30

Université du Québec à Montréal · npt actv5?¨6fg57=wa"4y= f £jtv¤vfgretvde=?e[8³wxre>g57fd4y=7fkh ;° d 5vhm4ynp4=7f nw>ktvrsnp46wxre=hwxr u t657oz4ynpw[tvr t6r hm46w[e[8

  • Upload
    others

  • View
    0

  • Download
    0

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

Page 1: Université du Québec à Montréal · npt actv5?¨6fg57=wa"4y= f £jtv¤vfgretvde=?e[8³wxre>g57fd4y=7fkh ;° d 5vhm4ynp4=7f nw>ktvrsnp46wxre=hwxr u t657oz4ynpw[tvr t6r hm46w[e[8

������������� ������ �������������������������������� ��!"����#������%$��&�� ' ����!"���(�)��*+#,�(� ��-.'/��0�������1*2������3

��4657518:9;<(464657=?>A@ BC57DE>GFH�%;I�J@EFK4657FG5'�FGLM4651NPOQFKRSN�T6U(��>GTVRETVOQWX>G= '�FKLM4Y5?NPOQFKRSN�T6U(��>KTVRTVOZW[>K=

\�REW^]VFK5?=7W^N_8`T6U��_TbaC4 \�REW[]6FK57=?W[NJcFH-.4d]Y46egf46REh2!C� ��#i��� !C� �� c����46Rh2!C� ��#��i�

�_TjaC4k!CW[N_86fE�_Tja"4 lVmVmYnSmboApjq6qVq r DscFKtIFK>6f%r�DscFGt%FG>vuwpj��x6�n\H;y�%;z#v; !C#���#i'�#

{|S}~}~�J�6�E|~|V}M�~�b��Y���V�Y�|��g�~�S� ��}V�I�6���1�Y�E�~|V}�V}��V�<�b�"����J|V�|J���_���

�(WX5?=?N�'�574YU�Nd$�9V4YR�DE465?8�m6q6qSm�)@EW[=�'�574YU�Nd$��JFKLN7FKO�tIFK5im6qVqYn

#�tE=?N75P46>�N

��F�46RM4Ye[8�=7F�hM4YNA4�U 57TVO¡4H¢EFKeXhZF�£JLIFK57W[OZFGRSN"hEFG=7WX¤6REFKhkN7TvOQFd46=?DE57F�NP@EF�FKe¥4Y=?NPW[>KW^N_8¦T6U§asTV57¨YFK5FG©%TV51N(a�W[N7@�57FG=7LIFK>�N�NPT�>A@M4YRE¤VFK=(WXRvN7@EF"LEW[FK>KFs5P4YN7F6;��)@EF)F�£JLIFK57W[OZFGRSN(aC46=�>KT6REhEDE>�NPFKhwa�W^NP@EW[R4HN757FKFªo_LEeX46RSNPW[RE¤H¢M5?O«T6L%FG5P4YN7WXRE¤�W[RkBC5?W[N7WX=7@`!CTVeXDEOvtEW¥4fJ!"46RE46hM4;��)@EW[=C¢M5?O¡N_8�LEW[>d46e[e[8QLM4d8�=W[N7=�asTV57¨YFK5?=�LWXFK>GF�5P4¬NPFK=Gf�a�W[N7@­NP@EFv5P4YN7F�LM46W[h­t%FGWXRE¤®hEFGN7FK57OQWXRFKh¯tS82Le¥46RSNPW[RE¤k>GTVREhEW^NPWXT6RE=K;'�DE5?WXRE¤¯NP@F�Fª£LIFK5?WXOQFKRSNdfsU TV5Q4°¤VW^]VFGR±=7F�N®TYU�LEeX46RSNPWXR¤°>GTVREhEW^NPW[TVRE=Kf�NP@F�LEW[FK>GF�574YNPF²LM46W[hNPT�aCTV5?¨6FG57=wa"4Y=�F�£JTV¤VFGRETVDE=?e[8³WXRE>G57Fd4Y=7FKh�;°� D5vhM4YNP4­=7F�Nw>KTVRSNP46WXRE=HWXRU T657OZ4YNPW[TVR�T6R�hM46W[e[8asTV57¨YFK5²LE57T�hEDE>�NPW[]�W^N_8�46=`aCFGeXe�46=`N7@EF´LEWXFG>KF´5P4YN7F¯LM46W[h§;µ�W[FK>GF°574YNPFG=`aCFG57F�46=7=?WX¤VREFGh�4¬NFKW^NP@EFG5�N7@EFi5?FK¤VDe¥465�¶�>GTVRSNP5?TVe�·�5P4YN7F�T65C4�@EWX¤V@FK5i¶ NP5?Fd4YN7OZFGRSNª·�5P4YN7F6;�\�=7WXR¤HNP@FiF�£JLIFK5?WXOQFKRSNA46ehM4YNP4fI#����)&(#�FK=?N7WXOZ4YNPFG=i=?DE¤V¤VFG=?N�N7@M4YNi4®TVREFHL%FG57>KFGRSN WXRE>G57FK46=7F�W[R�N7@EF�LEW[FK>KFH5P4YN7Fve[FKh�N7T42qJ¸y¹Vº:LIFK57>GFKRSN�W[RE>K5?Fd46=?F®W[R°asTV57¨YFK5HFG©%TV5?NK;:��TjaCF�]VFG5Kf�NP@FQ¢M5?O+57FK=1NP5?WX>GN7FKh°NP@EFQhEFK=?WX¤VR�T6UNP@F�Fª£LIFK5?WXOQFKRSN¦NPT°FKe[WXOQWXRM4YN7FZN7@EF�LITV=?=7WXtWXeXW^N_8³TYUiLEW[FK>GF�574YNPFG=QtIFKW[RE¤°>KDNK;»#�=Z=?DE>A@§f"NP@FNP5?Fd4YN7OZFGRSNQaC46=ZTVtE=7FG5?]6FKh�4YU�N7FK5wNP@F�>GTVRSNP57T6egf�=7T�4YeXeXT�>d4¬NPWXT6R³a"4Y=ZRETYNZLIFK51U FK>�NPe[8¼5746REhET6O�;!CTVRU T6DEREhEW[RE¤®F�©�FG>GNP=Gf�=?DE>A@¯46=�U�4YNPW[¤VDEF�46REh²aCFK4YNP@EFG5Kf%O®4d8:@M4d]VFHt%FGFKR­W[RSNP57T�hEDE>GFKh§;�\�=7W[RE¤4­tIFK@M4d]�WXTVD5P46e"OQT�hEFKe½f(aCF:>GTVRSNP57T6esU TV5vasFd4¬NP@EFG5Z4YREh¾U�4YNPW[¤VDEF®tS8¼4YhEOZW^N7N7WXRE¤�FKREhET6¤VFKRET6DE=LM4651NPW[>KWXLE4YNPW[TVR�hFK>KW[=7W[TVRE=K; � D5�57FG=7DEe^NP=i=?DE¤V¤VFG=?N N7@M4YN 4ZTVREF�LIFK5?>KFKRSN�W[RE>K5?Fd46=?F�WXR2N7@EF�LEW[FK>GF5P4¬NPF�eXFGh:N7T¦t%F�N_aCFGFKR¯4¦q¸¿¹Sm�L%FG57>GFKRSN�4YREh²q¸¿nVq¦LIFK5?>KFGR~N�WXR>K57FK46=7F�W[R:asTV5?¨6FK5�FG©%TV51Nd;

3�À§Á¬Â�êÄbŽÁbÆGÇgÈ%Ã�ÉËÊdÌbÆAÍÏÎyÂ?ÐjÑGÂÏǽÂ7È�Â7êÇËÉËÁ"ȽÄbÒbÒ6Æ�ǽÅ<ÓÔÇgÆ�ճŽÁ¬Â(ÖbÖj×�Ø.Ù�ÚjÖjÁbÂ?Ã�ǽÂ?ÇIÃ�ÉËÊdÌbÆAÍÏÎyÂ?ÐjÑGÂ?È<ȽÄbÒbÒ6Æ�ǽÅ<ÓÔÇgÆ�ÕÛÜ Ø�Ö¬Ù:Ã�̬Ð�ŽÁbÂ"Ù�ê̬ÃGÐbÃ"ØÏÂ?ȽÂ?Ã�ÇgÉËÁ�Ù%Á¬ÃªÝyÇÏÝyÌ�ÖdÆjÉ ÝÞêÎ�ßEÆGοÝÞÉ ÝyÂ?ȧêÌYÐi×�ÄbÕ)êÌ�ØÏÂ7È�ÆGÄbÇËÉ Â?ÈÏêÅÏŽÁbÂsà.ÌbÝyá�Â?ÇgȽÝzÅbâÂã ÃPáAÃ�Î[Ú

Page 2: Université du Québec à Montréal · npt actv5?¨6fg57=wa"4y= f £jtv¤vfgretvde=?e[8³wxre>g57fd4y=7fkh ;° d 5vhm4ynp4=7f nw>ktvrsnp46wxre=hwxr u t657oz4ynpw[tvr t6r hm46w[e[8

��� ������� �����������������������������������

*�DE>A@�T6U�NP@EF OQTJhFK57R:FG>KTVRET6OZW[>�NP@EFGTV5?8`TYU�N7@EF ¢M57O«WXRS]VTVe^]VFG=�W[RS]VFK=1NPW[¤S4YNPW[RE¤wNP@EF W[RE>KFGRSNPW[]6FFG©%FK>�NP=�T6UI46=18�OZOQFGN757WX>CWXRU TV5?O®4¬NPWXT6R§;Ï�_R¦TVREF"tE5746RE>A@¦T6U<NP@WX=�e[W[NPFG5P4YN7DE57FYf6FG>KTVRET6OZW[>CNP@EFGTV57W[=?N7=@M4d]VFvWXRS]VFG=?NPW[¤S4YN7FKh�N7@EF�4YtEWXe[W[N_8kTYU�>KTVRSN75P46>�NP=�N7Tk46e[WX¤VR`N7@EFvW[R~N7FK5?FK=?N7=iT6U(aCTV5?¨6FG57=�46REh²¢M57OQ= �=7FGF6f�U TV5¯Fª£46OZLeXF6f��i4651N°46REh,��TVe[OZ=1NP5"!TVO ¶ pjº$#Sx6·�f���TVeXOQ=?N75!TVO 46REh/*�W[eX¤V5?TVO ¶1pjºVº6qS·�f*�W[eX¤V5?TVO�46Rhw��T6t%FG5?NP=C¶1pdºVºSmV·ªf646Rh�B"46¨YFK5"¶1pjºVºVmV·�;��_RHN7@EFC5?FKe¥4¬NPFKhH46REhH57FG>KFKRSN7e[8So_hEF�]VFGeXTVLIFKh¢MFGeXh�T6U�LIFK5?=7TVRREFKe�FK>GTVRETVOQWX>G=&% =7FGF6f�U TV5`Fª£E4YOZLEe[F6fi-�4('KFd4Y5³¶ pjºVº$#V·)% >KTVOQL%FGRE=P4¬NPWXT6R=?8�=1NPFKOQ=�4657Fw>GTVRE=?WXhEFG57FKh´LITVeXW[>G8²WXR=?NP5?DEOQFKRSNP= T6U�N7@EF�¢M57O a�@EWX>A@´>K46R´t%FwDE=?FKh´NPT:46>A@WXFG]6FTVLN7WXOZ46e�LE57T�hEDE>�NPW[]�W^N_8³TVR¾N7@EF`LM4651NwT6U�aCTV5?¨6FG57=K;���FG>KFKRSN7e[8Vf�=7T6OZF`FGOZLEW[57W[>d46e�57FG=7Fd4Y57>A@EFG57=@M4d]VFi=7TVDE¤6@~NsNPTHDE=7F�LM4d8J5?TVeXe<5?FK>KT657hE=�NPTvOQFd4Y=7DE5?FiWXR>KFKRSN7W[]VF�FG©%FK>�NP="TYUÏ>KTVRSN75P46>�NP=CT6RZasTV57¨YFK546REh�¢M5?O LIFK5?U T657OZ46RE>KF(��F�£46OQLEeXFG=`WXRE>GeXDEhEF´�MFG575P4YeXe�4YREh �J@EFd4Y57FK5�¶ pjºVºVºS·ªfi�4V465?=7>A@�4YREh�J@EFK4657FG5w¶ pjºVºVºfym6qVq6qS·�fI-.4�'KFK465v¶gm6qVq6qS·�f%!CTVLIFKeX46REh¯46Rh¯*�TVRFGNQ¶½m6qVqSmV·ªfI46REh¯��46eXF�8�¶gm6qVq6¹S·�;�JDE>A@¯FGOZLWX57W[>d46eÏasTV57¨²LE5?Tb]�W[hEFK= 4Z¤V57TVDREhE=�U T65�NPFG=?N7WXRE¤k>GTVRSNP5746>GN�NP@EFGTV57W[FK= 46Rh­OZFK46=7D57WXR¤NP@F�W[OZLITV51NA46RE>GF�T6U�WXRU T657OZ4YNPW[TVRM46e%46=?8�OQOZF�NP5?WXFK=sa�W[NP@WXR`NP@EF ¢M5?O�;

��@E5?FKR~t%FG57¤�¶1pjº6ºVqS·®46=kasFKe[e 46=²BC5?Tba�R/¶ pjºVºVqS·Q@M4d]VF´RET6N7FKh 4YN:eXFK46=?NkTVREF´L%TYNPFKRSN7W¥46eLE5?TVtEeXFGO a�W^NP@¯LM4d8�57T6eXe(hE4YNA4$���tE=7FG5?]VFGh³>A@M4YRE¤VFK=�W[R¯>KTVOQL%FGRE=P4¬NPWXT6R­=?8�=?N7FKOQ=�O®4d8�RET6N�tIFF�£JTV¤6FKRETVD=QtIFK>K46DE=?F²>GTVRSNP5746>GN¦U TV5?O W[=¦4­>A@ETVWX>GFk]Y4657WX46tEeXFZT6U�NP@EFk¢M5?O�;°�ËU�¢M57OQ=w=7FGeXFK>�NQ4>KT6OZLIFKRE=74YNPW[TVR�=7>A@EFGOZF�tM46=?FKhHTVRHFGeXFGOZFGR~N7=�DRETVtE=?FK5?]6FKh�tS8 N7@EFsFG>KTVRTVOZF�NP5?WX>KWX46R§fjtEDJN�a�@WX>A@4Y©%FK>�N�asTV5?¨6FK5�LE5?TJhED>GNPW^]�W[N_8VfÏN7@EFKR°57FG¤V57FG=7=7W[TVR°OZF�NP@ET�hE= a�WXe[e�U�46W[e(NPT:LE5?Tb]�W[hEFQ4²>GTVRE=7W[=?N7FKRSNFK=1NPW[O®4YN7F�T6U�NP@EF�W[RE>KFGR~N7W[]6FsF�©�FG>GNd;��)@EF�TVtE=?FK5?]6FKhH>KTj]Y4657WX4YNPW[TVR t%F�N_aCFGFKR�aCTV5?¨6FG5�LE5?TJhDE>GN7W[]�W[N_846REh:NP@F�LE4j8�OQFKRSN�=?8�=?N7FKO >KT6RU TVDEREh=�W[RE>KFGRSNPW[]6FK=�a�W[N7@:]Y465?W¥4YN7WXTVR®WXR:DERETVt=7FK51]Y46tEeXFG=K;

�(£JL%FG57W[OZFGR~N7=�LE57Tj]�WXhEF¦4`=?WXOQLEeXFYf�8VF�NHLITjaCFG5?U DEe½f§a"4d8´W[R­a�@EWX>A@¯NPT:=?TVe[]6F¦N7@EFK=?F¦FKREhET¬o¤VFGREFKW^N_8¦LE57TVteXFKOQ=K;(#iLELE5?TVLE5?W¥4YN7FKe[8v=?N757DE>�NPDE5?FKhkFª£LIFK5?WXOQFKRSNP=sLE57Tj]�WXhF�Fª£JTV¤VFKRTVDE=s]Y465?W¥4YN7WXTVRWXR�LITVeXW[>KWXFG=KfbLIFK57OQW[N?NPW[RE¤"NP@EFs46LELeXWX>K4YNPW[TVR T6UMe[FK=?=�5?FK=?N757W[>GNPW^]VF�=?NP4YNPW[=?NPW[>d46eSOQFGN7@ET�hE=ÏNPTiOQFd4Y=7DE5?FNP@FQF�©�FG>GN7=HT6UsLITVeXW[>G8�>A@M46RE¤VFG= ��=7FKFYf�U T65 F�£46OQLEeXFYf�BsDE5?N7eXFK=?=Z¶1pjºVºVlV·�;w�(£46OQLEeXFG=�T6UC5?FK>GFKRSNe¥4Y57¤VFªo_=7>K46eXFH=7T�>KWX46e�Fª£JL%FG57WXOQFKRSN7= WXRE>GeXDEhEF+*?TVtJoËN75P46W[REWXR¤®F�£JLIFK5?WXOQFKRSNP= W[R2NP@EF¦\�REW[N7FKh°��NP4YNPFG=% =?FKF -.46e[TVREhEFv¶1pdº$#$,S·�46REh`��FK>A¨~OZ46R§fM��TV@EOZ46RER`46Rh:�JOQW[NP@­¶gm6q6qVqS·-��=7FGe[U¥oË=7D�.Q>KW[FKRE>�8®Fª£~oLIFK57W[OZFGRSNP=iW[R¯!"46RE46hM4)% =7FGF¦*�WX>A@E46eXTVLITVDEe[TV=�FGN�46eg;v¶gm6q6qSmV·-�%46REh2=7>A@ET�TVeXW[RE¤QF�£JL%FG57W[OZFGR~N7=WXR`N7@EF�\�REW^NPFKh���NP4YNPFG=�46REh2*�F�£JWX>GT/% =?FKFH� 57DEFG¤VFK5H¶1pdºVºVºS·ªf��TJhEh�46REh:��TVeXLEW[R°¶gm6q6qV¹S·�;

#"N�N7@EF"¢M57O,eXF�]VFGegfSFG]Y46e[DM4YN7WXRE¤�>A@M46RE¤VFG=�WXR�LIFK5?=7TVRERFKeMLITVeXW[>KWXFG=�D=7WXR¤�¢MFKe[hwF�£JL%FG57W[OZFGR~N7=@M46=H4:eXTVRE¤²@EW[=?NPT65?8V;®�(WXFGeXh´F�£JLIFK5?WXOQFKRSNP=�>KTVOvtEWXREFwN7@EFZtIFKRFG¢EN7=vT6UC57Fd4Ye^oËasTV5?eXh§f§¢M5?O¦oËeXF�]VFKehM4YNP4fJa�W^NP@`>GTVRS]JW[RE>KW[RE¤wF�£JTV¤6FKRETVD="]64Y57W¥4¬NPWXT6R®WXR®L%TVe[WX>�8��J=7FGF6fU TV5CF�£46OQLEeXFYfE�M57FGRE>A@�¶1pjºSl¬n~·�;�FG57@M4YL:N7@EF OQTV=?NsU�46OZT6DE="F�£46OQLEe[FK=)465?FiNP@F��i4da)NP@ET657REF Fª£LIFK5?WXOQFKRSNP=Gfa�@EW[>A@kNPT�TV¨ZLe¥46>GFWXRkN7@EFwpjºSmYq6=)46REh´pjº6¹Vq6=)4YNCNP@EF���4ja)N7@ETV5?REF�LEe¥46RSN)TYU�u FKRFK5P4YeÏ��eXFK>�NP5?WX>��J=7FGF6fEU TV5"Fª£46OZLeXF6fu WXeXe[FK=?LEWXFk¶1pjºVºJpb·i46REh³96TVREFG=Z¶1pjºVºVmV·�;Q*�T657F¦57FG>KFKRSN7e[8Vf��J@Fd465?FK5Z¶gm6q6q6n~·iF�£JLEe[TVW[N7FKh´5P4YREhETVO46=?=7WX¤6REOZFGRSNwWXR¾42¢EFKeXh¾Fª£JL%FG57WXOQFKRSN�N7T¯OZFK46=7D57F®N7@EF`WXRE>GFKRSNPW^]VF`F�©�FG>GN¦T6U�LM4d8�WXR¤­aCTV5?¨6FG57=LEW[FK>KF�574YNPFG=�574YNP@FK5)NP@M4YR:¢J£FGh�aC46¤VFG=K;

�_R²NP@EW[=�LM4YL%FG5KfMaCFv46RM46e^8�=7F�hM4YNA4¦U 57TVO 4Q¢MFGeXh²F�£JL%FG57W[OZFGR~N�hEFG=7WX¤6REFKh2N7TZOQFd4Y=7DE5?FHNP@FWXR>KFKRSN7W[]VF`F�©�FG>GNwTYU�LWXFK>GF�oË5P4YN7Fk>KTVOQLIFKRE=74YNPW[TVR§;¯�)@EFkFª£JL%FG57WXOQFKRSNwaC46=w>KT6REhEDE>�NPFKh¾a�W^NP@EW[R4°N757FGF�o_Le¥46RSNPW[RE¤�¢E57O TVLIFK5P4¬NPWXR¤�W[R»NP@F2LE5?Tb]�W[RE>KF�T6U�BC5?W[NPW[=7@±!CTVeXDO�tEW¥4Jf)!"46RM4YhM4; �)@EF

p

Page 3: Université du Québec à Montréal · npt actv5?¨6fg57=wa"4y= f £jtv¤vfgretvde=?e[8³wxre>g57fd4y=7fkh ;° d 5vhm4ynp4=7f nw>ktvrsnp46wxre=hwxr u t657oz4ynpw[tvr t6r hm46w[e[8

asTV57¨YFK57=:W[R�NP@EW[=®¢M57O aCFG57F´LM46W[h�LEWXFG>KF¯574YNPFG=Kf�=7T 46R�WXREhW[]�WXhEDE46e��z=ZhE46WXe^8»FK4657RWXRE¤V=kasFK5?F=?N757W[>GNPe^8�LE5?TVLITV5?N7WXTVRM4Ye�N7T´N7@EF:R~DEO�tIFK5wT6U�NP5?FKFK=¦@EF:TV5w=?@EF:LEe¥4YR~N7FKh¼hEDE5?WXRE¤°4¯¤VW^]VFKR¼hM4d86;�e¥46RSN7WXRE¤­aC46=wLIFK5?U T657OQFKh¼TVR¾e¥4Y57¤VF®N75P46>�NP=wT6U�e¥4YREh¾>d46e[eXFGh����������;��_R¼RETVR�o_F�£JLIFK5?WXOQFKRSNA46e=7F�N7N7WXRE¤V=GfÏNP@EF¦LEW[FK>KF¦574YNPFwU TV5�4`LM4651NPW[>KDEeX465�tEe[TJ>A¨­W[= >A@ETV=?FKR³tS8¯N7@EFw¢M57O 4Y=H4kU DER>GNPW[TVR´T6ULEeX46RSNPWXR¤w>KTVREhW[NPW[TVRE= % N7@EF�=7eXT6L%F T6U�NP@F�N7FK5?5P46W[R:N7TZtIF LEeX46RSNPFKh�fENP@EF�=7TYU�NPREFG=7=�T6U�N7@EF�=7TVW[egf46REhZ=7T�U TV5?N7@§;(��@EFGRk>KTVRhEW[N7WXTVRE=�5?FKREhEFG5CLEeX46RSNPW[RE¤�hEW .Q>KDe[Ndf~5?FKhEDE>GWXRE¤�NP@EF�R~DEO�tIFK5sT6U�N757FKFG=NP@E4YNk>K46R�tIF­LEe¥4YR~N7FKh�T6R�4�¤VW^]VFGR�hM4d8Vf)NP@EF²¢M57O WXR>K57FK46=7FG=®NP@F2LEW[FK>KF25P4YN7F2WXR»TV57hFK5ZN7T=P4¬NPWX=1U�8¯4`e¥4Yt%TVD51o_=?DELELEe^8²>KTVRE=1NP5746WXRSNd;w�JWXRE>GFwLEe¥4YR~N7WXRE¤®>KTVREhW[NPW[TVRE= 4Y57FwDERET6tE=7FG5?]VFGh�tS8­NP@FFK>GTVRETVOQFGN757W[>KW¥4YR§fIN7@EFw>KT65757FGe¥4YN7WXTVR�t%F�N_aCFGFKR°LEe¥4YR~N7WXRE¤®>KTVREhW[NPW[TVRE=i46REh¯LEW[FK>KFw574YNPFG=�WXRhEDE>KFG=FKRhETV¤VFGREFKW^N_8V;��_R2U�46>GNKfI4Z57FG¤V57FG=7=?WXTVR­TYU�TVtE=?FK5?]6FKh¯LE5?TJhDE>GN7W[]�W[N_8:TVR2LEWXFG>KF�5P4YN7FK=iD=7WXR¤®RETVR�oF�£JLIFK5?WXOQFKRSNA46eÏhE4YNA4�8�WXFGeXhE=�4wREFG¤S4YNPW^]VF�57FGe¥4YN7WXTVR=7@EW[L§;

'�DE5?WXRE¤�TVD5�Fª£JL%FG57WXOQFKRSNKfYtEe[TJ>A¨~=.aCFG57F�hEW[]�W[hEFKh�WXRSNPT)N_asTiLM4Y5?NP=Gf6TVRF�LE465?N.NPT�tIF�Le¥46RSNPFGh4YN�N7@EF�5?FK¤VDEeX465iLWXFK>GFw5P4YN7F:¶½4Y=�hEFGN7FK5?OZW[REFKh¯tS8­>GTVREhEW^NPW[TVRE=A·�46REh­N7@EFwT6NP@FK5iN7T`t%F�Le¥46RSNPFGh4YN:4YR Fª£JL%FG57WXOQFKRSNP46e¦¶ N757FK4YNPOQFKRSNª·QLEWXFG>KF¯5P4¬NPF6;/�)@EF­NP5?Fd4YN7OZFGRSN:LEWXFG>KF¯5P4¬NPF­5?FKLE5?FK=7FGRSNPFKh46R WXRE>G57Fd4Y=7F°T6U�DEL NPT¼N_aCFGRSN_8�LIFK5?>KFKRSN2Tb]6FK5:NP@EF°57FG¤VDEeX465:LEWXFG>KF°5P4YN7F6; �465?N7WX>GWXLM46RSN7=�W[RNP@FZFª£LIFK5?WXOQFKRSN�aCFG57FQTVtE=7FG5?]6FKh¾DEREhFK5�t%T6N7@�N7@EFQN757FK4YNPOQFKRSNH46REh°NP@EFQ57FG¤VDEe¥4Y5 LEWXFG>KFQ5P4YN7FU TV5w4­¤6W[]VFGR¾tEeXT�>A¨<;��)@F`F�£JL%FG57W[OZFGR~NwN7TJT6¨°Le¥46>GFkTVR¾NP@E5?FKF`hEW^©�FG57FGR~N�tEeXT�>A¨~=whEDE57W[RE¤­NP@Fm6qVq6¹¦Le¥46RSNPW[RE¤¦=7FK46=7TVR�f<8�W[FKeXhWXRE¤:pjºSx�TVt=7FK51]Y4YNPW[TVRE=�TVR�hE46WXe^8kLE5?TJhED>GNPW^]�W[N_8VfÏpdqVº¦4YN�57FK¤6DEe¥465LEW[FK>KF°5P4¬NPFK=²46Rh #$#¼4YN:NP5?Fd4YN7OZFGRSN�LWXFK>GF�574YNPFG=K;µ�³F°DE=7F´NP@FK=7F°hM4YNP4¼N7T»FG=?N7WXOZ4YNPF¯NP@F57FG=7LITVRE=?F)T6U<aCTV5?¨6FG5�FG©%TV5?N�N7T >A@M46RE¤6FK=�WXR�N7@EF"LEW[FK>GF"5P4YN7F"tS8v¢M5?=?N�46LLEe[8�WXR¤�=7W[OZLEe[FC4YRM46e[8�=?WX=1oT6U¥og]64Y57W¥4YRE>KF�¶�#��i��&�# ·QN7FK>A@ERW� ~DEFK=G;��)@EFG=7F´OQFGNP@TJhE=k46eXe[Tba DE=kNPT¾hEFG>KTVOQLITV=7F¯4d]6FK5P4Y¤VFLE5?TJhED>GNPW^]�W[N_8²WXRSNPT®tEeXT�>A¨Vo_=7LIFK>GW[¢M>vFG©%FK>GN7=KfÏW[REhEW[]�W[hEDM46eÔo_=7LIFK>GW[¢M>�F�©�FG>GNP=Gf.46REh­N7@EFvNP5?Fd4YN7OZFGRSNFG©%FK>�N)T6UÏ>A@E46RE¤VW[RE¤vNP@F�LEWXFG>KF�5P4YN7F6;�#i=s=7DE>A@�fE#��i��&�#�LE57Tj]�WXhFK=)46R®DERE57FG=?N757WX>�NPFGh`FK=?N7WXOZ4YNPFT6U"N7@EF®FGe¥46=1NPW[>KW[N_8­T6U"asTV57¨YFK5�F�©�TV51Nva�W^NP@³5?FK=?L%FG>GN�N7T2>A@M46R¤VFK=�W[R�N7@EF®LEW[FK>GFZ574YNPFY;2��FK=?DEe[N7=U 57T6O N7@EF¼#����)&(# OQT�hEFKeH=7DE¤V¤6FK=?N´N7@M4YN¯W[RE>K5?Fd46=?WXRE¤�N7@EF¾LEWXFG>KF¾574YNPF¾W[RE>K5?Fd46=?FK=­asTV57¨YFK5LE5?TJhED>GNPW^]�W[N_8V;�\�=?WXRE¤�Fª£LIFK5?WXOQFKRSNA4YeShM4YNA4JfbasF�FK=?N7WXOZ4YNPF�NP@EF�FKeX46=?N7WX>GW[N_8�TYUF�©�TV51NÏa�W[N7@H5?FK=7LIFK>�NNPTwN7@EF�LEWXFG>KF�5P4YN7F NPT¦t%F�q¸¿¹Vº;

�)@EF�4YLELE57T6LE57WX4YNPF�=?NA4¬NPWX=1NPW[>d46eMNP5?Fd4YN7OZFGRSN)T6U.F�£JLIFK5?WXOQFKRSNA46e%hM4YNP4v@M46=)tIFKFGRkNP@EF�=?DEt *?FG>GNT6U�=7T6OZF hEFGtM4YN7FH4YOZTVR¤�FK>GTVRETVOQWX=1NP= �=7FKFYfEU TV5"Fª£E4YOZLEe[F6fMBsDE5?N7eXFK=?=�¶1pjº6ºSlV·C46="asFKe[eÏ46=���FK>A¨VoOZ46R¾46REh¾�JOZW^NP@�¶1pjºVºVlV·�;²��@EWXe[FZNP@Fk>KTVOQLM465?WX=?TVR³T6U�DRE57FG=?NP5?WX>�NPFKh¾OQFd4YRE=�@M46=HLE5P4Y>GNPW[>d46e46REh:W[R~N7DEW[N7W[]6F 46LELIFd46e½fW^N)WX=)TVRe[8Q]64YeXWXh®DEREhEFG5�>GFK51NA46W[R²>GTVREhEW^NPW[TVRE=Kf�NP@ET6=7F RET6N�TYU�NPFKR:OQFGN�W[R=7T�>KWX46e§TV5)¢MFGeXh:F�£JLIFK5?WXOQFKRSNP=G;s�_R²¤VFKRFK5P4YegfENP@F�W[RM46tEW[eXW^N_8QN7TZ5746REhET6OZW 'KF�Tj]VFG5�������U�46>GN7TV57=�4YU¥oU FK>�NPW[RE¤iFª£LIFK5?WXOQFKRSNA4Ye�T6DNP>GTVOZFG=�5?FK=1NP57W[>GN7=�NP@FC46LLEeXW[>d46tEW[eXW^N_8iT6UJNP@EFs=7W[OZLEe[F�#����)&(# OQTJhEFGeg;�)@M4YN(WXRH=7TVOQFsFª£JL%FG57WXOQFKRSN7=(LM4651NPW[>KWXLE46RSNP=�O®4d8�>A@ET�TV=7FCRET6N�NPT�LM4Y5?NPW[>KW[LM4YNPF�W[R~N757T�hEDE>GFK=(TYNP@EFG5>KT6OZLEe[WX>K4YNPW[TVRE=K;��_R´TVDE5 >GTVRSNPF�£�NKf�LE5746>GN7WX>K46e(>GTVRE=7W[hEFK574YNPW[TVRE=�46e[=7T`W[OZLEe[WXFGh2NP@M4¬N NP@EFwFª£LIFK5 oWXOQFKRSNP46e�hFK=7W[¤VR¯F�£J@EW[tEW[N7FKh´4ZN7FKOQL%T65P46e�46=7LIFK>�N NPT®N757FK4YNPOQFKRSNd;��_R¯TV5?hEFK5�NPT`Tj]VFG57>KT6OZFw4YR~8����������������� ��! ���"����f6asTV57¨YFK57=�asFK5?F)¨6FKLJNsW[¤VRETV5746RSN�T6UMN7@EF"U�46>�N�NP@M4¬N�NP@EF�8vasFK5?F�LE465?N7WX>KW[LM4YN7WXRE¤WXR�46R¾F�£JLIFK57W[OZFGRSNd;$# ��T´4Y>A@EWXF�]VFkNP@WX=Kf�NP@EFkFª£JL%FG57WXOQFKRSNP46eCLITVeXW[>G8´>A@M4YRE¤VFkaC46=wLE57FG=7FGR~N7FKh

#&% ÆGǽÊGÂ1ÇËÈ�ÍÏÁbÆ�ÊK̬ÆAÍ�ÅgÁbÂ('wÃ�ǽÂ)ÅËêÊdÝyÌbÑ�Ò¬Ã�Ç�ÅCÝ¿ÌQÃ�̦Â*)jÒ6Â1ÇgÝ¿Õ"Â?ÌGÅsÕ"Ã+'wÃ�ÎzÅgÂ1Ç�ÅgÁbÂ1ÝyÇ-,YÂ?Á¬ÃPádÝ¿ÆGÄbÇ/.Ýy̬ÐjÂ*0ÒYÂ?̬ÐjÂ?ÌGÅ.Æ�Ó�ÅgÁbÂ�Â*)jÒ6Â1ÇgÝ¿Õ"Â1ÌKÅËêÎVŽÇgÂ?êŽÕ"Â1ÌKÅ7Ú21�Ì�Ã"È�Â?ǽÝyÂ?È�Æ�ÓJÂ*)jÒ6Â1ÇgÝ¿Õ"Â?ÌGÅËÈÏÐjÂ?ȽÝyÑ�ÌbÂ7Ð�ÅgÆCÝyÌdá�Â7È ÅgÝ¿ÑKÃAŽÂ�ŽÁ¬Â

m

Page 4: Université du Québec à Montréal · npt actv5?¨6fg57=wa"4y= f £jtv¤vfgretvde=?e[8³wxre>g57fd4y=7fkh ;° d 5vhm4ynp4=7f nw>ktvrsnp46wxre=hwxr u t657oz4ynpw[tvr t6r hm46w[e[8

a�W[N7@EWXR�NP@Fs>GTVRSNPF�£�N(T6UN7@EF�¢E57O �¿=�RETV5?O®46eShE46WXe^8�TVLIFK574YNPW[TVRE=K;��i4d]�WXR¤�asTV57¨YFK5?=�LEe¥4YR~N�W[RH>GeXTV=?FLE5?Tj£JW[OZW^N_8VfVTVR¦=?WXOQWXe¥4Y5�N7FK575746WXR=KfVU TV5�hEW^©�FG57FGR~N�LEW[FK>GF)5P4YN7FK=Kf~TV5�>GDN7N7WXRE¤ N7@EF�LEWXFG>KF)5P4¬NPF)NPT NP@FasTV57¨YFK57=�aCT6DEeXh�@M4d]VF�]JW[TVe¥4¬NPFKh:LIFK5?=7TVRERFKe�L%TVe[WX>GFK=�4YN�NP@F�¢M5?O�;C!CTVRE=?F� ~DEFGR~N7e[86f�hEDE5?WXRE¤¦NP@FF�£JLIFK5?WXOQFKRSNdfSLEeX46RSNPW[RE¤ DEREhEFG5�NP@EF)N757Fd4¬NPOQFKRSN�LEW[FK>KF�574YNPF"aC46=�DEREhFK5?NP46¨6FGR®TVRe[8 � � �*�"��Le¥46RSN?oWXR¤�DREhEFK5�NP@F�5?FK¤VDe¥465�LEW[FK>GF�574YNPF)aC46=s>GTVOQLEeXF�NPFKh�;(�)@EF�NP5?Fd4YN7OZFGR~N�tEe[TJ>A¨~=�asFK57F�LE57FG=7FGR~N7FKhNPTQNP@EF�aCT657¨6FG57=�46=�tEe[TJ>A¨~=i=?FKLM4Y5P4YN7FvU 57TVO N7@ETV=?FHNP@E4YNiasFK5?Fv>KT6OZLEe[FGN7FKh­DERhEFK5�NP@EFH57FK¤6DEe¥465LEW[FK>KFv5P4YN7F6;H�<D5?NP@FK57OQTV5?F6f%asTV5?¨6FK5?= aCFG57FwNPTVe[h2NP@E4YN >KT6REhEW[N7WXTVR=iTVR­N7@EF�NP5?Fd4YN7OZFGR~N�tEeXT�>A¨~=@M46hQ>A@M46R¤VFKh®U 5?TVO�N7@EF)NPWXOQF�4YN�a�@EW[>A@ZNP@F�Le¥46RSNPW[RE¤�>KTVRSN75P46>�NC@M4YhZtIFKFGR®hEF�NPFK5?OZW[REFKh�f~N7@~DE=*?DE=1NPW[U�8�W[RE¤�NP@EF�@EW[¤V@EFG5)LEWXFG>KF�5P4YN7F6;

�)@EF:tIFGU TV5?F�o_4YU�NPFG5vRM4YN7DE57F`TYU�N7@EF`F�£JLIFK5?WXOQFKRSNwWXRSN757T�hEDE>KFG=�NP@EF`LITV=?=7WXtWXeXW^N_8¯NP@M4¬Nw>KTVR�oU TVDERhEWXRE¤�U�4Y>GNPT657=KfS=?DE>A@k4Y=�WXRE>GeXFKOQFKRSN�asFd4¬NP@EFG5�T65�aCTV5?¨6FG5�U�4¬NPWX¤6DEF6fV>GTVDEe[hwtEW¥46=�N7@EF)#��i��&�#FK=1NPW[O®4YN7FvT6U�N7@EF�F�©�TV51N FKeX46=?N7WX>GW[N_8V;��<T65iF�£46OQLEe[F6f%U�4¬NPWX¤6DEFHOQWX¤6@~NiWXREhDE>KF�FGREhETV¤6FKRETVD= LM4651oNPW[>KW[LM4YNPW[TVR§;��ËN)WX=�aCFGeXe%¨�RTba�RkN7@M4YN)LE465?N7WX>KW[LM4YN7WXTVRQhEFK>GWX=?WXTVRE=s>d46R`e[Fd46hZNPT�W[RE>KTVR=7WX=1NPFGRE>KW[FK="W[RRETVR�o_F�£JLIFK5?WXOQFKRSNA46e~hM4¬NA4 % =7FGF6f6U T65�Fª£46OZLeXF6f6��FG>A¨�OZ46R:¶ pjºSxYnS·�% 46REhHF�£JLIFK57W[OZFGRSNA46e~hM4YNP4% =?FKF6fSU TV5�F�£46OQLEeXFYf~��FG>A¨�OZ46RQ46REhQ��OZW^NP@:¶ pjºVºSlV·ª;(�_RwTVD5�>d46=?F6fSN_asT�LE465?N7WX>KW[LM4YN7WXTVRHFG©%FK>GN7=465?FHLIT6NPFGRSNPW¥4YeXe[8ZLE5?FK=7FGRSNd;"��@EFGR2aCT657¨6FG57=�tM46=7F�LM4651NPW[>KWXLE4YNPW[TVR`hEFK>GWX=?WXTVRE=�TVR:U�4YNPW[¤VDEF�eXF�]VFGeX=KfNP@TV=7F�a�@ET�465?F�T6tE=7FG5?]VFGhkaCT657¨~WXRE¤�a�WXe[eM@M4d]VFi46t%Tj]6F�o 4d]6FK5P4Y¤VF�LE5?TJhED>GNPW^]�W[N_8Vf~¤VW^]�WXRE¤�57W[=7F�NPTH4=?NP46REhM4Y57h´=P46OQLEe[F�o_=?FKe[FK>GN7WXTVR¯L57TVtEe[FKO²;�!CT6DERSNPFK5746>GN7WXRE¤:NP@WX=Kf%NP@EF¦F�£JLIFK5?WXOQFKRSNA46e(>A@M46RE¤VF¦W[RNP@F�LWXFK>GFH574YNPF�46e^NPFG57="asTV57¨YFK5i5?FKRSNP=��MaCTV5?¨6FG57=iOZ4d8`LM4651NPW[>KWXLE4YNPF�hDE57W[RE¤QN7@EF�F�£JLIFK57W[OZFGRSNi4¬NU�4YN7WX¤VDEFieXFG]6FKe[=�N7@M4YN)asTVDEe[h�RET657OZ46eXe^8Z¨YFKFGL�NP@FKO 4YN�@ET6OZFY;

��T�>KTVRSNP5?TVeU TV5(>KTVRU T6DEREhEW[RE¤ FG©%FK>�NP=Kf~asF)hEFG]6FKeXT6L®46RhQFG=?N7WXOZ4YNPFC4�=1NP5?DE>GN7DE5P46eOZT�hEFKeJT6UasTV57¨YFK5itIFK@E4j]�W[TVDE5Kf%46>G>KTVDERSN7WXRE¤¦U TV5�LM465?N7WX>GWXLM4YN7WXTVR:4YREh2LE5?TJhDE>GN7W[]�W[N_8`hFK>KW[=7W[TVRE=�46=i4¦U DERE>ªoNPW[TVR2TYU�U�4YNPW[¤VDEF�4YREh2asFd4YN7@EFK5G;��_R­N7@EF�OQTJhFKegfMasFwWXRE>GTV57LITV574YNPF�¢M57O tIFK@M4d]�WXTVD5�WXR�=7FGN?NPW[RE¤NP@F�LEWXFG>KF�574YNPFi46=)4HU DRE>GN7WXTVRkTYU.LEe¥46RSN7WXRE¤H>KTVREhW[NPW[TVRE=G;��_R®NP@FiU DEeXeIOQTJhEFGegfSNP@F�FKeX46=?N7WX>KW^N_8¦T6UFG©%TV51N�WX= WXhFKRSNPW^¢MFKh¯tS8¯Fª£LIFK5?WXOQFKRSNA4Ye�]64Y57W¥4¬NPWXT6R2WXR¯N7@EFwLEWXFG>KFw574YNPFYf�@E4j]�W[RE¤`>KTVRSN757TVe[eXFKh­U T65NP5?DERE>K4YNPW[TVR²46REh²=7FKe[FK>�NPWXT6R²>K46DE=?FKh2tS8kasTV5?¨6FK5�U�4YN7WX¤VDEF�4YREh`aCFK4YNP@EFG5�>GTVREhEW^NPW[TVRE=K;

��T�FG=?N7WXOZ4YNPF�N7@EF�OZT�hEFKe½fjaCFs46DE¤VOQFKRSNÏN7@EF�F�£JL%FG57W[OZFGR~NP46eShM4YNP4�a�W^NP@�RETVR�o_F�£JLIFK5?WXOQFKRSNA46ehM4YNP4�>GTVRE>KFG57REW[RE¤2asTV57¨YFK5�L57T�hEDE>GN7W[]�W[N_8�46Rh³LM4651NPW[>KWXLE4YNPW[TVR°46=HasFKe[eC46=HhM46W[e[8¯W[RU TV57OZ4YN7WXTVR>KT6RE>KFG57REW[RE¤ve[TJ>K46easFd4YN7@EFK5s>KTVREhW[NPW[TVRE=�% hM46W[e[8v5P46W[RU�46eXe46REhZO®4¬£JW[O�DEO/N7FKOQL%FG5P4YN7DE57FY;�BCFªo>d4YDE=7F2N7@EF­Fª£LIFK5?WXOQFKRSNA4Ye�tEe[TJ>A¨~=khW[©%FK57FGh�WXR»=7W 'KF6f�Fª£LIFK5?WXOQFKRSNA4Ye�LM4Y5?NPW[>KW[LM46RSNP=QaCFG57F­RETYNTVtE=?FK51]VFKh LEeX46RSNPWXR¤­TVR 46eXe�T6U�NP@F`F�£JL%FG57W[OZFGR~NP46eCteXT�>A¨�=G;���FkWXR>KeXDhEFkRETVR�o_F�£JLIFK5?WXOQFKRSNA46ehM4YNP4®>KT6RE>KFG57REW[RE¤`F�£JLIFK57W[OZFGRSNA46e�LM465?N7WX>GWXLM46RSN7=�a�@ET`Le¥46RSNPFGh¯TVR­Fª£LIFK5?WXOQFKRSNA4Ye(hM4YN7FK=G; �)@EFU DEe[e�hE4YNA4²=7FGNv>KTVRSNP46WXRE=vmVxVl:TVtE=?FK5?]Y4YN7WXTVR=K$`pjºSx`T6U"a�@WX>A@¾465?F®Fª£LIFK5?WXOQFKRSNA4Ye % pjqVº²>KTVR�oNP5?TVe�46REh #$#:N757FK4YNPOQFKRSN�T6tE=7FG5?]Y4YNPW[TVRE= % 46REh¾x(#�T6Usa�@EWX>A@¾4Y57FQRETVRJoËF�£JL%FG57W[OZFGR~NP46e % lVmLM4651NPW[>KWXLE4YNPW[TVR`46REh2m�,wRETVR�o_LM4651NPW[>KWXLE4YNPW[TVR®TVt=7FK51]Y4YNPW[TVRE=K;

��F�¤6FKREFG5P46e[W 'KFkN7@EF:=?N757DE>�NPDE5746e�OZT�hEFKesNPT°46hEOQW[NwLIFK5?>KFGLNPW[TVR»FG575?TV57=QTVR¾NP@EF²LM4651N¦T6U¢M5?O O®4YRM46¤VFG57=2a�@EFGR/N7@EFG8 >A@TV=7F LEWXFG>KF¾574YNPFG=K; �_R,LM465?N7WX>GDEe¥465Gf�asF»46=7=?DEOZF�N7@M4YN´NP@F

Â��VÂ?É ÅgÈ�ƪÓ~ÝyοÎyÄbÕ"Ýy̬ÃAÅgÝ¿ÆGÌ�Æ�Ì�ҬǽÆjÐjÄ¬É Å½ÝyádÝzÅ�')ÃAÅ%ŽÁbÂ(×�ÃPͧÅgÁbÆ�ÇgÌbÂ.ÒbÎÞêÌKÅ�ƪÓ��(Â1̬Â1ÇËêÎ��IοÂ7É_ÅgǽÝÞÉ�.KǽÂ7È�Â7êÇËÉËÁbÂ1ÇËÈêÎyοÂ?Ñ�Â7ÐjÎ '�ÓÔÆ�Ĭ̬Ð�ȽĬÉËÁ ÇgÂ?ȽÄbÎzÅËÈ1Ú 1¥Å�ÝÞÈ�ÌbÆ�ŽÂ?Í%ÆGÇ�ÅgÁ�' .¬ÁbÆAÍ�Â1áGÂ1Ç .jŽÁYÃAÅ��ÆGÌbÂ?È� � #�������� ÇgÂ*0¥Â*)bêÕ"Ýy̬ÃAÅgÝ¿ÆGÌ�ƪÓÐbÃAÅËÃCÓÔǽÆGվŽÁ¬Â�×�ÃPͧŽÁ¬Æ�ÇgÌbÂ�Ò¬ÎyÃ�ÌGÅÏÓÔÆGÄb̬ÐiÌbÆ"Â1ádÝÞÐjÂ1ÌYÉ Â�ƪÓMÈ�ÄYÉËÁ�Â��6Â7É_ÅgÈ?Ú

¹

Page 5: Université du Québec à Montréal · npt actv5?¨6fg57=wa"4y= f £jtv¤vfgretvde=?e[8³wxre>g57fd4y=7fkh ;° d 5vhm4ynp4=7f nw>ktvrsnp46wxre=hwxr u t657oz4ynpw[tvr t6r hm46w[e[8

OZ46RM46¤VFG57= OZ4d8­=7FGeXFG>GN NP@FQLWXFK>GFw5P4YN7F¦46=�4kU DERE>�NPWXT6R°TYUCLIFK5?>KFKW^]VFGh�>GTVREhEW^NPWXT6RE=ia�@EW[>A@�>K46RhEW^©�FG5�U 57T6O 4Y>GNPDE46eH>GTVREhEW^NPW[TVRE=K; �_RSNPFG5?]�WXF�a�=­a�W[NP@ ¢M57O OZ46RM46¤VFG57=�57FG]6Fd46e[FKh�N7@M4YN2N7@EFG8=7T6OZF�NPWXOQFK=ZO®4Y¨6F­OQWX=1NA46¨YFK=`WXR±=7FGN?NPW[RE¤�NP@EF2LEWXFG>KF¯5P4¬NPF6f�=?T�NP@EF¯LE5?FK=?FKRE>GF°TYUHLIFK5?>KFGLNPW[TVRFK5?57TV5?=:46LELIFd465?=:57Fd4YeXWX=1NPW[>���LIFK5?>KFKLJNPWXT6R FG575?TV57=²46e[=7T¼46hEOQW[N7=`4��MFª£W[tEeXF­aC4d8�NPT¼W[R~N757T�hEDE>GF>KT65757FGe¥4YN7WXTVR 46>G57TV=?=®TVt=7FK51]Y4YNPW[TVRE=®T6R±LEe[T6NP=QLEe¥4YR~N7FKh»WXR¼NP@EF�=P46OQF�teXT�>A¨I;��)@EF�57FG=7DEe^NPWXR¤FKOQLEW[57WX>K46eÏ=7LIFK>GW[¢M>K4YNPW[TVR²WX=�4®=7FGeXFK>�NPW[TVR2OQTJhFKe§a�W[N7@2>GTV575?FKe¥4¬NPFKh2FK575?TV57=�a�@EW[>A@2aCFvFK=?N7WXOZ4YNPFDE=?WXRE¤ �DE46hE5P4¬NPDE5?F�OQFGN7@ETJh=K; ��DE5²=?NP5?DE>GN7DE5P4Ye�FG=?N7WXOZ4YNPFG=�T6UHNP@EF�FKeX46=?N7WX>KW^N_8�LM4Y5P46OQFGN7FK5Kf@M4d]�WXRE¤¦>GTVRSNP57T6eXeXFGh`U TV5"U�4YNPW[¤VDEF 4YREh²asFd4¬NP@EFG5Kf<5P46R¤VF�U 57TVO q¸y¹Vm�N7TQq¸¿nVq;

�)@EF�LM46LIFK5ZWX=¦TV57¤V46REW 'GFKh±46=QU T6eXeXTja�=G$2�_R»N7@EF2RF�£�Nk=?FK>GN7WXTVR�fCaCF�hEFK=?>K5?WXtIF�NP@F�NP5?FKFªoLEeX46RSNPWXR¤�WXREhDE=?N75?8�W[R¦BC57W^NPW[=7@Q!CTVe[DEO�tEWX4i46=�asFKe[eM46=�NP@F)>KTVOQL%FGRE=P4¬NPWXT6Rw=?8�=?N7FKO W[R�NP@EF"¢M5?O�;�_R2=?FK>�NPWXT6R­¹fMasFvhEFG=7>K5?WXtIFvTVD5�Fª£LIFK5?WXOQFKRSN �z=�hEFK=?WX¤VR§f<a�@EW[eXF�WXR²=7FG>GNPW[TVR2nQaCFHhEFK=?>K5?WXtIFHNP@F=P4YOZLEe[F�hM4YNP4¦46REh:LE57FG=7FGR~N�NP@F #����)&(# 5?FK=7De[NP=G;��_R�=?FK>�NPWXT6R2l�faCF�>GTVRE=7W[hEFK5"N7@EF�L%TYNPFKRSN7W¥46e>KT6RU TVDEREhWXRE¤´FG©%FK>�NP=¦T6U�U�4YNPW[¤VDEF`4YREh¾aCFK4YNP@EFG5Kf�a�@EWXe[F`WXR¾=7FG>GN7WXTVR�,2aCF²hEF�]VFKe[TVL»4´OQT�hEFKeT6U�aCT657¨6FG5 *?T6WXRSNwLM4651NPW[>KWXLE4YNPW[TVR¾46REh¼LE5?TJhDE>GN7W[]�W[N_86;¾�_R»=?FK>GN7WXTVR»xJf�asF²L57FK=?FKRSNZ=?NP5?DE>GN7DE5P4YeFK=1NPW[O®4YN7FK=GfE>KTVRSN757TVe[eXWXR¤vU TV5"U�4YN7WX¤VDEF�4YREh²asFd4¬NP@EFG5K;��³F�>GTVRE>Ke[DEhEF�WXR:=?FK>GN7WXTVR #;

� � � ������������������� ���� � ����������� �����������

��@EW[eXF2N7WXO�tIFK5kW[=`4¾57FGREFGaC46tEe[F¯57FK=?TVDE5?>KF6f�46>GN7W[]VF´5?FGU TV5?FK=?NP4YNPW[TVR�>d4YR W[RE>K5?Fd46=?F­NP@EF´=?L%FGFKh4YN�a�@WX>A@¾U TV57FG=?N7=Q5?FK¤VFGREFK574YNPF:4YREh 46eX=?T´46eXe[Tba�=HTVREFkN7T°>GTVRSNP5?TVeCU TV5�=?L%FG>KW[FK=w>KT6OZLITV=7W^NPW[TVR§f=7T6OZF�NP@EW[RE¤�N7@M4YN�W[=vhEW .Q>KDEe^NHN7T­hET­W[R�NP@Fk>d46=?FkT6U�RM4¬NPDE5746es5?FK¤VFGREFK574YNPW[TVR§;2��F�U TV57FG=?NA4¬NPWXT6RWX=v>KFKRSN75P46eCN7T´4­=?N7Fd46h8³=7DELLEe[8³T6U�NPWXOvt%FG5HNPT­N7@EF`��TV5?N7@ #�OZFG57W[>d46R�OZ465?¨6FGNK;��_R¼Bs57W[N7WX=?@!CTVe[DEO�tEWX4fFª£JN7FKRE=?W[]6Fv57F�U TV57FG=?NP4YNPW[TVR�W[=)DEREhEFG5?NP46¨6FGR­tS8:t%T6N7@²N7@EFH*�WXRWX=?N75?8`TYU��MTV5?FK=?N7=i4YREhNP@F�OZ4�*?TV5"N7WXO�tIFK5 o_@M4Y5?]VFG=?N7WXRE¤�¢M5?OZ=G;

�)@EFvOZFG>A@M46REW[>K=�T6U�NP@WX=�57FGU T657FK=1NA4YN7WXTVR24657F�=?N75P46W[¤V@SN7U TV51a"4Y57h§;��57W[TV5�NPTZN7@EFv@E465?]6FK=?NiT6U46RS8¾NP5746>GNZT6Ui>KTVREW^U FK5?TVDE=wNPW[O�t%FG5Kf�5P46RhETVO =P4YOZLEe[FK=¦T6Ui>KTVREFG=k465?F`NA46¨YFKR±U 5?TVO NP@F²N757FKFG=TVR2N7@EFHN75P46>�Ndf�46REh­=?FKFKheXWXR¤V=�465?Fv¤V5?Tja�R2U 57TVO N7@EFv=?FKFKh= >KTVRSNA4YWXREFGh­WXR²NP@EFG=7F�>GTVREFK=G;��)@EW[=FKR=7DE5?FK=�[email protected]@Fs=?FKFKheXWXR¤V=ÏNPT�t%F�57FGLEe¥4YR~N7FKhv4657F�>KT6OZLM4¬NPWXteXF(a�W^NP@�NP@EF�eXT�>d46e6OZW[>K57T¬o_>Ke[WXOZ4YNPFG=46REh²=7T6WXeÏ46="asFKe[e.46=�57FGLE57FG=7FKRSNP4YNPW^]VF�T6U(N7@EF�@EWX=1NPTV5?WX>d4Ye�=7LIFK>GWXFG=�>GTVOQL%TV=?W[N7WXTVR§;

��57FGFwLEe¥46RSN7WXRE¤ZWX=�4k=?WXOQLEeXFYfI86FGN�LE@S8�=7W[>d46e[e[8²F�£J@M4YDE=?N7WXRE¤Ef%NA46=?¨I; �ËN�WXRS]VTVe^]VFG= hEWX¤V¤6WXRE¤Z4@ETVe[Fia�W[N7@:4w=7LIFK>KWX46e§=?@ETj]VFKe½fELEeX46>KW[RE¤¦4�=7FGFKhEe[WXRE¤wW[RkNP@EW[=)@ETVeXFYfE46Rh:N7@EFKR:>GTb]6FK5?WXRE¤¦W[N7="57T�T6N7=a�W[N7@�=?TVWXe½fEFKR=7DE5?WXRE¤¦NP@M4¬N�N7@EF NP57FGFHW[=�DELE57W[¤V@SN�46REh:NP@M4YN�N7@EFH5?TJTYNP=�4657F U DEe[e[8®>KTj]VFG57FKh�;)�)@EF46OQTVDERSN�T6UsFG©%TV5?N�57F ~DEWX5?FKh�N7T�LIFK51U TV57O NP@EF¦NA46=?¨¯hEFKLIFKRhE=HT6R�NP@F¦N7FK5?5P46W[R�TVR´a�@EW[>A@�NP@FLEeX46RSNPWXR¤�W[=�hTVREF6;��_Rv¤VFGREFK5746egfbNP@F�N7FK575746WXR�>d4YRH]Y465?8�4�¤V5?Fd4YN�hEFd4Ye~U 5?TVO =7W^NPF�NPT�=7W^NPF6;��_Rv=?TVOQF>d4Y=7FK=Gf§4YU�N7FK5�4¦N75P46>�Ni@E46=itIFKFGR2@M4651]VFG=?NPFGh§f�N7@EFHeX46REh²WX=�LE57FGLM465?FKh2U TV5�LEeX46RSNPW[RE¤ZtS8:tED57REW[RE¤a�@M4YN7FG]6FK5�=7e¥4Y=7@:NPWXOvt%FG5"57FGO®46W[RE=�46REh²tS8��?=?>K57FGFG¢MR¤��ZN7@EF U TV57FG=?N��MT�TV5K;��J>G57FGFG¢MRE¤ZWXRS]VT6e[]VFG=57FGOZTj]�WXR¤vNP@EFiRM4YNPD5P46eItEDEW[eXhJoËDEL®T6U.T657¤S46RWX>iOZ4YN?NPFK5�TVRkN7@EFiU TV5?FK=?N��MTJT65s=?T�NP@M4YNCNP@EF�=7TVW[e%W[=F�£JLITV=7FGh§;i�J>K5?FKFG¢ERE¤kOZ46¨6FG=iLEeX46RSNPWXR¤ZFK46=7W[FK5�t%FG>d46DE=?F�=7FGFKhEe[WXRE¤6=�O�D=?N�t%F�LEe¥4YR~N7FKh­hWX57FG>GN7e[8WXRwN7@EF�=7TVW[eg;���W[NPFG=�NP@M4¬NC4Y57F�57FGe¥4YN7W[]VFGe[8��<4YN�TV5�N7@M4YN�@M4d]VF�t%FGFKRZLE57FGLM4657FGh®4Y57F�O�DE>A@ZFd46=?WXFK5�N7TLEeX46RSN�N7@M46RZ=7W[N7FK=�NP@M4¬NC4Y57F�]VFK518Q=?NPFGFKLkT65s@M4d]6FiRET6N�tIFKFGRkLE57FGLM465?FKh§;��)@EF�N_8�LEWX>K46e<OZW[REWXOvDEOhEFGRE=7W^N_8�T6U%=7FGFKhEe[WXRE¤V=(WX=�46tITVDN"pVf #6qVq�=?N7FKOQ=�L%FG5�@EFK>�NA465?F6f~TV5�4YRQW[RSNPFK5 oËN757FKFC=7LM46>GWXRE¤ TYU�4Yt%TVDJN

n

Page 6: Université du Québec à Montréal · npt actv5?¨6fg57=wa"4y= f £jtv¤vfgretvde=?e[8³wxre>g57fd4y=7fkh ;° d 5vhm4ynp4=7f nw>ktvrsnp46wxre=hwxr u t657oz4ynpw[tvr t6r hm46w[e[8

mJ;zn:OZF�NP57FG=Kf�46e^NP@ETVD¤V@¯NP@EW[= >d46R´]Y465?8¯=?DEtE=1NA46RSNPWX46eXe^8V; ��'�FKLIFKRhEWXRE¤:TVR¯N7@EF¦>KTVREhW[NPW[TVRE=Gf.46R4d]VFG5P46¤VFiLEe¥46RSN7FK5�>d46R`LEeX46RSNCtIFGN_asFKFGR�x6qVqv4YREh­pVpjq6q�NP5?FKFG="L%FG5ChM4d86fE46tITVDNs@M46e^U.46Rk@EFG>GNP4657FY;#iR�4d]VFG5P46¤VF�@M4Y5?]VFG=?N7FKh2N75P46>�N�WX=�465?TVDEREh2mVl6qw@EFG>GNA4Y57FK=G;

��8�LEWX>K46eXe^8VfÏNP5?FKF�oËLEe¥4YR~N7WXRE¤`¢M5?OZ=�465?F¦>A@ETV=7FGR�N7T�LEeX46RSN�=7FKFGhEeXW[RE¤V=�TVR°@M4651]VFK=1NPFGh³NP5746>GN7=NP@57TVDE¤6@v4)LE5?TJ>GFK=7=�T6UJ>KTVOQL%F�NPW^NPW[]6F�tEWXhhEWXRE¤;�'�FGL%FGREhEW[RE¤�TVR�N7@EF�e¥46RhJoËN7FKR~DE57F�465?5P46R¤VFKOQFKRSNdfFKW^NP@EFG5²4¼N7WXO�tIFK5 o_@M4651]VFG=?NPW[RE¤¾¢M57O TV5`NP@EF³*�WXRWX=?N75?8�TYU��MTV5?FK=?N7=²a�W[eXe�>K46eXe�U TV5:=7Fd4YeXFKh�o_tEW[hNPFGREhEFG57=i>GTVRE>GFK57RWXRE¤QNP@EF�>KTV=1NiLIFK5�NP5?FKF�LEe¥4YR~N7FKh§fMa�W^NP@:NP@EF�eXTjasFK=?N�tEW[hEhEFK5 �¿=�tIFKWXR¤Z=?FKeXFG>GN7FKhNPTvL%FG5?U TV5?O¡N7@EFiasTV57¨<;��)@EFiLE57W[>KFi5?FK>GFKW[]6FKh:tS8ZN7@EFi¢M5?O¡L%FG5sNP5?FKF�Le¥46RSNPFGhkWX=s>d46e[eXFGhZNP@F ������ ��������;�BCWXhhEWXRE¤¦TVR:>GTVRSNP5P4Y>GNP=�NA4Y¨6FK=�LEeX46>KF W[R:N7@EF�e¥4YN7F�46DN7DEOZR²T6U�NP@EF 86Fd465�LE5?FK>KFGhEWXR¤ZNP@FLEeX46RSNPWXR¤�=?Fd46=?TVR§f�a�@EW[>A@�57DER=HU 57T6O Fd465?e[8°=7LE5?WXRE¤²NP@E5?TVDE¤V@°NPT­eX4YNPFQ=7DOZOQFK5G;�BsFGU TV5?FZNP@FtEW[hEhEWXR¤ZNA4Y¨6FK=iLEe¥46>GF6fINP@EF�L57WXR>KWXLE46eX=�T6U�N7@EFvNP5?FKFªo_LEeX46RSNPWXR¤Z¢M5?OZ=�N_8JLWX>d4YeXe[8`]�W[FGa NP@F�e¥46RhNPT`tIFwLEeX46RSNPFKh´4YREh´FK=?N7WXOZ4YNPF�NP@EFw>GTV=?N�4¬N�a�@EWX>A@¯N7@EFG8¯>K46R¯>KT6OZLEe[FGN7FvNP@EFw>GTVRSNP5746>GNK;v�)@EW[=FK=1NPW[O®4YN7FKh¯>GTV=?N hFKLIFKREhE=�TVR­N7@EFwF�£JLIFK>�NPFKh°R~DEO�tIFK5 T6U�N757FGFK=�NP@E4YN�4kLEeX46RSNPFK5�a�WXeXe�tIF¦46tEeXFNPT¦LEeX46RSN)WXR²4�hM4d8ka�@WX>A@§fMW[RkNPDE5?R§fMhEFKLIFKRhE=�T6R:N7@EF ¤VFGREFK5746eÏ>KTVRhEW[N7WXTVRE=CT6U�N7@EF�465?Fd4�NPT¦tIFLEeX46RSNPFKh�;

�e¥4YR~N7FK5?=�4657F�L57FKhTVOZW[RM46RSNPe^8QLM46WXh®DE=7W[RE¤wLEWXFG>KFªo_5P4¬NPF�>GTVRSNP5P4Y>GNP=Gf<46e[N7@ETVDE¤6@®¢£JFKhJoga"4Y¤VF>KT6R~N75P46>�NP=�4Y57F"=?TVOZF�NPW[OZFG=�DE=?FKh¦WXR=?NPFK46h§;(\�REhEFG5�LEW[FK>KFªo_574YNPFs>KTVRSNP5746>GN7=KfSLEeX46RSNPFG57=�465?FCLM4YWXh�W[RLE5?TVL%T65?NPW[TVR`NPTQNP@EFGWX5�TVDN7LEDNd;)u�FGREFK5746eXe^8VfMRETZF�£JLEeXW[>KW^N�tM46=7F�a"4Y¤VFHT65�L57T�hEDE>GN7WXTVR�=?NP46REhM465?hF�£JW[=?NP=Gf�46e[N7@ETVDE¤V@ ¢M57OQ=�4657F°¤VTj]VFG57REFGh t~8 OQWXREW[O�DEOwoËaC46¤VF­eX4da�=K; ��DNPLEDJN2W[=²N_8�LEW[>d46e[e[8OQFd46=?DE57FGh�4Y=CNP@EFiR�DO�t%FG5)T6UÏNP5?FKFG=)LEe¥46RSN7FKh`LIFK5"hM4d86fM46e[N7@ETVDE¤6@k=7TVOQF 465?Fd4¬oËtM46=?FKh`=7>A@FKOQFK=465?F­DE=7FGh�4Y=®aCFGeXe½; #iR 4657FK4¬o_tE46=7FGh�=7>A@EFGOZF´WX=®TVREF­DERhEFK5ka�@EW[>A@�LEe¥46RSN7FK57=k4657F­LE46WXh�W[RLE5?TVL%T65?NPW[TVR NPT�NP@EFs4657FK4�T6UEe¥46REh�NP@FG8�LEe¥4YR~N�W[Rv4�¤VW[]6FKRvhE4j86fV46=?=7DEOQWXR¤�4�LM465?N7WX>GDEe¥465Ï=?FKFGhEeXW[RE¤hEFGRE=7W^N_8V;

� � ��� � � ����� ���� � � � �����

��DE5whM4YNP4­aCFG57F²>KTVe[eXFK>�NPFGh»4¬NQ4´OQFKhWXDEOwo_=?W 'KFGh§f�NP5?FKF�oËLEe¥4YR~N7WXRE¤­¢E57O²;��)@EWX=w¢M5?O LM46W[h¾W[N7=LEeX46RSNPFK5?=�LEW[FK>KFH5P4YN7FK=�Fª£J>KeXD=7W[]6FKe^8���hM46WXe^8:Fd465?REWXR¤V=�U TV5i4®LEeX46RSNPFK5�aCFG57FwhEF�NPFG57OQWXREFGh­tS82NP@FLE5?TJhED>GN�TYUCNP@F®LEW[FK>KFZ5P4YN7F®4YREh�N7@EF®R~DEO�tIFK5HT6U"N757FKFG=HN7@EFZasTV57¨YFK5�Le¥46RSNPFGh³TVR°NP@M4¬NvhM4d86;BCe[TJ>A¨~=�NPT�tIF�Le¥46RSNPFGhQasFK5?F�hW[]�WXhEFGhZW[RSNPT � ��������N7T�tIF�LEe¥4YR~N7FKhQtS8wWXREhW[]�WXhEDE46eELEeX46RSNPFK5?=K;��MTV5Fd4Y>A@ZtEe[TJ>A¨<fVN7@EF)¢M57O hFK>KW[hEFKhQTVRQ4 LEWXFG>KF�5P4¬NPF6;��)@EWX=�574YNPF"N7TJTV¨HWXRSNPT�4Y>K>KT6DERSN�N7@EF�F�£JLIFK>GN7FKhR~DEO�tIFK5�T6U�NP5?FKFK=�NP@M4¬N 4®LEeX46RSNPFG5�>GTVDEeXh2LEe¥46RSN�WXR24ZhM4d8246REh2N7@EFvFª£LIFK>�NPFGh´aC46¤VF�NP@EFH¢M57OaC46RSNPFKh°NPT:LM4d8V;¦�ËN�W[= WXOQL%TV51NA46RSN�N7T:RET6NPF�N7@M4YN�DEREhFK5�RETVRJoËF�£JLIFK57W[OZFGRSNA46e�>GTVREhEW^NPW[TVRE=�NP@FLEW[FK>KF�5P4¬NPF�aCTVDeXh®tIF�NP@EF�=P46OQF�46eXeMLEe[T6NP=�WXRZ46RZFKRSNPW[57F�tEeXT�>A¨<;�\�REhFK5sN7@EF�F�£JL%FG57W[OZFGR~NKfJFK46>A@tEe[TJ>A¨�aC46=ChW[]�WXhEFGhZW[RSNPT�N_aCT�LE465?N7=K;���REF�T6U§N7@EFK=?FiLM4651NP=�a"4Y=sNP@FKR®5746REhET6OZe^8w>A@ETV=?FKR®N7TvtIFLEeX46RSNPFKh²DEREhFK5�NP@EF�57FG¤VDEeX465)LEWXFG>KF�5P4¬NPF6fEN7@EF�T6NP@FK5)NPTQLEe¥4YR~N7FKh²DEREhEFG5)NP@EF�NP5?Fd4YN7OZFGR~N�LEW[FK>GF5P4¬NPF6;i�)@EFvNP5?Fd4YN7OZFGRSN�LEW[FK>KFv5P4YN7Fv57FGLE57FG=7FGR~N7FKh�46R­W[RE>K5?Fd46=?F�T6U�tIFGN_asFKFKR´FGWX¤V@SN 4YREh2N_asFKRSN_8LIFK57>GFKRSNi46t%Tj]6F�N7@EF�57FG¤VDEe¥4Y5"LEWXFG>KF�5P4¬NPF6;���T¦O®4YN7>A@EWXR¤QTYU�Le¥46RSNPFG57=)NPT¦LEeX46RSNPW[RE¤w>KTVRhEW[N7WXTVRE=

��� Ìb ÁbÂ7É_ÅgÃ�ǽÂ�ÝÞÈ�êÌ`Ã�ǽÂ7à #���� Õ" ŽÇgÂ?È�È��KĬÃ�ǽ .IÆ�Ç #�� . ����� È��KĬêÇgÂ�Õ"Â1ŽÇgÂ?È?Ú²À§ÁdĬÈ(.�Æ�̬ ÁbÂ?É ÅgêÇgÂ�ÝyÈêÒbҬǽÆ+)jÝyÕ"êŽÂ?Î ' � Ú ��� #"# Ã�É1ǽÂ7È1Ú

l

Page 7: Université du Québec à Montréal · npt actv5?¨6fg57=wa"4y= f £jtv¤vfgretvde=?e[8³wxre>g57fd4y=7fkh ;° d 5vhm4ynp4=7f nw>ktvrsnp46wxre=hwxr u t657oz4ynpw[tvr t6r hm46w[e[8

T�>K>KD5757FGh¯WXR2N7@EWX=�¢M57O =7Tf§FG]6FKR¯NP@ET6DE¤V@­LEeX46RSNPFG57=�OZ4d8�tIF�@EF�NPFG57TV¤VFGREFKT6DE=Kf§N7@EF�LEW[FK>KFv5P4YN7F57FG>KFGW[]VFGh�aC46=�WXREhFKLIFKREhEFGRSNiT6U�LEeX46RSNPFK5)N_8�LIF6;

�"asT�eXW[OZW^NA4YN7WXTVR=%W[R�N7@EFshFK=7W[¤VRvTYUNP@FCF�£JLIFK5?WXOQFKRSN�t%FK465�hWX=7>GDE=7=?WXTVR�;��(W[57=?NKfbWXR�TV57hEFG5�N7T4d]VTVW[hv4YR~8�L%TV=?=7W[tEeXF���4ja)N7@ETV5?REFsF�©�FG>GN7=KfYa�@WX>A@HasFK5?FshWX=7>GDE=7=?FKhv46t%Tj]6F6fYasF�¨6FKLJN�N7@EF�aCTV5?¨6FG57=WX¤6RETV5P4YR~NHT6U"N7@EFZU�4Y>GNvN7@M4YN�NP@EF�8�asFK5?FkLM4651NPW[>KWXLE4YNPW[RE¤:WXR�4YR�F�£JLIFK57W[OZFGRSNd;2��T­4Y>K>KT6OZLEe[WX=?@NP@WX=Kf§N7@EFw¢M57O REFKFGhEFKh³4:5?Fd46=?TVRM46teXF¦F�£JLEeX46RM4YN7WXTVR­U TV5�a�@S8¯N7@EF¦LEWXFG>KF¦5P4YN7F�a"4Y=�>A@E46RE¤VW[RE¤TVR¾a�@M4YNQO�D=?N¦@M4d]VF²=7FGFKOQFKh¼NPT¯asTV57¨YFK57=QNPT¯tIF:=7WXOQWXeX465�LEe¥46RSN7WXRE¤¯>GTVREhEW^NPWXT6RE=K;³��TV5?¨6FK5?=asFK57F�NPTVe[hwNP@M4YN�>GTVREhEW^NPWXT6RE=�TVRQN7@EF�NP57FK4YNPOQFKRSN�tEe[TJ>A¨~=�@M46hQ>A@M46RE¤VFGh®=?WXRE>GF�N7@EF�T657WX¤6WXRM46eJtEWXh=@M46h�t%FGFKR³N7FKREhFK57FGh¾46REh°NP@M4¬N�N7@EF®T657WX¤6WXRM46e�tEWXh°LE5?WX>KFQ@M46h�t%FGFKR�@WX¤V@§;��/��@WXeXFwN7@EWX= aC46=>KT6R~]�W[RE>KW[RE¤iNPT�NP@EFsLEe¥46RSN7FK57=GfVW[N�57F ~DEWX5?FKhw¤VFGTV¤V5P4YLE@EWX>�=7FGLM46574YNPW[TVR�T6UMN7@EFCLEe[T6NP=�NPT�tIFCLe¥46RSNPFGhDEREhFK5 Fd4Y>A@�LEW[FK>GF�5P4YN7F6;�#i= =?DE>A@§f.WXREhW[]�WXhEDE46e�LeXT6N7=�>KTVDeXh¯RET6N�t%F�5746REhET6OZe^8­46=?=7W[¤VREFKh­N7TNP5?Fd4YN7OZFGRSNC4YREhZ5?FK¤VDe¥465�LEW[FK>GF�574YNPFG=Kf~tEDN�574YNP@EFG5�@M46e[U%T6UINP@EF�tEe[TJ>A¨�a"46=�5P4YREhETVOQe[8�46=7=?WX¤VREFGhNPTwN757Fd4¬NPOQFKRSN�46REh:@M46e^U�N7TQ5?FK¤VDe¥465)LEW[FK>GF�574YNPFG=K;

�)@EF RFKFKhkN7T�LE5?FK=7FGRSN)NP@EF�Fª£JL%FG57WXOQFKRSNsa�W[NP@WXR®N7@EFiRM4¬NPDE5746e%asTV57¨~W[RE¤V=CTYUÏNP@EFi¢E57O«46eX=?T57FG=?N757WX>�NPFGh´N7@EFvN7FKOQL%TV5746e�hEFK=?WX¤VR¯T6U�N7@EF�F�£JLIFK5?WXOQFKRSNd;��)@EF�¢M5?O >GTVOQOZW^NP=�NPTkasTV57¨YFK57=�RETYNNPTQ57FGhEDE>GFHNP@F�LWXFK>GFH574YNPFY;C#�eX=7TfENP@EF ¢M5?O hETJFG=�RT6N�LM4d8:hEW[©%FK5?FKRSNiLWXFK>GF�5P4YN7FK=�NPT¦aCTV5?¨6FG57=LEeX46RSNPWXR¤�WXR�>GeXTV=?F­LE5?Tj£JW[OZW^N_8 N7T�TVREF´4YRET6NP@FK5Kf�TVR�=?WXOQWXeX465¦¤V57TVDREh§f�4YNkN7@EF­=P4YOZF2N7WXOQF6;!CTVRE=?F� ~DEFGR~N7e[86f�N7@EF2Le¥46RSNPW[RE¤°DEREhEFG5ZNP@F257FG¤VDEeX465¦LEWXFG>KF2574YNPF:aC46=k>KT6OZLEe[FGN7FKh �"� � ������NP@FLEeX46RSNPWXR¤wDEREhEFG5�N7@EF�@EWX¤6@EFK5)NP5?Fd4YN7OZFGRSN�LEWXFG>KF�5P4YN7F6;

� � � � � ���� ���� ����� � ��� � � � � ������� �� � �� � �

��DE5�hM4YNA4�=7F�NC>GTVRSNA46W[RE=�WXRU TV5?O®4¬NPWXT6RwTVRQN7@EF�LEWXFG>KF�5P4YN7F�=?FGN�U TV5�Fd46>A@kteXT�>A¨IfSa�@EW[>A@®asF�=?@M46eXehEFGRET6NPF tS8��Jf46REhkNP@F�LEWXFG>KF 574YNPF�5?FK>GFKW[]6FKh:tS8kFK46>A@:LEe¥46RSN7FK5Kf�a�@EWX>A@`asF =7@M4YeXeIhEFKRETYNPF tS8�Ïf46=)asFKeXe.4Y="NP@M4YN�LEeX46RSNPFG5��z=�hE46WXe^8®LE5?TJhDE>GN7W[]�W[N_86fa�@EWX>A@:asFH=?@M46eXe�hEFKRETYNPF�tS8�Z;

�_R´NA46teXFkpVfÏasF¦LE57FG=7FKRSNH=7DEOQOZ465?82=?NA4¬NPWX=1NPW[>K= >KT6RE>KFG57REW[RE¤²46eXespjºSxkTVtE=?FK5?]Y4YN7WXTVR=�U 57TVONP@FiF�£JLIFK5?WXOQFKRSNd;�# NPT6NP46e<T6U�mJp�aCT657¨6FG57=CasFK5?F�TVtE=?FK51]VFKh`hDE57W[RE¤HN7@EFiFª£LIFK5?WXOQFKRSNdf�LEeX46RSNPWXR¤TVR NP@E5?FKF²hEW[©%FK5?FKRSN®teXT�>A¨�=GfCTj]VFG5k4¯NP@E5?FKFªo_OQTVRSNP@±LIFK5?WXT�h»W[R¾NP@EF²=7LE5?WXRE¤³46REh =7DEOQOQFK5¦T6Um6qVq6¹f(pjq6º®TVR¯>KT6R~N757TVe(LEeXT6N7=�46Rh #$#®NP5?Fd4YN7OZFGR~N�LEeXT6N7=K; �)@EFwLWXFK>GF�5P4¬NPFK= LE46WXh2N7T`LEe¥4YR~N7FK5?=hEDE5?WXRE¤�NP@EF�F�£JLIFK57W[OZFGRSN"5P4YRE¤VFKhZU 57TVO p#�NPT¦m(#H>KFGRSNP="LIFK5s=7FKFGhEeXW[RE¤Ef~a�W[N7@k46R`4d]6FK5P4Y¤VFiT6U.m6¹>KFGRSNP=K;w�)@Fw57FK¤6DEe¥465w¶�TV5�>GTVRSNP5?TVe�·�LWXFK>GF¦5P4YN7FK= 5P4YRE¤VFKh¯U 5?TVO p"#®NPT�m6¹k>KFGRSNP=�L%FG5 =7FGFKhEe[WXRE¤Efa�W[N7@­46R24d]VFK5746¤VFHT6U�mJpH>KFGR~N7=K;���R­4d]VFG5P46¤6F6f%asTV5?¨6FK5?=�LEeX46RSNPFKh2º6nVnQ=7FGFKhEe[WXRE¤V=�LIFK5�hM4d824YREhFd4Y57REFGh �Vm�pbl�L%FG5�hE4j86;

��TZ@WX¤V@Ee[WX¤V@SNsNP@EF�FKREhTV¤VFKRFKW[N_8kLE57TVteXFKO WXR �?RETVR�o_F�£JLIFK5?WXOQFKRSNA46e �whM4YNP4fasFH5?FK¤V5?FK=7=?FKhNP@F)eXTV¤S4Y57W[N7@EO T6UMN757FKFG=�LEe¥4YR~N7FKhwFK46>A@¦hM4d8�TVR�N7@EF)eXTV¤V4657W^NP@EO T6U<N7@EF"57FG¤VDEeX465(LEW[FK>GF)5P4YN7F"LM46W[hDE=?WXRE¤�NP@EF�pdqVº�>GTVRSNP5?TVe�TVt=7FK51]Y4YNPW[TVRE=K;(�_R®NA46teXFimJf�asF�LE5?FK=?FKRSN"NP@Fi57FG=7DEe^NP=CU 5?TVO FK=1NPW[O®4YN7WXRE¤NP@F�U T6eXeXTja�W[RE¤�57FG¤V57FG=7=?WXTVR²OZT�hEFGeg$

eXTV¤����� ��������� �������IeXTV¤�� �!�#"��$� � ¶ nE;[pj·

� À§ÁbÝÞÈÏÁ¬ÃªÒ¬ÒYÂ?̬È.ȽÆ�Õ" ÅgÝ¿Õ"Â?ȧÍÏÁ¬Â1ÌiŽÁbÂ�,¬Î¿ÆjÉËÊ�Á¬ÃGÈ ,YÂ?Â1Ì�ÄbÌbÂ()jÒYÂ7É_ŽÂ7ÐjÎ '�ÒbÇgÂ1Ò¬Ã�ǽÂ7Ð .jȽÉ1ǽÂ? ÓÔÂ7ÐSÚ,

Page 8: Université du Québec à Montréal · npt actv5?¨6fg57=wa"4y= f £jtv¤vfgretvde=?e[8³wxre>g57fd4y=7fkh ;° d 5vhm4ynp4=7f nw>ktvrsnp46wxre=hwxr u t657oz4ynpw[tvr t6r hm46w[e[8

� � � � ��������� ����� � ���������"��������� � ��� � � � � ���� �������� �"��"�������������2�

&�465?W¥46tEe[F *�FK46R ��NK;y'�F�]I; *²WXREW[O�DEO *24b£W[O�DEO��DO�t%FG5�T6U(��57FGFK= º6n6nE;yq6¹ ¹6npV;yºVm ¹Sx6l pjº$,Vl��FK¤VDEeX465)�WXFG>KF���4YNPF q;Þm�p q;yqVm q;[p"# q;ÞmY¹�WXFG>KF���4¬NPF�(4YWXh q;ÞmY¹ q;yq6¹ q;[p"# q;Þm(#' 46W[e[8Z��4657REW[RE¤V= mJpKnE;Þx6x ,6º;Þm6l #6º;ÞxYq n~l�pV;yºVl

� � � � �� � � � ����� �����+������������� ��� � � ������ � �"� � �"����������� � ����� � �!� ��������� � � � � � ���"�$# �+��� � �"�������� � � � ��� � �&%��(')��*+�

�_REhEFGL%FGREhEFGR~N�&�4657WX46tEe[F ¶½4V· ¶�tM·!CTVRE=1NA46RSN mJ¸¿ºVq ¹¸ #6n~m

¶½q;ym6ºVqS· ¶½q;¿¹Vº6n~·-ÏTV¤S465?W[N7@EO«TYU��WXFG>KF���4YNPF�(4YWXh ,imJ¸zn ,p ,�pV¸yxVxYn

¶½q;^p#$,S· ¶½q;ym�,SlV·*24¬£JW[O�DEO �_RhEW[]�WXhDM46eÏ��©%FK>GN q¸ylVxVm

¶½q;^pj¹SxV·*�W[REWXO�DO«�_REhW[]�WXhEDE46eÏ��©�FG>GN ,�q¸ym�#p

¶½q;¿q$#pb·-/. q¸ ,Sm6q q¸ #$,V¹

a�@EFG57F ���� �w57FGLE57FG=7FGR~N7= NP57FGFK= LEeX46RSNPFGh­tS8­WXRhEW[]�WXhDM46e10CTVR¯LeXT6N32Mf � �w57FGLE57FG=7FKRSN7=�N7@EF�LEW[FK>GF5P4¬NPFk5?FK>KFGW[]6FKh L%FG5�NP57FGF`LEe¥4YR~N7FKh¾TVR¼LEe[T6N/2Mf�46REh � � � � W[=w4f�LITV=7=?WXtEe^8³W[REhEW^]JW[hEDM46eÔo_=?L%FG>KW[¢E>6fWXRSN7FK57>GFKLNK;���@EFKR`W[REhEW^]JW[hEDM46eÔo_=?L%FG>KW[¢E>)@EFGN7FK57T6¤VFKREFGW[N_8ZWX=sWX¤VRET657FKh�f~N7@EF�FG=?NPW[O®4¬NPFK=�WXRZ>KTVe[DEOQR¶½4V·iT6UsNP46tEe[FQm`=?DE¤V¤VFG=?N�NP@E4YN�WXRE>G57FK46=7W[RE¤`NP@EF¦LEW[FK>KF¦574YNPFwhEFG>K5?Fd46=?FK=�4d]6FK5P4Y¤VF¦LE57T�hEDE>�NPW[]�W^N_8��NP@FvFK=1NPW[O®4YN7FKh�FKe¥4Y=?NPW[>KW^N_8`T6U�F�©�TV51N�a�W^NP@�57FK=?L%FG>GN�N7T®LEW[FK>GFH574YNPFHWX=4,�mJ¸zn ,Z46REh2=1NA4YN7WX=1NPWX>K46eXe^8=7W[¤VREW^¢M>d46RSNK;³#ihOZW^N7NPW[RE¤­W[REhEW[]�W[hEDM46eÔo_=7LIFK>GW[¢M>Z@EFGN7FK5?TV¤VFKRFKW[N_8�WXR�NP@F²W[RSNPFK5?>KFGLN % >KTVe[DEOQR¶�tM·�T6U���46tEe[F¦m/% 5?FK=?DEe[N7=�WXR246R¯WXRE>G57FK46=7FGh¯FK=?N7WXOZ4YNPFGh2FGe¥46=1NPWX>GW[N_86f%tEDJN W[NiWX=i=1NPW[eXe.REFK¤V4YNPW^]VF6f,�pV¸Þx6xJf<46REh:=?NP4YNPW[=?N7WX>d4YeXe[8Q=?WX¤VREW^¢M>d4YR~NK;

�)@EF�REFK¤V4YNPW^]VF°>KT�F�.Q>KW[FKRSN2FG=?N7WXOZ4YNPF´TVR NP@EF°eXTV¤V4657W^NP@EO T6UvN7@EF�LWXFK>GF³574YNPF´LM46W[h N7TLEeX46RSNPFK5?=�W[=kNP5?TVDEtEe[WXRE¤¾U 57T6O NP@EF°LIFK57=?L%FG>GN7W[]VF°T6UvWXRE>GFKRSNPW^]VF´NP@EFGTV5?86; ��46¨6FGR�eXW^NPFK5746eXe^8Vf�W[N=7D¤V¤VFK=1NP=�N7@M4YNva�@FKR¾NP@EF®LEWXFG>KF®574YNPF®WX=v@WX¤V@�Le¥46RSNPFG57=�aCTV5?¨³e[FK=7=HWXRSNPFGRE=7W^]VFGe[8°NP@M46R�a�@FKRNP@FZLEW[FK>GFQ574YNPF¦W[=�e[Tja�f�a�@EW[>A@�W[=�>KTVDERSN7FK51oËWXRSNPDW[NPW^]VFY;Z#�R�46e^NPFK5?RM4YN7W[]VFwFª£JLEe¥46RE4YNPW[TVR´WX= NP@M4¬NNP@F�LEW[FK>GF�574YNPF²WX=¦FKRhETV¤VFGRETVDE=QNPT´NP@EF²=?NP4YNPW[=?NPW[>d46e)OQT�hEFKe½;»�_R»LM465?N7WX>GDEe¥465GfsW^U�LEW[FK>GF�574YNPFG=

x

Page 9: Université du Québec à Montréal · npt actv5?¨6fg57=wa"4y= f £jtv¤vfgretvde=?e[8³wxre>g57fd4y=7fkh ;° d 5vhm4ynp4=7f nw>ktvrsnp46wxre=hwxr u t657oz4ynpw[tvr t6r hm46w[e[8

� � � � �������� ��� � � ���������"������� � ����� ����� � � � � ���� ��*+� � �"��"�������������2�

&�465?W¥46tEe[F *�FK46R ��NK;y'�F�]I; *²WXREW[O�DEO *24b£W[O�DEO��DO�t%FG5�T6U(��57FGFK= #$#�#; #Vl ¹Sm6lJ;¿n$, ¹Vº6q pbx�,Vl�WXFG>KF���4¬NPF q;Þm�p q;Þm6l q;[p"# q;ÞmY¹' 46W[e[8Z��4657REW[RE¤V= p#VmJ; ,Vl lYq;¿nVq #6º;ÞxYq ¹pjxJ;ÞxYq

� � � � �������� ��� � � ���������"��������� �+� ��� � �"��� � � � � ���� ���� � �"��"�������������2�

&�465?W¥46tEe[F *�FK46R ��NK;y'�F�]I; *²WXREW[O�DEO *24b£W[O�DEO��DO�t%FG5�T6U(��57FGFK= pjqpbm�;y¹$#Vl ¹Sl�pV;ÞmY¹ ¹Sx6l pjº$,Vl�WXFG>KF���4¬NPF�(4YWXh q;Þm(, q;yqVm q;ÞmY¹ q;Þm(#' 46W[e[8Z��4657REW[RE¤V= mVl¬nE;Þl(, ,�#;yº�# pjqVlJ;yq6q n~l�pV;yºVl

465?F®>KT65757FGe¥4YN7FKh³a�W^NP@�DERETVtE=?FK51]VFKh¼]Y4657WX46tEe[FK= NP@M4¬Nw46e[=7T­4¬©�FG>GN�Le¥46RSNPFG5vLE5?TJhDE>GN7W[]�W[N_86f�NP@FKRNP@F2TVtE=?FK51]VFKh�LEW[FK>GF­5P4YN7F²a�W[eXe�tIF2>KT65757FGe¥4YN7FKh±a�W^NP@ NP@EF­FG575?TV5ZN7FK57O "��$� �¦WXR�¶�nE;^pb·�; �)@EW[=>KT65757FGe¥4YN7WXTVR°a�WXe[es5?FK=7De[NwW[R¾tEW¥46=?FKh¾FG=?NPW[O®4¬NPFK=vT6U�NP@EFkFGe¥46=1NPW[>KW[N_8°T6U�F�©�TV51N�a�W[N7@¾57FG=7LIFK>GNwN7TLEW[FK>KF²5P4¬NPFK=¦tIFK>K46DE=7F�TVREF²T6UiN7@EF:O®4YWXRSNA46W[REFKh 46=?=7DEOQLN7WXTVRE=¦T6UieXFK46=?N1o_= ~DM4Y57FK=QFK=1NPW[O®4YN7WXTVR@M46=�tIFKFGR²]�WXT6e¥4YN7FKh§;

��4j]�W[RE¤�Fª£JL%FG57WXOQFKRSNP46e�hM4YNP4�4d]6TVWXhE=�N7@EFQFKREhET6¤VFKREFGW[N_8¯L57TVtEe[FKO tS8¯L57Tj]�WXhEW[RE¤:F�£JTV¤VFªoRETVD=s]Y4657WX4YNPW[TVRQWXRZN7@EFiLWXFK>GF�5P4¬NPF�U TV5"4�¤VW[]6FKRk=?FGN)T6U§LEe¥46RSN7WXRE¤H>KTVREhW[NPW[TVRE=G;(�_RkNA4YtEeXFG=C¹�4YREhnEf~aCFiLE57FG=7FKRSN"N7@EFi=?DEOQO®46518¦=?NP4YNPW[=?NPW[>K=�U TV5�NP@EF�57FK¤6DEe¥465�LEW[FK>GFi5P4¬NPFw¶ TV5�>KTVRSNP5?TVeI¤V57TVDL<·�4YREhNP5?Fd4YN7OZFGRSNshE4YNA4 =7F�NP=�a�@EWX>A@Q>KT6R~NP46WXR:pjq6º�4YREh #�#�T6tE=7FG5?]Y4YNPW[TVRE=Gf�5?FK=?L%FG>GNPW^]VFGe[8V;(�)@EFi4d]6FK5P4Y¤VFLEW[FK>KF�574YNPF�57FG>KFGW[]VFGh®tS8¦LEeX46RSNPFK5?=�WXRwNP@EF�>GTVRSNP57T6eM¤V57TVDLQaC46=�46tITVDNCmJp�>KFGR~N7=sLIFK5�N757FKFYf�a�@WXeXFWXRQNP@EF�NP57FK4YNPOQFKRSNC¤V57TVDLkW[N�a"4Y=)46tITVDN�m(,H>KFGRSNP=)LIFK5sN757FGF6;���R`4d]VFG5P46¤VFYfNP@F�>KTVRSN757TVeI¤V57T6DELLEeX46RSNPFKh #$#$#�=?FKFGhEeXW[RE¤V=�L%FG5�hM4d8VfEa�@EW[eXF�NP@F�N757FK4YNPOQFKRSN�¤V5?TVDEL²LEe¥46RSN7FKh´pjqpbm�=?FKFKheXWXR¤V=K;

��Tv>GTVRE=7W[hEFK5�NP@F�=1NA4YN7WX=?N7WX>K46eM=7W[¤VREW[¢E>d46RE>GF�TYU§TVDE5�5?FK=7De[NP=�U DE5?N7@EFK5Gf�asF�46DE¤VOQFKRSNPFGh¯¶ nE;[pj·NPT²WXR>KTV5?L%TV574YNPFwFª£JL%FG57WXOQFKRSNP46e�]Y4657WX4YNPW[TVR¯WXR¯NP@FZhM4¬NA4;Q�_R�LE465?N7WX>KDe¥465Gf§aCFQ>KTVR=7WXhFK57FGh³NP@FU TVe[eXTja�WXRE¤v57FK¤657FK=?=7W[TVR§$

e[TV¤� �$� � ���� � � � �� �Ie[TV¤��� � � " �$� � ¶ nE;Þm6·a�@EFG57F �� ��5?FKLE5?FK=?FKRSNP=�N7@EFvLEW[FK>GFH574YNPFHLM46WXh²TVR¯4QLM4651NPWX>GDEe¥4Y5�LeXT6NKfIFGW[N7@EFK5�� �vNP@FHNP5?Fd4YN7OZFGRSN5P4¬NPF�TV5�� �iNP@EF�>KT6R~N757TVe<574YNPFYf46Rh������ � � 57FGLE57FG=7FGR~N7=)4H>GTVRE=1NA46RSN�NPFK5?O NP@M4YN�W[=sW[REhEW[]�W[hEDM46eM4YREhLEe[T6N�=7LIFK>GW[¢M>Y;®��T6NPFwNP@E4YN�NP@EFQF�£JTV¤VFGRETVDE=�]Y4657WX4YNPW[TVR¯WXR¯N7@EF¦LEWXFG>KF¦5P4YN7F¦hEWX5?FK>GN7e[8¯W[hEFKRSN7W[¢MFG=NP@FvFKeX46=?N7WX>GW[N_8:T6U�F�©�TV51Nia�W^NP@25?FK=?L%FG>GN�N7TkLEWXFG>KFH5P4YN7FK=K;i�)@EFv5?FK=7De[NP=�U 57TVO FK=1NPW[O®4YN7WXRE¤�¶ nE;Þm6·465?F�L57FK=?FKRSNPFGh2W[R:NP46tEe[F�lJ;

�)@EF)FG=?N7WXOZ4YNPFGh�FKeX46=?N7WX>KW^N_8�WX=(LITV=?W[NPW^]VFYfSq¸¿¹VºfV4YREhw=?NP4YNPW[=?NPW[>d46e[e[8 =?WX¤VRW[¢M>K46RSNdfVtEDJN�=7OZ46eXe[FK5#

Page 10: Université du Québec à Montréal · npt actv5?¨6fg57=wa"4y= f £jtv¤vfgretvde=?e[8³wxre>g57fd4y=7fkh ;° d 5vhm4ynp4=7f nw>ktvrsnp46wxre=hwxr u t657oz4ynpw[tvr t6r hm46w[e[8

� � � ���� �+� ��� � �"����� � ����� �+��� � �����+������������� ��� � � ������ � �"� � �"����������� � ����� � �!� ��������� � � � � � ���"�$# �+��� � �"�������� � � � ��� � �&%��(')�����

�_REhEFGL%FGREhEFGR~N�&�4657WX46tEe[F!CTVRE=1NA46RSN xJ¸ylVxVx

¶½q;^pbl6¹S·-ÏTV¤S465?W[N7@EO«TYU �� q¸¿¹VºV¹

¶½q;¿q$#VºS·*24¬£JW[O�DEO �_RhEW[]�WXhDM46eÏ��©%FK>GN q¸ylVmVx

¶½q;¿q$#V¹S·*�W[REWXO�DO«�_REhW[]�WXhEDE46eÏ��©�FG>GN ,�q¸¿¹pdn

¶½q;¿qSl�,S·*24¬£JW[O�DEO ��W[NPF���©%FK>�N ,�q¸znEpj¹

¶½q;¿q6n ,S·*�W[REWXO�DO �JW^NPF���©%FK>GN ,�q¸ylYn~l

¶½q;¿q6n #S·-/. q¸ #$#

NP@E46RkLE5?FG]�WXTVD=CFK=1NPW[O®4YN7FK=G;�(4V465?=7>A@:46Rh:�J@EFK4657FG5�¶1pjº6ºVºS·�FK=?N7WXOZ4YNPFGhk4ve[TjaCFG5CtITVDEREh®N7TvNP@FFKeX46=?N7WX>GW[N_8QNPTQt%F Tj]VFG5iqJ¸ÞxVx�fa�@EWXe[F��i46e[FG8¯¶gm6qVq6¹S·CFK=1NPWXOZ4YN7FKh:W[N"N7T¦t%F�q¸znEpV; �

� � � ������ �������� � � ���� ���������� � ��� � �����

u W[]VFGR�N7@EFZtIFGU T657F�o_4YU�NPFG5HRE4YNPDE5?FZTYUCNP@F®F�£JLIFK5?WXOQFKRSNdf�W[N�WX=�WXOQLITV5?NP46RSN NPT�46>K>GTVDERSNvU TV5�NP@FFG©%FK>�NP=sT6UÏT6N7@EFK5�U�46>GN7TV57=�a�@EW[>A@k>KT6DEeXhQt%F�>A@M46R¤VWXRE¤v4YN�NP@EF�=P4YOZF�NPW[OZF�46=�NP@EF�F�£JLIFK5?WXOQFKRSNA46eNP5?Fd4YN7OZFGRSN³4YREh,a�@WX>A@�>GTVDEe[h,LITV=?=7WXte[8 4Y©%FK>�N°LE57T�hEDE>�NPW[]�W^N_8��kasF >KTVRE>GFKRSNP574YNPF TVR N_aCT$asFd4YN7@EFK5�46REh`U�4YN7WX¤VDEFY;

� ��� � �� �� � � ����� � �

��TH>GTVRSNP57T6eEU TV5�aCFK4YNP@FK5Kf~asF�>GTVeXe[FK>�NPFKhQhM4YNP4 TVR¦hM46WXe^8�5746WXRU�4YeXeJ46REhQO®4¬£JW[O�DEO NPFKOQLIFK5P4¬NPDE5?FU TV5"N7@EF�hM4d8J=�46REh²57FG¤VWXT6RE=�WXR`a�@EWX>A@:NP@F�Fª£JL%FG57WXOQFKRSN�NPT�TV¨ZLEe¥46>GF6;���FH4YDE¤VOQFKRSNPFGh²N7@EFHFª£~oLIFK57W[OZFGRSNA46e%57FK¤657FK=?=7W[TVRkNPTwW[RE>Ke[DEhEFiN7@EFK=?F�]Y465?W¥46teXFK=GfJ>GTVRE=?WXhEFG57WXR¤�NP@EF�U TVe[eXTja�WXR¤v57FG¤V57FG=7=?WXTVR§$

e[TV¤� � ��� ��� � � � � � �IeXTV¤��� � �� .������ � � � � ����� � ��� 0 � � � �#"�� � ¶½lJ;[pj·� À§ÁbÂ�ÒYÆGÝ¿ÌKÅJÂ7È ÅgÝ¿Õ)êŽÂIÆ�ÓjŽÁbÂ%Â1ÎÞÃ�È�ŽÝÞÉ Ý¿Å�'(É?êÎÞÉ ÄbÎÞÃAÅgÂ?Ð�, '�ßMÃ�Ã�ÇgÈgÉËÁ�ê̬Ð�ÖjÁbÂ?Ã�ǽÂ?Ç~Í�ÃGÈ~ÆAáGÂ1Ç � .7ÍÏÁ¬Ý¿ÎyÂ�×�êÎyÂ(' È

Í�ÃGÈ #���� Ú % Â�ÐjÝyÈgÉ ÄYȽȧÇgÂ?ÃGÈ�ÆG̬È%ÓÔÆ�ǧŽÁ¬Â�ÐjÝ �VÂ1ÇgÂ1ÌYÉ Â?ȧÝyÌ�Â?È�ŽÝyÕ)ÃAŽÂ7È§Ý¿Ì È½Â?É Å½ÝyÆ�Ì �dÚº

Page 11: Université du Québec à Montréal · npt actv5?¨6fg57=wa"4y= f £jtv¤vfgretvde=?e[8³wxre>g57fd4y=7fkh ;° d 5vhm4ynp4=7f nw>ktvrsnp46wxre=hwxr u t657oz4ynpw[tvr t6r hm46w[e[8

� � � ���� �+� ��� � �"����� � ����� �+��� � �����+������������� ��� � � ������ � �"� � �"����������� � ����� � �!� ��������� � � � � � ���"�$# �+��� � �"�������� � � � ��� � �&%��(')�����

�_REhEFGL%FGREhEFGR~N�&�4657WX46tEe[F!CTVRE=1NA46RSN xJ¸yl6º6n

¶½q;^pbl�#S·-ÏTV¤S465?W[N7@EO«TYU �� q¸zn~mJp

¶½q;¿qVº$#S·*24¬£JW[O�DEO �_RhEW[]�WXhDM46eÏ��©%FK>GN q¸ylVm�#

¶½q;¿q$#V¹S·*�W[REWXO�DO«�_REhW[]�WXhEDE46eÏ��©�FG>GN ,�q¸¿¹pdn

¶½q;¿qSlVlV·*24¬£JW[O�DEO ��W[NPF���©%FK>�N q¸ylVx�#

¶�q;yqVxYn~·*�W[REWXO�DO �JW^NPF���©%FK>GN q¸^pdnSº

¶½q;¿qV¹$#S·#�]6FK5746¤VFH' 46WXe^8Z��FKOQLIFK5P4¬NPDE5?F ,�q¸¿qVqp

¶½q;¿qVq6n~·��T6NA46e§' 46WXe^8k�57FG>KW[LEW[NP4YNPW[TVR pdq�� ��� q¸¿qVqSl

¶1pdq � � � q¸¿qVqSxV·-/. q¸ #$#p

�)@EF�57FG=7DEe^NP=)U 57TVO ¶glJ;^pb·"465?F LE57FG=7FGR~N7FKh­W[R`NA46tEe[F ,;�)@EF�5P4YWXRU�46e[e§46Rh�NPFGOZLIFK574YNPD57F�>KT�F�.Q>KW[FKRSNP=�465?FH=1NA4YN7WX=?N7WX>K46eXe^8ZW[RE=7W[¤VREW^¢M>d46RSN�46Rh²N7@EFKW[5

WXR>KeXD=7WXT6R²@E46=ie[W[N7N7eXF�F�©�FG>GNiTVR�N7@EFHF�©�T65?N�FKe¥4Y=?NPW[>KW^N_8`FK=1NPWXOZ4YN7F6;C�)@WX=�=7DE¤V¤6FK=?N7=iNP@E4YN�O®46>G57TYoasFd4YN7@EFK5�=7@ET�>A¨~=i4Y57F�RET6N�LEeX4d8JW[RE¤Q4wO®4�*?T65"57TVe[F WXR`NP@F�Fª£JL%FG57WXOQFKRSNP46e§hM4YNP4;

� � � � �� ���� ����� ����� ������� �������� �����������

#iRT6NP@EFG5wL%TYNPFKRSN7W¥46e�>KTVRJU TVDEREhEW[RE¤¯FKe[FKOQFKRSN�N7@M4YNw>GTVDEeXh¾W[R �MDEFGRE>KFkN7@EF`#��i��&�# 57FG=7DEe^NP=�W[=asTV57¨YFK5�U�4YNPW[¤VDEF6;��JWXRE>GF NP@EF LEW[FK>GF�574YNPF�aC46=�WXR>K57FK46=7FGh�T6REe[8k4YU�NPFG5)LEe¥46RSN7WXRE¤�aC46=�>KTVOQLEe[FGNPFGh4YN.NP@Fs5?FK¤VDEeX465Ï5P4¬NPF6fbasTV57¨YFK57=�O®4d86fYW[RH¤VFGREFK5746egf¬tIF�OQTV5?F�N7WX5?FKh�TVRHN757FK4YNPOQFKRSN?oË5P4YN7F�hM4d8�=�NP@E46RTVR°>KTVRSN757TVeÔo_5P4¬NPFwhM4d8�=K;k�)@WX=�eXFK46hE= NPT:N_aCTf�LITV=7=?WXtEe^8¯TVLELITV=?WXRE¤Ef.F�©�FG>GNP=G;®�ËU)LE465?N7WX>KW[LM4YN7WXTVRhEFG>KWX=?WXTVR=v465?F®tM4Y=7FKh³TVR³U�4YN7WX¤VDEFYf�asTV5?¨6FK5?=va�@ET­LE465?N7WX>KW[LM4YN7FQT6R�NP5?Fd4YN7OZFGRSN?o_574YNPFQhM4d8�=w465?FeXW[¨6FGe[8QNPTw@M4d]VF�e[TbasFK5 oËN7@M46RJo_4j]6FK5746¤VF eXF�]VFGeX=)T6U.U�4YN7WX¤VDEF�®¤VW[]�WXR¤�57W[=7FiN7TZ4�=1NA46RhM4657h:=746OZLeXF�o=7FGeXFG>GNPW[TVR³L57TVtEe[FKO²;:!CTVDERSN7FK5P4Y>GNPW[RE¤�N7@EWX=Gf�N7@EF®W[RE>K5?Fd46=?F®W[R°N7@EFZLWXFK>GF®574YNPFQ>KTVDeXh³hWX57FG>GN7e[84Y©%FK>�N®asTV57¨YFK5kLM4Y5?NPW[>KW[LM4YNPW[TVR �CN7@EF2@WX¤V@EFG5Z5?FKRSNP=®DEREhEFG5ZNP@F�NP5?Fd4YN7OZFGRSN®LEW[FK>GF25P4¬NPF²>KTVDEe[h

pjq

Page 12: Université du Québec à Montréal · npt actv5?¨6fg57=wa"4y= f £jtv¤vfgretvde=?e[8³wxre>g57fd4y=7fkh ;° d 5vhm4ynp4=7f nw>ktvrsnp46wxre=hwxr u t657oz4ynpw[tvr t6r hm46w[e[8

WXRhEDE>KF�asTV5?¨6FK5?=�N7T¦=7@ETja�DL:N7TwaCTV5?¨`4YN"U�4¬NPWX¤6DEF�eXF�]VFGeX="NP@E4YN)aCT6DEeXh:RETV5?O®4YeXe[8¦>K46DE=?F�N7@EFKONPTZ=?NP4j8�@ETVOQF6;�#i=�WXR2(4V465?=7>A@°46REh¯�J@EFd4Y57FK5�¶1pjº6º$,S·"aCF�OQFd4Y=7DE5?FHU�4YN7WX¤VDEF�tS8:NP@EF�R~DEOvt%FG5T6U�>KTVR=7FK>GDNPW^]VF²hM4d8�=QasTV57¨YFKh»LE57F�]JW[TVDE=?e[8³a�W^NP@ET6DNQ4¯57FK=1Nd;¼�ËN¦WX=�N7FKOQLNPW[RE¤­NPT´W[R~N757T�hEDE>GFLE5?FG]�WXTVD=ZhM4d8�=®asTV57¨YFKh�hWX57FG>GN7e[8¼WXRSN7T°N7@EF�>GTVREhEW^NPW[TVRM46e)OQFd46R¼U DERE>�NPW[TVR»U TV5¦LE5?TJhDE>GN7W[]�W[N_846REh2DE=7FH57FK¤657FK=?=7W[TVR¯46RM4Ye[8�=7W[=�N7T®>KT6R~N757TVe.U TV5�W[N7=�>GTVRU TVDREhEWXR¤®FG©%FK>�N TVR²NP@EFHFG©%TV5?N�FKeX46=?N7WX>�oW[N_86;���TjasFG]VFG5Kf.W[U�DERETVtE=?FK51]64YtEeXF�U�46>�NPTV5?=�46e[=7T`4¬©�FG>GN�U�4YN7WX¤VDFveXF�]VFGeX=Kf�TVLNPW[O®4Ye�LE465?N7WX>KW[LM4YN7WXTVRhEFG>KWX=?WXTVR=iNP5?DERE>d4¬NPF�NP@FwFK575?TV5iN7FK57O T6U�TVtE=?FK5?]6FKh°LE57T�hEDE>�NPW^]JW^N_8V;���46¨~WXRE¤:46>G>KTVDR~N�TYU�N7@EFK=?FFG©%FK>�NP=w5?F� ~DEWX5?FK=�OQT�hEFKe[eXWXR¤ *?T6WXRSNPe^8�LE465?N7WX>KW[LM4YN7WXTVR�46REh�F�©�T65?NwhEFG>KW[=7WXT6RE=�46=�4�U DERE>�NPWXT6R�T6UU�4YN7WX¤VDEFY;

� � ���� ���������� �� � �

��FsNA4Y¨6F)46=�¤VW[]6FKRvN7@M4YN�NP@EFCasTV5?¨6FK5(WX=(>GTVOQOZW^N7NPFGh�N7T�asTV57¨~W[RE¤�WXR�NP@EW[=�¢M5?O,46REhw>KT6RE>KFGR~N75P4YN7FTVR�hE46WXe^8¼hEFK>GWX=7W[TVRE=®N7T�=7@Tba DEL±N7T³asTV57¨<f�46REh�NP@FKR�@ETja O�DE>A@�N7T�LEe¥4YR~NK; ��F­hEFG57W[]6FTVLN7WXOZ46e6F�©�T65?N�46REh�LM4651NPW[>KWXLE4YNPW[TVR�hEFG>KWX=?WXTVR=�4Y=ÏF� ~DEWXe[WXtE5?WXDEO 57FG=7LITVRE=?FK=�N7T)NP@EF�F�£JLIFK5?WXOQFKRSNA46e]Y4657WX4YNPW[TVRkW[R²N7@EF�LEWXFG>KF�5P4YN7F6;��)@EF�OZT�hEFGeÏWX=)hEF�]VFKe[TVLIFKh2W[R`N_aCTQ=?NP46¤VFK=G;"�(W[57=1NdfasFH>GTVRE=?WXhEFG5asTV57¨YFK5CF�©�T65?Ns>A@ETVWX>GFK=GfWX¤6RETV57W[RE¤ LM4651NPW[>KWXLE4YNPW[TVR¦46REhQU�4YNPW[¤VDEF��SN7@EFKRkW[RSNP57T�hEDE>GF�LE465?N7WX>KW[LM4YN7WXTVRhEFG>KWX=?WXTVR=�W[RkNP@EF�LE5?FK=?FKRE>GFvT6U�aCT657¨6FG5�U�4¬NPWX¤6DEF6;

� ��� � � �� ���������� � ���

��FH4Y=7=7DOZF NP@E4YN�hM46W[e[8kL57T�hEDE>GN7W[]�W[N_8 WX=)hEF�NPFK5?OZW[REFKh:tS8

�������a�@EFG57F�� 57FGLE57FG=7FGR~N7=�NP@EF¦asTV57¨YFK5��z=�F�©�TV51Nve[FG]6FKegf�� WX=H4�LeXT6N1o_=7LIFK>GW[¢M>¦LE5?TJhDE>GN7W[]�W[N_8´=?@ETJ>A¨57FGLE57FG=7FGR~N7WXRE¤2LEe¥46RSN7WXRE¤²>KTVRhEW[N7WXTVRE=�tIFG8VT6REh³NP@FZasTV57¨YFK5��z=w>KT6R~N757TVe�¶ =7DE>A@¼46=�NP@EFQ@M465?hEREFG=7=T6U�N7@EF�¤V5?TVDEREhM·�f%46REh�� hEFGRET6NPFG= 4Z>GTVOQOZTVR²aCFK4YNP@FK5�=?@ETJ>A¨<;��³Fw4Y=7=7DOZF���4YREh� 465?FWXRhEFKLIFKREhFKRSNPe^8�hEWX=1NP57W[tEDN7FKh§fja�W[N7@��`U TVeXe[Tja�WXRE¤�4)eXT6¤Yo_RET657OZ46eYhWX=?N757W[tEDNPW[TVR�a�W[N7@HLE465P46OQFGN7FK5?= 46REh�� . ;���F�46=7=?DEOZF N7@EF U TVeXe[Tba�W[RE¤�=?L%FG>KW[¢E>d4YN7WXTVR`U TV5)hM4YWXe[8QasFd4YN7@EFK5�TVR:hM4d8�

eXT6¤�� ����� �!��� � � � ��� . - � ¶�,;[pj·

a�@EFG57F � ¶ hM46WXe^8:O®4b£W[O�DEO N7FKOQL%FG5P4YN7DE57Fd·�46Rh - ¶ N7T6NA4Ye�hE46WXe^8:5P46W[RU�46eXe¥·C465?FvWXRhEFKLIFKREhFKRSN5P4YREhETVO ]Y465?W¥46teXFK=G;��³F�46=?=7DEOQF � �sW[=)RETV57OZ46e[e[8ZhEWX=1NP57W[tEDN7FKh§fE@E4j]�W[RE¤ZOQFd4YR �� � 4YREh²]Y465?W^o46RE>GF�� .� ·�a�@EFK5?F �� � WX=�NP@EF�F�£JLIFK>�NPFKh`hE46WXe^8wO®4b£W[O�DEO�N7FKOQL%FG5P4YN7DE57F�TVRZhM4d8� ª;�*�TJhFKeXe[WXRE¤NP@F)hEWX=1NP57W[tEDN7WXTVR�TYU�5746WXRU�4YeXe~WX=�>GTVOZLeXWX>K4YNPFGh�tS8�NP@F)WXRE>GWXhEFGRE>KF)T6UIRET�5746WXR§;���T�>K46LNPD57F"NP@WX=KfasFHDE=?FKh�4QOQW^£JFGh²hWX=7>G57F�NPF��¬>KTVRSNPW[R~DETVDE=�5P4YREhETVO ]Y465?W¥46teXF6$

- ��� q a�W[NP@:LE5?TVtM46tWXeXW^N_8¯¶ p ,���·� a�W[NP@:LE5?TVtM46tWXeXW^N_8��pVp

Page 13: Université du Québec à Montréal · npt actv5?¨6fg57=wa"4y= f £jtv¤vfgretvde=?e[8³wxre>g57fd4y=7fkh ;° d 5vhm4ynp4=7f nw>ktvrsnp46wxre=hwxr u t657oz4ynpw[tvr t6r hm46w[e[8

a�@EFG57F � W[=¦hEWX=1NP57W[tEDN7FKh±u�46OQOZ42a�W[NP@ LM465746OQFGNPFG57=���46REh��%;»�eX46RSNPFG57=Q@M4d]VF­4´DN7WXeXW^N_8U DERE>�NPW[TVR "�hEFG¢MRFKh´Tj]VFK5iFd465?REWXRE¤6=��²46REh­F�©�TV51N �Z;�\�REhEFG5iNP@F�LEWXFG>KF�574YNPF �Jf%Fd465?REWXR¤V=��F� ~DM4Ye�� TV5 � ����� ;���F�46=7=?DEOQF�N7@M4YN�NP@F�>GTV=?N�T6U�FG©%TV5?N�U DER>GNPW[TVR`U TV5�LEe¥4YR~N7FK5 0�@M46=�NP@FU TVe[eXTja�WXRE¤HU DERE>GN7WXTVRE46e�U TV5?O�$� ¶ �v·��� � ¶ � pb· ���� ������ � ����q�� ��q

a�@EFG57F�� ��hEFKRETYNPFK=`N7@EF´LEe¥46RSN7FK51oË=7LIFK>GW[¢M>´>KT6OZLITVREFGR~N:TYUv>GTV=?N7=246Rh >A@M465P4Y>GNPFG57W 'KFK=:NP@F>KD5?]Y4YNPD57FiTYU � ¶�� ·ª;(�³Fi46=7=?DEOQF�4H=?FKLM4Y5P46tEe[FiDN7WXe[W[N_8�U DER>GNPW[TVR®W[R��Q46Rh��/TYU§NP@EF�U TVeXe[Tja�WXRE¤U TV5?O�$

"w¶���� ��·������ , � ¶ ��·� �"!�� ����� ,#� � ¶ � pb· � �� ������ %$ ¸ ¶�,;Þm6·

�MTV5)Fd4Y>A@�LEe[T6N�T6U�e¥46Rh:N7T¦t%F�LEeX46RSNPFKh�fNP@EF N7WXOQWXRE¤�TYU(F�]VFKRSN7=iWXR`N7@EF�OZT�hEFKe�WX=�46=)U TVe[eXTja�=K$pV;���4YNPDE5?F�>A@ETJT6=7FK=v¶ � � .d·sU T65)tEeXT�>A¨�2��mJ;"N7@EF�¢M57O�T6tE=7FG5?]VFG=)¶ � � .K·%U TV5ÏtEeXT�>A¨ 2i46=ÏaCFGeXeS46=ÏasFd4YN7@EFK5�LM465746OQFGNPFG57=�¶ �� � � .� �&�'�&�(� ��·

46Rh²N7@EFKR²=7FGeXFK>�NP=�4wLEWXFG>KF�5P4YN7F � �¹;"N7@EF aCTV5?¨6FG5�TVt=7FK51]VFG=w¶ � � .)� �*� �,·"4YREh:FKW[N7@EFK5�46>G>KFGLNP=�TV5)57F *?FK>�NP=�NP@EF�>KT6R~N75P46>�N"�nE;)>GTVREhEW^NPWXT6RM46e�TVR°46>K>GFKLN7WXRE¤`NP@Fw>KTVRSNP5746>GN N7@EF�asTV57¨YFK5�TVtE=?FK5?]6FK=H4kLM4651NPWX>GDEe¥4Y5�]Y46eXDF�T6U�»T6R²@WX=)LEe[T6Ndf�+ � �SfM46REh²>A@ET�TV=7FG=i4YR�F�©�TV51N�eXF�]VFKe½fELE5?TJhED>KWXR¤ �lJ;"N7@EF ¢M57O T6tE=7FG5?]VFG= ¡46REh²LM4d8�=�Fd465?REWXRE¤6=K;

� ��� ����� � ������ -,/. ���� 0 � � � ������������ �-ÏFGN?NPWXR¤ � �QhEFKRETYNPF³N7@EF�TVLN7WXOZ46e�eXF�]VFKeHT6U¦FG©%TV51N­>A@ETV=?FKR tS8�4»LM465?N7WX>GWXLM4YN7WXRE¤¼asTV57¨YFK5 07fNP@FKR >KTVREhW[NPW[TVRM46e�TVR+Vf�4¾57FK46eXW 'd4YN7WXTVR»T6U �"fi46REh�TVtE=?FK5?]6FKh aCFK4YNP@EFG521Hf�N7@EF¯U TVeXe[Tja�WXRE¤>A@M465746>GN7FK5?W 'KFG=�N7@EF�LEe¥4YR~N7FK5)hEFG>KW[=7WXT6R²5?DEeXF >GTVRE>GFK57RWXRE¤QFG©%TV5?NK$

� � �43 �5+ �� �7698a�@EW[>A@­NP@EFGR­8JW[FKe[hE=�N7@EFvU TVe[eXTja�WXRE¤QTVtE=?FK51]VFKh´LE5?TJhDE>GN7W[]�W[N_8:U TV5�WXREhEW^]�WXhEDM4Ye 0CTVR­tEe[TJ>A¨ 2`TVRhM4d8� ª$ :

� � � �� 8�� 8 � + 8*; �� � � � 8<; � ¸ ¶�,;y¹V·

��46¨~WXRE¤¦eXT6¤S4657W^NP@EOQ=Kf~asFH>K46R²a�5?W[N7F�NP@EF U TVe[eXTja�WXRE¤v=?NPT�>A@M46=1NPW[>�=?L%FG>KW^¢M>d4YN7WXTVR�$

eXTV¤��� � � � e[TV¤ � � , eXT6¤=� ����¶ � pb·)> � �!��� � � � ��� . - ��?!��¶ � pb·e[TV¤�� � �S¸ ¶�,;¿nS·

�_R�TV5?hEFK5�U TV5(4�aCTV5?¨6FG5(NPT 4Y>K>KFGLN�N7@EF">KT6R~N75P46>�N�T6©%FK5?FKh§f6W[N�O�DE=?N�=P4YN7WX=?U�8�@EW[=�Fª£JL%FG>GNPFGhJo_DJNPWXe[W[N_8>KT6RE=?N75P46W[R~NK;�#i=�W[R¦(4V4Y57=7>A@®46REhZ�J@EFK4657FG5�¶1pjº6ºVºS·�fYaCF�46=?=7DEOQF)NP@M4YN(NP@EF�LEW[FK>KF)574YNPF)W[=�>A@ETV=?FKR

pbm

Page 14: Université du Québec à Montréal · npt actv5?¨6fg57=wa"4y= f £jtv¤vfgretvde=?e[8³wxre>g57fd4y=7fkh ;° d 5vhm4ynp4=7f nw>ktvrsnp46wxre=hwxr u t657oz4ynpw[tvr t6r hm46w[e[8

NPT2=P4YN7WX=?U�8´N7@EF`46e^NPFK5?RM4YN7W[]VFZDNPW[eXW^N_8¯>KTVR=?NP5746WXRSNwTYU)NP@EFke[TjaCFG=?N?o_46tEW[eXW[N_82aCTV5?¨6FG5wWXR³N7@EFZ¢M5?O ���� ���XfN7@EF aCTV5?¨6FG5�a�W^NP@`NP@EF�@EW[¤V@EFG=?N�>KTV=1N�LM465P4YOZF�NPFK5 � � a�@EFK5?F� � � O®4¬£�¶ � �<�&� . �d¸K¸d¸ �&���·�¸#i=�=?DE>A@§f ��=7T6e[]VFG=i4Y¤VFKRSN�� �¿=�F�£JLIFK>�NPFKh�o_DN7WXeXW^N_8k>GTVRE=?N75P46W[RSN

�� 8<; �� F�£JL �^¶ ��pb· � q¸Þl¶ ��pb· . � .��¶ � pb· � 8 � � � � � 8*; �� ���� ¶�,;Þl6·

a�@EFG57F � hEFKRT6NPFG=�N7@EF�F�£JL%FG>GNP4YNPW[TVRE=�TVLIFK5P4¬NPTV5G;��<5?TVO ¶�,;^pb·�f

� � � � 8*; �� � �� Fª£JL �[¶ � pj· � �!� ¶ ��pb· � � � ��¶ � pb· � . -����<¸

�MDE5?N7@EFK5?OZT657F6fJU 57TVOµNP@EF�LE5?TVL%FG5?N7WXFK=�T6U�NP@F�RTV57OZ46e§hEW[=?N757WXtDNPW[TVR§f

�� F�£JL �^¶ ��pb· � � � � � � F�£JL �[¶ ��pb· � � � �»q¸ylE¶ � pj· . � .� � .� � �

46REh�fEU 57TVOµNP@EF�LE5?TVL%FG5?N7WXFK=�T6U�NP@Fvu�46OQO®4HhEWX=1NP57W[tEDN7WXTVR§f

�� F�£JL �^¶�� -�� � ��¶1p , ��· � � F�£JL.¶�� -�·�� - � q�� ��� � � F�£JL.¶�� -�·�� - ��q��

��¶1p , ��· � � F�£JL.¶�qS·�� ��� � � Fª£JL�¶�� -�·����¶1p , ��· � � 3 �� , � 6 !�#"%$�¶�� �&�'�&�(� �.·

a�@EFG57F&��W[=�4w=7@ETV51N?oË@M46REh:U TV5�¶ � pb· � . ;C��TVe[]�WXR¤�U TV5 ��8�W[FKeXh=¶ ��pb· � � eXT6¤&�� � eXTV¤ � � � e[TV¤<¶ � pb· ,�¶ � pb·eXTV¤ � � ,¼q¸ylE¶ � pj· . � .� ,

¶ ��pb· � ��,�¶ ��pb· � � � ,¾q¸ylE¶ � pb· . � .� � .� ,eXT6¤ � " $ �'� �&� ���(� �(� � ¸ ¶�,; ,V·

�JDEt=?NPW^NPDN7WXRE¤�¶�,; ,V·CWXRSNPT�¶ ,J;y¹S·s8�W[FKeXh="NP@EF U TVe[eXTja�WXRE¤vFKOQLEWX5?WX>d4Ye%=?L%FG>KW[¢E>d4YN7WXTVR§$

e[TV¤� � � ��� eXT6¤<¶ � pb· �¼eXTV¤&�� ,³eXTV¤�� � � eXTV¤ 3 � �� � 6 ,¼q¸Þl¶ ��pb· . � .� ,q¸ylE¶ � pj· . � .� � .� ��¶ � pj· � �b¶ � � , �� � · � ¶ � pb· � . - ��,eXT6¤ � "%$)� � ��� �&� � �(� � �+* � � � ¶�,;Þx6·

a�@EFG57F,*�� �:F� ~DM46e[=²¶ �,pb·K¶ eXTV¤ � � � , �¬·HW[=�hEWX=1NP5?WXtEDN7FKh¾RET657OZ46eXe^8°a�W^NP@¾OQFd46R 'GFK5?T�4YREh]Y4657WX46RE>GFQ¶ ��pb· . � .� ;

pj¹

Page 15: Université du Québec à Montréal · npt actv5?¨6fg57=wa"4y= f £jtv¤vfgretvde=?e[8³wxre>g57fd4y=7fkh ;° d 5vhm4ynp4=7f nw>ktvrsnp46wxre=hwxr u t657oz4ynpw[tvr t6r hm46w[e[8

� ��� � � � � ��� ����� � ��� , . ���� 0 � � � ������������\�RhEFK5kT6DE5®Fª£LIFK5?WXOQFKRSNdf)N7@EF­LEW[FK>KF25P4YN7FK=®U TV5Z=7TVOQF2LeXT6N7=®TVR�teXT�>A¨ 2 465?F2F�£JTV¤6FKRETVD=7e[8WXR>K57FK46=7FGh`U 57TVO � � NPT�� �~;���TV5?¨6FK5CLE57T�hEDE>�NPW[]�W^N_8®TVRkN7@EFiN757Fd4¬NPOQFKRSN)LEe[T6NP=sWX=CN7@EFKR`¤VW^]VFGR`t~8NP@F�U T6eXeXTja�W[RE¤�TVtE=?FK51]VFKh�o_LE5?TJhED>GNPW^]�W[N_8:F� ~DM4¬NPWXT6R§$:

� � ���� 8�� 8 � + 8*; �� � 1 � 8*; � ¸ ¶�,; #V·

u W[]VFGR`NP@M4YN�>GTVREhEW^NPW[TVRE=)@M4d]VF�RETYN�>A@E46RE¤VFGh§f�� �H=1NPW[eXe�=74YNPW[=?¢MFG=H¶ ,;ylV·�fJ8JW[FKe[hEWXRE¤�N7@EF U TVeXe[Tja�WXRE¤FKOQLEW[57WX>K46e�=?L%FG>KW^¢M>d4YN7WXTVR:W[R:N7FK5?OZ=)T6U�5P4YREhETVO ]Y465?W¥46teXFK=G$

e[TV¤� � � ��� eXT6¤<¶ � pb· �¼eXTV¤&�� ,³eXTV¤�� � � eXTV¤ 3 � �� � 6 ,¼q¸Þl¶ ��pb· . � .� ,q¸ylE¶ � pj· . � .� ��¶ � pj· � �b¶ � � , � � ·K¶ � pb· � . - ��,eXT6¤ � " $ � � ��� �&� � �(� �� � eXTV¤ 3 � �� �'6 �+* � � �

¶�,;yºV·

� � � � � � ���� ���$� �� � � ��� �$�������

!CTVO�tWXREW[RE¤²¶ ,;yxV·"46Rh�¶�,;yºV·s8JW[FKe[hE=

e[TV¤� � � ��� eXT6¤<¶ � pb· �¼eXTV¤&�� ,¾eXTV¤�� � , e[TV¤ 3 � �� � 6 ,¾qJ¸ÞlE¶ ��pb· . � .� ,q¸ylE¶ ��pb· . � .� ��¶ � pj· � �b¶ � � , �� � · ��¶ � pb· � . - ��,eXT6¤ � "%$)�^¶ � pb· � . �&� ���(� �(��� � eXTV¤ 3 �� �� � 6 � *�� � �

¶ ,;^pjqS·

a�@EFG57F�NP@EF�LEW[FK>KF�574YNPF�N7@EF aCTV5?¨6FG5i46>�NPDM4YeXe[8Z57FG>KFGW[]VFGh�U TV5)Le¥46RSNPW[RE¤¦WX=)hEF�¢MREFGh2tS8

�� � � � � � U TV5"NP5?Fd4YN7OZFGRSN�¤657TVDEL:TVt=7FK51]Y4YNPW[TVRE= �� � U TV5)>KT6R~N757TVeϤ657TVDEL²TVtE=?FK51]64¬NPWXT6RE=K;

� � � � � �������� �����������

��F2RETja Fª£JN7FKREh�T6DE5ZOQT�hEFKe)NPT³46hEOQW[N¦W[REhEW[]�W[hEDM46e)LM4Y5?NPW[>KW[LM4YNPW[TVR¾hEFG>KWX=?WXTVR=®46Rh»asTV57¨YFK5U�4YN7WX¤VDEFY;���DE5�WXRSNPFG57FK=1N�e[WXFK=�W[R�NP@FH=?@ETV5?N1oËN7FK57O²f<hM46W[e[8`LM4Y5?NPW[>KW[LM4YNPW[TVR:hEFK>GWX=?WXTVRE=�T6U�4wasTV57¨YFK5a�@ET`W[=iLE5?FK=7FGRSN�46REh¯FKe[WX¤VW[tEeXF�N7TkaCT657¨²WXR2N7@EFv¢M5?O�;��)@F�hEFK>GWX=?WXTVR2N7T *?TVWXR�TV5�N7TkeXFK4d]VF�NP@F

pdn

Page 16: Université du Québec à Montréal · npt actv5?¨6fg57=wa"4y= f £jtv¤vfgretvde=?e[8³wxre>g57fd4y=7fkh ;° d 5vhm4ynp4=7f nw>ktvrsnp46wxre=hwxr u t657oz4ynpw[tvr t6r hm46w[e[8

¢M5?O WX=�NP57FK4YNPFGh°46= F�£JTV¤VFGRETVDE=Gf.hEFKOZ46REh´hE5?W[]VFGR§;��465?N7WX>GWXLM4YN7WXTVR2hEFK>GWX=7W[TVRE= 4Y57F¦4®U DERE>�NPW[TVRT6UsU�4YNPW[¤VDEF¦46REh°aCFK4YNP@FK5K;Z�³FQWXRE>GTV57LITV574YNPF�U�4YN7WX¤VDF¦N7@E57T6DE¤V@´NP@EF¦aCT657¨6FG5��z=v>GTV=?NHT6U"F�©�T65?NdfOZ46¨~WXRE¤HW[N)4vU DRE>GN7WXTVRkTYU.>KDEO�De¥4YN7W[]VF�hM4d8�="aCTV5?¨6FGh�=?WXRE>GFiNP@EFie¥46=1N"hM4d8ZT6U�57FK=1Nd;���F�hETwRETYNOQTJhEFGe%>GDEO�DEeX4YNPW^]VF�hM4d8�=)T6U.57FG=?NdfJWXOQLEeXW[>KW^NPe[8v46=?=7DEOQWXRE¤HNP@M4YNCTVREF�hM4d8®T6U.5?FK=1N)WX=s>KTVOQLEeXF�NPFGe[857FG¤VFKRFK5P4¬NPW[]6F6;

-ÏFGN�W[REhEW[]�W[hEDM46e 0 �z=�>GTV=?N�T6U�FG©%TV51N�T6R²Le¥46RSNPW[RE¤whM4d8 st%F�¤VW^]VFKR²tS8kNP@F�U DRE>GN7WXTVR

eXTV¤ � � � ��� � ����� ��� � ��� � � ¶ ,;^pVpb·

a�@EFG57F�� ��57FGLE57FG=7FGR~N7=�>KDO�DEe¥4¬NPW[]6FwhM4d8�=�asTV57¨YFKh�=?WXRE>GFQN7@EF¦e¥46=1N�hM4d8¯T6U"5?FK=1Ndf�46REh�� � ��W[=�45P4YREhETVO FG575?TV5wNPFK5?O @M4d]�WXRE¤ 'KFG57T�OZFK46R 46REh±>GTVRE=1NA46RSN¦]Y4657WX46RE>KFY;�u W[]6FKR�¶ ,;ylV·�46Rh»NP@FNPW[OZW[RE¤�=?F� ~DEFKR>KF6f%4waCTV5?¨6FG5�a�W[eXe�tIF�TVtE=?FK5?]6FKh²aCTV5?¨~WXRE¤¦a�@EFKRFG]VFG5 � � �� ¶�e[TV¤ � � ,���g· , � ��� � ��¶ � pb· � �b¶ � � , � � · � ¶ � pb· � . - � ,

e[TV¤ � " $ �^¶ ��pb· � . �&�'�&�(� �(� � ,�q¸Þl¶ ��pb· � .� � .� ��¶ � pj·K¶�e[TV¤ �� ,¾e[TV¤ �V·ª¸ ¶ ,;^pbmV·

�JDEt=?NPW^NPDN7WXRE¤wU 5?TVO ¶�,;[p6pb·CWXRSNPT�¶�,;[pdqS·s8�WXFKe[hE=

eXT6¤ ��� � ��� eXTV¤<¶ ��pb· � e[TV¤ �� ,¾e[TV¤ � � � ¶�eXT6¤=� � ,¾eXT6¤� � �g· , � ��� � ,¼q¸ylE¶ � pj· . � .� ,¼qJ¸ÞlE¶ ��pb· . � .� � .� ��¶ ��pb· � �¬¶ � � , � � · �¶ � pb· � . - � ,�eXTV¤ � " $ �^¶ � pb· � . ��� �&� � �(� � � ¶�e[TV¤ �� ��,�eXTV¤�� �¬· �¶ � pb·G¶�e[TV¤ � � ��, �¬· , � � �ª¸

¶ ,;^pj¹S·

!CTVO�tWXREW[RE¤²¶ ,;^pbmV·146REh�¶ ,J;[pj¹V·�fasF�57FGa�5?W[N7F�N7@EF�=?8�=?N7FKO T6U�F� ~DM4YN7WXTVR=�46=

e[TV¤ � � � ��� ,¾eXTV¤ � � ��� �!� ���� .

� � ��� � ,¼qJ¸Þl������ � �� .� ��� . � � ��� �S¶ � � , � � · �

��� - � ,¾eXTV¤ � "%$ �^¶ ��pb· � . �&�'�&�(� �(� � � ¶�e[TV¤ �� � ,¾eXTV¤�� �b· � !*�� � �� 3� � � ��� �!� �

��� .� � ��� ����� . � � ��� �S¶ � � , �� � · ����� - ��,

eXT6¤ � " $ �^¶ � pb· � . �&� ���(� �(� � ��¶ � pj· > eXT6¤ �� ��,¾e[TV¤ � � ? , � � �¶ ,;^pdn~·

a�@EFG57F� ��� eXT6¤ �� � e[TV¤<¶ � pj· � ¶�e[TV¤ � � ,¾e[TV¤�� � ��· ,¾q¸ylE¶ � pb· . � .� � .� �� � � � ¶�� ����,� � �Ë·� . � , � �

pbl

Page 17: Université du Québec à Montréal · npt actv5?¨6fg57=wa"4y= f £jtv¤vfgretvde=?e[8³wxre>g57fd4y=7fkh ;° d 5vhm4ynp4=7f nw>ktvrsnp46wxre=hwxr u t657oz4ynpw[tvr t6r hm46w[e[8

� ����¶ � pb· � ���� ��¶ �±mV· � .� ��� ¶�e[TV¤ � � ,¾e[TV¤�� � ��· ,¾q¸ylE¶ � pb· . � .� � .��� .� � ¶ ��pb· . � .�!* � � � ��¶ ��pb·K¶ eXTV¤�� � ��, �b· , � � �A¸

�MTV5�Fd46=?FvW[R�LE5?FK=?FKRSNA4YN7WXTVR�T6U(N7@EFve[WX¨YFKeXW[@ET�TJh®U DRE>GN7WXTVR�t%FGeXTja�fMaCFHWXRSNP5?TJhED>KF NP@EF�U TVeXe[Tja�WXRE¤hEF�¢MREW[N7WXTVR=K$

� ��� � ,¾eXT6¤�� ��� ��� ���� .

� � ��� � ,¼q¸yl ����� � �� .� ��� . � � �

� �~¶ � � , �� � · ��� � - � ,¾eXTV¤�� " $ ¶����$�&�'�&�(� ��·� � ¶�e[TV¤ �� ,�e[TV¤��V·

� ��� � �!� ���� .

� � ��� � ��� . � � ��� �V¶ � � , �� � · ����� - � ,�e[TV¤ � " $ ¶���� ��� �&� � ��·� �¶ ��pb·5>ËeXT6¤ �� ,¾eXTV¤ �)?S¸

� � ��� ��� � �����/ ��� ������ � � �� ������

#i=COZFGR~N7WXTVRFKhk4Yt%Tj]VFYfEW[NsWX=�asFKeXe%¨~RETja�RkNP@M4YNCLM4651NPWX>GWXLM4¬NPWXT6RQtIFK@E4j]�W[TVDE5C>K46R`eXFK46hZN7T�WXR>KTVRJo=7W[=?N7FKRE>GWXFK=CWXRktIT6NP@`RTVRJo_Fª£JL%FG57WXOQFKRSNP46e%hE4YNA4�4YREh`F�£JLIFK57W[OZFGRSNA46e%hM4YNA4J;��� �DE4YNPW[TVRE="W[R´¶ ,;^pdn~·OZ46¨6F�>Ke[Fd465�NP@E4YN�NP@EF�LM4651NPWX>GWXLM4¬NPWXT6Rwt%FG@M4d]JW[TVDE5�hEFK=?>K5?WXtIFKh`46tITj]VF�NP5?DERE>d4¬NPFK=�NP@EF�FK5?57TV5�N7FK57OWXR`N7@EF�LE57T�hEDE>�NPW[]�W^N_8kF� ~DM4¬NPWXT6R �ERM46OQFKe^8Vf

� ¶�e[TV¤ � � � ��� (4Y5?NPW[>KW[LM4YNPW[TVR· � � ¶ eXTV¤ ��� � � � � 3� � ��� qS·� � ¶ eXTV¤ ��� � � � � � � � � �1·� eXTV¤<¶ ��pb· � e[TV¤ �� ,�e[TV¤�� � , ¶ eXTV¤ � � ,¾eXTV¤ � � �Ë· , � ��� � ,¼q¸ylE¶ � pb· . � .� ,¼qJ¸ÞlE¶ ��pb· . � .� � .� �

¶ � pb· � �¬¶ � � , � � · ��¶ ��pb· � . - � ,eXTV¤ � " $ �^¶ ��pb· � . �&�'�&�(� �(� � � ¶�e[TV¤ � � ,�e[TV¤�� �¬· ,

� ¶ � � ��� � � �� � �1·ª¸¶ ,;^pblV·

�)@EW[=(57FGLE57FG=7FGR~N7=�=?NA4YREhM465?h�=P46OQLEe[F�o_=?FKe[FK>GN7WXTVRHtEW¥4Y=K;(�JWXRE>GF � ¶ � � ��� � � ��� � � ·���q �bNP@ETV=?F"TVtJo=7FG5?]6FKhwaCT657¨~WXRE¤�4657F�NP@ETV=?Fsa�W^NP@�tIFKe[Tba¾4j]6FK5746¤VF"F�©�TV51N�>GTV=?N7=�¶½46tITj]VFC4j]6FK5746¤VF"LE5?TJhDE>GN7W[]�W[N_8·�$57FG¤V57FG=7=?WXTVR²OZF�NP@ET�hE=)TVR²LM4651NPW[>KWXLE46RSNP="a�WXe[e�e[WX¨6FGe[8ZTj]VFK5?FK=1NPWXOZ4YN7F�N7@EF�WXRE>GFKRSNPW^]VF�FG©%FK>�Nd;

p,

Page 18: Université du Québec à Montréal · npt actv5?¨6fg57=wa"4y= f £jtv¤vfgretvde=?e[8³wxre>g57fd4y=7fkh ;° d 5vhm4ynp4=7f nw>ktvrsnp46wxre=hwxr u t657oz4ynpw[tvr t6r hm46w[e[8

!CTVDR~N7FK5746>GN7WXRE¤²NP@EW[=�=1NA46RhM4657h�=7FGeXFK>�NPW[TVR�F�©�FG>GNvWX= NP@EFQFG©%FK>�NvTYU"F�£JLIFK5?WXOQFKRSNA46e�5?FKRSNP=G;�)@EF W[RE>K5?Fd46=?F�WXR®N7@EF F�£JLIFK5?WXOQFKRSNA46e%LEWXFG>KF�574YNPFihEWX5?FK>GN7e[8Z4Y©%FK>�NP="LM4Y5?NPW[>KW[LM4YNPW[TVRZN7@E57T6DE¤V@kNP@FNPFG57O

¶ ��pb· > e[TV¤ �� ,¾eXT6¤��6·WXR�¶ ,;^pbmV·ª;���TV57¨YFK57=�4YNw46e[es>GTV=?N7=�T6U�F�©�TV51Nva�W[eXe�WXRE>G57FK46=7FkLE465?N7WX>KW[LM4YN7WXTVR§;²��TbasFG]6FK5Gfs=?WXRE>GFNP@F�N757FK4YNPOQFKRSN)NA4Y¨6FK=�LEeX46>KF�4¬U�NPFK5"N7@EF�>KTVRSN757TVe½fJNP@F�F�©�FG>GN�WX=GfEWXR`L5P46>�NPWX>GF6fEOQTV5?F WXOQL%TV51NA46RSNU TV5 NP@TV=7FQa�W[NP@°@EW[¤V@EFK5�>KT6=?NP=HT6U"F�©�T65?Ndf�eXTjasFK5�LE57T�hEDE>�NPW^]JW^N_8V;k�)W[57FGh�asTV57¨YFK57=Gf�a�@ET�asTVDEe[hN_8�LEWX>K46eXe^8®5?FK=1N�N7TbaC465?hE=)NP@EF�FKRh�T6U�NP@EF asTV57¨ZaCFGFK¨<fIa�W[eXe%=7@ETja DEL`N7TZFK4657R:57FGRSNP=K;

� � � � � � � ������� �$�������

�MTV5(N7@EF)LEDE5?L%TV=?FK=�T6UIWXhFKRSNPW^¢M>d4YN7WXTVR�fYasF�D=7F)@EW[=?NPT657WX>K46eJasFd4¬NP@EFG5�hE4YNA4iN7T OZFK46=7DE5?F)F�£JLIFK>GN7FKhNPFGOZLIFK574YNPD57F`46Rh 5746WXRJU�46eXe�U TV5�hE4j8 �WXR¼4­¤VW^]VFKR¼OQTVRSNP@§;��JW[RE>KF`>GTVRSNP5746>GN7=�aCFG57F:tEWXh¾=?W^£OQTVRSNP@E=²LE57W[TV5`NPT»LEe¥46RSN7WXRE¤Ef�aCF�tM46=7F�F�£JLIFK>GNP4YNPW[TVRE=�TVR N7@EF�OQTVRSNP@e[8�4d]VFG5P46¤6FK=2U TV5:NP@FOQTVRSNP@E=�hEDE5?WXRE¤�a�@EWX>A@HLEe¥46RSN7WXRE¤�a"4Y=(>KT6OZLEe[FGN7FKh§;��)@EFCD=7FCTYUEOQTVRSNP@Ee^8�4j]6FK5746¤VFK=�WX=�*?DE=?N7W[¢MFGhTVRvN7@EFC¤657TVDERhE=(NP@E4YN(a�@EFGRw>KTVRSN75P46>�NP=�465?FCtEW[hHN7@EFC¢M5?O N_8�LEW[>d46e[e[8�¨~RETja�=�NP@FCOQTVRSNP@�hED57WXR¤a�@EW[>A@�LEeX46RSNPW[RE¤�a�WXe[e�tIF�hTVREF6fMtDN�RET6N�NP@EF�46>�NPDM4Ye§hM4d8V;��_R²LM465?N7WX>GDEe¥465GfJasFHD=7F

pV;"N7@EF�LE57TVLITV51NPWXT6R`T6U(hE4j8�=�WXR²4w¤VW[]6FKR²OZT6R~N7@:TVR²a�@WX>A@²5P46W[RU�46eXeIT�>K>KD5757FGh§f��� �mJ;"N7@EF�4j]6FK5746¤VF�hM46WXe^8ZN7T6NA4Ye§5P46W[RU�46e[e%W[R�4w¤VW^]VFGR�OQTVRSNP@ � ���¹;"N7@EF ]64Y57W¥4YRE>KF T6U�hM46W[e[8ZNPT6NP46e§5P4YWXRU�46e[e%W[R²4¦¤6W[]VFGR�OQTVRSNP@2+ .(�nE;"N7@EF�4j]6FK5746¤VF�O®4¬£JW[O�DEOµhM46WXe^8ZN7FKOQL%FG5P4YN7DE57F�W[R�4w¤VW^]VFGR�OQTVRSNP@§f�� � ;

�M57TVOµNP@EF�LE5?TVLIFK5?N7WXFG=�TYU�N7@EFHu�46OQOZ4vhEWX=1NP5?WXtEDN7WXTVR�f

�� � � �+ . 4YREh �� � � . �+ .=7T

�" $ ¶���� � ��'� ��(�����· � " $ ¶���� � � � �&+ . ����.· � ¶1p ,����· ���� ! � ����� �� � , ¶ � pb· � . $ � � � ¸ ¶ ,;^p,S·

pbx

Page 19: Université du Québec à Montréal · npt actv5?¨6fg57=wa"4y= f £jtv¤vfgretvde=?e[8³wxre>g57fd4y=7fkh ;° d 5vhm4ynp4=7f nw>ktvrsnp46wxre=hwxr u t657oz4ynpw[tvr t6r hm46w[e[8

���� ��� � ������������ ����������������������! "���$#%���&�'�)(*���+ ,� -��.(0/

� �5� � � � � �� .� ��� . ��� � ����� � ��� �)� � .1 ¸� �� ��2�

�(£JL%FG57WXOQFKRSNP46es]Y465?W¥4YN7WXTVR�WXR�NP@F`LEWXFG>KFk574YNPF`hEW[57FG>GNPe^8°WXhEFGR~N7W[¢MFG= ;°�)@F:]Y465?W¥46R>KFkT6U !* � � �F� ~DM4YeX=H¶ �� .� � . � 1 · �NP@EF�>GTV575?FKe¥4¬NPWXT6R`t%F�N_aCFGFKR * � � �"4YREh � ��WX=

3 � , � 14 �� .� � . � 1 �=7T 3 . � &�4Y5j¶ * � � �1·CTV5 . � .1 WXhEFGR~N7W[¢MFG= � .1 ;��_hEFGR~N7W[¢M>K4YNPW[TVR:T6U.NP@EF�T6N7@EFK5)LE465P46OQFGN7FK5?="U TVeXe[Tba�=WXR²4w=?N75P46W[¤V@SN7U TV51a"4Y57h:O®4YREREFK5G;

� � � � � � �(��� ������ � ������ �

#ihhEFKh �MFª£W[tEWXe[W[N_8�W[=�46>A@EW[FG]6FKh¦a�W[NP@WXRHN7@EF)=?N757DE>�NPDE5746eJU 5746OQFGasTV57¨�tS8w46hEOQW[N?NPW[RE¤�LIFK5?>KFGLNPW[TVRFK5?57TV5?=�T6R�NP@FHLM4Y5?N�T6U(N7@EF�¢M57O �¿=�OZ46RM46¤VFG57=)a�@EFGR­=7F�N7NPW[RE¤QLEWXFG>KF�5P4YN7FK=K;)�_R�LM4651NPWX>GDEe¥4Y5KfasF46=?=7DEOQF�N7@M4YNdfSa�@EW[eXF ��5?FKLE5?FK=7FGRSNP=CN757DEF�LEe¥46RSN7WXRE¤�>KT6REhEW[N7WXTVR=�T6R®LEe[T6N 2<f~NP@F�¢M5?O¡TVtE=7FG5?]6FK=46R:DER~tEWX46=7FGh2=7W[¤VRM46e�T6U�N7@ETV=?F�>GTVREhEW^NPW[TVRE=�� ��a�@EFK5?F

� � � �!�65 � ¶ ,;^pbxV·��FG57FYf75 �wWX=�46=7=?DEOZFGh¯RETV5?O®46e½f%@E4j]�W[RE¤`OZFK46R 'GFK57T:4YREh­]Y4657WX46RE>KF � .8 f�46REh¯WXRhEFKLIFKREhFKRSN�T6U� �V;�u W[]6FKRZhEFK>GWX=7W[TVRE=s4657F�tM4Y=7FKh®TVR � �~fSN7@EF�LWXFK>GF�574YNPF�WX=�>A@ET6=7FKRZNPT�=P4YN7WX=?U�8wN7@EF�U TVeXe[Tba�W[RE¤E$ �

� � 8*; �� Fª£JL �[¶ � pb· � �»q¸ylE¶ � pj· . ¶ � .� ��� .8 ·��¶ ��pb· � 8 � � � � � 8*; �� ���� ¸ ¶ ,;^p#S·

�57T�hEDE>�NPW[]�W^N_8kWX="N7@EFKReXT6¤ � � � ��� eXTV¤M¶ ��pb· � e[TV¤&�� ,¾e[TV¤�� � , ¶ eXTV¤ � � ,¾eXTV¤ � � �Ë· , � ��� ��,

q¸ylE¶ � pj· . � .� ,¼qJ¸ÞlE¶ ��pb· . � .� � .� ,¾q¸ylE¶ � pj· . � .8 � ¶ � pb· � �¬¶ � � , � � · �¶ � pb· � . - � ,¾eXTV¤ � �" $ �^¶ � pb· � . � �� � ��(���� � � � ¶�e[TV¤ �� ��,¾eXTV¤ � �Y· �¶ � pb·G¶�e[TV¤�� � � , �b· , � � � ¶ � pb·95 �V¸

¶ ,;^pjºS·

� % ÂCÃ�ÈgÈ�ĬÕCÂ�ŽÁ¬ÃªÅ�Í�Æ�ÇgÊ�Â1ÇËȧÐjÆ�ÌbÆ�Å�ÎyÂ?Ã�Ç½Ì Ã�,6Æ�ÄbÅ�ŽÁ¬Â?ȽÂ�Â1ÇgǽÆGÇgÈ/.¬È½Æ"ŽÁbÂCÃ�É Å½Ä¬Ã�Î�Ò6Â1ÇËÉ Â1ÒbŽÝyÆ�Ì Â1ÇgÇgÆ�Ç.ÐjÆdÂ?ÈÌbƪÅ�à �6Â7É_Å.Ò¬Ã�Ç�ÅgÝyÉ1Ý¿ÒYÃAŽÝyÆ�Ì�Ú

p#

Page 20: Université du Québec à Montréal · npt actv5?¨6fg57=wa"4y= f £jtv¤vfgretvde=?e[8³wxre>g57fd4y=7fkh ;° d 5vhm4ynp4=7f nw>ktvrsnp46wxre=hwxr u t657oz4ynpw[tvr t6r hm46w[e[8

�)@EF�FK=1NPWXOZ4YN7WXRE¤�=18�=?NPFGO T6U(F ~DM4YNPW[TVRE=)tIFK>GTVOZFG=

eXT6¤ ��� � ��� ,¾eXTV¤ � � ��� �!� ���� .

� � ��� � ,¾q¸yl ����� � �� .� ��� . � � �

� �~¶ � � , � � � · ����� - � ,³eXTV¤ � �" $ ¶ ��� � �� � ��(����.·� �� ¶�eXT6¤ �� ,¾eXTV¤��6· � �* � � �� 3� � � � �!� �

��� .� � ��� ����� . � � ��� �~¶ � � , � � � · ����� - ��,

eXTV¤ � �"%$"¶���� � �� � ��(� ���·� 3, � � �¶ ,;ym6qS·

a�@EFG57F� ��� eXT6¤ �� � e[TV¤<¶ � pj· � ¶�e[TV¤ � � ,¾e[TV¤�� � ��· ,¾q¸ylE¶ � pb· . � .� � .� ,¼qJ¸ÞlE¶ ��pb· . � .8 �� � � � ¶�� ����,� � �Ë·� . � , � �� ����¶ � pb· � ���� ��¶ � pb· � .� ��� ¶�e[TV¤ � � ,¾e[TV¤�� � ��· ,¾q¸ylE¶ � pb· . � .� � .��� .� � ¶ ��pb· . � .��* � � � ��¶ ��pb·K¶ eXTV¤�� � ��, �b· , � � � ��¶ � pb·95 �V¸

�_R:NP@EW[=)>d46=?F6fMNP@EF U TVe[eXTja�WXR¤vNP@EFGTV57FGO =7DOZOZ4657W 'KFG=)WXhEFGR~N7W[¢M>K4YNPW[TVR§$

���� ��� � � �� � ,� ���2��� �"� ����� ���$�&��$#�� ,�+���!�������� ��� �����2��� �� "�2� #%��� �'��(*�2�� ���-�� (+/

� �5��� � � � �� .� ��� . ��� � � � �5� ��� �5� � .1 � � .8 ¸� � � ��FG57>GFKLN7WXTVR�FK575?TV57=�46hh�TVRFH4YhEhEW[N7WXTVRE46e%LE465P46OQFGN7FK5Gf � .8 �Ea�@EW[>A@�W[=�WXhEFGR~N7W[¢MFGh:t~8`N7@EF�>KTV5?57Fªoe¥4¬NPWXT6RE="tIFGN_asFKFKR2TVtE=7FG5?]Y4YN7WXTVRE=)T6R²N7@EF�=P46OQF tEeXT�>A¨<;

� ��� ��� � � ����� � � ������������

��F�FG=?N7WXOZ4YNPF�N7@EF U DEeXe§OQT�hEFKe§¤6W[]VFGR�tS8�¶�,;ÞmYqS·CDEREhEFG5�N7@EF�46=7=?DEOQLNPW[TVR:T6U *?T6WXRSN�RETV5?O®46e[W[N_8��RM46OQFKe^8Vf

� ��� � � ������ � ���

pjº

Page 21: Université du Québec à Montréal · npt actv5?¨6fg57=wa"4y= f £jtv¤vfgretvde=?e[8³wxre>g57fd4y=7fkh ;° d 5vhm4ynp4=7f nw>ktvrsnp46wxre=hwxr u t657oz4ynpw[tvr t6r hm46w[e[8

�� �* � � � �5 ������ ��� qqq

�� � �� � .� � � , . � .1 � ¶ � pj· � .8 . � .1 � q� .8�� �� �

a�@EFG57F�*�� ��� ¶ � pb·G¶�eXT6¤�� � ��, �b· , � � � ¶ ��pb·"5 �$�� .� � � ¶ � pb· . � .� � . � .1 ��¶ � pb· . � .8 ¸

� ��� ��� � � ����� � � ������������

�)@EF­L57FK=?FKRE>GF´T6U LIFK57>GFKLN7WXTVR�FG575?TV57=ZWXOQLEeXW[FK=wNP@M4¬NkTVtE=?FK51]64¬NPWXT6RE=Za�W^NP@EW[R±tEe[TJ>A¨~=`465?F2RETYNWXRhEFKLIFKREhFKRSN¦t%FG>d46D=7F`T6U�4­>GTVOZOQTVR 5 �V;´-ÏFGN

��:46REh���� � hEFGRET6N7F®NP@EFZNPT6NP46esR~DEOvt%FG5�T6U

TVtE=?FK51]64¬NPWXT6RE=�46REh�NP@EF�R~DEO�tIFK5�T6UJeXWXOQW[N�TVtE=?FK5?]Y4YN7WXTVR=�T6RHtEe[TJ>A¨ 2<fb5?FK=7LIFK>�NPW^]VFKe^8V;��)@FKRvT657hEFG5NP@FiTVtE=?FK51]64¬NPWXT6RE=C=?TvNP@M4¬NCNP@FieXW[OZW^N�TVtE=?FK51]64¬NPWXT6RE=C>GTVOZF�¢M5?=?Nd;���T�>K46eX>GDEe¥4YN7F�N7@EFie[WX¨YFKeXW[@ET�TJhU DERE>�NPW[TVR:57F� ~DEW[57FG=�F�]Y46eXDM4¬NPWXR¤�NP@EF U TVe[eXTja�WXRE¤vLE57TVtE46tEWXe[W[N7WXFK=G$��(W[57=1NdfJU T65�e[WXOQW[NsTVtE=?FK5?]Y4YN7WXTVR=Kf

�5d¶ � � � � � �d¸K¸d¸ � ����� � � � ��� �¬· ���� ����� � �5d¶ � � � � �g·

=7W[RE>KF�N7@EF�LM4Y5?NPW[>KW[LM4YNPW[TVR2hFK>KW[=7W[TVR¯WX=�WXREhEFGL%FGREhEFGR~N�T6U 5 �V;v��FK>KT6REh§fÏU TV5�RET6RJo_e[WXOQW[N�TVtE=?FK51]64boNPW[TVRE=Gf

�5j¶ ����� � ; � � � ��� � ; � �Pe[TV¤:��� � ; �ϸd¸d¸ ��� � � � � � �PeXTV¤ : � � · ��

8�5j¶ ������� ; � � � ��� � ; � �Pe[TV¤

:��� � ; ��¸d¸d¸ � � � � � � �5�Pe[TV¤ : � �)� 5~·�� 5 �

�8�5j¶ ������� ; � � � ��� � ; � �Pe[TV¤

:��� � ; ��¸d¸d¸ ����� � � ���5�Pe[TV¤ : ���� 5S· ��¶ 5~·!� 5 �

�8! � ����� ��� � ; �

�5j¶ � � � � � �Pe[TV¤ : � � 5~· $ ��¶ 5~·�� 5 �

�8! ������� ��� � ; �

�5j¶ � � � � � � e[TV¤:� � 5S·E�5d¶

:� � 5S· $ ��¶)5S·!� 5E¸

a�@EFG57F)NP@EF)=?FK>GTVREhJogNPTYoËe¥46=1N�=?N7FKL¦U TVeXe[Tba�=�U 57TVO,NP@EF"U�4Y>GN�NP@E4YN�TVtE=?FK51]64¬NPWXT6RE=�4657F)W[REhEFGL%FGREhEFKRSNKf>KT6REhEW[N7WXTVRE46e�TVR 5;�u�W^]VFKR²RETV5?O®4YeXW[N_86f

� ¶ � � eXTV¤ : � 5S·�� , 3 . � e[TV¤:, � � ,�¶ � pb·95 � �

m6q

Page 22: Université du Québec à Montréal · npt actv5?¨6fg57=wa"4y= f £jtv¤vfgretvde=?e[8³wxre>g57fd4y=7fkh ;° d 5vhm4ynp4=7f nw>ktvrsnp46wxre=hwxr u t657oz4ynpw[tvr t6r hm46w[e[8

a�@EFG57F3 . � . � .1¶ ��pb· . � .� � . � .1

U 57T6O«a�@EW[>A@�W^N)U TVeXe[Tba�=

�5j¶ � � � � ��� eXT6¤:� � 5S· ��� � � ��� 3 . � eXTV¤ : , � � , ¶ � pb·95 � 1 ¶1p , 3 . · ��� .

� ¸

�MDE5?N7@EFK5?OZT657F6f

��¶:� 5~·�� p� m � p���� 8 Fª£L � p

m � .�� 8 � eXTV¤:, � � , ¶ � pb·95 . � �

a�@EFG57F � .�� 8 ��¶ ��pb· . � .� � . � .1 ¸�)@EF�eXW[¨6FKe[WX@ET�T�hZU DERE>�NPW[TVR:>d46R²t%F a�5?W[N7N7FKR

� � ����� � � � �

a�@EFG57F � ��WX="N7@EF�>KTVRSNP5?WXtEDJNPWXT6R²TYU�N7@EF�2����¦teXT�>A¨IfJa�57W[N?NPFGR

� � ���� ����� � �5d¶ � � � � �g· �

8! � ����� ����� ; �

�5j¶ � � � � � � eXTV¤:� �$5~·E�5d¶

:� � 5S· $ ��¶ 5~·�� 5E¸

�)@EF�eXW[¨6FGeXWX@TJT�hQU DRE>GN7WXTVR`W[="FG]Y46e[DM4YNPFGhkU TV5"FK46>A@�teXT�>A¨ZtS8`W[R~N7FK¤V574YNPW[RE¤�Tj]VFG5 5wDE=?WXRE¤Qu�46DE= o=7WX46R ~DM46hE574YNPDE5?F6;

��� � ���� ����� � �"������

��T FG=?N7WXOZ4YNPF³N7@EF¾OQTJhEFGegf�WXRE>GTV57LITV574YNPW[RE¤±LM4Y5?NPW[>KW[LM4YNPW[TVR�hFK>KW[=7W[TVRE=Kf�aCF 46D¤VOZFGRSNPFKh TVD5F�£JLIFK5?WXOQFKRSNA46e�=P4YOZLEe[F�a�W^NP@HRETVRJoËF�£JL%FG57W[OZFGR~NP46e�hM4YNA4J;��JW[RE>KF�NP@EFsF�£JLIFK57W[OZFGRSNA46e�LEeXTYNP=�]Y465?WXFGhWXR�=?W 'KFYf�hEW^©�FG57FKRSN�R~DEO�tIFK57=²T6U�aCT657¨6FG57=24657F´TVtE=?FK51]VFKh�WXR�NP@EF°F�£JLIFK5?WXOQFKRSN²TVR hW[©%FK57FGRSNhM4YN7FK=G;C�)@EW[=�4YeXeXTja�=)DE=�NPTQTVtE=?FK51]VF�F�£JL%FG57W[OZFGR~NP46eÏaCT657¨6FG57=�LEe¥46RSN7WXRE¤wTVR²RETVR�o_F�£JLIFK5?WXOQFKRSNA46eLEe[T6NP=Gf(TVR°NP@EFZ=P46OQFZhE4j8�=v46=HN7@EF®Fª£LIFK5?WXOQFKRSN�NPT�TV¨¯LEe¥4Y>KF6;:�)@EFZRETVRJoËF�£JLIFK57W[OZFGRSNA46e�hM4YNP4WXR>KeXDhEFK=�W[RU TV5?O®4YN7WXTVR�TVRwLE465?N7WX>KW[LM4YN7WXTVRH46REhwhM4YWXe[8�L57T�hEDE>GN7W[]�W[N_8�U TV5�F�£JLIFK57W[OZFGRSNA46e�aCTV5?¨6FG57=TVR:F�£JLIFK5?WXOQFKRSNA46eÏhE4YNPFG=�tDN�TVR�RTVRJo_Fª£JL%FG57WXOQFKRSNP46e§LEe[T6NP=G;

�)@EF RETVR�o_F�£JLIFK5?WXOQFKRSNA46e`hE4YNA4,4657F LE5?FK=7FGRSNPFKh WXR¡NA46tEe[F xJ; # N7T6NA46e`TYU´x�# RETVR�oF�£JLIFK5?WXOQFKRSNA46eITVtE=?FK51]64¬NPWXT6RE=CFª£W[=?NKfMlVm�U T65�a�@EW[>A@kNP@EF�WXREhW[]�WXhEDE46eEaCT657¨6FGh²46REh:m�,�U TV5�a�@WX>A@@EF­T65k=7@EF2hEWXh�RETYNd; #�]6FK5746¤VF­FK4657REW[RE¤V=®U T65ZNP@F­RETVRJoËF�£JLIFK57W[OZFGRSNA46e�hM4YNA4°aCFG57F �Jp#6¹;yqVx

mJp

Page 23: Université du Québec à Montréal · npt actv5?¨6fg57=wa"4y= f £jtv¤vfgretvde=?e[8³wxre>g57fd4y=7fkh ;° d 5vhm4ynp4=7f nw>ktvrsnp46wxre=hwxr u t657oz4ynpw[tvr t6r hm46w[e[8

� � � � �������� ��� � � ���������"��������� ����� ��� � �"��� � �"������� � ����� �� � � �"��"�������������2�

&�465?W¥46tEe[F ��DO�t%FG5�� t=7FK51]Y4YNPW[TVRE=�*�FK46R ��NK;y'�F�]I; *²WXREW[O�DEO *24b£W[O�DEO��DO�t%FG5�T6U(��57FGFK= lVm ºV¹6¹;ÞmY¹ m6ºYnE;yº6¹ ¹Vq6q pdn~lYq�WXFG>KF���4¬NPF lVm q;ÞmYq q;yqVl q;[pjx q;y¹Vm' 46W[e[8Z��4657REW[RE¤V= lVm p#6¹;yqVx n$,;[p6p l�pV;yq6q m�,JpV;y¹6q

� � � � �������� ��� � � ���������"������� � � ��� � ��� � ����� � �"��"�������������2�

&�465?W¥46tEe[F ��tE=?FK5?]Y4YN7WXTVR= *�FK46R ��NK;y'�F�]I; *²WXREW[O�DEO *24b£W[O�DEO��DO�t%FG5�T6U(��57FGFK= mYnVº º6npV;Þx(# ¹V¹VmJ;[pd¹ ¹Vq6q pjº$,Vl�WXFG>KF���4¬NPF mYnVº q;Þm�p q;yq6¹ q;[pjx q;y¹Vm' 46W[e[8Z��4657REW[RE¤V= mYnVº m6q�#;[pjl ,�,;ÞmYº l�pV;yq6q n~l�pV;yºVl' 4d8�=���TV5?¨6FKh mVx6l q;yºJp q;ÞmYº q p!CDEO�De¥4YN7W[]VF�' 4d8�= mVx6l pV; ,6q pV;y¹Yn q l

�³TV5?¨6FGh*24¬£JW[O�DEO mVx6l pKnE; #Vx lJ; #Vl # m6lJ; ,6q��FKOQLIFK5P4¬NPDE5?F¶g!CFGeX=?WXDE=P·

�57FG>KWXLW[NA4¬NPWXT6R mVx6l nE;Þm(, ,;¿nVq q m(,;¿nVq¶g*²WXeXe[WXOQFGN757FK=P·'�WXh:��46W[R mVx6l q; ,Vm q;¿nVº q p

LIFK5�hM4d8V;"�)@EW[=�OZ4YN7>A@EFK=�>Ke[TV=7FGe[8kN7@EFHOQFd4YR�T6U(Fd465?REWXR¤V=i4YOZTVR¤¦N7@EF�>KTVRSNP5?TVe.¤V57T6DEL2hED57WXR¤NP@FwF�£JL%FG57W[OZFGR~NKf§a�@EWX>A@¯aC46= �Jp#VmJ; ,Vl �§=7FGFwNA46tEe[Fw¹;��)@EF¦4d]VFG5P46¤VFwLWXFK>GFw5P4YN7FwWXR2N7@EFwRETVR�oF�£JLIFK5?WXOQFKRSNA46e<hM4¬NA4�aC46=�N_aCFGR~N_8Z>KFGRSNP="LIFK5�NP5?FKF�46REh®N7@EFi4d]6FK5P4Y¤VFiR~DEO�tIFK5�T6U§N757FGFK=CLe¥46RSNPFGhLIFK5�hM4d8kaC46=�ºV¹V¹;

'�FG=7>K5?WXLN7W[]6F�=1NA4YN7WX=?N7WX>G=�>GTVRE>GFK57RWXRE¤�NP@EF�U DEeXeEhE4YNA4�=7FGNC465?F�LE5?FK=?FKRSNPFGh`WXR¦NA46tEe[F #;��)@EFG=7FhM4YNP4²5?FKLE5?FK=?FKRSNkp#`hEW^©�FG57FGR~N�LEeX46RSNPW[RE¤:hM4YNPFG=Z¶ NP@FZhM4¬NPFK=�TVR´a�@EW[>A@�NP@FQFª£JL%FG57WXOQFKRSN�NPT�TV¨LEeX46>KFd·�W[RZNP@FiOQTVRSNP@E=�T6U�*24Y57>A@§fJ#iLE5?WXegf�46Rh`*24d8ZhEDE57W[RE¤�NP@EF�m6qVqV¹�LEe¥46RSN7WXRE¤�=7FK46=7TVR�;��)@EFasTV57¨YFK57=�LE5?FK=7FGRSN�WXR�N7@EWX=ÏhE4YNA4�=7F�N(4Y57F�NP@TV=7F�FKR57TVe[eXFKh�fY4¬N.=7TVOQF�L%T6WXRSNdfbWXR N7@EF�F�£JL%FG57W[OZFGR~NKfYmJpWXR¦4YeXeg;(��DE5�OQTJhEFGeNA4Y¨6FK=�46>G>KTVDR~N�T6UINP@F�hE46WXe^8vLM4Y5?NPW[>KW[LM4YNPW[TVRvhFK>KW[=7W[TVRE=�T6U�4�aCTV5?¨6FG5�a�@ET�W[=LE5?FK=7FGRSN(W[R�NP@EF�¢M5?O�;Ï��F�>KTVRE=?WXhEFG5.4"aCTV5?¨6FG5.N7T�t%F�LE5?FK=?FKRSN�WXR�NP@F�¢E57O U T65Ï46eXeYhM4YN7FK=.t%F�N_aCFGFKRNP@Fv¢M57=1N�hM4YN7Fw46REh­N7@EF�e¥4Y=?N�hE4YNPF�TYU�NP@EF�86Fd465iU T65ia�@EWX>A@¯@F�TV5�=?@EFwWX=�TVtE=7FG5?]6FKh´aCTV5?¨~WXRE¤E;��R­4d]VFG5P46¤6F6f§4Y57TVDERh­º6n~mw=7FGFKhEe[WXRE¤6=�asFK5?F�LEe¥4YR~N7FKh�Fd46>A@­hE4j8��INP@EFH4d]VFK5746¤VFHLEWXFG>KFv574YNPF�aC46=mJp¦>KFGRSNP=vLIFK5 =?FKFGhEeXW[RE¤���TVR³4d]6FK5P4Y¤VF6f�LEe¥4YR~N7FK5?=�FK4657RFKh �6m6q$#kLIFK5�hM4d8V;��7' 4d8�=���TV5?¨6FKh ��W[=

mVm

Page 24: Université du Québec à Montréal · npt actv5?¨6fg57=wa"4y= f £jtv¤vfgretvde=?e[8³wxre>g57fd4y=7fkh ;° d 5vhm4ynp4=7f nw>ktvrsnp46wxre=hwxr u t657oz4ynpw[tvr t6r hm46w[e[8

� � � ���� � � � ��� � ��� �� �"� ���������� �"��� � ���*��� � � � � �"� � � ����� ��� �"���� � �"� � �"����������� � ������� � �!� ��������� � � � � � ���"�$# �+��� � �"������� ��� � # ����������� � ���������� � � � ��� � �&%��(' ����

(4Y5P46OQFGN7FK5 !CT�F�.Q>KW[FKRSN ��NP46REhM465?h (og&�46eXDEF��5757T65 qJ¸y¹Sm�p q¸^pj¹V¹ qJ¸yqVq�#

� � l�¸y¹VºYn q¸¿q$,$, qJ¸yqVq6q� . ,�q¸yq�#Sl q¸¿qpbm pjq � � . � qJ¸[p,6º� � qJ¸yqpKn q¸¿qVq6n qJ¸yqVqJp��� qJ¸yqVq6º q¸¿qVqV¹ pjq � � � qJ¸¿n~xYq� � qJ¸y¹VºVl q¸¿qSxVx pjq ��� � qJ¸ÞmVlYº��1 qJ;yqVº6º q¸¿qpbl pjq�� � � � qJ¸Þm�#Yn� 8 qJ;[pjq6¹ q¸¿qpbx pjq��� � qJ¸[pdn$#� � qJ;ÞmJp6p q¸¿qpbl qJ¸yqVq6q� . qJ;ÞmJp6p q¸¿qpbl qJ¸yqVq6q��� qJ;ÞmJp6p q¸¿qpbl qJ¸yqVq6q� � qJ;ÞmJp6p q¸¿qpbl qJ¸yqVq6q��� qJ;[pbm6m q¸¿q6n # qJ¸yqVqVl� � qJ;[pbm6m q¸¿q6n # qJ¸yqVqVl�� qJ;[pbm6m q¸¿q6n # qJ¸yqVqVl-ÏTV¤S465?W[N7@EO«TYU�N7@EF�-.W[¨6FGeXWX@TJT�h:�MDERE>GN7WXTVR pjºVlJ¸yqVm

4`hEDEOQOv82]Y465?W¥46teXF�W[REhEWX>K4YNPW[RE¤kLM4Y5?NPW[>KW[LM4YNPW[TVR§;v��T6N7F¦N7@M4YNKfÏ=7WXR>KFwNP@EF¦hM4¬NA4`=7F�NHW[=�hEFG¢MRFKhTVR`Fª£LIFK5?WXOQFKRSNA4Ye§hM4YN7FK=�¶ ��� ���XfJhM4YN7FK="a�@EFGR:asTV5?¨6FK5?=�asFK5?F�FKeXW[¤VWXteXF)NPT�asTV57¨J·ªfNP@EW[=)WXREhWX>d4¬NPFK=asTV57¨YFK5�>A@ETVW[>KFK=)574YNP@FK5CN7@M46R:4v¢M5?O WXOQLITV=7FGhkL%FG57=?TVREREFGe§L%T6eXWX>�8V;(��TV5?¨6FK5?=)LM4651NPWX>GWXLM4¬NPFKhkºVqLIFK57>GFKRSN�T6U<NP@EF"N7WXOQFCNP@E4YN�NP@FG8�asFK5?F�FGeXW[¤VWXtEe[F6;Ï#�e[NPFG57RM4¬NPW[]6FKe^8VfVT6UINP@F�mVxVliTVtE=?FK51]64¬NPWXT6RE=Kf�mYnVº465?F�LE465?N7WX>KW[LM4YN7WXRE¤ TVt=7FK51]Y4YNPW[TVRE=�46REhkm�,H4Y57F�RETVRJoËLM4651NPWX>GWXLM4¬NPWXR¤E;�!CDEO�DEeX4YNPW^]VF�hM4d8�=�asTV57¨YFKh57FGLE57FG=7FGR~N7FKh NP@EF`R~DEO�tIFK5vT6U�LE57F�]JW[TVDE=?e[8�>KTVOQLEeXF�NPFGh¾hM4d8J=wasTV57¨YFKh =7W[RE>KF®N7@EF`e¥4Y=?N�hE4j8³T6U57FG=?NK;v�)@EFwOZ4¬£JWXO�DO TYU"l®=?DE¤V¤VFG=?N7=�N7@M4YN�N7@EF�e[TVRE¤VFG=?N =?L%FGeXe�T6U�>GTVRE=7FG>KDN7W[]6FQhE4j8�=�asTV57¨YFKhWXR:NP@FH=746OZLeXF�WX= ,ZhM4d8�=K;�*�4¬£JWXO�DEO hE46WXe^8®NPFGOZLIFK574YNPD57F�5P46RE¤6FKh�U 5?TVO #ZhFK¤V5?FKFK=�!CFKe[=7WXD=¶�n$,¸¿nZhEFK¤657FKFG= �<46@E5?FKRE@EFGW[NA·)N7T`mVlJ¸ ,ZhFK¤V5?FKFK= !CFKeX=?WXDE=�¶gx�#J¸[pHhEFK¤V5?FKFG= �<46@E57FGRE@EFGW[Nª·ªfIa�W^NP@246R4d]VFG5P46¤VF¦T6U�pdn¸ #Sx®hFK¤V5?FKFK=H!CFGeX=7W[DE=¦¶½l�#¸ #`�I4Y@E57FGRE@EFKW^Nª·ª;H��T6NA4Ye�hM46W[e[8²5P46W[RU�46e[e�5746RE¤VFGh¯U 57TVO'KFG57TQNPT`m(,¸¿nQOQWXeXe[WXOQFGN757FK=GfJa�W^NP@�46R­4d]VFG5P46¤6FvT6U ,J¸¿nQOZW[eXe[WXOQFGNP5?FK=G;�� � 0 ��- ��0 �³W[=i4¦hEDEOQOv8]Y4657WX46tEe[FwWXREhEW[>d4YN7WXRE¤:5746WXRU�4YeXeg;Z�JWÔ£�N_8~ogN_aCT2L%FG57>KFGRSN�T6U"N7@EFQTVtE=7FG5?]Y4YN7WXTVRE=H465?FZ>A@M4Y5P46>�NPFK5?WX=?FKhtS8`5P4YWXR�¶1pbm�T6U�NP@FQp"#¦hE4j8�=�WXR`NP@F�hE4YNA4w=7F�Nª·ª;

��=?N7WXOZ4YNPFG=�TYUMNP@EFsLM465P4YOZF�NPFK5?=�TYUENP@EFs=?N757DE>�NPDE5746eJOQT�hEFKe�465?FCLE5?FK=7FGRSNPFKh¦W[RHNA4YtEeXF�º;��)@EF

��� Ì Ýy̬ÉËÁiÝyÈ.Ã�ÒbÒbÇgÆ+)jÝ¿Õ)ÃAÅgÂ1Î ' ����� �"Õ"Ý¿ÎyοÝyÕ" ÅgǽÂ7È1Úm6¹

Page 25: Université du Québec à Montréal · npt actv5?¨6fg57=wa"4y= f £jtv¤vfgretvde=?e[8³wxre>g57fd4y=7fkh ;° d 5vhm4ynp4=7f nw>ktvrsnp46wxre=hwxr u t657oz4ynpw[tvr t6r hm46w[e[8

FK=1NPW[O®4YN7FKh�FKe¥4Y=?NPW[>KW^N_8:T6U�FG©%TV51N�a�W^NP@­5?FK=7LIFK>�NiN7T®NP@EFHLEWXFG>KFH5P4YN7FHW[=�q¸¿¹SmJ;�!CDEO�De¥4YN7W[]VF�hM4d8�=asTV57¨YFKh�@M4Y=v4:L%T6=7W[N7W[]6F6f�46REh°=?NP4YNPW[=?NPW[>d46e[e[8�=7W[¤VREW[¢E>d46RSNdf.F�©�FG>GN�T6R°N7@EFZ>GTV=?N�T6UCFG©%TV5?NKf�N7@~DE=57FGhEDE>GWXRE¤¦4d]VFG5P46¤6F�LE57T�hEDE>�NPW^]JW^N_8V; � �)@EF�>GTJF-.Q>KWXFGRSNP=)TVRk5746WXRJU�46eXe½f � �6fE46REhZNPFKOQLIFK5P4¬NPDE5?F6f ���Sf465?FHLITV=7W^NPW^]VF6f<W[OZLEe^8�WXRE¤ � � 46Rh � . 4657F�LITV=7W^NPW[]6F�46=�asFKe[eg;"�)@EW[=�=?DE¤V¤VFG=?N7=�NP@E4YNi5746WXRJU�46eXeÏ4YREhNPFGOZLIFK574YNPD57F¦@M4d]VFQL%T6=7W[N7W[]6FwFG©%FK>GN7=�TVR�hE46WXe^82LE5?TJhDE>GN7W[]�W[N_86;¦��46W[R´O®46¨YFK= NP@FQFK465?N7@�=?T6U�Ndf46REh¯FK46=7W[FK5�N7T`hEWX¤kW[R­NP@M4YR­a�@EFKR´W[N�WX=�hE518V;�#ie[=7TEfIa�@EFKR°W[NiWX=iaC4657O²f§W^N�WX=iOZTV5?F�LEe[Fd46=746RSNNPT­asTV5?¨°N7@M46R�a�@EFGR W^N�W[=v>KT6eXh§;°��tS]�WXTVDE=?e[86f�NP@EFk5?FKeX4YNPW[TVRE=7@WXL�a�W^NP@�N7FKOQL%FG5P4YN7DE57FkW[=vRETYNOQTVRET6N7TVREWX>Yf<tEDN�WXR�N7@EFv5?FK¤VW[TVRE=�t%FGWXRE¤ZLEe¥4YR~N7FKh§f<NPFGOZLIFK574YNPD57FK=i46tITb]6Fw¹VqQhEFK¤V5?FKFG=�!CFKe[=7WXD=asTVDEeXhQtIF�@WX¤V@Ee^8vDR�D=7DM46e<W[R¦N7@EF�=7DEOQOQFK5Kf~4YREhZL57TVtM4YtEe[8vREFG]6FK5CT�>K>GDE5�hEDE5?WXRE¤ NP@F�OQTVRSNP@=T6U�NP@EF�Fª£LIFK5?WXOQFKRSNd;

�)@EFwU�46>�N NP@M4¬N NP@EF¦FK=1NPW[O®4YN7F�T6U�NP@EFwFGe¥46=1NPW[>KW[N_8�LM465746OQFGNPFG5 hEFK>G57FK46=7FG=H5?FKe¥4¬NPW[]6F�NPT`NP@F57FG¤V57FG=7=?WXTVR¦OQTJhEFGeE57F �MFK>�NP=�NP@F�W[OZLITV51NA46RE>GFCT6U%=P4YOZLEe[F"=7FGeXFG>GNPW[TVR¦TVR��%;���OQLEeXTj8VFGFK=�a�@ET�465?FTVtE=?FK51]VFKh�asTV5?¨�W[RE¤i@E4j]6FCe[TbasFK5.NP@E46R�4d]VFG5P46¤6FCFG©%TV51N(>GTV=?N7=K;��)@EFG57F�U TV57FYfYNP@FKWX5�LE5?TJhED>GNPW^]�W[N_8 W[=@EW[¤V@EFK5�NP@M4YR�NP@EF"L57T�hEDE>GN7W[]�W[N_8�T6U%4i5746REhET6OZe^8~oË=7FGeXFK>�NPFGhvaCT657¨6FG5�WXRvN7@EF"¢M5?O�;��)@EF)FKOQLEW[57WX>K46e57FG=7DEe^NP=)=?DE¤V¤VFG=?N�NP@EW[=)=7FGeXFK>�NPW[TVR:FG©%FK>GN�hET6OZW[RM4YNPFG=">A@M46R¤VFK=�WXRkN7@EF�LM4651NPWX>GWXLM4¬NPWXT6R®tIFK@M4d]�WXTVD5hEDEF N7TQW[RE>K5?Fd46=?FKh�57FKRSN7=�W[REhEDE>GFKh�t~8kF�£JL%FG57W[OZFGR~NP46eÏ>A@M46R¤VFK=�WXRkN7@EF�LEWXFG>KF�5P4YN7F6;

����� � � ������� ��� � ���&� ��� �� � � � ��� ��� �

�_RE>GTV57LITV5P4¬NPWXR¤»asFd4YN7@EFK5­W[=�e[WX¨YFKe[8�=?FKRE=?W[N7W[]VF�NPT±hWX=?N757W[tEDNPW[TVRM46e�4Y=7=7DOZLN7WXTVR=2>KT6RE>KFG57REW[RE¤5P4YWXRU�46e[e4YREhwNPFKOQLIFK5P4¬NPDE5?F6;�#�eX=7TfVW[N�W[=�T6U%=7TVOQF)>KTVR>KFK5?RQN7@M4YN�asFd4YN7@EFK5�@M4YhQRT�=1NA4YN7WX=1NPWX>K46eXe^8=7W[¤VREW^¢M>d46RSN F�©�FG>GN�W[R­NP@EFw5?FK¤V5?FK=7=?WXTVR´T6U�Fª£LIFK5?WXOQFKRSNA4Ye�LE57T�hEDE>�NPW^]JW^N_82T6R´N7@EFwF�£JLIFK5?WXOQFKRSNA46eLEW[FK>KF�5P4¬NPF6fY57FG=7DEe^NP=(L57FK=?FKRSNPFGhwWXR�NA46teXF ,;(�)@FK57F�U TV57FYfVWXR�NP@WX=�=7FK>�NPW[TVR§fYasFCL57FK=?FKRSN�FG=?N7WXOZ4YNPFG=T6U¦NP@F¾=?NP5?DE>GN7DE5P4Ye�OZT�hEFGegf�TVOZW^N7N7WXRE¤ aCFK4YNP@EFG5¯FG©%FK>�NP=K; �)@EF¼LM465P4YOZF�NPFK52FK=?N7WXOZ4YNPFG=¯465?FLE5?FK=7FGRSNPFKh�W[R±NA46teXF°pjq;���T6NPF²NP@M4¬N®NP@F­FK=1NPWXOZ4YN7F�T6U N7@EF2F�©�T65?NkFGe¥46=1NPW[>KW[N_8¼W[RE>K5?Fd46=?FK=®N7Tq¸znSq;

� � � ���"� � � �"����

��>KTVRTVOZW[=?N7=(465?FsW[RE>K5?Fd46=?WXRE¤6e[8iN7DE57RWXRE¤�NPT�F�£JL%FG57W[OZFGR~N7=�N7T�¤S4¬NP@EFG5�hM4¬NA4�>GTVRE>GFK57RWXRE¤�WXREhEW^]�WXhJoDM46e�tIFK@E4j]�W[TVDE5K;Q-.46tITV5P4¬NPTV518­F�£JLIFK5?WXOQFKRSNP=H46hEOQW[N�N7@EF¦5P46RhETVO+46e[eXT�>d4YN7WXTVR²NPT:NP57FK4YNPOQFKRSN7=a�W[N7@EWXR®4H>GTVRSNP57T6eXeXFGh®FGR~]�W[57TVREOQFKRSNKfE46e[eXTja�WXRE¤�=?NP4YNPW[=?N7WX>d4Ye<46RM46e^8J=?WX=sDEREhEFG5COQWXREW[O®46eE46=7=?DEOZL�oNPW[TVRE=G;���FGN�4¦N75P46hFKT6©¯Fª£JWX=?N7=�WXR:F�£JLIFK57W[OZFGRSNA46eÏhEFG=7W[¤VR�tIFGN_asFKFGR25?Fd46e[WX=7O 46REh²>KTVRSN757TVe½;��)@EF4651NPW[¢E>KW¥4YeIRE4YNPDE5?FiT6UÏN7@EF�eX46t%T65P4YN7TV5?8wOZ4d8VfJW[NP=?FKe^U f4Y©%FK>�N"tIFK@M4d]�WXT6DE5KfJeXWXOQW[N7WXRE¤�N7@EF�¤VFGREFK5746eXW '�o46tEW[eXW^N_8vT6U�F�£JLIFK57W[OZFGRSNA46eM5?FK=7De[NP=�NPT�NP@F�5?Fd46eEasTV57e[h§;��(W[FKe[hQFª£JL%FG57WXOQFKRSN7=sT6©%FK5�=?TVOZF�NP@EW[RE¤�T6U4®>GTVOZL57TVOQWX=?FHtIFGN_asFKFGR°eX46tITV5P4YN7TV5?8²4YREh¯=7DE51]VF�8­hM4YNP4; �(W[FKe[h�Fª£LIFK5?WXOQFKRSNP=�NA46¨YFwLEe¥46>GFvW[R4wOZT657F�5?Fd46e[WX=?N7WX>�=7FGN?NPW[RE¤wNP@M46R:eX46t%T65P4YN7TV5?8QF�£JLIFK5?WXOQFKRSNP=GfE8VFGN�N7@EFG8`TYU�NPFKR:=746>K5?W[¢M>GF�>GTVRSNP5?TVeg$��46REhETVOQW 'K4YNPW[TVRkOZ4d8ktIF�e[WXOQW[N7FKhZN7T®4w=?DEtE=7F�NiTYU�]Y465?W¥46tEe[FK=�4Y©%FK>�NPW[RE¤wTVDN7>KTVOQFK=G;

� À§ÁbÂ�É1ÆdÂ���É ÝyÂ1ÌKÅsÆGÌ¦É ÄbÕsÄbÎÞÃAŽÝyá�Â�ÐbÃ+'jÈ�Í%ÆGǽÊGÂ?Ð .���.MÂ��GÄYêÎÞÈ�� � � Ú�À§Á¬Â�ÌbÂ1ÑKÃAÅgÝ¿áGÂ�È�ÝyÑ�ÌwÆGÌ��

�ŽÁdĬÈ

Ý¿ÌYÐjÝyÉ?ÃAÅgÂ?È ÅgÁ¬ÃAÅ�� � ÝÞÈ ÒYÆKÈ�ݿŽÝyá�Â�� � �6ÆGÇ�Å�É ÆKÈ ÅËÈ �ÔҬǽÆjÐjÄ¬É Å½ÝyádÝzÅ�' � Ã�ǽÂ�ÝyÌ¬É ÇgÂ?ÃGÈ�ÝyÌbÑ �ÔÝÞÈ�ÐjÂ7É ÇgÂ?ÃGÈ�ÝyÌbÑ � ÝyÌÉ ÄbÕsÄbÎÞÃAŽÝyá�Â�ЬÃ+'dÈ�Í�Æ�ÇgÊ�Â7ÐSÚ

mYn

Page 26: Université du Québec à Montréal · npt actv5?¨6fg57=wa"4y= f £jtv¤vfgretvde=?e[8³wxre>g57fd4y=7fkh ;° d 5vhm4ynp4=7f nw>ktvrsnp46wxre=hwxr u t657oz4ynpw[tvr t6r hm46w[e[8

� � � � ���� � � � ��� � ��� �� �"� ���������� �"��� � ���*��� � � � � �"� � � ����� ��� �"���� � �"� � �"����������� � ������� � �!� ��������� � � � � � ���"�$# �+��� � �"������� ��� � # ����������� � ���������� � � � ��� � �&%��(' ����

(4Y5P46OQFGN7FK5 !CT�F�.Q>KW[FKRSN ��NP46REhM465?h (og&�46eXDEF��5757T65 qJ¸y¹VºVl q¸^pbmJp qJ¸yqVqJp

� � l�¸¿nSqJp q¸¿q$,Sl qJ¸yqVq6q� . ,�q¸yqVxVx q¸¿qpj¹ pjq � � � � qJ¸[pjqYn� � ,4, ,4, ,4,��� ,4, ,4, ,4,� � qJ¸¿nEpd¹ q¸¿qSx6¹ pjq � � qJ¸[pbx¬n��1 qJ¸[pVp", q¸¿qpdn qJ¸yqVq6q� 8 qJ¸yq$#�, q¸¿qpdn pjq���� � qJ¸¿nEpKn� � qJ;Þm6q�# q¸¿qpdn qJ¸yqVq6q� . qJ;Þm6q�# q¸¿qpdn qJ¸yqVq6q��� qJ;Þm6q�# q¸¿qpdn qJ¸yqVq6q� � qJ;Þm6q�# q¸¿qpdn qJ¸yqVq6q��� qJ;yqVºVx q¸¿q6n~x qJ¸yqpdº� � qJ;yqVºVx q¸¿q6n~x qJ¸yqpdº�� qJ;yqVºVx q¸¿q6n~x qJ¸yqpdº-ÏTV¤S465?W[N7@EO«TYU�N7@EF�-.W[¨6FGeXWX@TJT�h:�MDERE>GN7WXTVR p#6¹¸yq6¹

��F¯@M4d]VF´46RE46e[8�=7FGh�hM4YNP4�U 57TVO TVREF2=7DE>A@�¢MFKe[h�F�£JLIFK5?WXOQFKRSNdf�hEFK=?WX¤VRFKh�NPT¾OQFd4Y=7DE5?FasTV57¨YFK5w57FK46>GN7WXTVR�NPT¯WXR>KFKRSN7W[]VFG=K;´�)@EFkFª£JL%FG57WXOQFKRSN�aC46=w>GTVREhEDE>�NPFGh¼a�W^NP@EW[R¾4�¢M5?O a�@WX>A@aC46=Ca�WXe[eXW[RE¤�NPTH5P46REhTVOZW 'KF�Tj]VFK5C4v=7DtE=7F�N)T6UÏFGeXFKOQFKRSN7= ¶ N7@EF�N7FK5?5P46W[R<·�4¬©�FG>GNPW[RE¤HasTV5?¨6FK5CLE57TYohEDE>�NPW^]JW^N_8V;��)@F�e¥46>A¨¦T6U§>KTVOQLEeXF�NPF�5P46RhETVOQW 'd4¬NPWXT6RQe[FKh®N7TvLIT6NPFGRSNPW¥4YeI>GTVRU TVDREhEWXR¤�FG©%FK>�NP="W[RNP@F�hM4YNP4$�RM46OQFKe^8Vf~U�4YNPW[¤VDEF�4YREhkaCFK4YNP@FK5K;���F�@M4d]VF�5?FKeXW[FKhkT6RkFK>GTVRETVOQWX> 4YREh`FK>GTVRETVOQFGN757WX>OQTJhEFGeX=�NPTk>GTVRSNP57T6e�U TV5�RTVRE5P4YREhETVOQW 'GFKh­FGeXFKOQFKRSN7=iNP@M4¬N O®4d8²>KT6RU TVDEREh¯N7@EF�F�£JLIFK5?WXOQFKRSNA46e57FG=7DEe^NP=G;

�)@EF®FK=?N7WXOZ4YNPFGh³]Y46eXDF®T6U"N7@EFkF�©�TV51N�FGe¥46=1NPWX>GW[N_8´W[=v>KT6RE=7W[hEFK5746tEe[8°=?O®46e[eXFG5�N7@M46R�L57FG]�WÔoTVDE=�FK=1NPW[O®4YN7FK=�LE5?Tb]�W[hEFKh�t~8��4V4657=?>A@¯46REh­�J@EFK4657FG5�¶ pjºVºVºS·"4YREh­��46eXF�8°¶gm6q6qV¹S·�;s#/R~DEOvt%FG5T6U�L%T6=7=7W[tEeXF�Fª£Le¥46RM4¬NPWXT6RE="U TV5"NP@WX=�F�£JWX=1Nd;��(W[57=?NKfELE5?FG]�WXTVD=�OQTJhFKeX=CDE=7FGh2RETVR�o_F�£JLIFK5?WXOQFKRSNA46ehM4YNP4�N7T�W[hEFKRSNPW^U�8 NP@EF�FG©%TV51N(FGe¥46=1NPWX>GW[N_86;��)@FK=7FCOZT�hEFKe[=.57F� ~DEW[57FGh�=?N757TVRE¤�WXhEFGRSNPW[U�8�W[RE¤�46=7=?DEOZL�oNPW[TVRE="Tj]6FK5"NP@Fi]Y46eXDEFiT6U�46e[N7FK57RE4YNPW^]VFiDJNPWXe[W[N_86;(�)@EFG=7F�46=7=?DEOQLNPW[TVRE=)465?F�RETwe[TVRE¤VFG5"REFK>GFK=?=P46518a�@EFGR¾DE=7W[RE¤2Fª£LIFK5?WXOQFKRSNA4Ye�hE4YNA4;��JFG>KTVRh§f(NP@F®FG©%TV51NvFGe¥46=1NPWX>GW[N_8¯OZ4d8°t%FQ@EFGN7FK5?TV¤VFKRFKTVDE=G;��T�hM4YN7F6f"5?FK=7FK4657>A@FK57=`@E4j]6F­FK=1NPW[O®4YN7FKh»OZT�hEFKe[=wa�W[NP@»>KTVR=?NA4YR~NkFKe¥4Y=?NPW[>KW^NPWXFG=Kf�TV5Q@ETVOQTV¤VF�oREFGTVDE=CN757Fd4¬NPOQFKRSN)FG©%FK>�NP=G; ��F�Ndf�NP@EFi]Y46518�WXRE¤�5?FK=?DEe[N7="O®4d8Q57F �MFK>�N)NP@EF�U�46>GNsNP@M4YNCNP57FK4YNPOQFKRSN7=465?FQ@FGNPFG57TV¤6FKREFGTVDE=Kf�FKW^NP@EFG5�46>K5?TV=7=�LEeX46RSNPFK5?=�TV5 =7W^NPFK=G;Q(4V465?=7>A@³46REh³�J@EFd4Y57FK5Z¶½m6qVq6n~·i@E4j]6F

mVl

Page 27: Université du Québec à Montréal · npt actv5?¨6fg57=wa"4y= f £jtv¤vfgretvde=?e[8³wxre>g57fd4y=7fkh ;° d 5vhm4ynp4=7f nw>ktvrsnp46wxre=hwxr u t657oz4ynpw[tvr t6r hm46w[e[8

LE5?FK=7FGRSNPFKh2TVREF�4YN7N7FKOQLN)NPT¦>GTVRE=7W[hEFK5�=?DE>A@­4wOQTJhEFGeg;�iNP@FK5�¤VFGREFK5746eXW 'd4YN7WXTVR=i465?Fw46e[=7T®LIT6N7FKRSNPWX46eXe^8:WXOQL%TV51NA46RSNK;i�_RE>GTVOZFHFG©%FK>�NP= OZ4j824Y©%FK>�N

FG©%TV51N�FKe¥4Y=?NPW[>KW^NPWXFG=K;��_R�¤VFGREFK5746egfJW[N)W[="]VFG5?8:hEW .Z>GDEe[NCNPTwWXhFKRSNPW^U�8`46R:WXR>KTVOQF 46REh²4w=7DtE=?N7W[NPD�oNPW[TVR�F�©�FG>GN�U 5?TVO >A@M46RE¤VFG=�WXRvN7@EF"LEW[FK>GF"5P4YN7F)46e[TVREF6;��(£JL%FG57WXOQFKRSNP46eOQFGN7@ETJh=�4657FC46RwTVtS]�WXTVD=57FGOZFGh8Vf(46eXe[Tja�WXRE¤`5?FK=7FK4657>A@FK57=�N7T²]Y46518´t%TYNP@�N7@EFQLEWXFG>KF®574YNPFQ46Rh�4�tE46=7FQa"46¤6FZW[REhEFKLIFKR�ohEFGR~N7e[8��"'�W[>A¨6FGRE=²¶1pjº6ºVºS·HLE5?Tj]JW[hEFK=¦4YR¾F�£46OQLEeXFQa�W[NP@WXR¼4­e¥4Yt%TV574YNPT65?8´=7F�N7N7WXRE¤E;°'i8�RM46OQWX>U�46>�NPTV5?=�OZ4d8¦46e[=7T tIF�W[OZLITV5?NP46RSN�W[RQN7@EF�>KTVRSNP5746>GN7DM46eM=?FGN7N7WXRE¤;��)@EF�>KDE5?57FKRSNsOZT�hEFGeEWX=�=1NA4YN7WX>6;��TjasFG]6FK5KfÏW^U�U�4YN7WX¤VDEF�WX=�4ZU DER>GNPW[TVR2TYU�LM46=?NihEFK>GWX=?WXTVRE=�¶�LM4Y5?NPW[>KW[LM4YNPW[TVR:TV5iF�]VFGR°F�©�T65?Nª·"NP@FKRasTV57¨YFK57=ChEFK>GWX=7W[TVRE=�O®4d8wNP46¨6Fi46>K>GTVDERSN"T6U�NP@EF�FG©%FK>�N"T6UÏ>GDE575?FKRSN)4Y>GNPW[TVRE=�TVRZU DJNPDE5?F�tIFKREF�¢ENP=G;�(£�NPFKR=7WXT6RE=CNPT�4Hh8�RM46OQWX>�FKRS]�WX5?TVREOQFKRSN)46e[=7Tv46eXe[Tba»U TV5�NP@EFiN757FK4YNPOQFKRSNsT6U�4H5?WX>A@EFG5C>KeX46=7=sT6U>KT6R~N75P46>�NPW[RE¤`LE57T6tEeXFGOZ=Gf§=7DE>A@�46= W[R~N7FK51NPFKOQLITV5P46e�>KTVOQOQW[NPOQFKRSNK; �)@EFK=?FQFª£�NPFKR=7WXT6RE=�57FKOZ46W[RWXOQLITV5?NP46RSN�4657FK46=)T6U�U DNPDE5?F�57FK=?Fd465?>A@§;

m�,

Page 28: Université du Québec à Montréal · npt actv5?¨6fg57=wa"4y= f £jtv¤vfgretvde=?e[8³wxre>g57fd4y=7fkh ;° d 5vhm4ynp4=7f nw>ktvrsnp46wxre=hwxr u t657oz4ynpw[tvr t6r hm46w[e[8

� � � ��� ����� �

B"4Y¨6FK5Gf§uw;ÏpjºVºVmJ; �1�_RE>KFGR~N7W[]6Fw!CTVRSNP5746>GN7=i4YREh­�FK5?U T657OZ46RE>KFv*�FK46=7DE5?FKOQFKRSNd; ����� � ��� ���� � # ��� ������� ����� ������� � �Yf§pdqVqM¶½¹V·�$�l6º�# � ,pdn;

BC5?Tja�R§f�!i;�pjºVº6q; �?�(WX5?OZ= ��!C@ETVWX>GF³T6U¦*�FGN7@ETJh TYU¦(4d8V; � �"� � � �"� ��� ��� ��� � � � �"���� �"� ���������2��� � �����"��fEnS¹M¶�¹S·�$)p,VlY= �Ip"#SmY=K;

BCD57eXFG=7=Gf~u¦;~pjº6ºSlJ; �?�)@EF"!"46=7F�U TV5(��46REhTVOZW 'KFGhv�(W[FKe[hH��57WX46eX=ÏW[R���>KTVRTVOZW[>�46REhw�TVeXW[>G8��FK=?Fd465?>A@§; ��� � � ��� ��� � � � ������� � ����# �"�+� � ���"��� ������ �ºM¶½mV·�$ ,V¹ � #6nE;

!CTVLIFKeX46REh§fI#v;%46REh¯!i;Ï*�TVRFGN�mYqVqpV; �?�)@EF��³FGe[U�465?Fv��©%FK>GN7= T6U��_RE>GFKRSNPW^]VFQ�J>A@FKOQFK=K; ���8�L%FG=7>K5?WXLNKfI'�FKLM4651NPOQFKRSN�T6U(��>KTVRET6OZW[>K=Kf<\�REW[]6FK5?=7W[N_8kT6U�*²WXREREFG=7T6NP4;

'�W[>A¨6FKR=Kf�' 4d]�WXh°-�;�pjºVº6º; �?#iR��(£LIFK5?WXOQFKRSNA4Ye���£46OQWXRE4YNPW[TVR´T6U"-.46tITV5��JDLELEe[8°4YREh��TV57¨®�_R~N7FKRE=?W[N7WXFK=G; ����� � ��� ��� � � � � �"��� � ������� � ������ �pbxE¶�nS·�$ ,V¹$# � ,$,Vº;

��@E5?FKR~t%FG57¤Ef���;�pjºVºVqJ; ��� � � � � �"�2����������� # ��� ��������� � ��� � �"���P;��"� � � �"� ��� ���� � � �"���� �"� ���������2��� � �����"��fEnS¹M¶�¹S·�;

�MFK5?5P46e[egf�!i;C46REh�Bi;���@EFd465?FK5G;µpdºVºVº; �?�_RE>GFKRSNPW^]VFG=�4YREh���5746RE=746>GN7WXTVR !CTV=1NP=ka�W^NP@EW[RN7@EFk�(W[57O²$w��=?N7WXOZ4YNPW[RE¤24YR³#i¤6FKRE>�8¼*�T�hEFKes\�=?WXRE¤­(4d8�57TVe[eC��FK>GTV57hE=G; � � � �����"� � �� ������� � ��� � � � � ������f�,$,M¶gm6·�fM¹Vq6º �J¹$#$#J;

u WXtEtITVRE=GfV��;Jpdº$#SxJ; �7�WXFG>KF�o_��4¬NPF��_RE>KFGR~N7W[]6F��J>A@EFKOQFK=Gf ���� � ��� ����� � � � �"��� � ������� � ������flE¶ n~·�fnEpj¹ �mYº;

u WXe[eXFK=?LEWXFYf ��;�pdºVºpV; � ��� � � � �"� � ��������� ����� ����� � � � ����"�*����� � � ����� ������������������ � � �"��� � �"����������F�a ��TV5?¨I$�!"4YO�tE57W[hE¤VF�\�REW[]6FK57=?W[N_8²�57FG=7=G;

��46eXF�8VfM*°;Mm6qVq6¹; �?�)@EF���FK=?L%T6RE=7F T6UÏ��TV5?¨6FK5���©%TV5?NsNPT¦�WXFG>KF ��4YN7FK=K$���]�WXhFKRE>GF�U 57TVON7@EFH*�WXhasFK=1NPFG57R¯-ÏTV¤V¤6WXRE¤w�_REhDE=?N75?8V; � ��� � ��� ��� � � � � � ��� � ���� � �+������f<¹$#M¶�nS·�fM�<46e[egfm6q6qV¹;

��465?NKfC��;�4YREh Bi;���T6eXOQ=?NP5"!TVO²f"pjº$#Sx�; �?�)@F`�)@EFKTV518¾T6U�!CTVRSNP5746>GN7=K; � �_R�� �+�������������� � ������� � ��� � ��������� � � � ����� ����� � � ��������������f�FGh§;¾tS8¾� ;�BCF�a�eXF�8V; !"46O�t57WXh¤VF6f\�REW[N7FKh²� WXRE¤VhTVO�$�!"46O�tE5?WXhE¤VF�\�REW[]6FK5?=7W[N_8`�5?FK=?=K;

��FK>A¨~O®4YR§f§9;ÏpdºSxYnE; �P�J@M46hTba �5?WX>GFK=Kf%*24Y57¨6F�Ni�³46¤VFG=KfI46REh�-.46t%T65i��DELELEe^8Vf � � ������� �� �"� ����� � §n~m�$ ,Sx6º � ,6ºV¹;

��FK>A¨~O®4YR§f.9;%46REh´9;��JOQW[NP@�f�pdºVºSlJ; �?#�=7=7FG=7=?WXRE¤kN7@EFw!"46=?FvU TV5��JTJ>GW¥46e.�(£JLIFK57W[OZFGRSNP=Kf ���� � �"� ��� � � � ������� � ��� # �"�+� � ���"��� ������ �ºM¶gmV·ª$ #Sl �Ip6pjq;

��FK>A¨~O®4YR§f�9;[f��H;���T6@EO®4YRER�4YREh�9;���OZW^NP@§fim6qVqVqJ; �7�JDEtE=1NPW[N7DNPW[TVR 46REh '�57TVLITVDNBCWX46=QWXR���TJ>GW¥46e��(£JL%FG57WXOQFKRSN7=K$´# =1NPDEh8»T6U�46R±�_R �MDEFGR~N7W¥46ei�JT�>KWX46e���£JLIFK5?WXOQFKRSNd; �� � �����*�"���"�� � � ��� ��� � � � ������� � ������ Ï*�4j86;

mVx

Page 29: Université du Québec à Montréal · npt actv5?¨6fg57=wa"4y= f £jtv¤vfgretvde=?e[8³wxre>g57fd4y=7fkh ;° d 5vhm4ynp4=7f nw>ktvrsnp46wxre=hwxr u t657oz4ynpw[tvr t6r hm46w[e[8

��TVeXOQ=?N75!TVO²f�Bi;�46REh»�;s*�WXe[¤V57T6O�;�pjº6ºVq; �P*�DEe^NPW[NP46=7¨³�57WXR>KWXLE46e^oË#i¤VFGR~N¦#�RM46e^8J=?FK=G$�_RE>GFKRSNPW^]VF�!CTVRSNP5P4Y>GNP=Gf #i=?=7FGN­�ia�REFK5?=7@EW[L§f�46REh�96TVt '�FK=?WX¤VR§; � ��� � ��� ��� � � � ��� � ������� � ������ � � � � ��� �&%���������MfMxE¶ =7L<·ª$smYn �lVm�;

96TVRFK=Kf��%;.pjºVºVmJ; �1�³46=��)@EFK5?F�4Q�i4da)NP@TV57REFv��©�FG>GN � ��� � �"����� ��� ��� � ��� ��� � � � �������� ��!�+�¬fM��Tj]6FKO�tIFK5Gf%º�#M¶½¹S·ªf[$�nSlJp ��n ,�#;

� 57FGDE¤VFG5Kf�#v;�pjºVº6º; �7�(£JL%FG57W[OZFGR~NP46e���=?NPW[O®4¬NPFK=:T6Uw��hDE>d4YN7WXTVR��57T�hEDE>GN7WXTVR �MDERE>ªoN7WXTVRE=G; � � � ���"� �"���"� ��� � ��� ��� � � � ������� � ������ (p6pdn<¶gm6·�$�nSºSx �l6¹SmJ;

-.46e[TVREhEFYfC��;"pjº$#�,; �7��]Y46eXDM4¬NPWXR¤­NP@EF²��>KTVRTVOZF�NP5?WX>:��]Y46eXDM4¬NPWXT6RE=�T6U���5746WXRWXRE¤´�57T¬o¤V5746OQ=�a�W[NP@»�(£JL%FG57WXOQFKRSNP46e�' 4YNA4J; � � � �"����� ��� � ������� � ��� � � �����"� ix�,M¶ n~·�$ ,Vq6n �,SmYq;

-.4�'GFd465GfM�);§pjºVº$#J;3# �"�+��������"��� ������� � ����� � ��� � ��� � � �"����;���FGa ��TV57¨<$�96TV@R:��W[eXF�8���JT6RE=K;

-.4�'GFd465Gfi�);)mYqVqVq; �?�FK51U TV57OZ46RE>GF¯(4d8�46REh��57T�hEDE>�NPW[]�W^N_8V; � � � �"����� ��� � ������� � ���� � �����"��fMºVqE¶glV·ªf§pj¹6n , �Ipj¹$,p6;

*�W[>A@M46e[TVL%T6DEeXTV=Gf<!i;^f�'�;M��4YN7N757W[F6f%!i;%*�WXe[eXFK5GfM�;I��TVtEW[RE=Kf<�;�*²TV575?WX=KfI'�;Iu�8S465?O®4¬NPWgfM!i;��FKhE>G57TV=?=Kf.�w;%�<T6eXFG86f§��;§�MTV5?h§fÏm6q6qSmJ; �P*�46¨~WXRE¤®��TV5?¨2�4j8I$i�(WXRM4Ye���FKLITV51N TVR­NP@F�JFGe[U¥o �JD�.Q>KW[FKRE>�8°�5?T *?FK>�NvU TV5�-ÏTVRE¤¬o_��FK57O ��FKe^U�4657FQ��FK>GWXLEW[FKRSNP=G; � �JT�>KW¥4Ye���FG=7FK4657>A@46Rh2'�F�]VFKe[TVLEOQFKRSN�!CTV5?L%TV574YNPW[TVR§;

*�W[eX¤V5?TVO²f<�;%46REh°9;%��TVtIFK51NP=G;vpjºVºVmJ; � ������� � ������ � � � ��� �&%��������� ��� � � ��� � � � � �"���½;��RE¤Ve[FGasTJT�h�!CeXW^©�=GfM��F�a 96FK5?=7F�8%$s�57FGR~N7WX>GFv��46eXe½;

�4V4657=?>A@§fS��;b46REh�B�;¬�J@EFd4Y57FK5G;Cpjº6º$,; �7�(W^£JFGh��³46¤VFG=KfY�W[FK>GFC��4YNPFG=Kf646REh��_R~N7FK51NPFKOQLITV5P46e�57T�hEDE>�NPW^]JW^N_8I$2# ��NPDEhJ8»TYU���57FKF2�e¥46RSNPFG57=QWXR»BC57W^NPW[=7@±!CTVeXDEOvtEW¥4; � ��8�L%FG=7>K5?WXLNKf'�FGLM465?N7OZFGRSN�T6U���>GTVRETVOQWX>G=Kf<\�RW[]VFG57=?W[N_8`T6U���FK=?N7FK5?R¯��RSNA465?WXTEfE!"46RM46hM4J;

�4V4657=?>A@§f"��;�46REh Bi;��J@EFK4657FG5K;�pjº6ºVº; �?�)@EF²��FG=7LITVRE=?F²TYU���TV5?¨6FK5¦��©%TV5?NwN7T´�WXFK>GF��4YNPFG=K$C��]�W[hEFKRE>GF�U 5?TVO NP@FvBC5?W[N7WX=7@�!CTVe[DEO�tEWX4���5?FKFªo �e¥46RSN7WXRE¤Q�_REhEDE=1NP518Vf � ��� � ��� ���� � � ��� ��� � ���� � �+������f<¹6n<¶ n~·�f�,6nS¹ � ,�,SxJ;

�4V4657=?>A@§f��H;�46REh¾B�;��J@EFK4657FG5K;´mYqVqVq; �7�WXFG>KFk��4YN7FK=Kf���W^£JFKh°��46¤6FK=Kf�4YREh��_RE>GFKRSNPW^]VF��©%FK>GN7=K$���NP4YNPW[=?N7WX>d4Ye(��]�WXhEFGRE>KF�U 5?TVO �4d8J5?TVeXe(��FG>KTV5?hE=K; � �"��� �"��� ��������� ��� � ������� � ���� � �����"��fEnEpS¶1pb·ªf<l6º �JºVmJ;

�4V4657=?>A@§f ��;"46REh�B�;��J@EFK4657FG5K;�m6qVq6nE; �P*�46eXFªo �MFKOZ46eXF��57T�hEDE>�NPW[]�W^N_8�'�W^©�FG57FKRSN7W¥46e[=K$�)@EF°��TVeXF�T6U�#itEW[eXW^N_8±4YREh��_RE>KFGR~N7W[]6FK=K; � !"46@EWXFG5`hEF¯57FG>A@EFK5?>A@EF³!C� �� c��� q6nYoPpjqf'�cFGLM465?N7FKOQFKRSN�h � c��>GTVRETVOQW� ~DEFYfM\�RW[]VFG57=?W[NJcF�-.4d]Y46egf<!"4YRM46hM4;

�J@Fd465?FK5KfIBi;.pjº6º$,;�7�WXFG>KFH��4YN7FK=Gf<�5?WXRE>GWXLM4Ye^o_#�¤VFKRSN�*�T�hEFGeX=Kf<4YREh2�5?TJhED>GNPW^]�W[N_8:�57T¬o¢Me[FK=G; � ��� � ��� ��� � � � � � ����� ���� � �+������f<¹p~¶gm6·�$�mVx6l �J¹VqV¹J;

m�#

Page 30: Université du Québec à Montréal · npt actv5?¨6fg57=wa"4y= f £jtv¤vfgretvde=?e[8³wxre>g57fd4y=7fkh ;° d 5vhm4ynp4=7f nw>ktvrsnp46wxre=hwxr u t657oz4ynpw[tvr t6r hm46w[e[8

�J@Fd465?FK5KfsBi;^fsm6qVq6n �7�W[FK>KF:��4YN7FK=Kfs�(WÔ£FGh���4Y¤VFK=¦46Rh �_R>KFKRSN7W[]VFY$²��]�W[hEFKRE>GF`U 57TVO 4�(W[FKe[h:��£JLIFK5?WXOQFKRSNd; � � � �����"� � � � ������� � ��� � � � � ������f<xJp~¶½mV·�$�lJpd¹ �l6¹6n;

��TJhh§f��;(46REh¼�w;���TVeXLWXR§; �?\�=7W[RE¤¯4´�JT�>KWX46e��(£LIFK5?WXOQFKRSN�N7T­&�46eXW[hM4YNPFZ4­'i8�RM46OQWX>BCFG@M4d]�WXTV5746e�*�T�hEFKeÏT6U�!C@EW[eXh��J>A@ET�TVeXW[RE¤Q46REh��MFK5?N7WXe[W[N_8I$�#i=?=7FG=7=7W[RE¤ZN7@EF��_OZLE46>GN�T6U(4�J>A@TJTVe�JDEt=7WXhJ8��57T6¤V5P46O W[R¦*�Fª£W[>KTE; �´�� ���¼��TV57¨~W[RE¤��46L%FG5KfSq6¹¬o qSm6mJf6\�REW[]6FK5?=7W[N_8T6U(�FGRERE=18Je^]Y46REW¥4J;

m6º