Verzeichnis der Grafiken und Tabellen

Grafiken

1 Anzahl jährlich gefiihrter Kriege weltweit, 1945-1999 2 Kriege in den Regionen 1992-1999 3 Die Kriege 1999 nach Regionen 4 Die Kriege 1999 nach Typen 5 Kriegstypen in den Regionen 1999 6 Antiregime-Kriege nach Regionen 1999 7 Autonomie- und Sezessionskriege nach Regionen 1999

Tabellen

1 Der Krieg in Europa 1999 2 Die Kriege in Mrika 1999 3 Die Kriege im Vorderen und Mittleren Orient 1999 4 Die Kriege in Asien 1999 5 Die Kriege in Lateinamerika 1999

Definitionskästen

1 Die AKUF-Kriegsdefinition 2 Die AKUF-Kriegstypen

10 12 13 14 15 16 16

19 21 37 45 55

59 60

Autorinnen und Autoren der AKUF

Die Arbeitsgemeinschaft Kriegsursachenforschung (AKUF) ist eine kombi­nierte Lehr- und Forschungsgruppe am Institut für Politische Wissenschaft der Universität Hamburg. Sie ist Teil der von Prof. Dr. Klaus Jürgen Gant­zel und Dr. Jens Siegelberg geleiteten Forschungsstelle für Kriege, Rüstung und Entwicklung und rekrutiert sich aus Wissenschaftlichen Mitarbeitern, Doktoranden und fortgeschrittenen Studierenden der Universität Harnburg.

Thomas Rabehl ist Mitglied der Forschungsstelle Kriege, Rüstung und Ent­wicklung und war von 1996 bis 1999 Koordinator der Arbeitsgemeinschaft Kriegsursachenforschung. Er studierte Soziologie, Volkswirtschaftslehre, Politische Wissenschaft und Development Studies an der Hochschule für Wirtschaft und Politik (Dipl.-Sozialwirt), der Universität Hamburg (Dipl.­Pol.) und der London School ofEconomics (M.Sc. Econ).

Asmus, Sebastian (Afghanistan) seit 1989 Studium der Politischen Wissenschaft und Soziologie an der Universität Hamburg.

Bailly, Philipp (Tschad) Studium der Politischen Wissenschaft und Geschichte an den Universitä­ten Regensburg und Harnburg.

Bakonyi, Jutta (Somalia) seit 1994 Studium der Politischen Wissenschaft, Pädagogik und Sport­wissenschaft an der Universität Harnburg.

Bliesemann, Berit (peru; Indien: Tripura) seit 1997 Studium der Politischen Wissenschaft und Lateinarnerikastudi­en an der Universität Hamburg, seit 1999 Praktikantin der Friedrich Ebert Stiftung in Peru.

Böge, Volker (Salomonen) Dr., Historiker, Friedensforscher, Mitglied der Forschungsstelle Kriege, Rüstung und Entwicklung.

Borchardt, Ulrike (Algerien) Dr., Dipl.-Pol., Mitglied der Forschungsstelle Kriege, Rüstung und Ent­wicklung.

Conrad, Burkhard (Tadschikistan; Kirgistan: Ferganatal) seit 1996 Studium der Politischen Wissenschaft, Volkswirtschaftslehre und Anglistik an den Universitäten Freiburg, Aberdeen und Hamburg.

270 Das Kriegsgeschehen 1999

Emires, Jürgen (Libanon) M.A., Doktorand am Institut für Politische Wissenschaft der Universität Hamburg.

Franke, Jens Peter (Sri Lanka) Dipl.-Pol., bis 1999 Mitglied der AKUF.

Gerdes, Felix (Nigeria) seit 1996 Studium der Politischen Wissenschaft und Soziologie an der Universität Hamburg und der Universität Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Se­negal.

Gantzel, Klaus-Jürgen Prof. em. Dr., Leiter der Forschungsstelle Kriege, Rüstung und Entwick­lung und der AKUF an der Universität Hamburg.

Gossing, Stefan (Kolumbien) seit 1992 Studium der Politischen Wissenschaft und Lateinamerikastudi­en an der Universität Hamburg.

Hensell, Stephan (Jugoslawien: Kosovo) Dipl.-Pol., Doktorand am Institut für Politische Wissenschaft der Uni­versität Hamburg.

Huwe, Stephan-Philipp (Israel: Hamas; Nepal) seit 1993 Studium der Politikwissenschaft, Islamwissenschaft und Publi­zistik an den Universitäten Göttingen, Oklahoma City und Hamburg.

Jaehrling, Karen (Sierra Leone) M.A., bis 1999 Mitglied der AKUF.

Kasten, Tanja (Sierra Leone) seit 1997 Studium der Politischen Wissenschaft, Journalistik und Hispa­nistik an der Universität Hamburg.

Kübler, Torge (EritrealÄthiopien) seit 1994 Studium der Politikwissenschaften, Jura und Psychologie an den Universitäten Marburg, Glasgow, München und Hamburg.

Kühn, Florian (Uganda) seit 1996 Studium der Politischen Wissenschaft, Germanistik und spani­sche Übersetzung an den Universitäten Leipzig, Alicante und Hamburg.

Kugler, Steffen (Sudan) seit 1995 Studium der Politischen Wissenschaft und der Islamwissen­schaft an der Universität Hamburg.

Lentze, Matthias (.'Jenegal: Casamance) Dipl. -Pol., Politikwissenschaftler.

Maier, Michaela (.'lri Lanka) seit 1997 Studium der Politischen Wissenschaft und des Öffentlichen Rechts an den Universitäten Augsburg und Hamburg.

Autorinnen und Autoren der AKUF 271

Neukirch, Claus (Georgien: Abchasien) Dipl.-Pol., Wissenschaftlicher Mitarbeiter des Zentrums für OSZE­Forschung, CORE, am Institut für Friedens- und Sicherheitsforschung an der Universität Hamburg (IFSH).

Nissen, Astrid (Peru) M.A., Wissenschaftliche Mitarbeiterin am Institut für Iberoamerika­Kunde, Hamburg.

Nolte Wilhelm freier Lektor, AKUF-Datenbank der Kriege seit 1945.

Rabehl, Thomas (Indonesien: Aceh, lrian JayalWest Papua; Philippinen: Mindanao, NPA; Jugoslawien: Kosovo) M.Sc. (Econ), Dipl.-Pol., Dipl.-Sozialwirt, Koordinator der AKUF 1996-1999, Mitglied der Forschungsstelle Kriege, Rüstung und Entwicklung.

Rosenbrock, Christine (Kongo-Brazzaville) seit 1993 Studium der Politischen Wissenschaft, Geschichte und Roma­nistik in Siegen, Straßburg und Hamburg. Seit 1999 Koordinatorin der AKUF.

Schlaphoff, Mare (Russische Föderation: Dagestan, Tschetschenien) seit 1998 Studium der Politischen Wissenschaft, Geschichte und Journa­listik an der Universität Hamburg.

Schlichte, Klaus Dr., Dipl.-PoL Wissenschaftlicher Mitarbeiter am Institut für Politische Wissenschaft der Universität Hamburg, Koordinator der AKUF 1993-1996.

Schneider, Nils-Thomas (Indien: Kaschmir; Pakistan/Indien: Kargil) seit 1995 Studium der Politischen Wissenschaft an der Universität Ham­burg.

Schmitt, Mathias (Türkei: Kurden) Dipl.-Pol., bis 1999 Mitglied der AKUF.

Scholz, Sonja (Philippinen: Mindanao, NPA) seit 1994 Studium der Politischen Wissenschaft an den Universitäten Münster und Hamburg.

Schreiber, Wolf gang (Kongo-Kinshasa: Afrikanischer Regionalkrieg, Kivu; Guinea-Bissau) Mathematiker, seit 1992 Zweitstudium der Politologie, Geschichte und Ethnologie in Göttingen, Legon (Ghana) und Hamburg.

Schröder, Jan (USA und Großbritannien/Irak) seit 1995 Studium der Politikwissenschaft, Rechtswissenschaft und Ge­schichte an den Universitäten Marburg und Hamburg.

272 Das Kriegsgeschehen 1999

Siegelberg, Jens Dr., Dipl.-Pol., Wissenschaftlicher Assistent des Instituts für Politische Wissenschaft der Universität Hamburg, Leiter der AKUF seit 1999.

Steckner, Anne (Mexiko: Chiapas, EPR) seit 1996 Studium der Politikwissenschaft und Volkswirtschaftslehre an der Universität Hamburg.

Stock, Franziska (Myanmar) seit 1993 Studium der Turkologie und Politischen Wissenschaft an der Universität Hamburg und der Maramara Universität Istanbul.

Stuvoy, Kirsti (Namibia: Caprivi) seit 1996 Studium der Politischen Wissenschaft, Volkswirtschaftslehre und Osteuropa-Studien an der Universität Hamburg und der University ofHull, UK.

Surminski, Swenja (Burundi; Ruanda) seit 1995 Studium der Politischen Wissenschaft und Volkswirtschafts­lehre an der Universität Hamburg und der University ofNew Hampshire, USA.

Teege, Silja (Angola: UNITA) Dipl.-Pol., Dipl.-Finanzwirtin.

Wilke, Boris (Indien: Assam, Bodos, Nagas, Naxaliten; Pakistan: Sind) Dipl.-Pol., Wissenschaftlicher Mitarbeiter des Deutschen Orient­Instituts, Hamburg.

Wilkens, Tim (Irak: Kurden) seit 1998 Studium der Politischen Wissenschaft, Volkswirtschaftslehre und Öffentliches Recht an der Universität Hamburg.

AbkÜfzungsverzeichnis

AASU ................................... All Assam Students Union ABB ..................................... Alex Boneayao Brigade ABRI .................................... Angkatan Bersenjata Republik Indonesia ABSDF ................................. All Burma Stundents' Demoeratie Front ABSU ................................... All Bodo Students Union ADF ...................................... Allied Demoeratie Forees APDL ................................... Allianee des Forees Demoeratie pour la Liberation .. . APRC ................................... Armed Forees Revolutionary Couneil AGP ...................................... Asom Gana Parishad AIS ....................................... Armee islamique du salut ALIR .................................... Armee pour la liberation du Rwanda ASEAN ................................. Assoeiation ofSouth East Asian Nations ATTF .................................... AlI-Tripura Tiger Force AUC ..................................... Autodefensas Unidas de Colombia BAC ..................................... Bodo Autonomous Couneil BEC ...................................... Bodoland Exeeutive Couneil BJP ....................................... Bharatiya Janata Party BLTF .................................... Bodoland Liberation Tiger Forees BMA ..................................... Bangsa Moro Army BMIAP ................................. Bangsa Moro Islamie Armed Forees CDF ...................................... Civil Defenee Forees CGSB ................................... Coordinadora Guerillera Simon Bolivar CHIKOKO ............................ Pan Niger Delta Resistanee Mouvement CLM ..................................... Caprivi Liberation Movement CNDD .................................. Conseil national pour la defense de la demoeratie CPI ....................................... Communist Party ofIndia, ML - Liberation CPP ...................................... Communist Party ofthe Philippines CRPF .................................... Central Reserve Police Force CSNPD ................................. Comite de Sursaut National de la Paix et la Demoeratie DKBA .................................. Demoeratie Karen Buddhist Army DUP ...................................... Demoeratie Unionist Party DVPA ................................... Demokratisehen Volkspartei Afghanistans ECOMOG ............................. ECOWAS Cease-fire Monitoring Group ECOWAS ............................. Eeonomie Community ofthe West Afiiean States ELN ...................................... Ejereito de Liberaeion Naeional EPR ...................................... Ejereito Popular Revolueionario ERNK ................................... Eniya Rizgariya Neteva Kurdistan ERPI.. ................................... Ejereito Revolueionario deI Pueblo Insurgente EZLN ................................... Ejercito Zapatista de Liberaei6n Naeional FAC ...................................... Forees Armees Congolaises FARC ................................... Fuerzas Armadas Revolueionarias de Colombia FARF .................................... Forees Armees de la Republique Federale FARP .................................... For~as Armadas Revolueionarias do Povo FDC ...................................... Frente Demoeratia de Cabinda

274 Das Kriegsgeschehen 1999

FDR ...................................... Front democratique pour le renouveau FDU ...................................... Forces democratiques uni es FIS ........................................ Front islamique du salut FLN ...................................... Front de Liberation Nationale FMASA ................................ Association of Student Armies FNDIC .................................. Federated Niger Delta ljaw Communities FNTR ................................... Front National Tchadienne Renouvelle FPR ...................................... Front Patriotique Rwandaise FRETELIN ........................... Frente Revolucionaria de Timor Leste Independiente FRODEBU ........................... Front pour la democratie FROLINAT ......................... Front de Liberation Nationale GAM .................................... Gerakan Aceh Merdeka GIA ...................................... Groupe islamique arme GLA .................................... Guadalcanal Liberation Army GRA ..................................... Guadalcanal Revolutionary Army GUS ...................................... Gemeinschaft Unabhängiger Staaten HRK ..................................... Hezen Rizgariya Kurdistan IDF ...................................... Israeli Defense Forces IFF ........................................ Isatambu Freedom Fighters IGAD .................................... Intergovernmental Authority on Development IKRK ................................... .Internationale Komitee des Roten Kreuzes INC ....................................... Iraqi National Congress INTERFET ........................... Internationale Friedenstruppe Osttimor IR? ....................................... Islamic Renaissance Party ISI... ...................................... Inter-Services Intelligence IWF ...................................... Internationaler Währungsfonds IYC......................... . ....... Ijaw Youth Council JKLF ..................................... Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front KDP ..................................... Kurdisch-Demokratische Partei KNA ..................................... Kuki National Army KNLA. .................................. Karen National Liberation Army KNO ..................................... Kuki National Organisation KNPP ................................... Karen National Progressive Party KNU ..................................... Karen National Union KPN M ................................. Kommunistische Partei Nepals, Maoistisch KPN ML...... . ............ Kommunistische Partei Nepals, Marxistisch-Leninistisch LRA ...................................... Lord's Resistance Army L TTE .................................... Liberation Tigers ofTamil Eelam MAOL .................................. Mouvement algerien des officiers libres MCC ..................................... Maoist Communist Centre MDD ...... .................. . ......... Mouvement pour le Developpement de la Democratie MDJT ............ .. Mouvement pour la Democratie et la Justice au Tchad MEF ..... ................... . ......... Malaita Eagle Force MFDC ................ . .. Mouvement des Forces Dem. de la Casamance MIA......... . ...... Mouvement islamique arme MILF . .... ....... ..... ...... . .... Moro Islamic Liberation Front MLC. .......... ............ . ......... Mouvement po ur la liberation du Congo MNLF ................................. Moro National Liberation Front

Abkürzungsverzeichnis 275

MONUA ............................... Missäo de Observa~äo das Na~oes Unidas em Angola MOSOP ................................ Movement for the Survival of Ogoni People MPLA. .................................. Movimento Popular de Liberta~ao de Angola MQM .................................... Muttahida Qaumi Movement MRT A .................................. Movimiento Revolucionario Tupac Amaru NALU ................................... National Alliance for the Liberation ofUganda NAOC .................................. Nigerian Agip Oil Company NATO ................................... North Atlantic Treaty Organization NC (Indien) .......................... Jammu and Kashmir National Conference NC (Irak} .............................. National Charta NDA ..................................... National Democratic Alliance NDF ...................................... National Democratic Front NDFB ................................... National Democratic Front ofBodoland NDVF ................................... Niger Delta Volunteer Force NIF ....................................... National Islamic Front NLD ..................................... National League for Democracy NLFT .................................... National Liberation Front of Tripura NNC ..................................... Naga National Council NPA. ..................................... New People's Army NPFL.. .................................. National Patriotic Front of Liberia NRA ..................................... National Resistance Army NSCN ................................... National Socialist Council ofNagaland OAU ..................................... Organization of African Unity OIC ....................................... Organization of Islamic Conference OLF ...................................... Oromo Liberation Front OPC ..................................... Oduas Peoples Congress OPM ..................................... Organisasi Papua Merdeka OSZE .................................... Organisation filr Sicherheit und Zusammenarbeit in Europa PAlGC .................................. Partido Africano da Independencia de Guine e Cabo Verde PCP ...................................... Partido Communista dei Peru PCT ..................................... Parti congolais du travail PDF ...................................... People Defence Force PDK ..................................... Party of Democratic Kampuchea PFLP .................................... Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine PKK ..................................... Partiya Karkeren Kurdistan PLO ...................................... Palestine Liberation Organization PPP ....................................... Pakistan Peoples Party PPRM ................................... Petugas Penindak Rusuh Massa PTCA ................................... Plains Tribai Council of Assam PUK ...................................... Patriotische Union Kurdistans PWG .................................... People's War Group RCD ..................................... Rassemblement Congolais pour la Democratie RND ..................................... Rassemblement Nationale Democratique RPP ...................................... Revolutionary Proletarian Party RRA ..................................... Rahanaweyn Resistance Army RUF ...................................... Revolutionary United Front SADC ................................... Southern African Development Community SAF ...................................... Sudan Allied Forces

276 Das Kriegsgeschehen 1999

SLA ...................................... South Lebanese Army SLORC ................................. Law and Order Restoration Council SNF ...................................... Somali National Front SPDC...... .......... . ....... State Peace and Development Council SPLA U ...... .... ...... ... . ......... Sudan's People Liberation Army United SPLA .................................... Sudan's People Liberation Army SPLM ................................... Sudan's People Liberation Movement SPM ..................................... Somali Patriotic Movement SPP ....................................... Sindhi Peoples Party SSDF .................................... Somali Salvation Democratic Front SULFA ................................. Surrendered United Liberation Front of Assam SWAPO ................................ South West African People' s Organisation TNV ..................................... Tripura National Volunteers TULF .................................... Tamil United Liberation Front U<;K ..................................... Ushtria Clirimtare e Kosoves UDPS ................................... Union pour la Democratie et le Progres Social UFRA ................................... Union des Fronts de Resistance Armes ULFA ................................... United Liberation Front of Assam UN ........................................ United Nations UNAMIR .............................. United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda UNA VEM ............................. United Nations Angola Verification Mission UNDP ................................... United Nations Development Programme UNHCR ................................ United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees UNIT A. ................................. Uniao Nacional para a Independencia Total de Angola UNITAF ............................... Unified Task Force UNMOVIC ........................... United Nations Monitoring, Verification and Inspection UNOA .......... ............ . ....... United Nations Office in Angola UNOMIG............ . ....... United Nations Observer Mission in Georgia UNOSOM ............................. United Nations Operation in Somalia UNSCOM ............................. United Nations Special Commission in Iraq UNTAC ................................ United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia UPDF ...................... . ...... Uganda People's Defense Forces UPF ................. ........ . ...... United People's Front UPRONA.... . ... Union pour le progres national USC ............ .. .. United Somali Congress UTO .... ....... . .. United Tajik Opposition WNBF ............. . .......... Western Nile Border Front

Index der Konfliktakteure

Abu Sayyaf ........................................................................................... 218,220,222 Afghanistan ..................... .43, 44, 47, 48,137-141, 149-151, 161, 163, 184,212,213 Ägypten ........................................................................................... 35,82,128,219 Albanien ........................................................................... 18,43,257,258,263,264 Alex Boncayao Brigade (ABB, siehe auch RPP) ........................................................ 224 Algerien ........................ ' ............................................................................ 21, 65-69 All Adivasi Students Association of Assam ............................................................... 182 All Assam Students Union (AASU) ................................................................. 176, 178 All Bodo Students Union (ABSU) .................................................................... 180-182 All Burma Stundents' Democratic Front (ABSDF) .................................................... 207 AlI-Assam Koch Rajbongshi Sanmilani .................................................................... 182 Alliance des Forces Dem. pour la Liberation ... (AFDL) ........................ 91, 93, 94, 97, 98 Allied Democratic Forces (ADF) ................................................................ 33, 133-135 All-Tripura Tiger Force (ATTF) ........................................................................ 48, 193 amal .................................................................................................................... 153 Angkatan Bersenjata Republik Indonesia (ABRI) ...................................................... 197 Angola .................................................. 20, 21, 27-31, 58, 70-74, 88, 89, 93-96,102 Armed Forces Revolutionary Council (AFRC) ............................................ 117, 118, 121 Armee islamique du salut (AIS) ............................................................... 22, 65, 68, 69 Armee pour la liberation du Rwanda (ALIR) ...................................................... 76, 109 AsomGanaParishad(AGP) ............................................................ 176,178,179,181 Assam Movement. ................................................................................................. 181 Assam Rifles ........................................................................................................ 195 Association ofSouth East Asian Nations (ASEAN) ................................................... 204 Association ofStudent Armies (FMASA) ................................................................. 207 Äthiopien ...................................................... 17, 19-21,33-35,79-83, 121, 124, 125 Australien ................................................................................................... 229,232 Autodefensas de Cordoba y Uraba (siehe auch AUC) ................................................. 243 Autodefensas Unidas de Colombia (AUC) ................................................... 56, 243, 244 Bangladesch .................................................................. 176, 178, 181, 182, 194,212 Bangsa Moro Army (BMA, siehe auch MNLF) ......................................................... 219 Bangsa Moro Islamic Armed Forces (BMIAF, siehe auch MILF) ................................. 221 Befreiungsarmee Kosovo siehe Ushtria Clirimtare e Kosoves ...................................... 257 Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) ........................................................... 177, 185,215,217 Birma (siehe auch Myanmar) .............................................. 10,35,186,205,207,212 Bodo Autonomous Council (BAC) .................................................................. 181, 182 Bodoland Executive Council (BEC) ......................................................................... 181 Bodoland Liberation Tiger Forces (BL TF) ................................................................ 180 Botswana .................................................................................................... 101, 102 Brasilien ............................................................................................................... , 71 Burundi ...................................................................... 30, 32, 74-78, 92, 93, 97-99

278 Das Kriegsgeschehen 1999

Caprivi Liberation Movement (CLM) .......................................................... 58, 100-102 Chevron ............................................................................................................... 104 China ..................................................... 40,43,48,138,173,216,217,261,262 Civil Defence Forces(CDF) ............................................................................ 117, 118 Cocoye-Miliz .............................................................................................. 29, 87, 89 Comite de Sursaut National de la Paix et ... (CSNPD) ................................................ 131 Communist Party ofindia, ML - Liberation (siehe auch Naxaliten) .............................. 190 Communist Party ofindia, ML - Party Unity (siehe auch Naxaliten) ............................ 190 Communist Party ofthe Philippines (CPP, siehe auch New People's Army) .......... 223,224 Conseil national pour la defense de la democratie (CNDD) ........................................... 75 Coordinadora Guerillera Simon Bolivar (CGSB) ....................................................... 242 Democratic Karen Buddhist Army (DKBA) .............................................................. 206 Democratic Unionist Party (DUP) ........................................................................... 128 Demokratischen Volkspartei Afghanistans (DVPA) ................................................... 137 Deutschland .............................................................. 34, 80, 107, 168,209,243,259 djihad islami ................................................................................................. 144, 147 Economic Community ofthe West African States (ECOW AS) .................... 22-24, 85, 118 ECOWAS Cease-fire Monitoring Group (ECOMOG) ............. 22, 24, 25,85,86,118-120 Ejercito de Liberacion Nacional (ELN) ................................................... 55,56,241-244 Ejercito Popular Revolucionario (EPR) ...................................................... 245,250-252 Ejercito Revolucionario del Pueblo Insurgente (ERPI) ................................................ 251 Ejercito Zapatista de Liberaci6n Nacional (EZLN) ............................................. 245-250 Elf-Aquitaine .......................................................................................................... 88 Eniya Rizgariya Neteva Kurdistan (ERNK, siehe auch PKK) ...................................... 167 Ennahda ...... . .............................................................................................. 67 Eritrea ................................................................ 17,19-21,33-35,79-83,121,124 Europäische Union (EU) ........................................................... 77, 169,204,259,263 Executive Outcomes (Söldneruntemehmen) .............................................................. 117 Federated Niger Delta Ijaw Communities (FNDIC) ............................................ 104, 106 Foryas Armadas Revolucionarias do Povo (F ARP) ...................................................... 85 Forces Armees Congolaises (FAC) ............................................................................ 92 Forces Armees de la Republique Federale (FARF). .................................................... 131 Forces democratiques unies (FDU) ............................................................................ 87 Frankreich..... . ................................................ 21, 34, 40, 66, 88, 94, 113, 115,

....................................................................... 131,166,173,188,259-261 Frente Democrätia de Cabinda (FDC) ........................................................................ 23 Frente Revolucionaria de Timor Leste Independiente (FRETELIN) ........................ 60, 199 Front de Liberation Nationale (FROLINAT) .......... . ........................................... 130 Front islamique du salut (FIS) ........................................................................ 65,67-69 Front National Tchadienne Renouvelle (FNTR) ......................................................... 132 Front Patriotique Rwandaise (FPR) ................................................................. 107, 108 Front pour la democratie (FRODEBU) ....................................................................... 75 Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia (FARC) ........... 27,55,56,241,242,244 Gambia .................................................................................... 24, 86,111,113-115 Gemeinschaft Unabhängiger Staaten (GUS) ........................................... 142, 143, 163 Georgien .............................................................................................. 58,141-143

Index der Konfliktakteure 279

Gerakan Aceh Merdeka (GAM) ................................................................. 54,200,201 Griechenland ................................................................................................. 41, 169 Großbritannien .............................. 17,20,39,44,101,121, 166,170-174,175-178

.................................................. 180, 186, 187,227,231-234,259,264,265 Groupe islamique arme (GIA) ....................................................................... 22,66,68 Guadalcanal Liberation Army (GLA, siehe auch IFF) ........................................ 227,229 Guadalcanal Revolutionary Army (GRA, siehe auch IFF) ........................................... 229 guardias blancas ................................................................................................... 246 Guinea ............................................................................................... 22, 83-85, 114 Guinea-Bissau .................................................................. 22,23, 32, 83-86, 113-115 Hamas (Israel) ............................................................ 38,58, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148 Hamas (Ägypten) .................................................................................................... 67 Harkat-ul-Ansar..... . ......................................................................................... 184 Hezb-i-Islami ....................................................................................................... 137 Hezb-i-Wahdat ..................................................................................................... 138 Hezen Rizgariya Kurdistan (HRK, siehe auch Partiya Karkeren Kurdistan) .......... 165, 166 hizb-allah ........................................................................................... 37,38, 153-155 Hizbul-Mujaheddin ............................................................................................... 184 Ijaw Youth Council (IYC) .............................................................................. 104, 106 Indien ................................................................ 9,13-19,45-50,58,175-196,207,

.................................................................. 209,211,213,214-217,233-235 Indonesien ............................................... 9, 14,45,53,54,58-60,197-204,220,221 Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) ............................................... 130 Internationale Friedenstruppe Osttimor (INTERFET) ........................................... 61, 199 Internationale Komitee des Roten Kreuzes (IKRK) ....................................... 18, 237, 238 Internationaler Währungsfonds (IWF) ..................................................................... 118 Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) ............................................................................... 178 Irak ................................................ 10, 17,20,36-39,40,166-169,170-174,238 Iran ............................................................ 40,43,138,140,153,155,166,213 Iraqi National Congress (INC) ................................................................................ 173 Isatambu Freedom Fighters (IFF) ............................................................... 54,229-232 Islamic Movement ofUzbekistan ....................................................................... 42, 151 Islamic Renaissance Party (lRP) .............................................................................. 162 Israel ................................................................. 37,38,58, 71,144-148, 152-155 Israeli Defense Forces (IDF) ........................................................................... 153, 155 Italien ............................................................................................ 34,79,169,259 lamiat-i-Islami ...... ... ... .......................................................................... 137 lammu and Kashmir Liberation Front (JKLF) ........................................................... 183 lammu and Kashmir National Conference (NC) ........................................................ 184 Jugoslawien......... . ................................................ 9, 18,20,257-264 Kamajors................... ................................................................. 117,118 Kambodscha ................................. . ............................................................. 10,52 Karen National Liberation Army (KNLA, siehe auch KNU) ..................... 52, 58, 205, 206 Karen National Progressive Party (KNPP) ................................................................ 207 Karen National Union (KNU) .......................................................................... 58, 206 Karimojong ......................................................................................................... 134

280 Das Kriegsgeschehen 1999

Kenia .................................................................................... 48,82, 125, 134, 169 Kirgistan ................................................................. 9,15,36,42,148,150,151,164 Kobra-Miliz ............................................................................................................ 87 Kolumbien ..................................................................... 27,44, 55, 56,241-244,254 Kommunistische Partei Nepals, Maoistisch (KPN M) ................................................ 208 Kommunistische Partei Nepals, Marxistisch-Leninistisch (KPN ML) ........................... 208 Kongo-Brazzaville ............................................................... 21,29,30,72,87-90,93 Kongo-Kinshasa ...................................................... 17, 19-21,28-33,44, 58, 72, 75,

......................................................................... 76,91-99, 107-110, 134-136 Kuki National Army (KNA) ................................................................................... 187 Kuki National Organisation (KNO, siehe auch KNA) ................................................ 187 Kurdisch-Demokratische Partei (KOP) ......................................... 38, 40, 168, 169, 173 Law and Order Restoration Council (SLORC, siehe auch SPDC) ................................ 206 Liali Badakshan .................................................................................................... 162 libanon ................................................................................ 17, 37, 38,40,152-155 Liberation Tigers ofTamil Eelam (LTTE) ......................................... 27, 50, 51,233-239 liberia ........................................................................................... 85, 116, 118-120 libyen ......................................................................... 35, 82, 94, 95,119,131,219 Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) .................................................................. 33, 133, 134 Malaita Eagle Force (MEF) ...................................................................................... 54 Malaysia .................................................................................. 40, 54, 173, 202, 219 Maoist Communist Centre (MCC, siehe auch Naxaliten) .................................... 190, 191 Mayi-Mayi-Milizen ............................................................................................. 97-99 Missäo de Observalj1äo das Nalj10es Unidas em Angola (MONUA) ................................. 73 Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) ................................................. 52, 218-222, 226 Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) ..................................................... 53,219-221 Mouvement algerien des officiers libres (MAOL) .................................................. 65, 68 Mouvement des Forces Dem. de la Casamance (MFDC) ............. 23,24,84,85, 111-115 Mouvement islamique arme (MIA) ............................................................................ 65 Mouvement pour la Democratie et la Justice au Tchad (MDJT) ................................... 132 Mouvement pour la liberation du Congo (MLC) .................................................... 94, 95 Mouvement pour le Developpement de la Democratie (MDD) ..................................... 132 Movement for the Survival ofOgoni People (MOSOP) ............................................... 103 Movimento Popular de Libertayao de Angola (MPLA) ............................................ 70-73 Muttahida Qaumi Movement (MQM) ............................................................... 21 0-212 Muttahida Qaumi Movement Haqiqi (MQM-Haqiqi) .......................................... 210,212 Myanmar ................................................ 10, 35, 52, 58, 178, 182,

......................................................... 186, 187,205- 207, 212 Naga National Council (NNC) ................................................................................ 187 Namibia ................ . ........................................... 28, 30, 31, 58, 93-95,100-102 National Alliance for the Liberation ofUganda (NALU) ................................ 33, 133, 135 National Charta (Ne) ............................................................................................ 173 National Democratic Alliance (NDA) .......................................................... 36, 127-130 National Democratic Front (NDF, siehe auch NPA) ..................................... 180, 223-226 National Democratic Front ofBodoland (NDFB) ....................................................... 180 National Islamic Front (NIF) ........................................................................... 127, 128

Index der Konfliktakteure 281

National League for Democracy (NLD) .................................................................... 207 National Liberation Front ofTripura (NLFT) ...................................... .48, 193, 194, 196 National Patriotic Front ofLiberia (NPFL) ............................................................... 116 National Resistance Army (NRA) ............................................................................ 107 National Socialist Council ofNagaland (NSCN) .......................................... 178, 187-189 Naxaliten ................................................................................................ 49,190-192 Nepal ................................................................................... 9, 15,45,50,208-210 Nepali Congress Party .................................................................................... 208-210 New People's Army (NPA) ........................................................................ 57,223-226 Niederlande ................................................................................................. 202, 226 Niger ............................................................ 9, 14,20,22,26,27, 85, 86, 102-105 Niger Delta Volunteer Force (NDVF) .......................................................... 27, 104, 106 Nigeria ................................................................................ 9, 14, 15,20,22,24-27,

................................................................................... 60, 102-105, 117-120 Nigerian Agip Oil Company (NAOC) ...................................................................... 105 Ninja-Miliz .................................................................................................. 29, 87-90 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) ............................ 18-20, 166,257,259-264 Norwegen .................................................................................................... 129, 145 Oduas Peoples Congress (OPC) .............................................................................. 105 Organisasi Papua Merdeka (OPM) ............................................................. 58,203,204 Organisation für Sicherheit und Zusammenarbeit in Europa (OSZE) .................... 143,261 Organization of African Unity (OAU) ............................................... 31, 34, 81, 95, 130 Organization ofIslamic Conference (OIC) ........................................................ 219, 220 Oromo Liberation Front (OLF) ......... . .............................................. 34, 35, 82, 124 Pakistan................. . ................ 13,17,19,35,44-48,58,122,137-139,140,

......................................................... 175, 178, 179, 183, 185, 194,210-217 Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) ........................................................... 144-146 Pan Niger Delta Resistance Mouvement (CHIKOKO) ................................................ 104 Papua-Neuguinea ................................................................................................ 203 Parti congolais du travail (PCT) ................................................................................ 87 Partido Africano da Independencia de Guine e Cabo Verde (PAIGC) ....................... 84, 86 Partido Communista dei Peru (PCP, siehe auch Sendero Luminoso) ............................ 253 Partiya Karkeren Kurdistan (PKK) ....................................................... .40,41, 165-169 Patriotische Union Kurdistans (PUK) ................................................... 38,40, 168, 173 People Defence Force (PDF, siehe auch NIF) .................................................... 180, 182 People's War Group (PWG, siehe auch Naxaliten) .............................................. 190-192 Peru ........................................................................................... 58,243,253-256 Petugas Penindak Rusuh Massa (PPRM) ................................................................. 201 Philippinen .................................................................................. 52,53,57,218-226 Plains Tribai Council of Assam (PTCA) ................................................................... 180 Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) ................................................. 153 Portugal........................... . ..................................................... 70,71,84,86 Rahanaweyn Resistance Army (RRA) ......................................................... 82, 123, 124 Rapid Reaction Forces ........................................................................................... 164 Rassemblement Congolais pour la Democratie (RCD) ....................................... 31, 92-99 Rassemblement Nationale Democratique (RND) ......................................................... 67

282 Das Kriegsgeschehen 1999

Revolutionary Proletarian Party (RPP) ..................................................................... 224 Revolutionary United Front (RUF) ................................................. 24, 25, 116-119, 121 Rote Khmer ..................................................................................................... 10,52 Ruanda .................. .. ........................................ 30-32, 72, 74-78, 92-99,107-110 Russische Föderation .................................... 9, 14,36,40-42,72,139,142-145,150,

................................................ 156-163, 168, 169, 173,259,261,263 Salomonen ............................................................................... 9, 14,45,54,227-232 Sambia .................................................................................................. 72, 101, 102 Sandlines (Söldneruntemehmen) ............................................................................. 118 Saudi Arabien ....... . .................................................... .35, 125, 139, 140,213,219 Sendero Luminoso ........................................................................................ 253-256 Senegal......... ........ .. ..................................... 15,22-24, 32, 83-86, 111-115 Sierra Leone ....... ........................................ 19,20,24-27,44, 85, 116-120 Simbabwe ...................................................................................... 30, 31, 93-95,102 Sipah-i-Mohammad ............................................................................................... 213 Sipah-i-Sahaba Pakistan ......................................................................................... 213 Somali National Front (SNF) .................................................................................. 124 Somali Patriotic Movement (SPM) .......................................................................... 124 Somali Salvation Democratic Front (SSDF) .............................................................. 124 Somalia ............................................................................................. 35, 82, 121-125 South Lebanese Army (SLA) ............................................................... 37,38, 153, 155 South West African People' s Organisation (SWAPO) ................................................ 100 Southem African Development Community (SADC) ........................................ 31, 94, 95 Sri Lanka .............................................................................. 27, 44,50,51,233-238 State Peace and Development Council (SPDC) .......................................................... 206 Südafrika.... . ................................. 30, 70-72, 78, 93,101,117 Sudan ............... . .................... 15, 33, 35, 36,44,82,94,126-129,134,135 Sudan A1lied Forces (SAF) ..................................................................................... 128 Sudan XE "Sudan" 's People Liberation Army (SPLA) ..................... 33,36, 127-129, 134 Sudan XE "Sudan" 's People Liberation Army United (SPLA U) ................................. 127 Sudan's People Liberation Movement (SPLM, siehe aueh SPLA) ........................ 127, 128 Surrendered United Liberation Front of Assam (SULFA) ................................... 177, 179 Syrien ..... .. .................................................. 37, 38,40, 153-155, 166, 168 Tadschikistan ..................................... 10, 36,42,43,58,137-140,149-152,161-164 Taliban ................................................................ ..43, 44, 47, 48, 137-140, 150, 151 Tamil United Liberation Front (TULF) ..................................................................... 238 Tansania... .. .................................................................... 33, 76, 78 Thailand..... ............. . .................................................................... 52, 58, 206, 207 Togo ............................................................................. 85,86,119 Tripura National Volunteers (TNV).. .. ................................................................. 194 Tschad ........................................................................... 13, 35, 58, 94, 95, 130-132 Türkei ......... . ......................................................... 32, 40, 41,165-170 Turkmenistan .................................................................................................... 138 Uganda ......................................... 30, 31, 33, 36,44,72,92-99,107-109,133-135 Uganda People's Defense Fürees (UPDF) ................................................................. 134 Ukraine.... .. ........................................................ 28, 29, 72, 119

Index der Konfliktakteure 283

Umma Party ......................................................................................................... 128 Uniao Nacional para a Independencia Total de Angola (UNITA) 27-29,70-73,95,96, 102 Unified Task Force (UNITAF) ................................................................................ 122 Union pour la Democratie et le Progres Social (UDPS) ................................................. 92 Union pour le progres national (UPRONA) ................................................................. 75 United Front ......................................................................................................... 185 United Liberation Front of Assam (ULFA) ................................... 49, 175-179, 181, 188 United Nations (UN)...... .......... 18, 20, 25, 31, 32, 39,43-45,51,68,70-78,

...................................................... 90,91,93, 109, 110, 118, 120-125, 129,

................................................. 137-140,143,154,166,168,169, l71-173,

.................................................. 199,202,214,229,235, 244, 257, 261, 264 United Nations Angola Verification Mission (UNA VEM) ............................................. 73 United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda (UNAMIR) ....................................... 108 United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) .................................................... 238 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) ................. 101, 115,236-238 United Nations Monitoring, Verification and Inspection (UNMOVIC) ................... 40, 173 United Nations Observer Mission in Georgia (UNOMIG) ........................................... 142 United Nations Office in Angola (UNOA) ................................................................... 73 United Nations Operation in Somalia (UNOSOM) ..................................................... 122 United Nations Special Commission in Irag (UNSCOM) .............................. .40,171, l73 United People's Front (UPF) ..... .. ...................................................... 50,208,209 United Somali Congress (USC). . ................................................................ 122 United Tajik Opposition (UTO).. . ........................................................... 162-164 USA .............. . .................... " 10, 17, 18,20,30,34,35,39,40,44,47,

......................... .... ... 48,70,73,79,80,81,94, 106, 110, 122,

................................................. 135,139,145,146,170-174,203,216-219,

................................................ 223,225,243,244,247,256,259-262,265 Usbekistan ................................................ 42,43,138,148,149, 150, 151, 152, 164 Ushtria Clirimtare e Kosoves (U<;K) ............................................ 18, 257-260, 263- 265 Weltbank.... ......................... .. .......................................................... 118,228 Western Nile Border Front (WNBF) ........................................................... 33, 133, 135 Zentrale Industriesicherheitstruppe (CISF) ............................................................... 195 Zoulou-Miliz ... """"""" ..................................................... 87