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8/3/2019 Vidyasagar College 28 Feb
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/vidyasagar-college-28-feb 1/32
MOBILE COMMUNICATION and
COMPUTING:± PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE
Dr. Amlan Chakrabartiemail: [email protected]
A.K.Choudhury School of Information Technology
University of Calcutta
8/3/2019 Vidyasagar College 28 Feb
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Outline
Framework for Discussion
Mobile Applications (M-Business, M-Business, M-Government, M-Life,Positional Apps)
Platforms to Support Mobile Applications ± Mobile IP
± Wireless middleware (WAP, iMode, J2ME, BREW, MMIT)
Wireless Networks
± Wireless PANs (Sensor Networks, Bluetooth, UWB) ± Wireless LANs (Wi-Fi, 802.11a to n)
± Wireless Local Loops and Free Space Optics
± Cellular networks: from 1 to 5G Networks
± Satellite communications and Deep Space Networking
Security, Integration, and Management Issues
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The Jargon
M-Business, M-Government
M-Commerce P-Commerce V-Commerce
M-SCMs M-CRMs SMS MMS M-Portal
Symbian WAP MMIT WML VXML J2ME BREW
Mobile IP MANET OMA ITU ETSI FCC
Zigbee UWB FSO Bluetooth WLL DECT HomeRF
Wi-Fi GPRS UMTS 802.11 802.16 802.15 WSN
OFDM FEC TDMA CDMAState of the art
State of the market
State of the practice
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Framework for Discussion: The Building
Blocks
Mobile Computing Applications
Mobile Computing Platforms
(Wireless Middleware, Mobile IP)
Wireless Networks
(Wireless LANs, Cellular Networks,
Satellites, Wireless Local Loops)
Architectures and
Integration
Wireless Security
Management and
Support
Wireless Business,
Regulations, and
Standards
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Mobile Computing Applications Enable the business initiatives by supporting mobility of
± Customers
± Suppliers and Businesses ± Employees
Mobile computing applications
± Wireless messaging (e.g., SMS)
± Mobile ecommerce (M-Commerce) and its variants Positional commerce (p-commerce) .
Voice commerce (v-commerce). Television commerce (T-Commerce)
± Mobile ebusiness applications (MEBAs), e.g., M-CRM, M-portal, N-SCM
± Specialized applications ± Many areas of research
Location sensitive apps (E911)
Wireless sensor network apps
Mobile agent apps
Two views:
± Mobile applications are fundamentally new applications.
± Mobility is another dimension of the existing applications
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Supporting M-Apps: Mobile Computing
Platforms
Mobile Device
(Cell Phone, PDA, Pocket PC)
Server (Web Server, eMail server,
Mainframe)
Application
Physical Wireless Network
(Antennas, Transceivers, Base Stations,Cellular Networks, 802.11 LANs,Satellites)
MiddlewareServices
Network
Transport
Services
Local
Platform
Services
Application
Mobile
Computing
Platform Network
Transport
Services
Local
Platform
Services
MiddlewareServices
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Mobile Computing Platforms
Mobile operating systems
- Palm OS
-Windows CE
- Symbian OS
Mobile database managersMobile transaction managers
Utilities for mobile devices
Wireless Middleware (information hiding versus
Information providing)
Wireless Gateways: Collection of Middleware services
Mobile Application Servers
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Wireless Web
WAP
Gateway
Web
Server
Servelet
Content
(XML/HTML)
eCommerce
Module
HTML/XML
WML
VoiceXML
GatewayVoiceXML
Many players- WAP
-iMode
-J2ME
- BREW
-MMIT
Industry activity
- Open Mobility Alliance
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Mobile IP ± The Roaming in Wireless Internet World
IP
Network
ISP Servers
NSP POPHome Network for A
NSP POPForeign
Network
for A
Mobile Node A
Foreign
Agent
Home
Agent
1
2
3
4
5
Research issues:
Can Mobile IP replace roaming
Security issues
Performance issues
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WIRELESS NETWORKS
Different type of wireless networks support mobile computingapplications and platforms
Wireless Personal Area Networks (Bluetooth, Sensors, UWB, Zigbees)
Wireless LANs (802.11 family) Fixed Wireless Local loops
Cellular networks ± 1G to 5G
Satellite systems
Many Research Issues: short list Lower level issues (e.g., signaling, error correction, smart antennas)
Mobile Adhoc Networks
Voice over 802.11
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Wireless Networks
Satellite
Systems
Cellular
Networks
Wireless LANs
Example1:
GSM, 9.6 Kbps,
wide coverage
Example2:3G, 2 Mbps,
wide coverage
Example1:
802.11b
11 Mbps,
100 Meters
Other
examples:
802.11g,
HiperLAN2
Wireless WANs
Personal
Area
Networks
Business
LANs
Example1:
Bluetooth
1 Mbps,
10 Meters
Other examples:
wireless sensor
networks, UWB
Example1:
Motorola
Iridium
up to 64 Mbps
globally
Example 2:
Deep space
communication
Wireless
Local Loops
(Fixed Wireless)
Wireless MANs
Example1:
LMDS
37 Mbps,
2-4 Km
Example2:
FSO
1.25 Gbps
1-2 KM
Paging
Networks
Example1:
FLEX,
1.2 Kbps
Example2:
ReFLEX,
6.4Kbps
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Research and Development issues unique to wireless
Frequency allocation (efficient frequency utilization)
Multiple Access (CDMA vs TDMA)
Location services (Data rate versus speed of mobile devices)
Error correction (e.g., Turbo codes)
Signalling and encoding (PCM versus Delta code modulation)
Antenna design (smart antennas)
Local Area Networks (LANs) Metropolitan Area Networks
(MANs)
Wide Area Networks (WANs)
Wired Wired LANs
Ethernet (10-100 Mbps, 150 to500 meters)
Token Ring (4 -16 Mbps, 200 to500 meters)
Wired MANs
FDDI (100 Mbps, 50 Kilometers)
Wired WANs
ATM (44 Mbps to 140 Mbps)
Frame Relay (44 Mbps)
Wireless Wireless LANs
Bluetooth (1 Mbps, 10 meters)
IEEE 802.11 LANs (2-11 Mbps,100 meters)
Wireless MANs
wireless local loops (10 Mbps,100 Kilometers)
Wireless WANs
Current GSM systems at9.6Kbps, future 3G systems at 2
Mbps
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Wireless PANs: Home Networking
Wireless LAN2
(Master/slave)
First Floor
= Wireless Adapter
Wireless connection
Wireless connection
Second Floor
Printer
Baby
Monitor
TV
Phone
Laptop
Laptop
xDSL, cable,
ISDN, or other
Main PC
Internet
Gateway
Players:
Bluetooth
Sensor networks
UWB802.11
Zigbees
HomeR/F (dead
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Bluetooth
Cellular
Network
PSTN
Access
Point
Wired
LANBluetooth Piconet
(1 Mbps, 10 meters, mobile adhoc network)
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Wireless Sensor Networks
Network of Tiny
Sensors
Network of
Tiny
Sensors
Network of
Powerful
Sensors
Powerful
server
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802.11 Family LANs
Wireless LANCell
Wireless LANCell
Wireless LANCell
CentrexRouter
Link to
Public Ethernet
T1
or
DSL
X
Y Z
LAN Server
Wired Ethernet LAN
X, Y, Z are
access points
for the wireless
Ethernet LANs
AB
C D
A, B, C, D are
student laptops
11a, 11b, 11g
11n
11i ± security
11e ± QoS
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Inter-Exchange
Switch
Telephone
LAN
PBX, TV
Wireless
Local Loop
Offerings
(MMDS, LMDS)
Toll
Connecting
Trunks
Inter-Exchange
Switch
Local
Control
Office
Telephone
Wired
Local
Loop
Toll
Connecting
Trunks
Intertoll
Trunks
Wireless Local Loops
Narrowband ±telephony services
Broadband ±high-speed data service
Interesting
applications
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Cellular Networks
Public
Switched
Telephone
Network (PSTN)
Mobile
Telephone
Switching
Center (MTSC)
Base Transceiver Station (BTS)Mobile User
Cell 1
Cell 2
Cordless connection
Wired connection
HLR VLR
HLR = Home Location Register
VLR = Visitor Location Register
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Evolution: 1G to 5G
1G(<1Kbps)
1 Kbps
10 Kbps
100 Kbps
2 Mbps
1 Mbps
Data Rates
1980 1990 2000 2010
2G
(9.6Kbps)
2.5G(10-150Kbps)
3G
(144Kbps to 2Mbps)
Years
4-5G
(10 Mbps+)
Research Issues
Mobility vs data rate
error correction Intelligent Antennas
Intelligent radio
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Satellite Communications
Uplink Downlink
GEO= 35,000 km, 250 ms delayLEO = 4,000 km, 20 ms delay
MEO = 10,000 km, 50 ms delay
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Research Issue:Deep Space Networking
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Other issues
Integration
Security
Management and support
Regulations and standards
Wireless Business and
Industry
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Integration ± Vision
Content
Provider
WebContent
Enterpris
eDatabases
Office
LAN
(802.11)
Home
LAN
(802.11)
Home
LAN(Bluetooth)
Cellular
Cell(GSM, GPRS)
Hotspot
LAN
(802.11)
Content
Provider Web
Content
Enterpris
eDatabases
Content
Provider
Cellular
Cell
(3G)
Wireless
and Wired
WAN
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Integration Framework
M-Business and
Mobile Applications (SMS, MMS,
Voice, M-commerce)
M-Business and
Mobile Applications (SMS, MMS,
Voice, M-commerce)
Wireless Communication Networks
(WLANs, Cellular, WLLs, Satellites)
Wireless Communication Networks
(WLANs, Cellular, WLLs, Satellites)
Mobile Computing Platforms
- Wireless Middleware (WAP, I-Mode, J2ME)- Mobile Platform Services (Mobile OS, Utilities)
Wireless Internet
and Mobile IP
Network
interfaces
Handoffs
Multirate
cards
Roaming
Support through
Mobile IP
Shield the app.
developers from
the network
heterogeneities
Provide consistent
user interfaces for
seamless operations.
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Vertical Versus Horizontal Integrations
App1
Platform1
Network1 Integrated Physical Network
App1
Platform1
a). Total Vertical Integration b). Horizontal Integrationat Network Level
App 2
Platform2
Network2
App2
Platform2
App1
Network1
c). Horizontal Integration
at Platform Level
App 2
Network2
Integrated Platform + IP Platform1
Network1
Platform2
Network2
Integrated Applications
d). Horizontal Integration
at Application Level
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Wireless Security ± The Big Picture
Security
Solutions
External Factors
Intruder/attacker/assault ThreatsPrivacy and confidentialty laws
Consumer/customer attitudes
Organizational Requirements
Survivability and Tolerance
Requirements
QoS RequiremenstsBudgettary and policy restrictions
IT Assets
Applications and automated servicesDatabases, files
Computing platforms
Middleware (e.g., web servers)
Networks (hardware, routing software
Latest Security Technologies
Cryptographic techniques
Managing digital certificates and PKISecure payment systems
Significant research developments
Physical Assets
Humans
Buildings
Other corporate assets
(e.g., planes, trains, andautomobiles)
Unique issues:
- medium
- mobility
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User View (PIA4)Privacy
assure privacy of information (i.e., no one other than the authorized people
can see the information) in storage or transmissionIntegrity
the integrity of information (i.e., no unauthorized modification)
Authentication:
identify for certain who is communicating with you
Authorization (Access control):
determine what access rights that person has).
Accountability (Auditing): .
assure that you can tell who did what when and convince yourself that thesystem keeps its security promises.
Includes non-repudiation (NR) -- the ability to provide proof of the origin or delivery of data.
NR protects the sender against a false denial by the recipient that the datahas been received. Also protects the recipient against false denial by thesender that the data has been sent..
a receiver cannot say that he/she never received the data or the sender cannot say that he/she never sent any data
Availability: access to system when a user needs it
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Sample Wireless Security Technologies
Applications
Middleware
Wireless
Link
802.11 security (WEP)
Cellular network security
Satellite link security
WLL and cordless link security
SSL and TLS
WAP security (WTLS)
Web security (HTTPS, PICS, HTTP Headers)
Proxy server security
SET for transaction security
S/MIME and PGP for secure email
Java security (sandboxes)
Database security
TCP/IPIPSEC and wirless VPN
Mobile IP
Can use
higher level
services to
compensate
for lower layers
Tradeoffs in
performance
and security
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Wireless Security Example
Wireless LAN
Cell
Wireless LAN
Cell
Wireless LAN
Cell
Centrex
Router
and
Firewall
Link to
Public Internet
T1
or
DSL
X
Y Z
LAN Server
Fast Ethernet
LAN(Backbone)
1. No physical net security(server ID/PW)
2. No physical net security
(server ID/PW + encryption)
3. Physical net security at APs
(optional
server ID/PW + encryption)
AB
C D
Wired Ethernet
LAN
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Wireless Management and Business
STRATEGIC PLANNING Business Strategy Analysis
Analyzing Business Processes and Business Workflows
Mobile Application Identification and Selection.
CAPABILITY EVALUATIONWireless Infrastructure Planning
Capacity Planning & Traffic Engineering
Resource and Cost Estimation
DEVELOPMENT AND DEPLOYMENT
Mobile application development
Wireless infrastructure development
yOutsourcing the Wireless Infrastructure
MONITORING AND CONTROL
Wireless fault and
performance management
Wireless Security and
configuration management
ORGANIZING/STAFFING
. Mobile Virtual Teams
. Mobile Real-time Enterprises
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Wireless Value Chain
Wireless
Network
Operators
Wireless
Network
Element
Providers
Middleware/
Gateway
Providers
Content
Providers/
Aggregators
Mobile
Application
Providers
Mobile
Device
Builders
Enterpris
Wireless
Users
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Reference
Model
1. Physical
2. Data Layer
3. Network
4. Transport
5. Session
6. Presentation
7. Application
Call
Switching
(Cellular networks,
Wireless LANs,
Satellites,
Wireless Local Loops)
PSTN
Routing
Wireless
Telephone
Business
IP Data
Network
Routing
Wireless
Management
Business
Wireless
Consulting
Business
Wireless
Telephony
Applications
and
Services
Physical Network Elements
Wireless
Network Management
Wireless
Application
and
Platform
Management
Wireless Network
Consulting
and
Engineering
Services
Systems
Consulting
Applications
(e.g., SMS,
email,
Wireless Web,
Mobile EC/EB)
Wireless Data
Network
Business