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UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA
MASOUD DALMAN
FRSB 2012 15
INFLUENCES OF WIND AND HUMIDITY ON THERMAL COMFORT IN URBAN CANYONS OF BANDAR ABBAS, IRAN
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INFLUENCES OF WIND AND HUMIDITY ON THERMAL COMFORT IN
URBAN CANYONS OF BANDAR ABBAS, IRAN
By
MASOUD DALMAN
Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia,
in Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy
May 2012
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TO BELOVED PEOPLE OF BANDAR ABBAS,
PERSIAN GULF COASTAL RESIDENTS
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Abstract of thesis presented to the Senate of Universiti Putra Malaysia in fulfilment
of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy
INFLUENCES OF WIND AND HUMIDITY ON THERMAL COMFORT IN
URBAN CANYONS OF BANDAR ABBAS, IRAN
By
MASOUD DALMAN
May 2012
Chair: Elias Bin Salleh, PhD
Faculty: Design and Architecture
Accessibility to thermal comfort spaces for citizens and urban outdoor activities
could be one of the main goals of urban designers. Urban forms and canyons have an
important role on the microclimate and thermal comfort condition in such situations.
Hence there is a need to understand the dynamics of urban fabric and microclimate
of an urban area for good urban design of outdoor spaces. Bandar Abbas city, located
in the southern part of Iran at the northern rim of Hormuz Strait, is an example of an
urban growth area with a combination of traditional and modern urban fabrics. The
hot and humid climate of Bandar Abbas, especially in long summers causes thermal
stress for urban activities.
The aim and objectives of the present study is to investigate the possibilities that
achieve thermal comfort in residential urban canyons of new developments thus
improve life style for outdoor environments in Bandar Abbas. To achieve these aims,
this study selected two different urban fabric typologies to identify the prevailing
urban canyon patterns, to investigate microclimate conditions and explore thermal
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comfort situation to propose new urban design strategies for comfortable outdoor
spaces.
This research employs various research techniques involving quantitative and
qualitative approaches and comprising a case study of Bandar Abbas through direct
observation of urban fabric, field measurement of climatic elements, and computer
simulation of wind flow patterns. To understand the influence of microclimate
factors and thermal comfort situations in the study area, two different typologies of
traditional and new residential development (modern) urban fabrics have been
selected in south east of Bandar Abbas.
The results indicate that the traditional urban fabric is more thermally comfortable
than the new residential urban fabric. According to the field measurements, thermal
comfort calculation and wind simulations, the canyons with North-South direction
represents better orientation for air circulation benefiting from sea breezes as
compared to other canyon orientations.
The findings will throw light on the urban designers and policy makers of cities
which have the same climate especially in Persian Gulf region and tropical hot and
humid climate with similar conditions.
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Abstrak ini dibentangkan pada Senat Universiti Putra Malaysia
bagi memenuhi syarat Ijazah Doktor Falsafah
PENGARUH ANGIN DAN KELEMBAPAN TERHADAP KESELESAAN
CUACA PANAS KAWASAN LEMBAH DI BANDAR ABBAS, IRAN
Oleh
MASOUD DALMAN
Mei 2012
Pengerusi: Elias bin Salleh, PhD
Fakulti: Fakulti Rekabentuk dan Seni bina
Keselesaan semasa keadaan cuaca panas (Thermal Comfort) bagi penempatan dan
aktiviti luar kawasan bandar menjadi salah satu matlamat utama merekabentuk
bandar. Bentuk bandar dan kawasan lembah mempunyai peranan yang penting pada
mikroiklim dan keadaan keselesaan cuaca panas. Oleh itu adalah perlu untuk
memahami dinamik fabrik bandar dan mikroiklim kawasan bandar bagi
merekabentuk kawasan bandar. Pelabuhan Bandaraya Bandar Abbas, yang terletak
di bahagian selatan Iran di pinggir utara Selat Hormuz, merupakan contoh kawasan
pertumbuhan bandar dengan gabungan fabrik tradisional dan moden. Iklim panas dan
lembap bandaraya ini, terutama pada musim panas yang panjang menyebabkan
keadaan yang tidak selesa bagi aktiviti luar.
Matlamat dan objektif kajian ini adalah mengkaji kemungkinan untuk mencapai
keselesaan semasa cuaca panas di kawasan lembah bandar yang sedang berkembang
dan meningkatkan gaya hidup di aktiviti luar di Bandaraya Bandar Abbas. Bagi
mencapai matlamat tersebut, kajian ini memilih dua fabrik tipologi bandar yang
berlainan untuk mengenal pasti corak lembah bandar, mengkaji keadaan mikroiklim
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dan meneroka keadaan keselesaan semasa cuaca panas untuk mencadangkan strategi
rekabentuk bandar baru yang selesa.
Kajian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dan kualitatif yang terdiri daripada
kajian kes bandaraya Bandar Abbas melalui pemerhatian fabrik bandar secara
langsung, ukuran bidang unsur-unsur iklim, dan simulasi ber komputer corak aliran
tiupan angin. Untuk mengenalpasti pengaruh faktor-faktor mikroiklim dan keadaan
keselesaan cuaca panas dalam kawasan kajian, dua tipologi pembangunan yang
berbeza bagi kediaman tradisional dan baru (moden) telah dipilih di tenggara Bandar
Abbas.
Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahawa keadaan semasa cuaca panas bagi fabrik bandar
tradisional adalah lebih selesa daripada fabrik bandar kediaman baru. Menurut
ukuran bidang, pengiraan keselesaan cuaca panas dan simulasi angin, kawasan
lembah mengarah kepada Utara-Selatan mewakili orientasi peredaran udara yang
lebih baik kerana mendapat manfaat daripada bayu laut berbanding dengan orientasi
kawasan lembah yang lain.
Penemuan kajian ini akan dapat memberikan petunjuk kepada perancang bandar dan
pembuat dasar bandar-bandar yang mempunyai iklim yang sama terutamanya di
rantau Teluk Parsi dan kawasan iklim tropika yang panas dan lembap keadaan yang
sama.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First and foremost, I would like to express my gratefulness to God.
I wish to express my gratitude to my supervisor Professor Dato’ Dr. Ar. Elias Bin
Salleh, for his guidance, advices, and the many contribution that he has made to my
ideas throughout the preparation of this thesis. I specially thank to my supervisory
committee members, Assoc. Prof. Dr Abdul Razak Bin Sapian, Assoc. Prof. Dr.
Osman Mohd Tahir, and Assoc. Prof. Dr. Kamariah Binti Dola for advising me
during my PhD study. Thanks to all faculty members in FRSB-UPM specially,
respective lecturers and Admin. Assist. of post graduate affairs, Mrs. Nursyida
Mansor.
My deep appreciation goes to those people who helped me in Bandar Abbas city,
during data collection, observations and field measurements especially in
meteorological organization of Bandar Abbas, Mr. Pishdar, and regional company of
water management of Hormozgan Province, Mr. Dehghani.
Last but not least, I would like to extend my abundant gratitude to my lovely wife,
Maryam, and my children Yasaman, Kianoosh and Amir Mohammad, and my
beloved parents, whose supports and encouragements throughout the past four and a
half years have been simply immeasurable.
I dedicate this thesis also to all beloved people of my city, Bandar Abbas.
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I certify that a Thesis Examination Committee has met on 7th May 2012 to conduct
the final examination of Masoud Dalman on his thesis entitled “Influences of Wind
and Humidity on Thermal Comfort in Urban Canyons of Bandar Abbas, Iran” in
accordance with Universities and University colleges Act 1972 and Constitution of
the Unversiti Putra Malaysia [P.U.(A) 106] 15 March 1998. The committee
recommends that the student be awarded the Doctor of Philosophy.
Members of the Examination Committee were as follows:
Suhardi Maulan, PhD
Associate Professor
Faculty of Design and Architecture
Universiti Putra Malaysia
(Chairman)
Nur Dalilah Dahlan, PhD
Senior lecturer
Faculty of Design and Architecture
Universiti Putra Malaysia
(Internal Examiner)
Nor Mariah Adam, PhD
Associate Professor
Faculty of Engineering
Universiti Putra Malaysia
(Internal Examiner)
Roger Fay, PhD
Professor
School of Architecture and Design
University of Tasmania
Australia
(External Examiner)
_________________________
SEOW HENG FONG, PhD
Professor/Deputy Dean
School of Graduate Studies
Universiti Putra Malaysia
Date:
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This thesis was submitted to the Senate of Universiti Putra Malaysia and has been
accepted as fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy.
The members of the Supervisory Committee were as follows:
Elias Bin Salleh, PhD
Professor
Faculty of Design and Architecture
Universiti Putra Malaysia
(Chairman)
Abdul Razak Bin Sapian, PhD
Associate Professor
Faculty of Architecture and environmental design
International Islamic University Malaysia
(Member)
Osman Mohd Tahir, PhD
Associate Professor
Faculty of Design and Architecture
Universiti Putra Malaysia
(Member)
Kamariah Binti Dola, PhD
Associate Professor
Faculty of Design and Architecture
Universiti Putra Malaysia
(Member)
___________________________
BUJANG BIN KIM HUAT, PhD
Professor and Dean
School of Graduate Studies
Universiti Putra Malaysia
Date:
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DECLARATION
I declare that the thesis is my original work except for quotations and citations which
have been duly acknowledged. I also declare that it has not been previously, and is
not concurrently, submitted for any other degree at Universiti Putra Malaysia or at
any other institution.
___________________
MASOUD DALMAN
Date: 7 May 2012
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
DEDICATION ii
ABSTRACT iii
ABSTRAK v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT vii
APPROVAL viii
DECLARATION x
LIST OF TABLES xv
LIST OF FIGURES xvii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xxiii
CHAPTER
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Research Background and Statement of Issues 1
1.3 Research Questions 5
1.4 Aim and Objectives 6
1.5 Research Methodology 6
1.6 Scope and Limitations 7
1.7 Significance of The Study 8
1.8 Organization of The Research
9
2 OUTDOOR THERMAL COMFORT 11
2.1 Introduction 11
2.2 Definitions and Concept of Thermal Comfort 11
2.3 Environmental and Personal Factors of Thermal Comfort 14
2.3.1 Air Temperature 14
2.3.2 Radiant Temperature 15
2.3.3 Air Velocity 15
2.3.4 Relative Humidity 16
2.3.5 Clothing Insulation 17
2.3.6 Metabolic Heat (Activity Level) 17
2.4 Thermal Comfort Models 17
2.4.1 Fanger (1970) Thermal Equation (PMV) 19
2.4.2 ISO 7730 21
2.4.3 Effective Temperature (ET), Corrected Effective
Temperature (CET)
22
2.4.4 Munich Energy Balance Model for Individuals
(MEMI)
23
2.4.5 The Physiological Equivalent Temperature (PET) 26
2.5 Conclusions
28
3 BANDAR ABBAS CLIMATE AND URBAN CANYON
PATTERN
30
3.1 Introduction 30
3.2 Bandar Abbas 30
3.2.1 Bandar Abbas City 31
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3.2.2 Characteristics of Hot and Humid Climate 32
3.2.3 Hot and Humid Region of Iran 33
3.2.4 Hot and Humid Climate of Bandar Abbas 33
3.2.5 Influence of Wind 40
3.2.6 Architectural Form 41
3.2.7 Traditional Urban Context and Architectural Form
of Bandar Abbas
42
3.3 Characteristics of Selected Urban Fabrics 43
3.3.1 Hindering Influences of Recent Developments on
Thermal Comfort Conditions 43
3.3.2 Canyon Pattern Transformation and Thermal
Comfort Changes in Bandar Abbas 44
3.4 Urban Canyon Definitions and General Characteristics 45
3.5 Urban Fabric Study 47
3.6 Modern Urban Fabric (Golshahr-E- Jonoobi) 51
3.7 Traditional Urban Fabric (Nakhl-E-Nakhoda) 55
3.8 Urban Design and Thermal Comfort of Outdoor Spaces 59
3.9 Conclusion
61
4 FIELD MEASUREMENTS, MICROCLIMATE, AND
THERMAL COMFORT INVESTIGATION 64
4.1 Introduction 64
4.2 Measurement Instruments 64
4.2.1 Wind Measurement 65
4.2.2 Measurement of Temperature and Relative
Humidity
66
4.2.3 Data Collection and Measuring Techniques 68
4.2.4 Period of Measurement 68
4.2.5 Data Sources 69
4.2.6 Sensor Placement 69
4.2.7 Measurement Locations 70
4.2.8 Air Temperature 71
4.2.9 Relative Humidity 71
4.2.10 Air Movement 72
4.3 The Measurement Error 72
4.4 Fieldwork Data Analysis Methods and Thermal Comfort
Investigations 74
4.5 Microclimate Investigation 75
4.5.1 Built Form 75
4.5.2 Vegetation Layout 77
4.5.3 Microclimate Observation of Study Area 77
4.6 Thermal Comfort Investigation 78
4.6.1 PET Index Calculation 79
4.6.2 Temperature-Humidity Index (THI) 84
4.7 Conclusion 85
5 AIR FLOW SIMULATION USING MicroFlo (IESVE) 86
5.1 Introduction 86
5.1.1 Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) 86
5.1.2 Technical Characteristics of CFD 89
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5.1.3 CFD Application 91
5.1.4 Objectives of CFD 91
5.1.5 Urban Canyon Models for Airflow Simulation 93
5.2 MicroFlo (IESve) Software 93
5.3 Airflow Simulation Steps Using MicroFlo (IESve) 93
5.4 CFD Setting 94
5.4.1 Grid Setting 98
5.4.2 Discretisation 99
5.4.3 Running the Simulation 100
5.4.4 CFD Monitor Stage 101
5.4.5 Result Presentation 101
5.5 Conclusion 102
6 RESULTS, ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS:
MICROCLIMATE AND THERMAL COMFORT
PERFORMANCES OF SELECTED CANYONS
104
6.1 Introduction 104
6.2 Characteristics of Prevailing Canyons in Selected
Traditional and Modern Urban Fabrics 105
6.2.1 Canyons Prevailing Patterns in Selected Urban
Fabrics 105
6.2.2 Impact of Canyon Orientation in Traditional
Urban Fabric 105
6.2.3 Impact of Canyon Orientation in Modern Urban
Fabric 111
6.3 Microclimate Condition inside the Selected Canyons 114
6.3.1 Air Temperature (Ta) and Relative Humidity
(RH%) 115
6.3.2 Wind Speed 125
6.4 Thermal Comfort Condition inside the Selected Canyon 136
6.4.1 Thermal Comfort Condition of Traditional
Canyons 140
6.4.2 Thermal Comfort Condition in The Canyons of
Modern Urban Fabric 142
6.4.3 Hourly Changes of Thermal Comfort Indices in
Study Area 143
6.4.4 Results of Discomfort Index (DI) in each Canyon 145
6.5 Conclusion 148
7 RESULTS, ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS:
AIR MOVEMENT SIMULATION INSIDE THE SELECTED
CANYONS
152
7.1 Introduction 152
7.2 Existing Urban Canyons 153
7.2.1 Traditional Urban Fabric 156
7.2.2 Modern Urban Fabric 164
7.3 Proposed Urban Canyon 172
7.4 Conclusion
179
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8 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, AND
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE STUDY
180
8.1 Introduction 180
8.2 Research Outline 180
8.3 Review of Study Objectives 180
8.4 Outcomes of The Research 181
8.4.1 Prevailing Patterns of Fabrics Urban Canyons 182
8.4.2 Microclimate Performance 183
8.4.3 Thermal Comfort Performance 185
8.4.4 Airflow Simulation in Existing Canyons 186
8.5 Integration of Research Outcomes 187
8.6 Knowledge Contribution and Benefit of Study 189
8.7 Suggestions for Future Research 191
REFERENCES 193
APPENDICES 202
BIODATA OF STUDENT 258
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS 260
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LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
2.1 Ranges of the PET for different grades of thermal perception 27
2.2 Comparison of PMV and PET ranges for different human
sensations
28
2.3 Summary and comparison of the most prevailing thermal comfort
models
28
3.1 Monthly prevailing wind direction of Bandar Abbas 39
3.2 Traditional and modern urban fabrics characteristics 48
3.3 Characteristics of selected urban canyons 48
3.4 Modern urban fabric canyons characteristics 52
3.5 Characteristics of the selected traditional urban fabric 56
4.1 Characteristics of Anemometer 65
4.2 Details listed by the logger features of HOBO Datalogger device 67
4.3 Selected days for measuring microclimate factors 69
5.1 Different atmospheric boundary layer values 97
6.1 Characteristics of selected canyons in traditional urban fabric 107
6.2 Sun angles in degree (for July). Latitude 27°, 11´ 109
6.3 Characteristics of selected canyons in modern urban fabric 112
6.4 Mean of Ta (°C) and RH% in all study canyons 115
6.5 Mean values of recorded microclimate factors in study area 117
6.6 Average of recorded wind speed 126
6.7 Recorded wind speed in each canyon (mean values) 129
6.8 Swing rate of PET during six significant hours for all canyons 137
6.9 Variation of thermal comfort indices in each canyon (July1) 138
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6.10 Calculated discomfort index (DI) for all canyons 147
7.1 Terrain values (α) and layer thickness (ZG) in meter 152
7.2 Wind speed variation inside the T1 canyon (Recorded, Simulated
and RS)
156
7.3 Wind speed variation inside the T2 canyon (Recorded, Simulated
and RS)
158
7.4 Wind speed variation inside the T3 canyon (Recorded, Simulated
and RS)
160
7.5 Wind speed variation inside the T4 canyon (Recorded, Simulated
and RS)
161
7.6 Wind speed variation inside the M1 canyon (Recorded, Simulated
and RS)
164
7.7 Wind speed variation inside the M2 canyon (Recorded, Simulated
and RS)
165
7.8 Wind speed variation inside the M3 canyon (Recorded, Simulated
and RS)
167
7.9 Wind speed variation inside the M4 canyon (Recorded, Simulated
and RS)
169
7.10 Characteristics of the proposed canyons 172
7.11 Simulated wind profile for each proposed canyon 173
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
1.1 Review of problem statement and research questions 5
1.2 Diagram of Research Design / Framework 10
2.1 Thermal Comfort concept 12
2.2 Major thermal comfort models 18
2.3 Fangers’ PMV model 21
2.4 Effective temperature chart 23
2.5 Heat balance modeling with MEMI for warm and sunny conditions 25
3.1 The harbor of Bandar Abbas in 1704 31
3.2 Geographical location of Iran among its neighbors 34
3.3 Location map of Hormozgan Province and Bandar Abbas city 34
3.4 Monthly temperature ranges of B.A 36
3.5 Monthly relative humidity ranges of B.A 36
3.6 Annual cycle of Ta in BA 37
3.7 Recorded Ta and RH% in reference station (27Jun-11July, 2010) 38
3.8 Sultry period in the southern coasts of the Persian Gulf 38
3.9 Monthly and daily variation of wind speed in Bandar Abbas 39
3.10 Average of monthly wind speed (m/s) in study area 40
3.11 Schematic of the urban boundary layer including its vertical layers
and scales
45
3.12 Geometric urban canyon characteristics 46
3.13 The schematic process of selecting location of study area in south
east of Bandar Abbas (a, b, c, and d)
49
3.14 Satellite image of selected site (Source: Google Earth) 50
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3.15 Distance between weather center and two selected urban fabrics 50
3.16 Prevailing canyons orientation in each urban fabric 51
3.17 New residential developments in modern urban fabric 51
3.18 Selected canyons of modern urban fabric 52
3.19 Features of M1 type canyon (a, b, and c) located in modern urban
fabric
53
3.20 Features of M2 and M4 type canyons (a, b, c, d, e, and f) located in
modern urban fabric
54
3.21 Features of M4 canyon (a, b, and c) located in modern urban fabric 55
3.22 Selected canyons of traditional urban fabric 57
3.23 Features of T1 and T2 type canyon (a, b, c, d, e, and f ) located in
traditional urban fabric
58
3.24 Features of T3 and T4 type canyon (a, b, c, d, e, and f ) located in
traditional urban fabric
59
3.25 Solar radiation and wind can be significantly affected by urban
design
60
4.1 Muller Anemometer (Model: 91g) 65
4.2 Four-channel Hobo Datalogger 68
4.3 Data collection process 70
4.4 Air movement measurements 70
4.5 Measurement point locations in study area 71
4.6 Different urban fabrics of Bandar Abbas (Traditional, Modern, and
Sprawl)
76
4.7 Vegetation layout in traditional (A) and new residential
development (B)
77
4.8 Summer outdoor comfort zone in shade 80
4.9 Rayman software- ver. 1.2 82
4.10 A sample input file at T2 canyon 83
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4.11 A sample Rayman software result at T2 canyon 83
5.1 The main steps of CFD analysis process 88
5.2 Different computational domain grids 89
5.3 Schematic view of wind flow investigation in study area 92
5.4 General view of canyon models for CFD simulation 92
5.5 Modeling of selected canyon 94
5.6 Assigning 3D boundaries and grids 94
5.7 Wind and Exposure setting 97
5.8 Turbulence model determination in CFD 98
5.9 Grid setting dialogue box 99
5.10 Discretisation dialogue box 100
5.11 CFD Grid, memory and Aspect ratio Statistics dialogue box 101
5.12 Simulation control panel 102
5.13 Wind velocity and direction, CFD output 102
5.14 Implemented methods of CFD study 103
6.1 Unattached single units in traditional urban fabric 106
6.2 Selected canyon orientation in traditional urban fabric 107
6.3 Schematic view of airflow in the different canyons orientation
(Parallel and perpendicular)
108
6.4 Shading effect in T1 and T2 110
6.5 Shading effect in T3 and T4 111
6.6 Selected canyon orientation in modern urban fabric 112
6.7 Shading effect in M1 and M2 113
6.8 Shading effect in M3 and M4 114
6.9 Average of recorded Ta in all studied canyons 116
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6.10 Average of recorded RH% 116
6.11 Mean hourly Ta and RH% (all canyons) 117
6.12 Swing rate of Ta and RH% in study area 118
6.13 Variation of Ta and RH% in N-S canyons 119
6.14 Variation of Ta and RH% in E-W canyons 120
6.15 Variation of Ta and RH% in WSW-ENE canyons 122
6.16 Variation of Ta and RH% in SSE-NNW canyons 123
6.17 Hourly variation of Ta and RH% in both urban fabrics 124
6.18 Monthly variation of wind speed 125
6.19 Hourly variation of average WS in selected urban fabrics and RS 126
6.20 Wind rose of July 2010 127
6.21 Number of wind Data for each Location 127
6.22 Percent of wind data for each location 128
6.23 Percent of wind data for each speed 128
6.24 Average wind speed for each direction 128
6.25 T1 and RS, WS comparatively 130
6.26 T2 and RS, WS comparatively 130
6.27 T3 and RS, WS comparatively 131
6.28 T4 and RS, WS comparatively 131
6.29 M1 and RS, WS comparatively 132
6.30 M2 and RS, WS comparatively 134
6.31 M3 and RS, WS comparatively 134
6.32 M4 and RS, WS comparatively 134
6.33 Hourly variation of WS in each canyon 136
6.34 PET variation and upper comfort zone in each canyon 138
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6.35 Ts and Ta ranges in each canyon 139
6.36 Variation of maximum and minimum of MRT, PMV, and SET 139
6.37 Hourly variation of PET in N-S canyons 140
6.38 E-W canyons and hourly variation of PET 141
6.39 Hourly range of PET in M1 142
6.40 Variation of PET index inside the SSE-NNW canyons 143
6.41 Daily swing rate of thermal comfort indices inside the canyons 144
6.42 Differences of thermal comfort indices in each urban fabric 145
6.43 Discomfort index during the day 148
7.1 Mean wind profile using ASHRAE and Log Law models 153
7.2 Linear and polynomial graph of α and ZG values according to area
terrains
153
7.3 Comparison of recorded and simulated WS inside the T1 canyon 156
7.4 Simulated wind profile in T1 157
7.5 Measured WS inside the T1 canyon and RS 157
7.6 Comparison of recorded and simulated WS inside the T2 canyon 158
7.7 Simulated wind profile in T2 158
7.8 Measured WS inside the T2 canyon and RS 159
7.9 Comparison of recorded and simulated WS inside the T3 canyon 160
7.10 Simulated wind profile in T3 160
7.11 Measured WS inside the T3 canyon and RS 161
7.12 Comparison of recorded and simulated WS inside the T4 canyon 162
7.13 Simulated wind profile in T4 162
7.14 Measured WS inside the T4 canyon and RS 162
7.15 Comparison of recorded and simulated WS inside the M1 canyon 164
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7.16 Simulated wind profile in M1 164
7.17 Measured WS inside the M1 canyon and RS 164
7.18 Comparison of recorded and simulated WS inside the M2 canyon 166
7.19 Simulated wind profile in M2 166
7.20 Measured WS inside the M2 canyon and RS 167
7.21 Comparison of recorded and simulated WS inside the M3 canyon 168
7.22 Simulated wind profile in M3 168
7.23 Measured WS inside the M3 canyon and RS 169
7.24 Comparison of recorded and simulated WS inside the M4 canyon 170
7.25 Simulated wind profile in M4 170
7.26 Measured WS inside the M4 canyon and RS 171
7.27 Proposed canyons modeled for air flow simulation 173
7.28 Simulated wind profile for proposed canyons 174
7.29 Wind profile below 5m height(ZG =5m) 175
7.30 Comparison of wind speed profiles 175
7.31 Simulated wind profile for proposed canyons with 4m height 177
7.32 Simulated wind profile for proposed canyons with 10m height 177
8.1 Optimum and inappropriate canyon orientation angles in BA 187
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
ASCE American Society of Civil Engineers
ASHRAE American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, Air conditioning
Engineers
BA Bandar Abbas
BAIA Bandar Abbas International Air port
BSC Building Science Corporation
Clo Clothing rate
CFD Computational Fluid Dynamic
CET Corrected Effect ive Temperature
DI Discomfort Index
ET Effective Temperature
E-W East-West
H/W Height-to-Width Ratio
HSE Health and Safety Executive
IESve Integrated Environmental Solutions (Virtual Environment)
IMO Iranian Meteorological Organization
LES Large Eddy Simulation
MEMI Munich Energy Balance Model for Individual
MRT Mean Radiant Temperature
N-S North-South
PET Physiological Equivalent Temperature
PMV Predicted Mean Vote
RANS Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes
RH% Percentage of Relative Humidity
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SET Standard Effective Temperature
SSE-NNW South of South east- North of North West
Ta Air Temperature
THI Temperature Humidity Index
UBL Urban Boundary Layer
UCL Urban Canopy Layer
UHI Urban Heat Island
USDOE United State Department Of Energy
WSW-ENE West of South west- East of North East
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
This chapter introduces the background problem and motivations of this research. In
this chapter, the research questions, aim, objectives, and research design will be
explained. Furthermore, this chapter presents detail of scopes and limitations of
research and significance of the conducted research and organization of the thesis.
Finally, the chapter concludes by justifying issues and points of departure for this
research and it ends by developing theoretical framework for this research.
1.2 Research Background and Statement of Issues
The history of Bandar Abbas could be traced back to the 17th century. Bandar Abbas
is a major port of the mouth of the Persian Gulf with a long history of trade and
fishing. It is the provincial capital of Hormozgan. The city has a strategic position on
the narrow Straits of Hormoz, and it houses the main base of the Iranian Navy. The
city is an extremely important trading port and has also attracted industrial
investment. The population of Bandar Abbas has increased from 87,000 in 1977 to
273,000 in 1996 (Alaedini, 2008) and 429093 in 2006 (Dadras, 2010) and is
estimated to be around 500,000 people in 2011.
Like many other cities, Bandar Abbas has experienced an unprecedented population
boom in the last 20 years (Alaedini, 2008). The city possesses some small creeks,
known as Khoor, which are located in urban area, which are the flows of north part
of the city that pours into the Persian Gulf. These Khoors function as drainage
systems for flash floods as well as sewages of residential districts. Besides, they
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separate the urban area in big quarters, which have special effects on urban planning
of the city.
Bandar Abbas is the largest and the most developed port of Iran. Since 1980 Bandar
Abbas has been rapidly developing as an import and export pole of oil, steel and
aluminum industries, as well as ship construction and port services. Moreover, it is
regarded as a center of service industries and tourism, especially for domestic
tourists.
Hence, this causes a rapid increase in population by attracting more workers which
leads to the development of a national class city called Bandar Abbas, regarded as
the biggest city in the entire cities of south of Iran. This population increase causes
high demand for quick housing which sometimes neglects the local climate and
traditional architecture, especially, in most of the modern and commercial contexts
that are covered by high and medium rise buildings (Dalman et al., 2011). These
attributes have an intense effect on the use of energy in buildings, outdoor thermal
comfort and urban air quality.
Climate situations of study area especially in summer time are affected by a hot and
humid wave created by Persian Gulf and Peninsula of Saudi Arabia (Thapar, 2008).
Air temperature cycle in Bandar Abbas consists of three periods, which are outlined
below:
1) - A moderate weather period from December to March which has a daily mean
outdoor air temperature of 18-23°C;
2) - A warm period in November and April which has a daily mean outdoor air
temperature of 24-27°C;
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3) - A very hot and humid period from May to October with average temperatures of
30-34.5°C
Maintaining thermal comfort conditions during the hot period is more challenging
compared to the other two periods. Intensifying temperature by a high incident of
solar radiation as well as high levels of absolute and relative humidity at certain
times of the day causes the thermal discomfort for outdoor and indoor spaces during
the hot period. The potential of evaporative cooling could be one of the best solutions
in order to achieve thermal comfort but this might also be quite limited at the highest
level of hot and humid period (Thapar, 2008). Nevertheless, there is a good potential
for nocturnal radiated cooling throughout the year and the mean wind speed
exceeding 6.0 m/s assists to provide comfort in outdoor spaces.
The direction of prevailing wind in Bandar Abbas is southward; therefore, the streets
and alleys that are exposed to sea breezes coming from South-North direction have
less humidity and are more comfortable for pedestrians in certain time of the day
because of the shaded sidewalks.
In this region the urban setting in traditional urban fabrics is designed to allow air to
circulate through urban canyons and it also uses high walls and vegetation for
reducing the heat by shading effect. Consequently, the general orientation of the
urban setting in this region follows the direction of the coastline and wind; for
example, the streets and paths are arranged in order to sway the pleasant winds
coming from the sea (Dalman, 1992).
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Modern urban fabrics of Bandar Abbas were constructed over the course of 25 years
(since 1985) mainly in the eastern part of the city. Canyon orientation of these urban
fabrics predominantly is West of South West- East of North East (WSW-ENE),
which is Perpendicular to prevailing wind. The selected modern urban fabric is
located in the south east of the city near the seashore. The prevailing canyons in this
urban fabric are extended along WSW-ENE orientation; the subsidiary alleys have
South of South East- North of North West (SSE-NNW) orientation. The widths of
prevailing canyons vary from 6m to 12m, whereas the subsidiary canyons’ width is a
variant between 1.5m to 3 m (Sharmand, 2009).
The main issue confronting modern urban fabrics today is that the buildings’ layout
and canyon orientation are maybe unsuitable for providing thermal comfort for
pedestrians in outdoor spaces during the hot and humid summer period (Figure 1.1).
Consideration has to be given to the environment factors in planning and finally
designing. The traditional principles seem to be more environmentally and thermally
comfortable than current designs in new residential developments. This implies that
there is a great deal to learn from the former rather than the latter. A couple of
questions need to be addressed; firstly, what are the elements of comfortable outdoor
spaces? And secondly, will residents and people feel comfortable with the proposed
new residential developments?
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Figure 0.1. Review of Problem Statement and Research Questions
1.3 Research Questions
The following questions related to field of the study will be addressed in present
research:
Main Research Question:
How can a suitable urban design be developed to provide thermal comfort?
Sub-research questions:
Q1: What are the prevailing patterns in urban canyon for modern and
traditional urban fabrics of Bandar Abbas?
Q2: What are the microclimate characteristics of two different typologies of
traditional and modern urban fabrics of Bandar Abbas?
Q3: What is the comfort conditions found in traditional and modern urban
fabrics of Bandar Abbas?
Thermal Comfort Issues in Urban Canyons of New Residential
Developments of Bandar Abbas
How a suitable urban design can be developed to provide thermal comfort?
What are the prevailing canyons of traditional and modern urban fabrics?
What are the comfort conditions in two different typologies of traditional and modern
urban fabrics?
How comfortable urban canyon can be developed in new residential areas?
Inappropriate Building Layout and Orientation in Modern Fabrics
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Q4: what are the conditions needed to develop comfortable outdoor spaces
for pedestrians in residential areas of urban canyons in Bandar Abbas?
1.4 Aim and Objectives
The main objective of microclimate study in hot and humid cities is to enhance the
natural ventilation to reduce thermal stress in outdoor spaces and provide proper
shaded areas when required (Bekele et al., 2008).
The primary aim of this research is to investigate the possibilities that will achieve
thermal comfort in residential urban canyons of new developments and improve life
style for outdoor environments in Bandar Abbas.
The specifics objectives of this thesis are:
1) To identify the prevailing patterns of urban canyon in modern and traditional
urban fabrics of Bandar Abbas;
2) To investigate microclimate condition of two different typologies: traditional and
modern urban fabrics in Bandar Abbas;
3) To identify and explore comfort condition in these two identified types of urban
typology;
4) To propose urban design strategies for comfortable outdoor pedestrian spaces in
new residential development in urban canyons.
1.5 Research Methodology
This research methodology employs a combination of research techniques that
includes quantitative and qualitative approaches and comprises a case study research
through field measurements, simulations and direct observations for data collection.
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According to Bekele et al. (2008), the main parameters of urban microclimate design
are: local climate, city location, urban density, orientation and canyon’s width,
anthropogenic heat, traffic, neighbourhood shape, and distribution.
The first objective, which refers to the characteristics of prevailing urban canyons in
two different residential urban fabrics in Bandar Abbas, will be addressed through
documents review and field observations. The second and third objectives will be
achieved through field measurements and CFD simulations, which respectively refer
to comfort conditions and urban canyon typologies and influencing factors on the
thermal comfort situation. Direct observations, field measurements and CFD
simulations are the main supporting methods to achieve these objectives.
1.6 Scope and Limitations
The urban climate study of this research is limited to hot and humid condition of
summer season and the study of vegetation and shading effects are not included and
is beyond the scope of this study. This research is particularly appropriate to
geographical, climate, and urban conditions of Bandar Abbas city. Therefore,
findings can only be generalized in relation to hot and humid cities of Persian Gulf
region and other hot and humid cities with similar characteristics, architectural and
urban-style settings.
A particular research is needed when utilizing the findings of this research in case of
similar residential urban canyons with varied H/W ratios. The conducted study
depends on climate situation and outdoor spaces of selected study areas. Finally,
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other influencing factors and models in study thermal comfort and non-climate
elements (dust, glare, noise, and psychological condition) are not considered.
1.7 Significance of the Study
The results of this study is expected to provide information on the importance of air
movement on thermal comfort which, could assist in reducing outdoor air
temperature, humidity, and PET index for pedestrians and outdoor activities. Hence,
these findings will enable and provide the urban planner and designer with wide
range of options in selecting suitable thermal comfort strategies for achieving
comfortable urban spaces in areas with similar climate. The developed design
strategies and criteria could be used as a future reference for urban designers, city
planners, city managers and researchers of the same fields of study.
1.8 Organization of the Research
This thesis comprises of 8 chapters (Figure 1.2) that are explained as follows:
Chapter1 introduces the issues and motivations of the research and draws a
perspective of the study by discussing important topics such as research questions,
aim, and objectives, significant of study, scope and limitation.
Chapter 2 provides a critical analysis of relevant literature regarding Bandar Abbas
as a study region and its urban canyon characteristics, definitions and concepts. In
this chapter geographical condition, climatic factors and characteristics, and urban
fabric patterns are also discussed.
Chapter 3 elaborates on the previous literature, which discusses outdoor thermal
comfort elements such as urban climate and thermal comfort models and criteria.
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Different theories and models will be discussed as general review of the nature of the
hot and humid climate, thermal comfort aspects and air flow simulation and their
relation to the present study, which outlines the proper procedure to conducting this
research. Furthermore, the chapter concludes by presenting different dimensions,
influences, and the application of aspects of urban climate and outdoor thermal
comfort in residential urban canyons.
Chapters 4 and 5 explain the adopted research design, methodology, and strategies
for data collection, analysis, and validation during the study, which aims to answer
the research questions. These chapters categorize the research methodology into
three parts, namely analysis of research questions, detailed explanation of the
research process, and validation and reliability of the findings. These chapters are
divided into 12 subsections in order to address, research approach, research
procedure, components of case study research, validation and reliability, and the
scope and limitation of this study.
Chapter 6 expresses the main findings of the conducted field measurements and
analysis of microclimate factors, canyon details, and thermal comfort investigations.
The findings are derived through the use of software analysis, field measurements,
and visual data in the form of tables and charts.
Chapter 7 illustrates the findings of air flow simulations inside the selected canyons
during data collection in July 2010. The results of the simulations are discussed in
form of visual data such as figures, tables and charts. These results also relate the
findings to the reviewed models and theories in order to triangulate the results and
intensify the validation of the findings. Finally, the results based on the achieved
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findings calibrated in terms of canyon orientation, building layouts, and air flow
characteristics, shows the correlations between air movement, residential canyons
and thermal comfort.
Finally, Chapter 8 summarizes the whole thesis and its findings and discusses the
conclusions based on the achieved results. This section makes general conclusions
and recommendation for further research and discusses how the findings of this study
can be applied to the cases, which are not quite similar to the case studied in this
research. The chapter concludes by highlighting the contributions the thesis has made
and providing references for future research.
Figure 0.2. Diagram of Research Design / Framework
Literature Review
Research Problem (R.Q & R.O)
Observation
-Patterns
Field Measurement
-Climatic
Simulation
-MicroFlo
Results Analysis
Conclusion
Urban Canyon in
Bandar Abbas Outdoor T.C (PET)
Issue
CFD
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