Urooj Khan

8/16/2019 Urooj Khan

1/40

A

Project Report on

Physiological Activity of constituents

of NeemIn partial fulllment of the requirements of

Master of Science

(Organic Chemistry)

Submitted

By

Urooj khan

!Roll No"#$%&'&(&)*+

(Id No:-MSC2014020)

Under the guidance

of

Dr. Gopesh Chandra Sharma

DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCES


2/40

INVERTIS INSTITUTE OF APPLIED SCIENCES AND HUMANTIES

INVERTIS UNIVERSITY BAREILLY- 243006

2015-2016


3/40

CERTIFICATE

This is to certi! that the "roject entit#ed “Physiological Activity of

constituents of Neem, su$%itted to INVERTIES UNIVERSITY

HUMANITIES AND APPLIED SCIENCES, INVERTIS UNIVERSITYBAREILLY $! U&'' *+N in "artia# u#i##%ent or the a,ard o degree o

Mas!" #$ S%&!'%!(

S%)#*a" Na+!

UROO HAN

.R#** N#( 1420/0036

SU.&/IS'& *.+ ' .+&TM.NT

+ssistant roessor D"( SALABH SAENA


4/40

M"( OPESH CHANDRA SHARMA Department of

Applie science

-epartment of Applied science IIAS./ I0/

Bareilly

IIAS./ I0/ Bareilly

AC!"O#$ED%EME"T

I e"ress sincere gratitude to our "roject guide r3 o"esh

Chandra Shar%a or her kind su""ort 3 guidance and constructi5e

criticis% in the co%"#etion o "roject6 6

0R112 3.AN!Roll No"#$%&'&(&)*+

4Sc !5hemistry+


5/40

ABSTRACT

The g#o$a# scenario is no, su""orting the de5e#o"%ent o %odern drugs ro% #ess toic

"#ant "roducts ,ith "ro5en %edicina# "ro"erties6 .ach "art o the nee% "#ant

( Azadirachta indica +6 uss) re"orted#! has 5arious %edicina# "ro"erties and has $een in

use in %an! continents or centuries6 In this "roject ,ork3 ,ater etract ro% Nee%

#ea5es ( Azadirachta indica A Juss) ,ith the %odern ato%ic a$sor"tion s"ectro"hoto%eter

,as "resented6 The %inera# and che%ica# "ro"erties in the ,ater etract o Nee% #ea

,ere studied6 &esu#ts sho,ed that the nee% #ea contains so%e essentia# %inera#s needed

$! the $ioche%ica# s!ste%6 It is o$5ious that the ,ater etract o Azadirachta indica is

signiicant#! high in sodiu% ion (Na7) and "otassiu% ion ( 7) concentrations ,hich are

res"onsi$#e in the conduction o i%"u#ses a#ong the aons o the centra# ner5ous s!ste%6

Iron is another e#e%ent deter%ined6 This e#e%ent is signiicant#! #o, in the ,ater etract

o the sa%"#e used (nee% #ea)6


6/40

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Tit#e "age 88888888888888888888888age No:-

CHAPTER ONE 1

160 Introduction 2-9

161 +i% o "roject 4

CHAPTER TO 5

260 iterature re5ie, ;

261 *istor! o Nee% tree

269 escri"tion o the Nee% tree ?-10

264 Nee% oi# 11-12

26; Nee% gu% 19

26< Nee% hone! 19

26= Che%ica# co%"ounds in Nee% 14-1;

26> Medicina# "ro"erties o Nee% 1


7/40

26?61 Nee%@s eect against %icroorganis%s 1?-20

26?62 Nee%@s eect against ai#%ents 21

26?69 Toicit! o Nee% 22

26?64 Nee% as a 5egeta$#e 29

CHAPTER THREE 24

961 .Aui"%ent used 2;

CHAPTER FOUR 26

461 &esu#t and iscussion 2=-2>

CHAPTER FIVE 2

REFERENCES 30-33


8/40

CHAPTER

ONE


9/40

1

#6& I"TROD&CTIO" Nee% ( Azadirachtaindica+6 uss) is one o the 5er! e, trees kno,n in the

Indian su$continent (uri3 1???)6 This tree $e#onged to Meliceaea%i#!3 and

gro,s ra"id#! in the tro"ic and se%i-tro"ic c#i%ate6 It is a#so o$ser5ed that

this tree cou#d sur5i5e in 5er! dr! and arid conditions6(uri3 1???)6The

Nee% Tree is an incredi$#e "#ant that has $een dec#ared the Tree o the 21st

centur! $! the United Nations (uri3 1???)6 In India3 it is 5arious#! kno,n

as Bi5ine Tree@3 Bie gi5ing tree@3 BNature@s rugstore@3 B/i##age

har%ac!@ and Banacea or a## diseases@6 It is one o the %ajor co%"onents

in +!ur5edic %edicine3 ,hich has $een "racticed in India since %an!

centuries6

.tracts ro% the Nee% tree ( Azadirachtaindica + uss) a#so ca##ed Bogon!aro@

in Nigeria are %ost consistent#! reco%%ended in ancient %edica# tets or

gastrointestina# u"sets3 diarrhoea and intestina# inections3 skin u#cers and %a#aria

(Sch%utterer3 1??;)6 +## "arts o Nee% "#ant such as #ea5es3 $ark3 #o,er3 ruit3 seed and

root ha5e ad5antages in %edica# treat%ent and industria# "roducts6 Its #ea5es can $e used

as drug or dia$etes3 ece%a and reduce e5er6 Darks o Nee% can $e used to %ake


10/40

tooth$rush and the roots has an a$i#it! to hea# diseases and against insects6 (uri3 1???)6

The seed o Nee% tree has a high concentration o oi#6 Nee% oi# is ,ide#! used as

2

insecticides3 #u$ricant3 drugs or 5ariet! o diseases such as dia$etes and

tu$ercu#osis (uri3 1???E &agasaet al 63 1??


11/40

3

'' AIM OF RO*ECT

This ,ork is ai%ed to deter%ine the "h!sio#ogica# acti5it! o constituents o nee%6


12/40

4

C+ATER T#O

$ITERAT&RE

RE,IE#


13/40

5

-' +ISTOR. OF "EEM TREE

Nee% ( Azadirachtaindica+6 uss) is thought to ha5e originated in +ssa% in

northeast India3 and M!an%ar3 ,here it is co%%on throughout the centra# dr! one6 ater

it $eca%e natura##! distri$uted throughout %uch o the Indian su$continent3 "articu#ar#!

in drier areas6 Nee% na%e ,as deri5ed ro% the Sanskrit Nimba3 and it ,as kno,n as the

curer o a## i##ness6 The nee% tree ,as inti%ate#! connected ,ith the e5er!da! #ie o

Indians6

The nee% tree has $een used or %ore than 43;00 !ears in the Indian su$-

continent6 The Indian "h!sicianscharaka (2nd centur! +) and susruta (4th centur! +)3

,hose $ooks "ro5ided the oundation o the Indian s!ste% o natura# treat%ent3 the

+!ur5eda3 a#so %ention the tree and its %edica# use6 In +!ur5eda the nee% tree ,as

ca##ed the BSar5a&ogaNi5arini@ (one that cou#d cure a## ai#%ents and i##s)6 +t the


14/40

$eginning o this centur! the nee% tree ,as sti## high#! esti%ed $! Indian e%igrants and

the! took it a#ong to the "#aces ,here the! sett#ed6 Thus3 the nee% tree ,as introduced in

"#aces #ike +ustra#ia3 .ast and su$- Sahe#ian +rica3 South .ast +sia3 and South +%erica6

ioneering ,ork in the "ossi$#e co%%ercia# use o Nee% oi# and cake had $een done $!

the Indian Institute o Science in Danga#ore as ear#! as the 1?20s6

<

ioneering ,ork in the "ossi$#e co%%ercia# use o Nee% oi# and cake had $een

done $! the Indian Institute o Science in Danga#ore as ear#! as the 1?20s6 In the #ast t,o

decades research on nee% has $een intensiied and %an! o the trees agricu#tura# and

%edica# "ro"erties ,ere redisco5ered6 Toda!3 Nee% "#a!s a %ajor ro#e in the rura#

industr! o India and "rojects or the co%%ercia# use o Nee% ha5e $een successu##!

introduced in other countries6 The green "innate #ea5es o nee% ha5e a 5er! $itter taste

and gar#ic- #ike s%e##6


15/40

/

-- SCIE"TIFIC C$ASSIFICATIO"

ingdo%: #antae

i5ision: Magno#io"h!ta

'rder: Sa"inda#es

a%i#!: Me#iceae

enus: +adirachta

S"ecies: +6 indica

Dino%ia# na%e: Azadirachtaindica


16/40

0

-1 DESCRITIO" OF T+E "EEM TREE

The nee% tree ( Azadirachtaindica)3 is a tro"ica# e5ergreen ,ith a ,ide

ada"ta$i#it!3 nati5e to India and Dur%a3 it has $een trans"#anted to +rica3 the Midd#e

.ast3 South +%erica and +ustra#ia6 It is es"ecia##! suited to se%i-arid conditions and

thri5es e5en in the "oorest soi# ,ith raina##s as #itt#e as 1> inches (4;0 %%) "er !ear and

te%"eratures u" to ;0F C (120F )6 Nee% can gro, into a $ig tree to a height o a$out 20

to 9; %6 Its cano"! o #ea5es %akes it a useu# shade tree6 It is "#anted a#ong roads and

a5enues in the to,ns and 5i##ages o India The #ies"an o the Nee% tree is descri$ed to

$e an!,here $et,een 1;0 to 900 !ears6 Its $#osso%s are s%a##3 ,hite #o,ers ,ith a 5er!

s,eet3 jas%ine-#ike scent6 Its edi$#e ruit is a$out 9G4 o an inch (2 c%) #ong3 ,ith ,hite

kerne#s6 + nee% tree genera##! $egins $earing ruits at three to i5e !ears o age3 and can

"roduce u" to ;0 kg o ruit annua##! ,hen %ature6 The "innate #ea5es ha5e a 5er! $itter

taste and a gar#ic-#ike s%e## T"'7 : The trunk is re#ati5e#! short3 straight and %a! reach a

dia%eter o 162 % (a$out 4 eet)6 It is c#assiied as a $ush6L!a8!s: The o""osite "innate


17/40

#ea5es are 20-40 c% (> to 1< inch) #ong3 ,ith 20 to 91 %ediu% to dark green #ea#ets

a$out 9-> c% (1 to 9 inch) #ong6 The "etio#es are short6 /er! !oung #ea5es are reddish to

"ur"#ish in co#our6 The sha"e o %ature #ea#ets is %ore or #ess as!%%etric and their

%argins are dentate ,ith the ece"tion o the $ase o their $asisco"a# ha#3 ,hich is

nor%a##! 5er! strong#! reduced and cuneate or ,edge-sha"ed6 (angu#i3 2002)

6?

F*#9!"s: The (,hite and ragrant) #o,ers are arranged ai##ar!3 nor%a##! in %ore-or-#ess

droo"ing "anic#es ,hich are u" to 2; c% (10 in6) #ong6 The in#orescences3 ,hich $ranch

u" to the third degree3 $ear ro% 1;0 to 2;0 #o,ers6 +n indi5idua# #o,er is ;-< %% #ong

and >-11 %% ,ide6 rotandrous3 $iseua# #o,ers and %a#e #o,ers eist on the sa%e

indi5idua#6 #o,ers are used to %ake a curr! ca##ed ugadi"achadi6

F"&: The ruit is a s%ooth (g#a$rous) o#i5e-#ike dru"e ,hich 5aries in sha"e ro%

e#ongate o5a# to near#! roundish6 The ruit skin (eocar") is thin and the $itter-s,eet "u#"

(%esocar") is !e##o,ish-,hite and 5er! i$rous6 The %esocar" is 069-06; c% thick6 The

,hite3 hard inner she## (endocar") o the ruit enc#oses one3 rare#! t,o or three3 e#ongated

seeds (kerne#s) ha5ing a $ro,n seed coat (angu#i3 2002)6Seeds usua##! a## to the ground

and %ight sta! there or $e carried a,a! ,ith rain ,ater6 'ccasiona##! the! are dis"ersed

a,a! ro% the "arent tree $! $irds ,hich gi5e the% a greater chance o gro,ing into a

hea#th! ne, "#ant6 Nee% oi# is o$tained ro% the seeds6

http://www.plantcultures.org/plants/neem_production__trade.htmlhttp://www.plantcultures.org/plants/neem_production__trade.html


18/40

'2

-3 "EEM OI$

Nee% oi# is a 5egeta$#e oi# "ressed ro% the ruits and seeds o nee% "#ant

( Azadirachtaindica)6Nee% oi# is genera##! #ight to dark $ro,n3 $itter and has a rather

strong odour that is said to co%$ine the odours o "eanut and gar#ic6 It co%"rises %ain#!

trig#!cerides and #arge a%ounts o triter"enoid co%"ounds3 ,hich are res"onsi$#e or the

$itter taste6 It is h!dro"ho$ic in nature and in order to e%u#si! it in ,ater or a""#ication

"ur"oses3 it %ust $e or%u#ated ,ith a""ro"riate suractants (&ajee5 Seena""a3 200?)6

Nee% oi# a#so contains steroids (ca%"estero#3 $eta-sitostero#3 stig%astero#) and a

"#ethora o triter"enoids o ,hich aadirachtin is the %ost ,e##-kno,n and studied6 The

aadirachtin content o nee% oi# 5aries ro% 900""% to o5er 2;00""% de"ending on the

etraction techno#og! and Aua#it! o the nee% seeds crushed (uri31???)6

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triglyceridehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triterpenoidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steroidshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campesterolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-sitosterolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stigmasterolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triterpenoidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azadirachtinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triglyceridehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triterpenoidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steroidshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campesterolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-sitosterolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stigmasterolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triterpenoidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azadirachtin


19/40

''

MET+ODS OF E4TRACTIO" OF "EEM OI$

There are se5era# %ethods to o$tain Nee% oi# ro% the seeds #ike %echanica#

"ressing3 su"ercritica# #uid etraction3 and so#5ent etraction (uri3 1???)6 Mechanica#

etraction is the %ost ,ide#! used %ethod to etract nee% oi# ro% Nee% seed6 *o,e5er3

the oi# "roduced ,ith this %ethod usua##! has a #o, "rice3 since it tur$id and contains a

signiicant a%ount o ,ater and %eta#s contents6 .traction using su"ercritica# #uid3 the

oi# "roduced has 5er! high "urit!E ho,e5er the o"erating and in5est%ent cost is high6

.traction using so#5ent has se5era# ad5antages6 It gi5es higher !ie#d and #ess tur$id oi#

than %echanica# etraction3 and re#ati5e #o, o"erating cost co%"ared ,ith su"ercritica#

#uid etraction6 The oi# can a#so $e o$tained through "ressing (crushing) o the seed

kerne# $oth through co#d "ressing and through a "rocess incor"orating te%"erature

contro#s6 + #arge industr! in India etracts the oi# re%aining in the seed cake using

heane6 This so#5ent-etracted oi# is o a #o,er Aua#it! as co%"ared to the co#d "ressed

oi# and is %ost#! used or soa" %anuacturing6 Nee% cake is a $!-"roduct o$tained in the

so#5ent etraction "rocess or nee% oi#6 (uri3 1???)6

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neem_cakehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neem_cake


20/40

12

-5 "EEM %&M

Nee% u% is a c#ear3 $right and $ro,n-co#oured gu% o$tained ro% the trunk o

nee%6 This is as a resu#t o certain %eta$o#ic %echanis% o "#ants and trees6 The gu% is a

%u#ti"ur"ose $! "roduct either ,ater so#u$#e or a$sor$s ,ater to or% a 5iscous so#ution6

-6 "EEM +O"E.

In India3 nee% trees are a %ajor source o hone! $ee orage6 *one! o$tained ro%

the Nee% tree has %ore %edicina# "ro"erties6 Nee% hone! is co%"osed "ri%ari#! o

,ater3 ructose and g#ucose (226>>H)3 sucrose (=64


21/40

'1

-/ C+EMICA$ COMO&"DS I" "EEM

The #ate akistani scientist Sa#i%ua%anSiddiAui ,as the irst scientist to $ring

the "#ant to the attention o "h!to"har%aco#ogists6 In 1?42 ,hi#e ,orking at the

Scientiic and Industria# &esearch a$orator! at e#hi Uni5ersit!3 India3 he etracted

three $itter co%"ounds ro% nee% oi#3 ,hich he na%ed ni%$in3 ni%$inin3 and ni%$idin

res"ecti5e#! (angu#i3 2002)6 The seeds contain a co%"#e secondar! %eta$o#ite

aadirachtin6 Se5era# che%ica# co%"ounds ha5e $een identiied and scientists ee# that

there are %an! %ore co%"ounds !et to $e identiied in nee%6 'ther than sodiu%3

"otassiu%3 sa#ts3 it contains ch#ori"h!#e3 ca#ciu%3 "hos"horus3 iron3 thia%ine3

ri$o#asiu%3 nicocin3 5ita%in C3 carotene3 and oa#ic acid6 The che%ica#s c#assiied are:

• Ni%$in: anti-in#a%%ator!3 anti-"!retic3 anti-hista%ine3 anti-unga#

• Ni%$idin: anti-$acteria#3 anti-u#cer3 ana#gesic3 anti-arrh!th%ic3 anti-unga#

• Nin$ido#: anti-tu$ercu#ar3 anti-"rotooan3 anti-"!retic

• edunin: 5asodi#ator3 anti-%a#aria#3 anti-unga#

• Sodiu% ni%$inate: diuretic3 s"er%icide3 anti-arthritic

• uercetin: anti-"rotooa#

• Sa#annin: insect re"e##ent

• +adirachtin: insect re"e##ent3 anti-eedant3 anti-hor%ona#

'ther che%ica#s that or% its thera"eutic 5a#ue are:

14


22/40

• i%onoids

• Ter"enoids and steroids

• Tetranortar"enoids

• att! acid deri5ati5es #ike %argosinone and %argosino#one

•

Cou%arins #ike sco"o#etin3 dih!drosocou%arins• *!drocar$ons #ike docosane3 "entacosane3 hetacosane3 octacosane etc6

• Su#"hur co%"ounds

• heno#ics

• #a5onog#!cosides

• Tannins

The highest concentrations o the acti5e ingredients are ound in the seed

and oi#3 ho,e5er the acti5e ingredients are a#so ound in #esser a%ounts in the $ark

and the #ea5es6

'5

-0 MEDICI"A$ ROERTIES OF "EEM

or thousands o !ears the $eneicia# "ro"erties o Nee% ( Azadirachtaindica +6

uss) ha5e $een recognied in the Indian tradition6 .ach "art o the nee% tree has so%e

%edicina# "ro"erties (Dis,aset al 63 2002)6


23/40

Traditiona##! Nee% ,as used in +!ur5eda or a nu%$er o conditions6 It is one o

the %ain ingredients in e5er! $#ood "uriication or%u#a used in +!ur5eda and it a""ears

in %ost dia$etic or%u#as as ,e##6 It is a#so used or arthritis3 rheu%atis%3 the re%o5a# o

eterna# and interna# "arasites3 inc#uding %a#aria and e5ers and as an insect re"e##ent6

L!a$ : e"ros!3 skin "ro$#e%s3 skin u#cers3 intestine ,or%s3 anoreia3 e!e "ro$#e%s3

e"istais3 $i#iousness

Ba"7 : +na#gesic3 curati5e o e5er

F*#9!": .#i%ination o intestine ,or%s3 "h#eg%3 $i#e su""ression3

F"&: ia$etes3 e!e "ro$#e%3 "i#es3 intestine ,or%s3 urinar! disorder3 ,ounds3 #e"ros!3

e"istais

T9&:; +sth%a3 cough3 "i#es3 intestine ,or%s3 o$stinate urinar! disorder3 "hanto% tu%or3

s"er%atorrhoea

16

+: Sca$ies3 ,ounds3 u#cer3 skin diseases

S!!


24/40

R##: &erigerant3 diuretics

1=

-7 MODER" RESEARC+ES O" T+E EFFECTS

OF "EEM(

Nee% #ea etract has $een "rescri$ed or ora# use or the treat%ent o %a#aria $!

Indian +!ur5edic "ractitioners ro% ti%e i%%e%oria#6 &ecent#!3 a c#inica# tria# has $een

carried out to see the eicac! o nee% etract to contro# h!"er#i"ide%ia in a grou" o


25/40

%a#aria# "atients se5ere#! inected ,ith P. falciparum6 The #i"id #e5e#3 es"ecia##!

cho#estero#3 ,as ound to $e #o,er during thera"! ,hen co%"ared to non-%a#aria

"atients6 &e"orts are a5ai#a$#e regarding the use o nee% to treat "atients suering ro%

5arious or%s o cancer6 'ne "atient ,ith "arotid tu%our and another ,ith e"ider%oid

carcino%a ha5e res"onded successu##! ,hen treated ,ith nee% seed oi1 Nee% #ea

aAueous etract eecti5e#! su""resses ora# sAua%ous ce## carcino%a induced $! =312-

di%eth!#$enJaK anthracene (MD+)3 as re5ea#ed $! reduced incidence o neo"#as%6

Nee% %a! eert its che%o"re5enti5e eect in the ora# %ucosa $! %odu#ation o

g#utathione and its %eta$o#iing en!%es6

NIM- =


26/40

There ha5e $een a nu%$er o c#inica# studies sho,ing that Nee% has signiicant

eects on se5era# $acteria# strains6 +%ong so%e o the %ore "ro%inent strains studied

,ere sta"h!#ococcus aureus3 stre"tococcus "!ogenes3 corne$acteriu%3 E. coli3 and

Salmonella typhosa6 These $acteria@s can cause %eningitis3 c!stitis3 sore throats3 t!"hoid3

$#ood "oisoning3 and ood "oisoning6 Nee%Ls a$i#it! to eert signiicant eects o5er the

a$o5e %entioned $acteria# strains indicates its a$i#it! to reso#5e the aore%entioned

conditions6

There are certain co%"ounds in Nee% that de%onstrate a uniAue a$i#it! to

surround 5iruses3 ,hich "re5ents the% ro% causing inection6 Nee% a#so inhi$its 5ira#

%u#ti"#ication $! interacting ,ith the surace o the ce##s to "re5ent the ce## ro%

$eco%ing inected $! the 5irus6 Nee% has $een o$ser5ed to $e eecti5e against a nu%$er

o 5ira# "athogens in 5arious c#inica# studies de%onstrating it contains uniAue "ro"erties

to inhi$it 5ira# disease6 Nee% is one o just a e, kno,n anti5ira# agents6 Chicken"o3

shing#es3 her"es3 and he"atitis are 5ira# conditions3 ,hich ha5e $een successu##! treated3

in c#inica# studies $! Nee%@s thera"eutic co%"ounds6 The unco%orta$#e s!%"to%s o

co#ds and #u@s can $e re#ie5ed during seasona# changes $! the regu#ar consu%"tion o

Nee% ea ca"su#es3 etract3 or tea6

1?

IndiaLs tro"ica# c#i%ate es"ecia##! in the coasta# regions creates the kind o hu%id

hot house at%os"here that unguses thri5e in6 Traditiona##!3 in +!ur5eda3 Nee% seed oi#3

aAueous etracts o Nee% #ea3 Nee% #ea "o,der3 the s%oke ro% $urning dried Nee%


27/40

#ea5es3 and Nee% #ea "astes ha5e $een used or the "re5ention and treat%ent o unga#

conditions in India6 +th#eteLs oot3 ring,or%3 and Candida3 ,hich causes 5agina# !east

inections and thrush3 are so%e o the %ore co%%on ungi that attack hu%ans6 There are

t,o %edicina# co%"ounds in the Nee% #ea3 gedunin and ni%$ido#3 ,hich ha5e $een

c#inica##! "ro5en to contro# these ungi6 ock itch3 other ungi that attacks hu%ans3 has

$een treated traditiona##! in India or thousands o !ears ,ith Nee% seed oi# and aAueous

etracts o Nee% #ea6 + c#inica# stud! ound that s%oke ro% $urning dried Nee% #ea5es

eerted an etre%e su""ression o unga# gro,th and ger%ination6

+#so +!ur5eda has reco%%ended the use o Nee% to rid the $od! o a## or%s o

"arasites6 Si%"#e aAueous etracts o Nee% #ea5es ha5e $een the standard treat%ent or

eterna# "arasitic inestation ,ithout an! side eects throughout India6 Nee%@s

eecti5eness against "arasites is due to co%"ounds that %i%ic hor%ones6 This acti5it!

interru"ts the #ie c!c#e o "arasites $! inhi$iting the a$i#it! o the "arasites to eed3 and

"re5enting "arasite eggs ro% hatching6 Nee% has de%onstrated these eects against #ice3

and against itch %ites ,hich cause sca$ies6 Nee% has $oth curati5e and "re5entati5e

eects on the Ma#aria "arasite the %ethods or acco%"#ishing this are as 5aried as the

acti5e ingredients in Nee%6

20

There are t,o co%"ounds in Nee%3 ,hich are c#inica##! "ro5en to $e as eecti5e

against the %a#aria# "arasite as $oth Auinine and ch#oroAuineE the! are gedunin3 a

#i%onoid and Auercetin3 a #a5onoid6 There is sti## another stud!3 ,hich sho,s that Nee%


28/40

#ea etracts "re5ent the nor%a# de5e#o"%ent o the %a#aria# "#as%odia $! increasing the

state o oidation in the red $#ood ce##s6

-7- "EEM8S EFFECT A%AI"ST AI$ME"TS

Studies ha5e sho,n that nee% has eects against certain diseases #ike ece%a3

acne3 and so%e skin "ro$#e%s #ike dr! Skin3 ,rink#es3 dandru3 itch! Sca#"3 skin u#cers

and ,arts are other conditions that can $e eecti5e#! reso#5ed $! the use o soa"s3

#otions3 and crea%s3 containing nee% #ea etracts and oi#6

In the case o ece%a c#inica# studies de%onstrate that e5en the a""#ication o

,eaker Nee% #ea etracts eecti5e#! cured acute conditions o ece%a6 Using a Soa" or

sha%"oo containing Nee% oi# can easi#! re#ie5e the itching and redness o ece%a6

Nee% eecti5e#! ki##s the $acteria that cause +cne and studies "ro5e that Nee% ,i##

reduce in#a%%ation3 e5en the in#a%%ation "roduced $! +cne (Uda!Dand!o"adh!a!3

2002)6The ancient +!ur5edic "ractice o using Nee% to hea# and reju5enate gu% tissue

and to "re5ent ca5ities and gu% disease is 5eriied in %odern c#inica# studies6

+ccording to the ancient hea#ing s!ste% o +!ur5eda the $ark o the Nee% tree

,i## strengthen an indi5idua#@s resistance to disease6 (Mukherjee3 1??


29/40

Nee% oi# is non%utagenic in the +%es %utagenicit! assa!6 Nee% oi# has

traditiona##! $een considered to $e a re#ati5e#! sae "roduct in adu#ts6 The ;0 o nee%

oi# is 14 %#Gkg in rats and 24 %#Gkg in ra$$its6 In rats3 a dose o u" to >0 %#Gkg caused

stu"or3 res"irator! distress3 de"ression o acti5it!3 diarrhea3 con5u#sions and death6 ross

ea%ination o a## organs ece"t the #ungs ,as nor%a# ater acute dosing6

The seeds o nee%3 ,hich are "oisonous in #arge doses3 rese%$#e the %ore toic

dru"es o M6 +adarach and are so%eti%es conused6 Se5ere "oisoning in 19 inants ,ho

had recei5ed ; %# to 90 %# doses o %argosa (nee%) oi# has $een re"orted6 Toicit! ,as

characteried $! %eta$o#ic acidosis3 dro,siness3 seiures3 #oss o consciousness3 co%a

and death in t,o inants6 These inants ehi$ited &e!eLs s!ndro%e-#ike s!%"to%s3 ,ith

death ro% he"atoence"ha#o"ath!6 Nee% oi# ad%inistered to %ice can induce

%itochrondria# injur!3 resu#ting in si%i#ar he"atic da%age6 The toin has not $een

identiied3 $ut %a! $e a #ong-chain %onounsaturated ree acid3 to ,hich inants and s%a##

chi#dren are "articu#ar#! 5u#nera6

--

-73 "EEM AS A ,E%ETA9$E


30/40

The tender shoots and #o,ers o the nee% tree are eaten as a 5egeta$#e in India6

Nee% #o,ers are 5er! "o"u#ar or their use in Ugadiachhadi (sou"-#ike "ick#e)3 ,hich

is %ade on Ugadi da! in the South Indian States o +ndhra radesh3 Ta%i#nadu and

arnataka6 + sou" #ike dish ca##ed /e""a%"oo&asa% (Ta%i#) trans#ated as Bnee% #o,er

rasa%@ %ade o the #o,er o nee% is "re"ared in Ta%i# Nadu6 Nee% is a#so used in "arts

o %ain#and Southeast +sia3 "articu#ar#! in Ca%$odia3 aos (,here it is ca##ed kadao)3

Thai#and (,here it is kno,n as sadao or sdao)3 M!an%ar (,here it is kno,n as ta%ar)

and /ietna% (,here it is kno,n as saudau and is used to cook the sa#ad: goisaudau)6

.5en #ight#! cooked3 the #a5our is Auite $itter and thus the ood is not enjo!ed $! a##

inha$itants o these nations3 though it is $e#ie5ed to $e good or oneLs hea#th6 Nee% u%

is a rich source o "rotein6 In M!an%ar3 !oung nee% #ea5es and #o,er $uds are $oi#ed

,ith ta%arind ruit to soten its $itterness and eaten as a 5egeta$#e6 ick#ed nee% #ea5es

are a#so eaten ,ith to%ato and ish "aste sauce in M!an%ar6

-1

C+ATER


31/40

T+REE

%$

E:&IME"T &SED

7est tube

8eighing balance

8ater bath

Bea9ers

3nife

Bo:l


32/40

%;


33/40

C+ATER

FO&R

-6

RES&$T A"D DISC&SSIO"


34/40

The resu#t o the "roject ,ork is as "resented in the Ta$#es in Cha"ter our6 ro%

the ta$#es3 it is o$5ious that the ,ater etract o Azadirachta indica is signiicant#! high

in sodiu% ion (Na7) and "otassiu% ion ( 7) concentrations6 The inter"retation o this is

that the continuous intake o the ,ater etract o the nee% #ea5es i%"ro5e the conduction

o i%"u#ses a#ong the aons o the centra# ner5ous s!ste%6 Sodiu% and "otassiu% ions

are 5ita# e#ectro#!tes in the transer o inor%ation a#ong the centra# ner5ous s!ste%6 ack

o these e#ectro#!tes indicates serious de#eterious eect to the "h!sio#ogica# ho%eostasis

o higher organis%s3 es"ecia##! %an6 'n another note3 sodiu% ions "#a! i%"ortant ro#e in

the trans"ort o g#ucose across the "#as%a %e%$rane6 #ucose is the ce##u#ar-"reerred

%eta$o#ite or the generation o energ! through the g#!co#!tic "ath,a!6 This %eta$o#ite

,ou#d not cross the ce##u#ar %e%$rane $arrier unaided6 It is3 thereore3 trans"orted to

,here it is %eta$o#ied in echange or sodiu% ions6 This sho,s that #ack o this 5ita#

e#ectro#!te (ea%"#e sodiu% ion) cou#d Bordinari#!@ #ead to the star5ation o ce##s6

Iron is another e#e%ent deter%ined6 This e#e%ent is signiicant#! #o, in the ,ater

etract o the sa%"#e used (nee% #ea)6 Thus3 the intake o ,ater etract o Azadirachta

indica #ea shou#d $e discouraged or indi5idua#s ,ho are con5a#escing ro% serious

anae%ia and need urgent re"#enish%ent o $#ood red $#ood ce##s6 This is e5ident ro%

the act that the hu%an red $#ood ce##s is $ui#t on the iron6

2=

Though iron can $e regenerated or rec!c#ed ro% aged or dead red $#ood

cor"usc#es3 constant intake ro% Boutside@ sources (ea%"#e "#ant sources) shou#d $e

encouraged6 The ,ater etract o Azadirachta indica is not a good source6


35/40

Desides3 certain hea5! e#e%ents assa!ed or inc#uded #ead ($) and inc (n)6 It is

kno,n that these e#e%ents are 5er! toic to the $ioche%ica# s!ste% and %ost oten can

initiate certain cancers or cause certain deor%ities6 The ,ater etract o Azadirachta

indica ,as not ound to "ossess an! o these hea5! e#e%ents and as thus cou#d not $e

considered as "oisonous6

It is thereore reco%%ended that uture researchers shou#d stud! the 5arious

actions o the etract to their eect on the hea#th o the heartE that is i it ,ou#d #ead to the

"acking o the heart6 The etract shou#d a#so $e "uriied and graded or urther c#inica#

studies6

2>


36/40

C+ATER

FI,E

-7

REFERE"CES

+n!aehie3 U6S6D6 (200?)6 Changes in Some Physiological Parameters of


37/40

!"#A!$S Patients on Antiretro%iral and Neem &Azadirachta!ndica)

E'tract in Enugu( Nigeria6 h66 Thesis3 +$ia State Uni5ersit!3 Uturu6

Dis,as3 63 Chatto"adh!a!3 I63 Danerjee3 &66 and Dand!o"adh!a!3 U6

(2002)6 Dio#ogica# +cti5ities and Medicina# ro"erties o Nee%

&Azadirachta!ndica)6 Curr. Sci . /2 .11; 1336 = 1345(

Dhattachar!!a3 66 and Shar%a3 +6 (2004)6 Azadirachta!ndicaea o,der as an

.ecti5e Diosor$ent or !es: + Case Stud! ,ith +Aueous Congo &ed

So#utions6 Journal of En%ironmental Management 61 .3; 21-22(

a5id3 6*63 *o%%e#3 M63 Mi##er3 6 *6 Udein!a3 I6 6 and '#igino3 6 6

(1?>9)6 arasite SeAuestration in #as%odiu% a#ci"aru% Ma#aria:

S"#een and +nti$od! Modu#ation o C!toadherence o Inected

.r!throc!tes6 ProcNa. Acad. Sci6 /0 .16; 505-50(

.kane%3 '6 6 (1?=1)6 *as Azadirachta!ndica(ogon!aro) an! +nti%a#aria#

+cti5it!O Niger. Med. J./; /-11(

angu#i3 S6 (une 2002)6 Nee%: + Thera"eutic or a## Seasons6 Current

Science./2( .11; 1304(

andhi3 M63 et a#6 (1?>>)6 +cute Toicit! Stud! o the 'i# ro% Azadirachta!ndica

90

Seed (nee% oi#)6 Journal of Ethnopharmacology.23.1;3-51(

ohnson S63 Morgan .6 6 and eiris C6 N6 (1??


38/40

!ndica).Journal of Annals otany6/; 3/3-3//(

M$ah3 +6U63 Udein!a3 I663 Shu3 .6N63 Chijioke3 C663 Nu$i#a3 T63 Udein!a3

63 Muo$uike3 +63 M%uo$ieri3 +6 and '$io%a3 M6S6 (200=)6

ractionated Nee% ea .tract is Sae and Increases C47 Ce##

e5e#s in *I/G+IS atients6 AM. J. *her.14.4; 36-34(

Mongkho#khajornsi#" 63 oug#as S63 oug#as 663 .#ka%e# +63 Te""aitoon3

P6 and onga%"hai3 S6 (2004)6 Su"ercritica# C'2 .traction o Ni%$in

ro%Nee% Seeds-+ Mode#ing Stud!6 Journal of +ood Engineering.

1; 331-340(

Mohashine D6M663 et a#6 Antibacterial Effects of Crude A !ndica &Neem)

ar, E'tract on Streptococcus Sobrinus6 e"t o edia entistr!3

'ka!a%a6

Masou%eh3 M6M63 et a#6 (2002)6 Steri#it! .ects o Nee% &Azadirachta!ndica)

.tract on Ma#e &at6 Journal of -eproduction and !nfertility.3 .2; 10(

Natarajan3 /63 et a#6 (2009)6 .ect o Azadirachta!ndica(Nee%) on the

ro,th attern o er%ato"h!tes6 !ndian Journal of Medical

Microbiology.21 .2;/-101(

91

N,aor3 S6/63 +kah3 6+63 'ko#i3 C6'63 'n!irhioha3 6C6 and N,osu3 C6S6

(2009)6Interaction $et,een Ch#oroAuineSu#"hate and +Aueous .tract

o Azadirachta!ndica+6 uss (Me#iaceae) in &a$$its6 Acta Pharm.


39/40

53;305-311(

'usori3 6+63 et a#6 (200>)6 &egenerati5e otentia# o +Aueous .tract o Nee%

Azadirachta!ndica on the Sto%ach and I#eu% o##o,ing .thano#-

Induced Mucosa esion in +du#t Pistar &ats6*he !nternet Journal of

Nutrition and ellness.5 .2(

uri3 *6S6 (1???)6 Neem/*he $i%ine *ree6 *ar,ood +cade%ic u$#ishers3

+%sterda%6

&agasa3 C6Q63 Nac"i#3 663 Nati5idad3 6M63 Tada3 M63 Co##3 6C6 and &ideout3

6+6 (1??=)6Tetranortriter"enoids ro% Azadirachta!ndica.Journal of

Phytochemistry.46; 555-55/(

&a5eendra3 M663 et a#6 (2004)6 .5a#uation o +nti"#aAue +cti5it! o + zadirachta

!ndica ea .tract e#- a


40/40

Udein!a3 I66 (1??9)6 +nti%a#aria# +cti5it! o Nigerian Nee% ea5es6*rans.

-oyal Soc. *rop. Med. yg./;41(

Udein!a3 I663 Dro,n3 N63 Shu3 .6N63 Udein!a3 6I6 and uake!ie3 6

(200

Documents

Urooj Khan