U.S. History-HonorsUnit 4: Division and Uneasy Reunion (1846-1877)

Chapters 10-12

HarrietBeecherStowe

(1811 – 1896)

HarrietBeecherStowe

(1811 – 1896)

“So this is the little lady who started the Civil War.” -Abraham Lincoln

“So this is the little lady who started the Civil War.” -Abraham Lincoln

Uncle Tom’s Cabin

1852

Uncle Tom’s Cabin

1852

Sold 300,000 copies in the first year.

2 million in a decade!

Detailed the harsh treatment of slaves

Sold 300,000 copies in the first year.

2 million in a decade!

Detailed the harsh treatment of slaves

Directions: Complete the graphic organizer below detailing Henry Clay’s Compromise of 1850. (pgs. 321-322)

Compromise of 1850

1)

2)

3)

4)

5)

Compromise of 1850Compromise of 1850

• Whigs1852: last election where the Whigs are a

powerhouseMany northern supporters abandon the party due to

their willingness to compromise on slavery issues

• Free Soil PartyCreated in 1848Sought to end slavery in new territories.

New Political Parties

The “Know-Nothings” [The American Party]The “Know-Nothings” [The American Party]

Nativists.

Anti-Catholics.

Anti-immigrants.

Nativists.

Anti-Catholics.

Anti-immigrants.

1849 Secret Order of the Star-Spangled Banner created in NYC.

1849 Secret Order of the Star-Spangled Banner created in NYC.

Birth of the Republican Party, 1854Birth of the Republican Party, 1854

Northern Whigs.

Northern Democrats.

Free-Soilers.

Know-Nothings.

Other miscellaneous opponents of the Kansas-Nebraska Act.

Northern Whigs.

Northern Democrats.

Free-Soilers.

Know-Nothings.

Other miscellaneous opponents of the Kansas-Nebraska Act.

Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854• Stephen Douglas proposal for all territories to have Stephen Douglas proposal for all territories to have popular popular

sovereigntysovereignty in deciding the question of slavery in deciding the question of slavery

“Bleeding Kansas”“Bleeding Kansas”

Border “Ruffians”

(pro-slavery Missourians)

Border “Ruffians”

(pro-slavery Missourians)

John Brown: Madman, Hero or Martyr?John Brown: Madman, Hero or Martyr?

In response to the border ruffians illegally voting and violence, Brown and his followers drag 5 men from

their homes and kill them in front of their families.

In response to the border ruffians illegally voting and violence, Brown and his followers drag 5 men from

their homes and kill them in front of their families.

“The Crime Against Kansas”“The Crime Against Kansas”

Sen. Charles Sumner(R-MA)

Sen. Charles Sumner(R-MA)

Congr. Preston Brooks(D-SC)

Congr. Preston Brooks(D-SC)

Sumner insults SC Sen. Andrew Butler. Butler’s

nephew, Rep. Brooks beats Sumner with his cane on the

floor of the Senate.

Sumner insults SC Sen. Andrew Butler. Butler’s

nephew, Rep. Brooks beats Sumner with his cane on the

floor of the Senate.

Dred Scott v. Sanford, 1857Dred Scott v. Sanford, 1857

Slaves, because they were not citizens were denied the right to sue in court.

Enslaved people could not win freedom simply by living in a free state or territory

Missouri Compromise was declared unconstitutional and all of the U.S. and its territories were opened to slavery.

Slaves, because they were not citizens were denied the right to sue in court.

Enslaved people could not win freedom simply by living in a free state or territory

Missouri Compromise was declared unconstitutional and all of the U.S. and its territories were opened to slavery.

The Lincoln-Douglas (Illinois Senate)

Debates, 1858The Lincoln-Douglas (Illinois Senate)

Debates, 1858

“A House divided against itself, cannot stand.” - Lincoln

“A House divided against itself, cannot stand.” - Lincoln

John Brown’s Raidon Harper’s Ferry, 1859

John Brown’s Raidon Harper’s Ferry, 1859

Attempted to attack the arsenal and arm nearby slaves to lead a rebellion

Failed miserably and Brown is captured and hanged, making him a martyr to many antislavery supporters

“I…am now quite certain that the crimes of this guilty land will never be purged away, but with Blood.”

Attempted to attack the arsenal and arm nearby slaves to lead a rebellion

Failed miserably and Brown is captured and hanged, making him a martyr to many antislavery supporters

“I…am now quite certain that the crimes of this guilty land will never be purged away, but with Blood.”

1860 Election: A Nation Coming Apart?!1860 Election: A Nation Coming Apart?!

1860

Election

Results

1860

Election

Results

Republicans win due to the

Democratic Party splitting

in three

Republicans win due to the

Democratic Party splitting

in three

Secession!: SC Dec. 20, 1860Secession!: SC Dec. 20, 1860

Crittenden Compromise:A Last Ditch Appeal to SanityCrittenden Compromise:

A Last Ditch Appeal to Sanity

Senator John J. Crittenden

(Know-Nothing-KY)

Advocated reinstating the Missouri Compromise

line of 36° 30’ N for determining slavery in the

territories.

Failed.

Senator John J. Crittenden

(Know-Nothing-KY)

Advocated reinstating the Missouri Compromise

line of 36° 30’ N for determining slavery in the

territories.

Failed.

Fort Sumter: April 12, 1861Fort Sumter: April 12, 1861

"If I could save the Union without freeing any slaves, I would do it, and if I could save it by freeing all the slaves, I would do it, and if I could do it by freeing some and leaving others alone, I would also so that."

-Pres. Abraham LincolnAugust 1862

The Civil War was a battle over federalism! Who has the ultimate power—federal government or the states?

President Jefferson Davis

Confederate States of America (CSA)

Vice President Alexander Stephens

Capital:Montgomery, AL

thenRichmond, VA

“Dixie”

O, I wish I was in the land of cottonOld times there are not forgottenLook away! Look away!Look away! Dixie Land.

In Dixie Land where I was born inEarly on one frosty mornin'Look away! Look away!Look away! Dixie Land.

Chorus:O, I wish I was in Dixie!Hooray! Hooray!In Dixie Land I'll take my standTo live and die in DixieAway, away,Away down south in Dixie!

Comparing North and South in 1861

North South

Population 71% 29%

Bank Deposits 81% 19%

Factories 86% 14%

Food Crops 72% 28%

Horses 72% 28%

Railroad Tracks 72% 28%

• Northern AdvantagesFunctioning government and navy

• Southern Advantages7 of 8 military colleges were in the SouthMost trained officers were SouthernersEager to fight to protect their homeland Easier to be on the defensive

More Comparisons

• NorthNaval blockade of the South cutting off trade

with Europe

• SouthWar of attritionVoluntarily stopped exporting cotton trying

to get foreign nations to recognize their independence, thus reopening trade.

Early Military Strategy

“Battle Hymn of the Republic”Julia Ward Howe poem first appeared in The Atlantic Monthly in February 1862.

She wrote it after visiting a Union army camp. It became the Union’s most famous song.

Mine eyes have seen the glory of the coming of the Lord;

He is trampling out the vintage where the grapes of wrath are stored;

He hath loosed the fateful lightning of His terrible swift sword;

His truth is marching on.Glory! Glory! Hallelujah! Glory! Glory! Hallelujah!Glory! Glory! Hallelujah! His truth is marching on.

I have seen Him in the watch fires of a hundred circling camps

They have builded Him an altar in the evening dews and damps;

I can read His righteous sentence by the dim and flaring lamps;

His day is marching on.Glory! Glory! Hallelujah! Glory! Glory! Hallelujah!Glory! Glory! Hallelujah! His day is marching on.

I have read a fiery Gospel writ in burnished rows of steel;

“As ye deal with My contemners, so with you My grace shall deal”;

Let the Hero, born of woman, crush the serpent with His heel,

Since God is marching on.Glory! Glory! Hallelujah! Glory! Glory! Hallelujah!Glory! Glory! Hallelujah! Since God is marching

on.

He has sounded forth the trumpet that shall never call retreat;

He is sifting out the hearts of men before His judgment seat;Oh, be swift, my soul, to answer Him! be jubilant, my feet;Our God is marching on.Glory! Glory! Hallelujah! Glory! Glory! Hallelujah!Glory! Glory! Hallelujah! Our God is marching on.

In the beauty of the lilies Christ was born across the sea,With a glory in His bosom that transfigures you and me:As He died to make men holy, let us live to make men free;[originally …let us die to make men free]While God is marching on.Glory! Glory! Hallelujah! Glory! Glory! Hallelujah!Glory! Glory! Hallelujah! While God is marching on.

He is coming like the glory of the morning on the wave,He is wisdom to the mighty, He is honor to the brave;So the world shall be His footstool, and the soul of wrong His

slave,Our God is marching on.Glory! Glory! Hallelujah! Glory! Glory! Hallelujah!Glory! Glory! Hallelujah! Our God is marching on.

Directions: Complete the graphic organizer below explaining the major battles of 1861-1862. (pgs. 341-348)

Major Battles of 1861-1862Battle Union Officer Confederate

OfficerVictor/Why

1st Bull Run

Forts Henry & Donelson

Shiloh

Seven Pines

2nd Bull Run

Antietam

Ironclads

Battle of Antietam

• September 17, 1862

• 26,000 casualties in one day

• Union victorious after discovering Lee’s battle plan, but failed to pursue them back to Virginia

• Significances bloodiest day of the Civil War Southern defeat ends discussion

among the French to recognize the CSA

Northern victory causes Lincoln to issue the Emancipation Proclamation

Famous Civil War Figures

Gen. Ulysses S. Grant

Wins earliest Union victories in the West (Forts Henry and Donelson)

Success at Vicksburg causes Lincoln to appoint him General of the Potomac

Constantly advanced his army

Defeated Lee

Gen. Robert E. Lee

Considered the best officer in the US prior to the war

1862 becomes the General of the Army of Northern Virginia

Greatest general of the war

Won numerous battles in spite of inferior troop numbers

Gen. Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson

Cavalry general

Hero of the First Battle of Bull Run and 1862 Valley Campaign.

Shot by his own troops at the Battle of Chancellorsville.

Died days later of complications from pneumonia.

Gen. Nathan Bedford Forrest

Enlisted as a private

Best cavalryman of the war

Hero of the Battle of Chickamauga

Led the Massacre of Fort Pillow

1st Grand Wizard of the KKK

• CSA constitution reiterated the legality of slavery and states’ rights

• Violations of states’ rightsApril 1862 – passed the first conscription (draft)

act in US historySeized control of railroadsPlanned economyFarmers were required to contribute 1/10th of

products Imposed personal income tax

• Sought recognition from Europe

Politics in the South

• Tension with Britain Britain acted as privateers for the South Trent incident

• Republicans in Power Most Democrats left Congress, thus the Republican

majority passed a slew of legislation 1861 – passed the first personal income tax law (3-5%) in US history Pacific Railway Act (1862) – build a railroad from Nebraska to the Pacific Ocean Legal Tender Act (1862) – created a national currency nicknamed greenbacks Internal Revenue Act (1862) – imposed taxes on liquor, tobacco, medicine and

newspaper ads Homestead Act (1863) – offered free gov land to people willing to settle on it Raised tariffs

• Opposition Copperheads – Democrats that stayed loyal to the Union but opposed war Lincoln declares martial law in Kentucky and suspends the writ of habeas

corpus elsewhere

Politics in the North

CopperheadClement

Vallandigham

• Effective Jan. 1, 1863 – only freed slaves in states in rebellion

• Further made European recognition of the CSA unlikely due to strong antislavery sentiment

• The war now included slavery, not just federalism Created a higher moral

cause to fight

Emancipation Proclamation

Emancipation in 1863Emancipation in 1863

• March 3, 1863 – Union passes the conscription act requiring military service for all person 18-45.

• People could avoid the draft by sending a replacement or pay $300

• July 13-16, 1863 100+ dead including 11

blacks Union sent in troops to

quell the rioters

New York City Draft Riots

• Union recognized slaves as contraband and thus could take control of them. Then they’d free them.

• 10% of Union troops were African-Americans• Segregated from white soldiers, but each black

regiment had white officers• 54th Massachusetts Infantry

African-Americans in the War

• South Economy Food shortages

Farmers kept growing cotton instead of food Labor shortages

Women filled many roles Inflation The collective hardships led some Confederates to desert

• Medical Care More soldiers died of disease than any other cause during the

war Due to poor sterilization practices, insufficient medical

facilities, poor nutrition, contaminated food, and harsh weather conditions.

Many nurses tended to ailing soldiers including Clara Barton who later founded the American Red Cross and poet Walt Whitman

Southern Economy and Medical Care

Clara Barton

Confederate Prison Campat Point Lookout, MD

Confederate Prison Campat Point Lookout, MD

Planned to hold 10,000 men.

Had almost 50,000 at one time.

Planned to hold 10,000 men.

Had almost 50,000 at one time.

Point Lookout Memorialof 4,000 Dead Rebel Prisoners

Point Lookout Memorialof 4,000 Dead Rebel Prisoners

Union Prison Campat Andersonville, GAUnion Prison Camp

at Andersonville, GA

Original Andersonville PlanOriginal Andersonville Plan

Planned to hold 10,000 men.

Had over 32,000 at one time.

Planned to hold 10,000 men.

Had over 32,000 at one time.

Distributing “Rations”Distributing “Rations”

Union “Survivors”Union “Survivors”

Directions: Complete the graphic organizer below explaining the major battles of 1863. (pgs. 360-364)

Major Battles of 1863

Battle Union Officer Confederate Officer

Victor/Why

Fredericksburg

Chancellorsville

Gettysburg

Vicksburg

Battle of Gettysburg

• July 1-3, 1863

• Greatest battle in North American history

• Confederate goal was to win a victory on Union soil thus demoralizing them

• Significances bloodiest battle of the Civil

War 23,000 Union casualties (27%) 28,000 Confederate casualties

(37%) Lee retreated back to Virginia

and the Union received a much needed victory

Day 3

Day 2

Day 1

“Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.

Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation, so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle-field of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this.

But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate—we can not consecrate—we can not hallow—this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us — that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion — that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain — that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom — and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.”

-Pres. Abraham LincolnNovember 19, 1863

“Gettysburg Address”

• Ulysses S. Grant is given command of the Union forces Appoints friend William Tecumseh Sherman as commander of

Union troops in the West Plan is to use the North’s superior population and industry to

wear down the CSA

• Eastern theater Grant vs. Lee Battles of the Wilderness, Spotsylvania and Cold Harbor all see

Grant constantly advance his troops towards Richmond despite large number of casualties

Decides to lay siege to Petersburg, an important railroad hub, thus attempting to cut off supplies to Richmond

Lee’s troops dig trenches and wait for the November election hoping Lincoln will be voted out of office

1864

Sherman’s March to the Sea

• Southern and Western theater Sherman begins in Chattanooga,

TN, marches toward Atlanta September 1864 – Sherman captures Atlanta

and burned the city to the groundVictory guarantees Lincoln’s reelection in November

Began Sherman’s March to the Sea destroying railroads, crops, livestock, factories, and bridges in their path.

Justifies his actions by stating “war is cruelty” Reached Savannah, GA (i.e. the sea) on Dec. 21 and

captured it without a fight. Moves north ravaging the Carolinas destroying

Confederate morale attempting to merge his army with Grant’s in Virginia.

1864

WilliamTecumsehSherman

Surrender at Appomattox CourthouseApril 9, 1865

Casualties on Both Sides

Casualties on Both Sides

Civil War Casualtiesin Comparison to Other

Wars

Civil War Casualtiesin Comparison to Other

Wars

“The Night They Drove Old Dixie Down”

Virgil Caine is the name, and I served on the Danville train,'Til Stoneman's cavalry came and tore up the tracks again.In the winter of '65, We were hungry, just barely alive.By May the tenth, Richmond had fell, it's a time I remember, oh so well,

Chorus:The Night They Drove Old Dixie Down, and the bells were ringing,The Night They Drove Old Dixie Down, and the people were singin',They went La, La, La, La, La, La, La, La, La, La, La, La, La, La

Back with my wife in Tennessee, When one day she called to me,"Virgil, quick, come see, there goes Robert E. Lee!"Now I don't mind choppin' wood,and I don't care if the money's no good.Ya take what ya need and ya leave the rest,But they should never have taken the very best.

Chorus

Like my father before me, I will work the land,Like my brother above me, who took a rebel stand.He was just eighteen, proud and brave,But a Yankee laid him in his grave,I swear by the mud below my feet, You can't raise a Caine back up when he's in defeat

Lincoln AssassinationApril 14, 1865

Assassin John Wilkes Booth

Booth was an actor who conspired to kill not only Lincoln, but also his cabinet.

Killed Lincoln at Ford’s Theatre

Reconstruction and the New South

• The South’s economy is shattered

• Many cities in ruin

• Tens of thousands Confederate veterans unemployed and had to compete for jobs with freed blacks

• 4 million freed slaves homeless and penniless

• 624,000 Americans died during the Civil War More than twice than any other war 364,000 Union soldiers

38,000 of which were African-Americans 260,000 Confederate soldiers

• Radical Republicans Group of Congressmen that proposed the Wade-Davis Act

which would force Confederates to take an oath of past and future loyalty

Reconstruction (1865-1877)

Thaddeus Stevens

CharlesSumner

Benjamin Wade

• Pro-Union southerner who Lincoln picked as his VP in 1864 to “balance the ticket”

• White supremacist

• Vetoes numerous Reconstruction bills such as the Freedman’s Bureau and 1866 Civil Rights ActCongress overrides his vetoesMost overridden president in

history

President Andrew Johnson

Directions: Complete the Venn diagram below comparing Lincoln and Johnson’s Reconstruction plans. (pgs. 426-427)

Johnson’s Plan

Lincoln’s Plan

Freedmen’s Bureau (1865)Freedmen’s Bureau (1865) Bureau of Refugees,

Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands.

Provided relief and aid to freed blacks including education.

First federal relief agency in US history

Called “carpetbaggers” by white southern Democrats.

White southern Republicans were considered traitors called “scalawags”

• Once states rejoined the Union, they quickly passed black codes which sought to restrict freedman’s rights Curfews Vagrancy laws Labor Contracts Land restrictions

• Congress responds with the Civil Rights Act of 1866 and the Reconstruction Act of 1867 Divided the South into 5 military districts Ordered states to hold new elections fo rdelegates to create

new state constitutions Barred those who supported the Confederacy from voting Required southern states to guarantee equal rights Required states to ratify the 14th Amendment.

Black Life in the South

• 13th Amendment Ratified in December 1865 Outlaws slavery in the U.S.

• 14th Amendment Ratified in 1868 No state can pass laws

that deny any citizen due process of law

• 15th Amendment Ratified in March 1870 Guarantees blacks the

right to vote

Civil War Amendments

Slavery is Dead?Slavery is Dead?

The ShowdownThe Showdown Tenure of Office Act (1867)

* The President could not remove any officials [esp. Cabinet members] without the Senate’s consent, if the position originally required Senate approval.

Designed to protect radicalmembers of Lincoln’s government.

A question of the constitutionality of this law.

Edwin Stanton

President Johnson’s ImpeachmentPresident Johnson’s Impeachment

Johnson removed Stanton in February 1868.

The House impeached him on February 24 before even drawing up the charges by a vote of 126 – 47!

The Senate TrialThe Senate Trial

11 week trial.

Johnson acquitted 35 to 19 (one short of required 2/3s vote).

• Sharecropping and Tenant Farming System that trapped poor people (white and black) in a

cycle of debt Led to the rise of merchants in the South

• Rebuilding Infrastructure Began building factories, railroads, cities, roads,

bridges, and public schools

“New South”

Tenancy & the Crop Lien System

Tenancy & the Crop Lien SystemFurnishing

MerchantTenant Farmer Landowner

Loan tools and seed up to 60% interest to tenant farmer to plant spring crop.

Farmer also secures food, clothing, andother necessities oncredit from merchant until the harvest.

Merchant holds “lien” {mortgage} on part of tenant’s future crops as repayment of debt.

Plants crop, harvests in autumn.

Turns over up to ½ of crop to land owner as payment of rent.

Tenant gives remainder of crop to merchant inpayment of debt.

Rents land to tenant in exchange for ¼ to ½ of tenant farmer’s future crop.

“Buffalo Soldiers”term used for all African-American army regiments

Buffalo Soldier, Dreadlock Rasta:There was a Buffalo Soldier in the heart of America,Stolen from Africa, brought to America,Fighting on arrival, fighting for survival.

I mean it, when I analyze the stench -To me it makes a lot of sense:How the Dreadlock Rasta was the Buffalo Soldier,And he was taken from Africa, brought to America,Fighting on arrival, fighting for survival.

Said he was a Buffalo Soldier, Dreadlock RastaBuffalo Soldier in the heart of America.

If you know your history,Then you would know where you coming from,Then you wouldn't have to ask me,Who the 'eck do I think I am.

I'm just a Buffalo Soldier in the heart of America,Stolen from Africa, brought to America,Said he was fighting on arrival, fighting for survival;Said he was a Buffalo Soldier win the war for America.

Dreadie, woy yoy yoy, woy yoy-yoy yoy,Woy yoy yoy yoy, yoy yoy-yoy yoy!Woy yoy yoy, woy yoy-yoy yoy,Woy yoy yoy yoy, yoy yoy-yoy yoy!

Buffalo Soldier troddin' through the land, wo-ho-ooh!Said he wanna ran, then you wanna hand,Troddin' through the land, yea-hea, yea-ea.

Said he was a Buffalo Soldier win the war for America;Buffalo Soldier, Dreadlock Rasta,Fighting on arrival, fighting for survival;Driven from the mainland to the heart of the Caribbean.

Singing, woy yoy yoy, woy yoy-yoy yoy,Woy yoy yoy yoy, yoy yoy-yoy yoy!Woy yoy yoy, woy yoy-yoy yoy,Woy yoy yoy yoy, yoy yoy-yoy yoy!

Troddin' through San Juan in the arms of America;Troddin' through Jamaica, a Buffalo SoldierFighting on arrival, fighting for survival:Buffalo Soldier, Dreadlock Rasta.

Woy yoy yoy, woy yoy-yoy yoy,Woy yoy yoy yoy, yoy yoy-yoy yoy!Woy yoy yoy, woy yoy-yoy yoy,Woy yoy yoy yoy, yoy yoy-yoy yoy!

Black & White Political Participation

Black & White Political Participation

Black Senate & House Delegates

Black Senate & House Delegates

The “Invisible Empire of the South”The “Invisible Empire of the South” Ku Klux KlanKu Klux Klan founded in founded in

1866.1866.

Sought to eliminate the Sought to eliminate the Republican Party in the Republican Party in the south and keep blacks south and keep blacks submissive through submissive through terrorist activities.terrorist activities.

Congress responds by Congress responds by passing the passing the Enforcement Enforcement Act of 1870Act of 1870 which which banned the use of terror, banned the use of terror, force and bribery to force and bribery to prevent people from prevent people from voting.voting.

Equal Rights Party – 1872 ticket

Presidential Nominee Victoria Woodhull

Vice Presidential Nominee Frederick Douglass

• Why? Corruption: tons of money was wasted or lost Economy: southern states went deep into debt and the Panic of 1873 hit taking

focus off the equality issue Violence: scared blacks from exercising the right to vote Democrats Return to Power: whites regain control of their state legislatures Supreme Court limits the scope of the Civil Rights amendments thus

allowing states to disenfranchise African-Americans

• Compromise of 1877 Republican Rutherford B. Hayes becomes president in return for the removal of

federal troops in southern states

End of Reconstruction

1876 Presidential Tickets1876 Presidential Tickets

1876 Presidential Election1876 Presidential Election