Vat Ly Quang Tuyên- Tac Dung Sinh Hoc- An Toan Bx 2013

7/24/2019 Vat Ly Quang Tuyn- Tac Dung Sinh Hoc- An Toan Bx 2013

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1

Vt l quang tuyn, tc dng sinh hcv an ton phng x

GS!S "h# $inh !h%ng

!s &' ()ng *+u


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-

./ 0 s2 vt l

1 3guy4n t5, ht nh6n v cc tia 78c x

!+ng tc c9a 78c x v:i vt ch;t v s# tia 78c x ?hi @i quavt ch;t

- 0c @n vA @o l+Bng 78c x


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C

1.1. NGUYEN T, HAT NHAN VA CACTIA BC XA1.1.1. Nguyen t

Nguyen t!"#

-T$"t %$ %$&% '$(t %)$"t *e+u %$"u t$! t- %$&%nguyen t!".

-Nguyen t!" g!+ %$&% nguyen t n$/ t0!ng%u-ng !(t ! t0!ng $ng tu$+n )!$-n2en3e4ee'Nguyen t# 5)$+n t n)! n)$"t$- !(tnguyen t!" )!&$ )!% %!& t)e6 5)$n %)7$ 0$*8% $- 9)!ng $"t *7 t:n) %)$"t )!&$ )!%%u$ n!&.C$"u t0u&% %u$ nguyen t#%$"u t$!

-t-)$t n)$n *7e(n t:%) 38ng n$/ 8 g7;$

-%$&% e4e%t0!n*7e(n t:%) $ %)uye+n *!(ngt0en %$&%


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D

H$tn)$n

> ?@1e

> ?1e

Nguyen t # t0ung )!-$ 'e+ *7e(n t:%)# Vnguyn t nhm

)$t n)$n $ng *7e(n t:%) 38ng > ? @1e

1 e4e%t0!n $ng *7e(n t:%) $ t!6ng %!(ng$/n 1e


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E

D:%) t)8&%, 9)!"7 48ng nguyen t '$- )$tn)$n#

-DT# Nguyen t %!& *8-ng 9:n) 9)!$ng 11

H$t n)$n %!& 9:%) t)8&% 9)!$ng 11F

-D)!"7 48ng#@ H$t n)$n %)7e" 5)$+n 48&n 9)!"7 48ng

nguyen t

@ D)!"7 48ng %$&% e4e%t0!n 9)!ng *$&ng9e6.

V: 3u# Hy30!gen#

9)!"7 48ng )$t n)$n $/ng 1,.1J9g

9)!"7 48ng e4e%t0!n $/ng K,1K1.119g.


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F

M L K

H$t

n)$n

C$&% 48&5 %u$ %$&% e4e%t0!n


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T0$ng t)$&7 %8 $n %u$ nguyen t#

-Cac electron cua nguyen t# che)m a!y cac

trang tha tha)p nha)t cac quy ao tha)pnha)t&

-V0 1u nguyen t# /a co 22 electron3

4 5 electron che)m na6m lp

4 7 electron na6m lp

4 2 electron con la na6m lp .&

- Cac electron na6m lp cang tha)p th8 cang

9% l#c tac 1ung hut manh vao hat nhan


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H

T0$ng t)$&7 9:%) t):%) %u$ nguyen t#

-h mot electron nao o #c cung ca)p na"ngl#ng chuyen t# lp 1# len lp tren va e

la mot lo: tro)ng lp ma no v#a 9o th8

nguyen t# trang tha *0ch th0ch&

I!n )!&$ nguyen t#-/e)u #c cung ca)p mot na"ng l#ng ra)t ln,

electron co the thoat ra ngoa nguyen t#,

va e la mot lo: tro)ng ta lp no v#a 9o &

h o ta no nguyen t# 9% on hoa&

-Khi nguyen t# co en t0ch 1#ng 9a6ng en

t0ch cac electron 9ay ra ngoa&


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1I

T7$ X#D)7 nguyen t 9:%) t):%) )$y 7!n)!&$, ' t0: %u; %u$ e4e%t0!n t08 t)$-n) 4!Ot0!"ng. Ne"u !(t e4e%t0!n n$-! *!& 8 48&5

%$! )8n 087 '$-! 4!O t0!"ng 8 48&5 t)$"5 )8nt)P n!& g7$7 5)!&ng n$Qng 48ng 38&7 3$ng&% =$ *7e(n t-. D)7 4!6 t0!"ng 8 48&5 D )$y48&5 Rt)P n$Qng 48ng &% =$ *7e(n t- 9)$&48&n '$- *8% g!7 4$- t7$ X

E4e%t0!n48&5 RR!O t0!"ng48&5 D

!ia J

2 RD

Nguyen t&% =$ t7$ X


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11

1.1.J. H$t n)$n

C$"u t0u&% %u$ )$t n)$n#

-Ca)u tao t# cac nucleongm

proton ; p< cen t0ch 1#ng 4 e

va cac ntron;n la!n *ho) l#ng electron3

trong o *ho) l#ng ntron ln hn *ho) l#ng

proton mot 0t&


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1

1.1.J. H$t n)$n

S!" nguyen t '$- !" 9)!"7 48ng %u$ )$tn)$n#

-?o) cac proton trong hat nhan go la @o)

nguyen t# ;A


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1-

C$&% )$t n)$n *!+ng '#

-Cac hat nhan o!ng v% la cac hat nhan co

cung @o) nguyen t# A nh#ng *hac nhau ve! @o)*ho) l#ng B&

VE3 /guyen to) lthum hp thanh t# cac

nguyen t# co hat nhan HG ;I5,JK< va HL

;G,JK


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1C

!+ng ' 5)!&ng =$#

-Cac hat nhan o!ng v% go!m ha loa3

4 Oo!ng v% 9e!n

4 Oo!ng v% phong x3 th#ng phat ra cac 9#c $a etr thanh cac o!ng v% 9e!n& +0nh cha)t phat 9#c $a

nay go la t0nh phong $a!+ng ' 5)!&ng =$ t n)7en# co @aPn trongthen nhen nh# => , Q5H7, +h5H5, v&v&

!+ng ' 5)!&ng =$ n)$n t$!##c che) tao

trong lo phan #ng hat nhan hay may ga to)c, v0

1u Bm5=2, C@2HG, CoL>,2H2R, IIm+c v&v&


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1D

8n ' *! n$Qng 48ng#-/a"ng l#ng ta 9#c $a th#ng o 9a6ng n v%

electron-volt, ve)t taSt la eV&- Mo la na"ng l#ng cua electron, co en

t0ch 9a6ng e 2,L&2>-2IC, #c ga to)c trong heu

en the) 2 volt&- en he g#a eV va cac n v% na"ng l#ng

th#ng 1ung T va erg nh# @au 3

2 eV 2,L>52&2>-2IT 2,L>52&2>-25erg


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1E

11- K8c x ion ha

L 3guMn gNcO

/ !< nhi4nO @;t, @, PQan, !h

/ 3h6n toO do con ng+Bi to QaO nghi4n c8uv 8ng dng c9a con ng+Bi

L dng 78c x ion ha

/ Rng htO anpha, 7ta, n tQ%n

/ Rng sng @iTn tUO tia J v Ga##a


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1F

11- K8c x ion ha

L 0 @Vc th>O

/ .on ha vt ch;t

/ 0 tWnh @6# xuy4n

L &t lO ?h%ng nhn 7it @+Xc

L * @Ni t+Xng quan t6# tQong an ton 78c x


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1

C$&% &% =$ 7!nha

$. H$t #Fat la hat nhan nguyen t# helum, co 5

proton va 5ntron& S khi =4

- Uhan ra $ua)t hen o) v cac nguyen

to) co @o) *ho) l#ng ln va la cac nguyen

to) phong $a t# nhen& ;a1 ;a< va1on ;n-7J cung phat $a&

y heu qua tr8nh phan huy nh# @au3

>XA

@ >JYA


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1H

T:n) %)$"t %u$ )$t #- Co *ho) l#ng ln 9a6ng *hoang = la!n

*ho) l#ng hat nhan hy1rogen va co en t0ch

9a6ng 45

- Way on hoa manh*h ngang qua motr#ng

-m xuyn km

- Xuang #ng chay ra)t ngaSn*h qua

mo tr#ng ! "#mm tr$ng kh%ng kh&

! #'#(mm tr$ng m% c) th* +ng


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I

. H$t et$ LM '$- 5!7t0!n L@M Fat -la hat co *ho) l#ng 9a6ng *ho) l#ng

electron va en t0ch 9a6ng - e&-Fat 4la hat co *ho) l#ng 9a6ng *ho) l#ng

electron va en t0ch 9a6ng 4e, go la hat

po@tron& ,l-.-Cac hat nay *hong co trong thanh pha!n

cua hat nhan& Chung #c @nh ra nh cac

qua tr8nh @au3

>n2

2p24-2e

>

;tN @o) nYp caon2442e> ;tN @o) nYp tha)p


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1

2!(t !" t:n) %)$"t %u$ )$t #

Fat - co en t0ch -2 con hat 4co en

t0ch 42&

- Ron hoa vat cha)tnh# hat nh#ng c#ng o

9e hn hat & - Xuang #ng ha)p thu phu thuoc vao na"ng

l#ng3

quang #ng trong *hong *h0 *hoang va met

,//m.

tr$ng m% c) th0 +ng l /1mm


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%. T7$ g$$ L

M

+a -a mot loa 9#c $a en t#-Co na"ng l#ng t# 2> *eV e)n hang chuc .eV-hong co *ho) l#ng va *hong co en t0ch

- Xua tr8nh phan ra th#ng $ay ra @au quatr8nh phong cac hat hoa[c , *h hat nhan cuo)

trang tha *0ch th0ch chuyen ve! trang tha c

9an


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-

2!(t !" t:n) %)$"t %u$ t7$ #

Mo la 9#c $a en t#, *hong co en t0ch- Ron hoa vat cha)t *hong tr#c te)p- Co *ha na"ng am $uyen @au3

/a"ng l#ng cang cao, *ha na"ng am $uyen

cang ln&+a co the 1e: 1ang am $uyen qua c theng#


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C

3. T7$ X#

+a D cung la mot loa 9#c $a en t# nh# ta nh#ng na"ng l#ng tha)p hn, *hoang t# va *eV

e)n va tra"m *eV&Co ha c che) @nh ta D3

2& h electron 9ay e)n ga!n hat nhan cua

9a th8 thay o quy ao va ma)t mot pha!n na"ng

l#ng& Mong na"ng ma)t nay #c phat @nh ra1# 1ang ta D, go la 9rem@trahlung&

5& h electron va cham va anh 9at mot

electron, cha\ng han electron vo , va e

la lo tro)ng o& .ot electron vo cao hn,cha\ng han vo , ve! che)m ch] tro)ng va na"ng

l#ng th#a #c ga phong 9a6ng cach phat ra

ta D a[c tr#ng&- D-ray ^uore@cence


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D

2!(t !" t:n) %)$"t %u$ t7$ X#

+a D cung co t0nh cha)t nh# ta gamma nh#ng 1o

na"ng l#ng tha)p hn nen *ha na"ng am

$uyen tha)p hn& /a"ng l#ng ta D th#ng t#

va *eV e)n va tra"m *eV.

Be t!ng,%)P, t)e&5

T)uy t7n));u %8T8- g7$"y

D)$ n$Qng *$ =uyen

%u$ %$&% t7$ &% =$


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E


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F

1.J. TNG TAC CUA BC XA VI

VAWT CHAT1.J.1. T8ng t$&% %u$ t7$ '$- t7$

Xa. Ba hieu ng c ban trong tng tac cuatia va tia X H7e(u &ng


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H7e(u &ng C!5t!n (Tn x ngc): ?# t#ngtac g#a ta v mot electron vo ngoa

cung cua nguyen t#, anh 9at electron

nay ra con ta gam na"ng l#ng va thay oh#ng 9ay& ;3)ng l+Xng tQung 7Znh I/D$&[

e-_

e-


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H

H7e(u &ng t$! %$5# h ta vao co na"ngl#ng ln hn 2,>5.eV th8 ta tao nen mot ca[p

electron va po@ton trong tr#ng hat nhan& Fat

po@ton @au o huy ca[p v mot electron etao nen 5 ta v na"ng l#ng >,J2 .ev mo: ta,

va chung 9ay ng#c che!u nhau&3)ng l+Xng cao \

1I$&[

e

e@

/

C$&% 5)!t!n )uy %$5,F1 2eV


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-I

b. S suy giam cua chum tia bc xa khi i

ua vat cha!tCac heu #ng neu tren tao nen 5 qua tr8nh

quan trong cua t#ng tac v vat cha)t& Mola qua tr8nh ha)p thu va quatr8nh tan $a& Eo 5

qua tr8nh nay, c#ng o ta 9% @uy gam *h

qua vat cha)t& ?# @uy gam nay cung tuan theo

qu luat ham mu R;$< R> e-$ ; 2&Jla c#ng o chum ta vao

R;$


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-1

!( 3$-y g7$ !(t n$ 31ZJla o 1ay vat

cha)t ma chum ta qua 9% @uy gam c#ng o

ha la!n, ngh`a la con mot n#a c#ng o 9an

a!u& Mo 1ay gam mot n#a +2Y5len he vhe @o) @uy gam tuye)n t0nh nh# @au#

31ZJ? ,KZ L1.M

IZJ

IZ

IL=M

I

IZ[

31ZJ J31ZJ

31ZJ =

V8&7 = ? n31ZJt$ %u;ng %!&

%!ng t)&%# IL=MZI?1ZJn


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-

V0 1u3 .ot ta)m ch8 1ay $ 5,25 cm che chaSccac ta 9#c $a gamma cua nguo!n CoL>& Fe @o)@uy gam tuye)n t0nh cua ch8 o) v ta gamma

nguo!n CoL>9a6ng >,LJJ cm-2& Fo @au *h quata)m ch8 1ay 5,25 cm, @o) ta gamma cua CoL>9%gam 9ao nheu la!nWa ap3Cac ga th# nha)t3 ?# 1ung cong th#c ;2&J,LJJ cm-2va$ 5 cm ta co3

RYR> e->,LJJ$5,25 e-2,HI 2Y=Vay @au *h qua ta)m ch8 1ay 5 cm, @o) ta gamma

cua CoL>

9% gam = la!n&Cach ga th# ha3 Dac %nh o 1ay gam motn#a 12Y5theo cong th#c ;2&L,LIHY>,LJJcm 2,>L cm

+a)m ch8 1ay $ 5,25 cm 5 $ 2,>L cm

512Y5& Vay c#ng o chum ta gamma 9% gam

\


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--

1.. CAC N V\ ] RNG BC XA

Cac n v% ch0nh #c @# 1ung e o l#ng

9#c $a la hoat o, le!u ha)p thu, le!u t#ng

#ng, le!u che)u&

1..1. H!$t *!( 5)!&ng =$ ,i vi ngun

7hng x.H!$t *!( 5)!&ng =$ la + ht nhn


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-C

8n ' *! )!$t *!( 5)!&ng =$ t0!ng )e( SI labecquerel ;bqbq

en he g#a cac 9o @o) cua bq v C va cac

#c @o) cua C nh# @au3

n v Bq n v Ci

2 Wbq 2>Ibq 2 C HG Wbq

2 .bq 2>Lbq 2 mC HG .bq

2 *bq 2>Hbq 2 C HG *bq


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-D

V0 1u 3 .ot nguo!n phong $a co hoat o 2>>

mC& Fo hoat o t0nh theo n v% bq la 9ao

nheu

Wa ap3 Eo 2mC HG .bq nen

2>> mC HG$2>> .bq H,G$2>H

.bq H,GWbq

H!$t *!( 5)!&ng =$ 07eng la hoat ophong $a cua mot n v% nguo!n phong $a,

n v% th#ng 1ung la bqY*g;th#ng 1ung chonguo!n 1ang raSn< , bqYmH ;th#ng 1ung cho

nguo!n 1ang long hay *h0


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-E

1... R7e+u )$"5 t)u L9y& )7e(u 4$-

M

e!u ha)p thu E l i l5ng i?n n3ng l5ng


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-F

Su$"t 47e+u )$"5 t)u la le!u ha)p thu trong motn v% th gan& Mn v% @ua)t le!u ha)p thu trong

he ?R la WyY@& Mn v% *hac la ra1Y@hay ra1Yh

1... R7e+u )$"5 t)u t8ng *8ng

L HM-+ac 1ung @nh hoc *hac nhau cua cac loa9#c $a3

1o @# *hac nhau cua o ma)t mat na"ng l#ng

tren 2 n v% #ng &

Fat 3 en t0ch va *ho) l#ng ln gay nen

o on hoa tren 2 quang #ng n v% ln hn

9#c $a

2Wy cua hat cho heu #ng @nh hoc ln hn


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-

R7e+u )$"5 t)u t8ng *8ng Hla a l#ng eanh ga m#c o nguy hem cua cac loa

9#c $a, 9a6ng t0ch cua le!u ha)p thu E vi trGng +

i vi m-i l$i


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-H

8n ' 47e+u )$"5 t)u t8ng *8ng t0!ng )e( SI4$-

S7e'e0t L9y& )7e(u 4$- S'M.

+heo cong th#c ;2&2H< ta co2 ?v 2 Wy $ r

Mn v% le!u ha)p thu t#ng #ng ngoa he ?R rem3

2 rem 2 ra1 $ r

2 ?v 2>> rem hay 2 rem >,>2 ?v

V: 3u# .ot nhan ven 9#c $a lam vec te)p$uc v nguo!n phong $a ch%u mot le!u 5> mrem

trong 2 ngay& Fo ng# o ch%u le!u 9ao nheutheo n v% ?v

Wa ap3 Eo 2 mrem >,>2 m?v nen

5> mrem >,>2 $ 5> m?v >,5 m?v

S "t 47 + ) " t) t8 *8 l l ! h )


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CI

Su$"t 47e+u )$"5 t)u t8ng *8ngla le!u ha)pthu t#ng #ng trong mot n v% th gan& Mn v%

@ua)t le!u ha)p thu t#ng #ng trong he ?R la

?vY@& Mn v% *hac la remY@hayremYh

1..F. R7e+u %)7e"u L9y& )7e(u 4$- XM

-e!u che)u D la tN @o) g#a ga tr% tuyet o)

tong en t0ch 1X cua ta)t ca cac on cung

1a)u #c tao va *ho) l#ng 1m cua the t0ch

nguyen to) *hong *h0 o&D 1XY1m

-R7e+u %)7e"u cho 9e)t *ha na"ng on hoa*hong *h0 cua 9#c $a ta mot v% tr0 nao o&-

8 47 + )7 " t ) ( SI 4 - CZ9


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C1

8n ' 47e+u %)7e"u t0!ng )e( SI4$- CZ9g.8n ' ng!$-7 )e( SIt)8-ng 3u-ng 4$-b!entgen LbM

1 b ? J,F[ . 1CZ9g L1.1[MSu$"t 47e+u %)7e"ula le!u che)u trong mot nv% th gan& Mn v% @ua)t le!u che)u trong he ?R

la CY*g&@& Mn v% ngoa he ?R th#ng 1ung la

Yhhay mYhR7en )e( g7;$ 47e+u %)7e"u '$- 47e+u t8ng*8ng

en he g#a le!u che)u va le!u t#ng #ng 3

2 ?v 2>> hay 2 >,>2 ?v

2 ?v 2>> >,2 m hay 2 m 2> ?v

en he g#a @ua)t le!u che)u va @ua)t le!u

t#ng #ng3

1 R7 ) ( 7; "t 47 +


42/115

C

1... R7en )e( g7;$ u$"t 47e+u

%)7e"u '$- )!$t *!( 5)!&ng =$ %u$

!(t ngu!+n 5)!&ng =$/guo!n phong $a co hoat o phong $a a ;mC


43/115

C-

U!+ng '5)!&ng =$

T)8-7 g7$n $&n 0$; N$Qng 48ng t7$ g$$L2eVM

D

b = %JZL) = C7M

C!GE F,JH n$Q 1,1H c 1,AAJ 1J,KA

C1AH AE n$Q E,GG1 A,1EI01KJ H,A ng$-y E,J 1,EG ,GF

I1A1 [,E[ ng$-y E,E[c E,J[cE,AGcE,HJJ

J,1F

N$JJ J,F[ n$Q E,F11c 1,JHF 11,[KC0F1 JH,[ ng$-y E,AJFc E,GF E,1GF

>nGF JF ng$-y E,F11c 1,1J A.EJ

SeHF 1JH ng$-y E,EGG E,FHJ 1,K

B0[J 1,F ng$-y E,FF 1,K1 1,HS1J GE,K ng$-y E,GEK J,E[[ K,HE

b$JJG 1GJE n$Q [,JF

d \


44/115

CC

T]2 TAdT CAC N V\ ] RNG

BC XA$7 48ng Dy& )7e(u n) ng)$ 8n ' SI

T0uye+n t)!"ngH!$t *!( 5)!&ng =$ $ $ ? N B< C7? ,.11B ln nguyn @nh cht

&++ nguyn @nh h phc , [ nhjn inh h[ng fn phjn 9ko, thng tNn /?+ gjy9fn 1s

-Cm th hc nha! t!$ tng %&'i TB

&+b @nh @in ckng mnh,tdc 1ng ca quangtuyfn mnh

&Cdc +b ang hot Sng nhu th cim

th tng ln; +b tuyfn ang 9k tft&&&K c th, I>-IJK m non nn

on hod n: quan trong hn trc tfp&


48/115

C

t]0 R^3G S.3_ _`0

Uhjn ly n0c 1o ta $ qua = th" *\&-*iai &'n v+t %,; w2>-2L@2


49/115

CH

t]0 R^3G S.3_ _`0

-*iai &'n h& inh.ti"/zF- *h# $y mnh3zF-4 zF- --------- F5z5F- 4 F--------------- F5

F- 4 z5 --------------Fz5Fz54 Fz5------------ F5z54 z5"h6n t5 pQoxid _b[, ?hW hydQo b[, bon b-[, cc

gNc t< do b_/, _[e l cc tc nh6n oxy ha 7in @fi t7o sNng tho c ch gin tip/0c o$y :ng va tr{ quan trng trong tdc1ng @nh hc ca ta&


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DI

*iai &'n h0a h1c . t(&ng vi gi23/+hknh phn hod hc tf 9ko thay N 1o

cdc g6c t 1o vk Sc cht&

*iai &'n inh h1c. vi gi4 vi n5m/-Cdc thay N ca +b3

&Chft

/gng, chm phjn 9ko-bfn N trong phjn 9ko

t]0 R^3G S.3_ _`0

-bfn N BE/3&Wxy 2 hay ha cknh&+hay N *ft n63 ch|o,&?#a ch}a cdc @a @:t 9~ng


51/115

D1

H&Cdc lo tdc 1ng @nh hc3-Cdc tdc 1ng @nh hc

t]0 R^3G S.3_ _`0

t BE/

+f 9ko 9s chft;1o phjn 9ko 9sh)ng,J 5J&>

T!8 ;ng:?uy gim +b tu >,J

/g8ng lu gjy tdc h&


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DE

t]0 R^3G S.3_ _`0

Hmu


57/115

DF

t]0 R^3G S.3_ _`0


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D

t]0 R^3G S.3_ _`0

+dc 1ng tch luP34 hng c: ng8ng lu $ut hn cdc 9fnchng_u qu= t+ng tc tQ nm&Qng thZ H> nm

Jc su;t g6y ung th+ do chiu xO IIIDm#S&

.St @6 lu trong 2> thm *h m $quang


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DH

.St @6 lu trong 2> th m *hdm $quangthng th"ng

?&'i

th5mhm

TAn th th!+t Ch %i@!

t(!ngDEnh.mFv/

Gh'm vi

tha3 Hi

ngin

Chp C? 2,7 >,=-2,=

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Vat Ly Quang Tuyên- Tac Dung Sinh Hoc- An Toan Bx 2013