1

Cu hi 1: nh ngha tn x trong tng tc bc x mt tri v kh quyn. c im ca tn x Rayleigh v tn x Mie. Tr li:

nh ngha tn x : L hin tng i hng ca nng lng in t gy ra bi cc ht l lng trong kh quyn hay cc phn t gas kh quyn. Tn x xy ra nhiu hay t ph thuc kch thc ca cc ht trn, mt ht, bc sng bc x, su kh quyn m nng lng i xuyn qua. Do tn x m mt phn chm tia bc x mt tri hng tr li khng gian, mt phn hng ti b mt tri t. Tn x Rayleigh : Cui nhng nm 1890, nh khoa hc Anh Rayleigh cho rng trong kh quyn ch c cc kh gas, tn x nh sng cng tng mnh ng vi cc bc sng cng ngn. Tn x Rayleigh xy ra khi cc ht kh quyn c ng knh nh hn nhiu so vi bc sng ca bc x. Cc ht c th l cc ht bi rt nh, mt s phn t kh gas ln hn nh Ni-t, -xy. Tn x Rayleigh xy ra ch yu trong kh quyn, cao ln n 9-10Km. Tn x Rayleigh ph thuc bc sng.

V d: mu xanh da tri (blue) b tn x nhiu gp 4 ln mu , nh sng cc tm tn x gp 16 ln mu . Tn x Rayleigh chnh l l do bu tri ban ngy c mu xanh v chuyn sang mu sng v cam lc hong hn. Bui tra, khi mt tri ln cao, tia mt tri i qua kh quyn theo ng ngn v trc tip nht v khi quan st t mt t ch yu nh sng mu xanh i hng do tn x Rayleigh.

Tn x Rayleigh. Tn x l cao hn nhiu nhng bc sng ngn hn.

2

Khi mt tri xung thp, nh sng i kh quyn theo ng di hn v ch nhng bc sng di mi c th i qua ng di hn m khng b suy gim bi tn x. Do vy t mt t ta ch thy cc thnh phn mu ca tia mt tri. Tn x Mie (Mie scattering): l tn x gy bi cc ht kh quyn ln hn nh bi, phn hoa, khi v git nc. Cc ht ny dng nh rt nh so vi quan st ca con ngi nhng thc ra li ln hn nhiu ln cc ht gy tn x Rayleigh. ng knh ca cc ht gy tn x Mie tng ng bc sng ca bc x b tn x. Tn x Mie cng ph thuc bc sng v nh hng ti mt di rng cc bc sng trong v gn di nh sng nhn thy. Khi phn tch tn x Mie cn xem xt c kch thc, hnh dng v c thnh phn ca cc ht. Tn x Mie xy ra ch yu vng thp ca kh quyn ( cao 0 - 5Km) ni tp trung cc ht kh quyn ln hn.

3

Cu hi 2: Trnh by khi nim phn gii khng gian trong vin thm vi ba. Gii thch v sao phn gii khng gian ph thuc rng hiu dng ca xung dc theo ng xin v rng bp sng theo hng azimuth. Tr li:

phn di khng gian: L hm ca mt s tnh cht c trng ca bc x vi ba v tc ng hnh hc. V d: Khi s dng RAR (Real Aperture Radar), tng xung n l c truyn i v tn hiu phn x c thu to nh. Nh vy, phn gii ph thuc rng hiu dng ca xung dc theo ng xin v rng bp sng theo hng azimuth. phn gii ngang tuyn (across-track) ph thuc v rng xung P. Hai mc tiu s c phn bit nu chng cch nhau cch nhau hn mt na rng xung theo hng b rng di. phn gii ng xin l hng s, nhng khi c chiu ln mt t, phn gii mt t li ph thuc gc ti. Trong trng hp ny, range cng tng th phn gii mt t cng gim.

phn gii dc tuyn (along-track) c xc nh bi rng bp sng bc x vi ba v khong cch ng xin. rng bp sng (A) chnh l n v o rng ca hnh mu chiu ri (inumination pattern). Khong cch chiu ri cng xa sensor th phn gii dc tuyn cng tng. Nh minh ha trn hnh, mc tiu 1 v 2 c th c phn bit trong khi mc tiu 3 v 4 cch xa hn nn khng th phn bit c.

4

rng bp sng t l nghch vi di/kch thc ngten v cng lin quan n gc m (aperture). ng-ten cng di th to ra bp sng cng hp v phn gii s tt hn. C th t c phn gii tt hn nu thu hp rng xung. phn gii dc tuyn s tt hn nu tng kch thc ng-ten. Tuy nhin kch thc ng-ten b gii hn (1-2m vi ng-ten airborne, 10-15m cho ng-ten trn v tinh)

5

Cu hi 3: Nu v gii thch nh hng ca tn x trong vin thm. Tr li:

Cc thit b vin thm thng loi tr cc bc x bc sng ngn nh xanh (blue) v cc tm s dng b lc hay gim nhy cht cm quang ca film di bc sng ny. Tn x lm cho cc bc x t bn ngoi i vo vng m ca cm bin dn n l gim chi tit nh c ghi li. Tn x lm cho cc vt th ti tr nn sng hn v kt qu l vt sng b ti i hay ni cch khc l lm gim tng phn m cm bin ghi li. Nu coi nh tt th hin bng di tng phn th tn x lm gim cht lng nh. Theo Kaufman (1984), nh hng ca tn x mt bng ph no l tng ca cc thnh phn. Trong :

I: bc x c quan st ti cm bin IS: bc x phn x t b mt tri t IO: bc x mt tri b tn x v ti trc tip cm bin trc khi ti mt t ID: bc x khuch tn IS: thay i ty theo b mt v vt liu, dc a hnh, hng quan st, gc chiu x. IO: thng c coi l hng s trn mt vng rng ID: nh so vi cc yu t khc nhng thay i gia cc khu vc khc nhau v kh c lng. V d trong trng hp c bit nh khi trong bng rm, b mt khng nhn nh sng trc tip t tia mt tri th coi IS=0, nhng bng rm c sng ca chnh n l ID v mu ph ca vng (c c t s thay i ca khu vc c bc x khuch tn). Vin thm xem xt IS trn cc bc sng khc nhau thu thp thng tin v b mt tri t.

6

Cu hi 4: nh ngha hp th trong tng tc bc x mt tri v kh quyn. Nu v d v cc loi kh gas hp th mnh nht bc x mt tri. Tr li:

Hp th (Absorption) - Hp th bc x xy ra khi kh quyn ngn cn s truyn dn bc x, lm tn hao

nng lng ca n khi i qua kh quyn. - Ba loi kh gas hp thu nhiu nht bc x mt tri l:

o Ozone (O3): c to bi tng tc gia bc x cc tm mnh v phn t -xi, tp trung nhiu cao 20-30Km, hp th phn nng lng cao, bc sng ngn ca ph cc tm.

o Carbo dioxide (CO2): xut hin vng thp ca kh quyn, chim khong 0,03% dung lng kh quyn kh, phn b thay i theo vng (ni la phun tro hay hot ng ca con ngi), quan trng i vi vin thm v n hp th mt cch hiu qu bc x vng hng ngoi gia v hng ngoi xa, di hp th mnh l t 13 - 17.5 m.

o Hi nc (H2O): thng xut hin vng thp ca kh quyn (di 100Km), dung lng thay i t 0 n 3%, tp trung ca hi nc thay i theo thi gian ln khng gian, di hp th mnh l 5.5 - 7.0 m v > 27 m.

7

Cu hi 5: Ca s kh quyn l g v ngha ca n trong vin thm. Tr li: , ,

Ca s kh quyn: Kh quyn tri t khng trong sut vi bc x in t bi c kh gas v mt vi dng cn tr khc. Tuy nhin mt s bc sng nht nh vic truyn dn bc x in t tng i d c gi l ca s kh quyn.

- V tr, s m rng ca ca s kh quyn c nh ngha bi s hp th ph ca cc kh gas kh quyn.

- Ca s kh quyn l quan trng trong vin thm bi n nh ngha di bc sng c th s dng to ra nh vin thm. Cc di bc sng khng nm trong ca s thng b suy hao nhiu trong kh quyn v khng hiu qu nu dng trong vin thm.

- vng hng ngoi xa, 2 ca s quan trng l di m t 3.5 - 4.1^m v t 10.5 - 12.5^m. Di bc sng th hai l c bit quan trng trong vin thm bi n tng ng vi mc nh pht bc x t b mt tri t.

- Ngoi ra cc di trong bng di y cng c s dng TABLE 2.4. Major Atmospheric Windows Ultraviolet and visible 0.30-0.75 m 0.77-0.91 mNear inrared 1.55-1.75 m 2.05-2.4 mThermal inrared 8.0-9.2 m 10.2-12.4 mMicrowave 7.5-11.5 mm 20.0+ mm

FAR INFRARED

NEAR INFRAREDVIS1BLE

Fair INFRARED

Figure 2.11 Atmoshperic windows. This is a schematic representation that can depict only few of the most important windows. The shaded region represent absorption of electronmagnetic radiation. Ca s Atmoshperic. y l mt i din s m c th miu t ch s ca cc ca s quan trng nht. Cc khu vc bng m i din cho s hp th bc x electronmagnetic

8

Cu hi 6 : Trnh by v mo dng nh radar trong vin thm vi ba. Nguyn nhn v nh hng ca cc hiu ng mo dng nh. Tr li: Vi mi h thng vin thm, hnh hc quan st ca radar tt yu dn n mo dng hnh hc trn nh vin thm thu c. Tuy nhin, s khc bit th hin r vi radar nh v radar ch o khong cch. Mo t l ng xin theo range (slant-range) xy ra vi radar thin v o khong cch ng xin hn l o khong cch b ngang thc trn mt t. Nh vy, t l nh thay i theo range t gn ti xa. V d: Mc tiu A1 v B1 cng kch thc trn mt t nhng khc nhau trn ng xin range (A2 v B2).Nh vy mc tiu range gn b nn so vi mc tiu range xa. Hiu ng foreshortening: xy ra khi bp sng radar chiu ti vt th cao, c mt nghing v pha radar, bp sng chm ti chn trc khi chm nh. V d: on nghing AB b nn li v c th hin sai lch bng on AB. Hiu ng foreshortening cc i xy ra khi mt nghing hng trc din radar (on CD), lc ny di hiu dng ca CD bng 0.

Hiu ng che ph (layover): xy ra khi bp sng radar chiu ti vt th cao, bp sng chm ti nh (B) trc khi chm chn (A). Nh vy, phn nh s gn hn v pha radar so vi phn chn v che ph phn chn. Trn nh radar, hiu ng layover trng rt ging vi foreshortening.

CCRSICCT

9

Hiu ng layover thng xy ra vi gc ti nh, pha range gn ca vt chiu ri, xy ra khi to nh vng i ni dc. C hiu ng foreshortening v layover u dn n bng radar (shadow). Bng radar xy ra khi bp sng radar khng th chiu ri phn mt t v pha range xa do b che khut bi vt th ng chn.

10

Cu hi 7: Nu mt s yu t trong vic kt hp bng hin th nh hiu qu. Tr li:

Hin th hiu qu nh l quan trng trong vin thm. Kt hp bng (band combination) l thut ng trong vin thm lin quan n vic gn mu biu din sng ca cc vng ph khc nhau. Vi nh a ph, do mt ngi ch nhy cc mu c bn v phn bit c sng ca cc mu ny v k c mu trn ca cc mu c bn. Trong trng hp bng ngoi vng nh sng nhn thy, vic chn mu v nguyn tc c th l bt k nhng cn ch ti mc ch. Bc x blue d dng b tn x lm gim cht lng nh vin thm. c c nh r v nt hn, mt s thit b c th c thit k ch bt cc bc x trong vng green, red v hng ngoi gn.Cc ng dng s dng nh hng khng ton ph, v d nh chp nh vng th, thng tin mu sc khng quan trng lm nhng chi tit khng gian quan trng hn nhiu.

Hy m t kiu kt hp bng, d on mu sc ca cc c im c bn v ng dng ca m hnh. Tr li:

- Kiu kt hp bng 541: s dng bng blue v hng ngoi gia cng vi 1 bng hng ngoi gn.

- Vng nc trong v su c mu rt ti, vng nc nng v c c mu xanh nht, cy ci ti c mu , nu v cam, t trng c mu xanh green v nu, vng th c mu trng, xanh lam v xm.

- ng dng trong qun l s dng t

Cu hi 8 : Cho m hnh kt hp bng nh trong hnh di y:

11

Hy m t kiu kt hp bng, d on mu sc ca cc c im c bn v ng dng ca m hnh. Tr li:

Kiu kt hp bng 742: S dng 1 vng ca cc ph nh sng nhn thy, hng ngoi gn v hng ngoi gia, miu t cnh s dng m hnh mu sai nhng theo cch th hin mu t nhin. V d: cy ci ti c mu xanh green nht, t kh mu hng, vng cy kh hay tha tht c mu cam hoc nu, mt nc mu xanh blue.

ng dng ca kiu kt hp ny thng l phn tch a l sa mc, t b mt, t m t, nng nghip, rng v kim sot chy rng.

Cu hi 9 : Cho m hnh kt hp bng nh trong hnh di y:

12

Cu hi 10: Gii thch khi nim tnh cht ph ca vt th. Tr li:

Tnh cht ph ca vt th - Vin thm bao gm tm hiu bc x c pht hay phn x t cc c im ca b mt tri

t. Loi bc x pht do bn thn vt th pht ra (hng ngoi xa), hay bc x phn x vi ngun l mt tri hay kh quyn (do tn x ca bc x mt tri) hay bc x nhn to.

- iu cn bn ca vin thm l con ngi c th hiu thm v vt th hay cc c im ca b mt tri t bng cch nghin cu bc x pht hay phn x bi cc c im .

- S dng camera hay cc thit b vin thm khc, ta c th quan st sng ca vt th trong c mt di bc sng, do vy c nhiu im so snh sng gia cc vt th phn bit.

- Mt b cc php o to nn mu p ng ph hay cn goi du hiu ph ca vt th.

- Mt cch l tng, bit r v mu p ng ph cho php xc nh cc c im cn quan tm nh l cc loi ma mng, rng hay khong sn.

- Pht biu ca Parker v Wolff (1965): Tt c mi vt u c ring phn b ca bc x phn x, pht v hp th ca n. Cc c tnh ph c th - nu c khai thc trit - c dng phn bit ci ny vi ci khc hay c c thng tin v hnh dng, kich thc v cc c tnh ha l khc.

- Pht biu trn din gii khi nim v du hiu ph.

MOOCNT

THANSMlTTt 0 FIGURE 2.20. Spectral response curves for vegetation and water. These curves show the contrasting relationshipsbetvveen hrightness (vertical axis) and wavelength (horixontal axis) for two common suracesliving vegetation and open water. The sketches represent sche- matic views of a cross-secton of a living leaf (left) and a pond vvith clear, calm water (right). The large arrows represent incident radiation from the Sun, the small lateral arrows repre-sent ahsorhed radiation, the downward arrows represent transmitted energy, and the upvvard arrows represent energydirected upward to the sensor (known as relectance) that form the spectral response patterns illustrated at the topof the diagram. Fuller discussions of hoth topics are presented in later chapters. ng cong phn ng quang ph cho thm thc vt v nc

13

- Lu rng mi c im hin th mt p ng ph duy nht. iu ny cho php xc nh r thng tin v ma mng, t, ..., ch t thng tin ph v cng c th t cc nh vin thm

- Thc t l ph ca cc c im thay i theo c thi gian v khong cch. - Trong vin thm, tm hiu c tnh ph ca mt vt th l rt quan trng. Mt s

nghin cu tp trung xem xt c tnh ph ca cc lp c im khc nhau. Vy mc d c th gp kh khn trong vic nh ngha du hiu ph, v d, ca mt lp cy no v t phn bit c vng c cy ci v khng cy ci, hay trong mt vi trng hp ta c th pht hin cy ci c bnh.

Cu hi 11: Thi gian trong ngy nh hng th no n vic t chc k hoch bay chp nh hng khng. Tr li:

- iu quan trng trong vic xc nh nh hngca thi gian trong vic t chc k hoch bay thu thp hnh nh tt cn phi xem xt hng bay tng i so vi mt tri, gc chiu so vi hng bay. Cc yu t nh chi phn x t b mt, nh hng ca khi bi ty theo thi gian trong ngy cng nh hng n k hoch bay. Nhng hnh nh c s khc nhau ty theo thi gian chp trong ngy do nh hng ca hng chiu mt tri.

- V d: cy rng l vo ma ng v xanh t vo ma xun, ma h, hoc la c biu hin khc nhau theo thi v. V vy khi chp nh cn bit r thi v, thi im ghi nhn nh v c im ca i tng cn chp.

- V vy, thi gian trong ngy nh hng quan trong n vic lp k hoch bay.

14

Cu hi 12: Nu u nhc im ca chp nh trn cao. Tr li:

u im: - nh hng khng xin c u im l cho thy nh ca mt vng rt rng ln. D

dng nhn ra rng cc c im nh nh cao tng hay nh ni hin ra r nt tin cnh.

- nh hng khng ng c camera chp trc tip mt t t trn cao. Cho d cc vt th v c im trng c v l ging nh bn v c nhn theo phng ng nhng thc ra li c nhiu c tnh hnh hc c th hin v c mt s u im.

Nhc im: - nh hng khng xin khng c dng cho mc ch c tnh phn tch bi t l

thay i rt nhiu gia tin cnh v hu cnh cn tr vic o c khong cch, din tch.

- Mo quang (optical distortions): li gy bi thu knh cp thp, camera hng hay cc vn tng t.

- nghing (tilt) gy bi tiu din b lch so vi mt phng ngang do di chuyn ca my bay. Tiu im nghing nm ti hay gn im gc. Phn nh pha trn tiu im nghing xa mt t hn isocenter nn c th hin vi t l nh hn t l danh nh v ngc li vi phn nh pha di.

- Do phn ln nh u c nghing vi nn cn ch trnh sai st khi o c kch thc da vo nh chp.

15

Cu hi 13: Gii thch v sao vin thm quan st qun tnh nhit c th gip m t cc vt liu b mt v tnh cht ca n. Tr li:

- Qun tnh nhit o xu hng ca mt cht chng li s thay i nhit , hoc chnh xc hn, t l truyn nhit ch tip xc gia hai cht.

- Trong vin thm, qun tnh nhit ch ra kh nng ca mt b mt gi nhit vo ban ngy v ti bc x n vo ban m, do vic bo hiu bn cht ca s thay i tnh cht nhit ca a hnh khu vc.

- Qun tnh nhit ca b mt c th (c l su vi cm) s c xc nh bng cc c tnh vt l ca n, bao gm c khong vt, kch thc ht, nh gn v s ha ca ht khong cht, v s hin din v chiu su ca b mt vt liu b ri, nh ct, bi , v trm tch lng khc.

- Nh vy thc hin vin thm trong bi cnh ca qun tnh nhit quan st cnh quan trong chu k hng ngy ca gia nhit v lm mt

- Mc d mt bc nh nhit duy nht ch cung cp mt nh chp ring bit ca nhit tng i nhng mt cp nh chp nhit c nh thi cn thn cho php quan st nhng thay i nhit gia nhit cao nht v mt nht trong ngy, v do cung cp mt c hi quan st s khc bit v tnh cht nhit ca vt liu trn b mt Tri t.

- Nhit ca vt liu c qun tnh nhit thp thay i ng k trong cc chu k gia nhit - lm mt hng ngy, trong khi nhit ca vt liu vi qun tnh nhit cao s p ng chm hn.

- Qun tnh nhit c trng cho kh nng ca vt liu dn v gi nhit v do kh nng gi nhit trong ngy, sau ti bc x n vo ban m.

- Trong vin thm, qun tnh nhit i din cho mt hn hp phc tp ca cc yu t nh kch thc ht, che ph t, m, nn, v cc c im a hnh c lin quan.

- Qun tnh nhit tng i i khi c th xp x bng cch nh gi bin ca ng cong nhit ban ngy (tc l, s khc bit hng ngy gia nhit b mt ti a v ti thiu).

- nh gi s khc bit trong qun tnh nhit ca vt liu b mt Tri t, trong bi cnh ca cc c im khc, c th gip m t cc vt liu b mt v tnh cht ca n.

16

Cu hi 14: Trong thit k v hot ng ca h thng vin thm thu nh nhit, nu ngha ca nhy v t s tn hiu tp m SNR. Tr li:

- nhy ca b d l mt bin quan trng trong thit k v hot ng ca h thng.

- nhy thp ngha l ch nhng khc bit ln ca sng mi c ghi li (hay, phn gii ph th) v cc chi tit tt trong cnh b mt.

- nhy cao ngha l nhng khc bit tt hn ca sng trong cnh c ghi li (hay, phn gii ph tt)

- T s tn hiu tp m SNR (signal-to-noise ratio) gii thch khi nim ny. - Tn hiu y lin quan n s khc bit sng trong nh gy ra bi bin

thin sng ca cnh. - Tp m s bin thin khng lin quan n sng ca cnh. S bin thin ny

c th l kt qu ca s bin thin khng bit trc ca hiu nng h thng, hay cng c th l do cc yu t ngu nhin do cnh hay kh quyn.

- Nu tp m l ln so vi tn hiu, nh khng cung cp s th hin tin cy ca cc c im cn xem xt. R rng l mc nhiu cao s dn n khng th hin r cc c im.

- Cho d mc nhiu l thp th vn cn mc tng phn ti thiu gia mt c im no v nn (ging nh mc bin ti thiu ca tn hiu) c im c hin ln trong nh.

- Cng cn lu rng tng phn gii khng gian ngha l gim nng lng n b d, i km vi hiu ng gim mnh tn hiu.

- Nh vy, nu mc nhiu ca b d khng i trong khi mc bc x n gim. Do tng phn gii khng gian th cng c ngha l gim phn gii ph.

17

Cu hi 15: Nu 4 nhim v ca quy trnh gii on nh gm phn loi, lit k, o c v phc ha. Tr li:

- Ngi gii on nh phi thc hin theo quy trnh mt vi nhim v, trong c th cc nhim v c tch hp thnh mt qu trnh.

- Phn loi (dass/ication): l vic gn cc i tng, cc c im hay khu vc vo cc lp da vo th hin ca n trong nh. Thng thng, c 3 mc v tnh chc chn v chnh xc phn bit:

o Pht hin (detection): c hay khng s xut hin ca mt c im no trong nh.

o Nhn dng (recognition): hiu bit mc cao hn v c im hay i tng, c th gn nt c trng ca i tng vo mt lp no .

o nh danh (identification): nt c trng ca i tng hay c im c t mt cch chc chn v chi tit vo mt lp xc nh.

- Lit k (enumeration): l vic lit k v m cc thnh phn ri rc c th nhn thy trong nh v sau cc con s ny c dng nh s liu ca vng . R rng l kh nng thc hin vic lit k ph thuc vo chnh xc ca nh danh v phn loi cp trn.

- o c (measurement): l chc nng quan trng ca cc vn gii on nh. Hai php o chnh v quan trng l:

o o khong cch v cao, m rng ra l o th tch v din tch. V d: photogrametry l ng dng hnh hc nh c c cc khong cch chnh xc.

o nh gi nh lng sng ca nh (photometry): o mnh yu ca nh sng bng cch c lng sng ca cnh thng qua vic xem xt tng (tone) ca nh, s dng thit b o mt (densitometer). Nu bc x c o nm ngoi di nh sng nhn thy th thit b c gi l radiometry.

o Radiometry vphotometry l tng t nhau v thit b v nguyn tc. - Phc ha (delineation): cui cng ngi gii on phi phc ha ng bao cc

vng m h quan st trn nh vin thm. Ngi gii on cng phi c th phn tch cc khu vc n v, l cc khu vc c c trng bi tone v cht liu v c ranh gii xc nh. V d: ranh gii gia cc lp rng hay s dng t.

- Ngi gii on nh thng phi ng thi s dng kt hp cc k nng c nh. - Mt s trng hp cn nhng k nng c bit gii on cc vn ring.

18

Cu hi 1: nh ngha tn x trong tng tc bc x mt tri v kh quyn. c im ca tn x Rayleigh v tn x Mie. P 1-2 Cu hi 2: Trnh by khi nim phn gii khng gian trong vin thm vi ba. Gii thch v sao phn gii khng gian ph thuc rng hiu dng ca xung dc theo ng xin v rng bp sng theo hng azimuth. P 3-4 Cu hi 3: Nu v gii thch nh hng ca tn x trong vin thm. P 5 Cu hi 4: nh ngha hp th trong tng tc bc x mt tri v kh quyn. Nu v d v cc loi kh gas hp th mnh nht bc x mt tri. P 6 Cu hi 5: Ca s kh quyn l g v ngha ca n trong vin thm. P 7 Cu hi 6 : Trnh by v mo dng nh radar trong vin thm vi ba. Nguyn nhn v nh hng ca cc hiu ng mo dng nh. P 8-9 Cu hi 7: Nu mt s yu t trong vic kt hp bng hin th nh hiu qu. P 10 Cu hi 8 : Cho m hnh kt hp bng nh trong hnh di y (1-5): P10 Cu hi 9 : Cho m hnh kt hp bng nh trong hnh di y (1-4,7): P11 Cu hi 10: Gii thch khi nim tnh cht ph ca vt th. P12-13 Cu hi 11: Thi gian trong ngy nh hng th no n vic t chc k hoch bay chp nh hng khng. P 13 Cu hi 12: Nu u nhc im ca chp nh trn cao. P 14 Cu hi 13: Gii thch v sao vin thm quan st qun tnh nhit c th gip m t cc vt liu b mt v tnh cht ca n. P15 Cu hi 14: Trong thit k v hot ng ca h thng vin thm thu nh nhit, nu ngha ca nhy v t s tn hiu tp m SNR. P16 Cu hi 15: Nu 4 nhim v ca quy trnh gii on nh gm phn loi, lit k, o c v phc ha. P17 1)1-2 2)3 3)5 4)6 5)7 6)8-9 7)10 8)10 9)11 10)12-13 11)13 12)14 13)15 14)16 15)17