parent’s behavior

Genetics

TEEN PARENTS

More prone to depression when compared to adults

ADOPTIONADOPTION

Facts About AdoptionFacts About Adoption According to David Brodzinsky

(Rutgers University), the majority of adopted children DO NOT have major psychological issues

The Multiethnic Placement Act of 1994 prohibits adoption decisions based solely on the following:

Race

Color

National Origin

Questions????Questions????

Unit 3 Quiz Review

Study this review BEFORE you take the quiz for unit 3!

Print the slides and keep them handy WHILE you take the quiz for unit 3!

If you do this, you WILL get 100% :) Yay you!

1.) According to Erikson, infancy is the psychosocial stage of ____.

*trust vs. mistrust

b. initiative vs. guilt

c. identity vs. identity confusion

d. generosity vs. self-absorption

2.) In order to make an accurate assessment of developmental problems, human service professionals should be able to _____.

*contrast a child’s current level of functioning with what is expected of normal children that age

b. identify the role of infant brain development

c. follow the immunization schedule for infants

d. understand the sequence of development for children from other developed nations

3.) Resulting in approximately 7,000 deaths each year, the most common cause of death in the first year of life is _____.

a.diphtheria

b.whooping cough

c. upper respiratory infections

*sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

4.) In October 2002, the National Institute of Child Health initiated the Back to Sleep Campaign which encouraged parents to _____.

a. have their children immunized

b. assess their infant for developmental delays

c. recognize infant sleeping patterns

*recognize that babies are safest when they sleep on their

backs

5.) Exposure to tobacco smoke can increase the risk of respiratory problems for infants, placing them at higher

risk for pneumonia and bronchitis.

*True

False

6.) Piaget’s theory of cognitive development classifies the period from birth to age two as the sensorimotor stage. Which of the following statements is not true regarding this stage?

From birth to one month of age, reflexes present at birth are the basic building blocks for intelligent behavior.

Between one and four months of age, the baby learns that certain reflexes bring about pleasurable results. This is called primary circular reactions.

During the coordination of secondary schemes (8 to 12 months), the baby learns to take several random activities and put them together to achieve a goal.

*Around 12 to 18 months, babies make a transition from being action oriented to being symbol oriented and representational thought begins.

7.) Categorization is the process of placing new experiences into older categories for classifying experience. Research has shown that infants as young as

eight or nine months display this ability.

True

*False

8.) Which of the following best reflects the

developmental milestones for speech and language?

Babbling, cooing, holophrastic speech, and then telegraphic speech

Using vowel-consonant combinations, using vowels alone, saying “mama” and “dada” and then using two to three word sentences

* Coos, babbles, says “mama” and “dada” uses 2-3 words besides “mama” and “dada” uses many words and can point to body parts, uses 2-3 word sentences, refers to self by own name

Cooing, babbling, telegraphic speech, and then holophrastic speech

9.) Using baby talk will delay language development.

True

*False

10.) Research on infant temperament typically uses three classifications: easy child, slow to warm up child, and difficult child. Which of the following statements accurately

reflects the research on these temperaments? Approximately 40% of children are

classified as easy.

70% of difficult infants entered psychiatric treatment later in life, but only 18% of easy infants did so.

15% of infants studied fall into the category of slow to warm up.

*All of the above

11.) The emotional states experienced by mothers can greatly influence the attachment pattern of their infant. For instance, mothers who display symptoms of anxiety and stress in response to post partum depression tend to have infants who develop ________.

*insecure-ambivalent attachment

insecure-secure attachment

insecure-avoidant attachment

insecure-reserved attachment

12.) Which one of the following examples is a sign of attachment disorder?

Failure to reestablish interaction after separations

Excessive dependence or inability to seek and use supportive presence of attachment figure when needed

Lack of comfort seeking when hurt, frightened, or ill

*All of the above

13.) When infants are in new settings, they will look to the caregiver for guidance in how to interpret the situation. In other words, ___________ helps infants to receive vital information from their parent about whether the novel situation is safe or frightening.

separation individuation

*social referencing

parallel play

cross-modal transfer

14).In order to assess whether a child has failed to thrive, practitioners compare weight and age to identify whether a child has fallen below the _____ for their age.

*5th percentile

2nd percentile

4th percentile

none of the above

15. The Strange Situation Procedure was developed by an American Developmental Psychologist _____.

*Mary Ainsworth

Susan Mahler

John Bowlby

Jane Curroseau

16.) Parents who abuse their children may have been abused as children themselves.

*True

False

17.) The Multiethnic Placement Act of 1994 prohibits adoption decisions based solely on _____.

race

color

national origin

*all of the above

18.) According to David Brodzinsky at Rutgers University, the majority of adopted children have major psychological issues.

True

*False

19.) Infants in poor families are more likely to have _____.

nurturing parents

a regular routine

*more injuries and health problems

adequate nutrition

20). The federally funded program that provides a source of supplemental nutrition for low income pregnant women and their children up to the age of 5 is called _____.

Head Start

*WIC

Medicaid

none of the above

21.) _____ of the child victims of abuse are less than 1 year old.

1/2

1/4

3/4

*1/3

22.) SIDS death and death from suffocation can be distinguished by autopsy.

True

*False

23.) Infants can ingest lead by _____.

drinking water

household dust

eating paint chips

*all of the above

24.) Children whose parents have a mental illness are more at risk of developing mental illness themselves because of _____.

poverty

the parents’ behavior

genetics

*B and C

25.) According to Osofsky, Hann, and Peebles (1993), compared to adults, teen parents _____.

are more verbally active with their infants

offer their babies plenty of cognitive stimulation

*are more prone to depression

are less punitive with their child-raising practices

THAT’S ALL FOLKS!

Now go get an A+ you :)

YIPPIE