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Use of FGD Gypsum in Agricultural Applications
EPA Resource Conservation Challenge National Workshop
March 26, 2009Washington DC
Ken LadwigSenior Project [email protected]
2© 2009 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Electric Power Research Institute
• Established in 1973
• Independent, non-profit R&D
• Collaborative research,voluntary membership
EPRI’s mission is to conduct research on key issues facing the electric power industry on behalf of its members, energy stakeholders, and society.
3© 2009 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
EPRI CCP Research Portfolio
CharacterizationCharacterization
DisposalDisposal
EnvironmentalEnvironmentalRiskRisk
UtilizationUtilizationCCP
Management
4© 2009 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
New Comprehensive Research Collaborative
• Sustainable Management of CCPs• Objectives
– Minimize Environmental Risk– Increase CCP Use – Improve Outreach
• Strengthen Partnerships – EPA, USDA, FHWA, RMRC, National Laboratories,
Universities
www.epri.com(CCP webpage under development)
5© 2009 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
CCP Generation and Collection
Furnace
Economizer
FGD Absorber
Stack
Particulate Collector
Air Heater
Bottom Bottom Ash/Slag Ash/Slag
CollectionCollection
Economizer Economizer Ash CollectionAsh Collection
Fly Ash Fly Ash CollectionCollection FGD Gypsum FGD Gypsum
CollectionCollection
Furnace
Economizer
FGD Absorber
Stack
Particulate Collector
Air Heater
Bottom Bottom Ash/Slag Ash/Slag
CollectionCollection
Economizer Economizer Ash CollectionAsh Collection
Fly Ash Fly Ash CollectionCollection FGD Gypsum FGD Gypsum
CollectionCollection
6© 2009 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Flu Gas Desulfurization (FGD)
• Flue Gas Scrubbing - removes sulfur dioxide (SO2) from flue gas
• First installations in the 1970s– Acid rain
• Wet systems and dry systems• Significant increases expected over the
next decade– Clean Air Interstate Rule (CAIR)
FGD systems react a base with the acid gas to produce a solid product requiring use or disposal
7© 2009 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
FGD Product Terminology
Wet Systems• FGD Gypsum (Forced Oxidation)• Scrubber Sludge (Natural/Inhibited Oxidation)
Dry Systems• Spray Dryer Absorber Material• Duct Sorbent Injection Material• Furnace Sorbent Injection Material
Fluidized Bed Combustion Material
8© 2009 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
FGD Gypsum - Beneficial Use
Agriculture1%
Wallboard90%
Concrete1%
Cement7%
Aggregate1%
FGD Gypsum Use9.2 million tons (75%)
2007 ACAA Survey Data
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FGD Gypsum Characterization
• The Ohio State University
• ~35 FGD gypsum samples~10 mined gypsum samples
• Total composition
• Leaching (SPLP and DI Water)
• Gypsum purity
• Grain size
• Moisture
10© 2009 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
FGD Gypsum Characterization
Trace Constituents - Median Concentrations (7 Plants)
Source: EPRI unpublished data
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
Ni Sb Cr Se Zn V B Li Ba
Con
cent
ratio
n, m
g/K
g
FGD Gypsum Commercial Gypsum
11© 2009 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
FGD Gypsum Characterization
Trace Constituents - Median Concentrations (7 Plants)
Source: EPRI unpublished data
0.0
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
2.0
Be Co Hg Cd Tl Mo Pb As Cu
Con
cent
ratio
n, m
g/K
g
FGD Gypsum Commercial Gypsum
12© 2009 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
FGD Gypsum Characterization
Mercury
Milestone Lumex Digest Average
ug/g ug/g ug/g ug/gNumber 29 29 29 29Mean 0.313 0.342 0.240 0.299
Median 0.179 0.170 0.143 0.169Maximum 1.407 1.631 1.042 1.360
13© 2009 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
FGD Gypsum in Agricultural Applications
Benefits of FGD Gypsum • Amelioration of subsurface acidity• Source of plant nutrients• Improve soil physical properties• Increase infiltration• Reduce P and N in surface water
runoff• Remediate sodic soils• No-till cropping on clay soils• Synthetic soils/horticultural use• Mineland reclamation
www.soils.usda.gov
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Decrease Subsurface Acidity (Al+3)
• Al+3 in subsoils is toxic to plants
• Ca exchanges with Al
• SO4 forms complexes with Al+3
• Result is greater depth of root penetration
From Dave Kost, 2006 Workshop
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Decrease Subsurface Acidity (Al+3)
Contorted tap roots due to Al toxicity
Straight tap roots in absence of Al
From Lamar Larrimore, 2006 Workshop
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Nutrient Source - Sulfur
From Dave Kost, 2006 Workshop
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Nutrient Source - Sulfur
• 2008– Canola– S deficiency– Very good response
North Dakota Site
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Nutrient Source - Calcium
Increases:• Available calcium (soluble)• Peanut pod calcium
Ca for pod development must enter pod directly
From Lamar Larrimore, 2006 Workshop
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Nutrient Source - Calcium
Higher Calcium Increases Shelf Life of Tomatoes
From Lamar Larrimore, 2006 Workshop
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FGD Gypsum Use in China – Sodic Soils
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National Network of Sites
Purpose• Demonstrate agricultural benefits
across different regions, soil types, and crops
• Address environmental acceptability of agricultural use
• Determine appropriate application rates
• Develop resources for technical assistance
Nationwide, multi-year study led by The Ohio State University
22© 2009 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Network Sites
State Sites Year Started
Crop
North Dakota 3 2007 Wheat, Canola
New Mexico 2 2008 Alfalfa
Arkansas 1 2008 Cotton
Indiana 2 2008 Corn, Soybean
Ohio 2 2008 Mixed Pasture, Corn
N. Alabama 2 2008 Bermudagrass Pasture
S. Alabama TBD 2009 TBD
Wisconsin TBD 2009 TBD
Illinois TBD 2009 TBD
Missouri TBD 2010 TBD
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Experimental Design
Randomized complete block
Replicate 1
FGD gypsum (3 rates)Replaced material (3 rates)
Control (no application)
Replicate 2
FGD gypsum (3 rates)Replaced material (3 rates)
Control (no application)
Replicate 3
FGD gypsum (3 rates)Replaced material (3 rates)
Control (no application)
Replicate 4
FGD gypsum (3 rates)Replaced material (3 rates)
Control (no application)
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Data Collection
• Crop yield
• Soil quality
• Soil water quality
• Plant tissue metals
• Mercury
• Meteorological data
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Ecotoxicity
• 6 field sites; 3 in 2008 and 3 in 2009
• Collect worms from high application rate plots
• Analysis for mercury, arsenic, selenium, and other trace constituents
• Fresh and depurated worms
• The Ohio State University
Earthworm Study
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Greenhouse Study
• Climate Controlled
• 65 Tubs replicating 3 field sites
• Mercury volatilization
• High application rate effects
• Leaching
• Ecotoxicity
• University of Nevada-Reno
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2009 FGD Gypsum in Agricultural Workshop
• November 17-19, 2009
• Hyatt Regency Indianapolis
• 170 attended 2007 Workshop
• Sponsors– EPRI, ACAA, USDA-ARS, US EPA,
Southern Company
www.fgdproducts.org
28© 2009 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Questions
