Upload
hadang
View
227
Download
6
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
باالنجليزية تاريخية مراجع
Bibliography of Saudi Arabia
Adams, Michael. The Middle East. New York: Facts on
File, 1987.
"Ahmad b. Muhammad b. Hanbal." Pages 20-21 in H.A.R. Gibb and
J.H. Kramers (eds.), Shorter Encyclopaedia of
Islam. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1953.
Al-Farsy, Fouad. Saudi Arabia: A Case Study in
Development. London: Kegan Paul International, 1982.
Almana, Mohammed. Arabia Unified: A Portrait of Ibn
Saud. London: Hutchinson-Benham, 1980.
Al-Rashid, Ibrahim. Documents on the History of Saudi
Arabia. (3 vols.) Salisbury, North Carolina:
Documentary Publications, 1976.
Anthony, John Duke. "The Gulf Cooperation Council," Journal
of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies, 5, No. 4,
Summer 1982, 3-18.
Arjomand, Said. The Shadow of God and the Hidden Imam.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984.
Ayoob, Mohammed (ed.). The Politics of Islamic
Reassertion. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1981.
Bartel, G. Geschichte der Araber. Berlin: Akademie,
1983.
Beaumont, Peter, G.H. Blake, and J.M. Wagstaff. The Middle
East: A Geographical Study. New York: Wiley, 1976.
Beling, Willard A. (ed.). King Faisal and the Modernisation
of Saudi Arabia. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press,
1980.
Berque, Jacques. The Arabs. (Trans., Jean Stewart.) New
York: Praeger, 1964.
Bidwell, Robin. Travellers in Arabia. London: Hamlyn,
1976.
Birks, J.S., and C.A. Sinclair. Arab Manpower: The Crisis of
Development. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1980.
Bloomfield, Lincoln P., Jr. "Saudi Arabia Faces the 1980s: Saudi
Security Problems and American Interests," Fletcher
Forum, Summer 1981, 243-77.
Bosworth, C. Edmund. "The Nomenclature of the Persian Gulf."
Pages xvii-xxxvi in Alvin J. Cottrell (ed.), The Persian
Gulf States: A General Survey. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins
University Press, 1980.
Brent, Peter. Far Arabia: Explorers of the Myth. London:
Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1977.
Brown, Edward Hoaglann. The Saudi Arabia-Kuwait Neutral
Zone. Beirut: Middle East Research and Publishing
Center, 1963.
Brown, L. Carl (ed.). From Medina to Metropolis: Heritage and
Change in the Near Eastern City. Princeton: Darwin
Press, 1973.
Buchan, James. Jeddah Old and New. London: Stacey, 1980.
Chapman, Richard A. "Administrative Reform in Saudi Arabia,"
Journal of Administration Overseas [London], 13,
No. 2, April 1974, 332-47.
Cheneb, Mohammed ben. "Ibn Taimiya." Pages 151-52 in H.A.R. Gibb
and J.H. Kramers (eds.), Shorter Encyclopedia of
Islam. Ithaca: Cornell Univesity Press, 1953.
Cole, Donald Powell. "The Enmeshment of Nomads in Saudi Arabian
Society: The Case of Al Murrah." Pages 113-28 in Cynthia
Nelson (ed.), The Desert and the Sown: Nomads in the
Wider Society. (Research Series, No. 21.) Berkeley:
Institute of International Studies, University of
California, 1973.
------. Nomads of the Nomads: The Al Murrah Bedouin of the
Empty Quarter. Chicago: Aldine, 1975.
Cottrell, Alvin J. "Islam," National Defense, 68, No.
389, July-August, 1983, 36-39.
Cottrell, Alvin J. (ed.). The Persian Gulf States: A General
Survey. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press,
1980.
Crystal, Jill. Oil and Politics in the Gulf: Rulers and
Merchants in Kuwait and Qatar. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 1990.
De Gaury, Gerald. Faisal: King of Saudi Arabia. New
York: Praeger, 1966.
Dougherty, James E. "Religion and Law." Pages 281-313 in Alvin J.
Cottrell (ed.), The Persian Gulf States: A General
Survey. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press,
1980.
Doughty, Charles Montague. Travels in Arabia Deserta. (2
vols.) New York: Dover, 1979.
Edens, David G. "The Anatomy of the Saudi Revolution,"
International Journal of Middle East Studies, 5,
No. 1, January 1974, 50-64.
Eilts, Hermann F. "Social Revolution in Saudi Arabia," Pt. 1,
Parameters: The Journal of the Army War College, 1,
No. 1, Spring 1971, 4-18.
------. "Social Revolution in Saudi Arabia," Pt. 2,
Parameters: The Journal of the Army War College, 1,
No. 2, Fall 1971, 22-33.
El Mallakh, Ragaei. Saudi Arabia. Rush to Development:
Profile of an Energy Economy and Development.
Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1982.
Esposito, John L. Islam: The Straight Path. New York:
Oxford University Press, 1991.
Fisher, Sidney Nettleton. The Middle East. New York:
McGraw Hill, 1990.
Freedman, Robert O. The Middle East after the Israeli
Invasion of Lebanon. Syracuse: Syracuse University
Press, 1986.
Gibb, H.A.R. "'Arabiyya." Page 386 in H.A.R. Gibb et al. (eds.),
Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1. (2d ed.) Leiden,
Netherlands: Brill, 1960.
Gibb, H.A.R., et al. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1.
(2d ed.) Leiden, Netherlands: Brill, 1960.
------. Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2. (2d ed.), Leiden:
E.J. Brill, 1965.
Goldberg, Jacob. The Foreign Policy of Saudi Arabia.
Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1986.
------. "How Stable Is Saudi Arabia?" Washington
Quarterly, 5, No. 2, Spring 1982, 157-63.
Habib, John S. Ibn Sa'ud's Warriors of Islam: The Ikhwan of
Najd and Their Role in the Creation of the Sa'udi Kingdom,
1910-1930. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill, 1978.
Halliday, Fred. Arabia Without Sultans: A Political Survey of
Instability in the Arab World. New York: Vintage Books,
1975.
Hawley, Donald. The Trucial States. New York: Twayne,
1970.
Haykal, Mohamed Hassanein. The Life of Muhammad.
Indianapolis: American Trust, 1976.
Helms, Christine Moss. The Cohesion of Saudi Arabia:
Evolution of Political Identity. Baltimore: Johns
Hopkins University Press, 1981.
Hitti, Philip K. History of the Arabs. London:
Macmillan, 1956.
Hodgson, Marshall. The Venture of Islam. (3 vols.)
Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1974.
Holden, David, and Richard Johns. The House of Saud: The Rise
and Rule of the Most Powerful Dynasty in the Arab
World. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1981.
Holt, P.M., Ann K.S. Lambton, and Bernard Lewis (eds.). The
Cambridge History of Islam, 1: The Central Islamic
Lands. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970.
The Holy Qur'an. (Trans., Abdallah Yusuf Ali.)
Brentwood, Maryland: Amana, 1989.
Hopwood, Derek (ed.). The Arabian Peninsula: Society and
Politics. Totowa, New Jersey: Rowman and Littlefield,
1972.
Hourani, Albert. A History of the Arab Peoples. Boston:
Harvard University Press, 1991.
Howarth, David. A Desert King: Ibn Saud and His Arabia.
New York: McGraw-Hill, 1964.
Humphreys, R. Stephen. "Islam and Political Values in Saudi
Arabia, Egypt, and Syria," Middle East Journal, 33,
No. 1, Winter 1979, 1-19.
Hurgronje, C. Snouck. Mekka in the Latter Part of the 19th
Century. London: Luzac, 1931.
Kilidor, A.R. "The Arabian Peninsula in Arab and Power Politics."
Pages 145-59 in Derek Hopwood (ed.), The Arabian
Peninsula: Society and Politics. Totowa, New Jersey:
Rowman and Littlefield, 1972.
Knauerhase, Ramon. "Saudi Arabia: Fifty Years of Economic
Change," Current History, 82, No. 480, January
1983, 19-23.
Korany, Bahgat. The Foreign Policies of Arab States.
Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1984.
Koury, Envery M. The Saudi Decision-Making Body: The House of
al-Saud. Hyattsville, Maryland: Institute of Middle
Eastern and North African Affairs, 1978.
Kraft, Joseph. "Letter from Saudi Arabia," New Yorker,
July 4, 1983, 41-59.
Lacey, Robert. "How Stable Are the Saudis?" New York Times
Magazine, November 8, 1981, 35-40.
------. The Kingdom: Arabia and the House of Saud. New
York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1982.
Lancaster, William. The Rwala Bedouin Today. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 1981.
Lebkicker, Roy, George Rentz, and Max Steineke. The Arabia of
Ibn Saud. New York: Moore, 1952.
Lees, Brian. A Handbook of the Al Sau'd Ruling Family of
Saudi Arabia. London: Royal Genealogies, 1980.
Lewis, Bernard. The Arabs in History. New York: Harper
and Row, 1960.
------. Origins of Isma'ilism. Cambridge: Heffer, 1940.
Lindsey, Gene. Saudi Arabia. New York: Hippocrene Books,
1991.
Lippman, Thomas W. Islam: Politics and Religion in the Muslim
World (Headline Series, No. 258.) New York: Foreign
Policy Association, 1982.
Looney, Robert E. Saudi Arabia's Development Potential:
Application of an Islamic Growth Model. Lexington,
Massachusetts: Lexington Books, 1982.
MacDonald, Charles G. Iran, Saudi Arabia, and the Law of the
Sea: Political Interaction and Legal Development in the
Persian Gulf. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press,
1980.
MacIntyre, Ronald R. "Saudi Arabia." Pages 9-29 in Mohammed Ayoob
(ed.), The Politics of Islamic Reassertion. New
York: St. Martin's Press, 1981.
Magnus, Ralph H. "Societies and Social Change in the Persian
Gulf." Pages 369-413 in Alvin J. Cottrell (ed.), The
Persian Gulf States: A General Survey. Baltimore: Johns
Hopkins University Press, 1980.
Makdisi, George. "Ibn Taimiya: A Sufi of the Qadariya Order,"
American Journal of Arab Studies, 1, 1973, 118-29.
Malone, Joseph J. "America and the Arabian Peninsula: The First
Two Hundred Years," Middle East Journal, 30, No. 3,
Summer 1976, 406-24.
------. "Security: A Priority for Gulf Council," Journal of
Defense and Diplomacy, 1, No. 6, September 1983, 15-17.
Memon, Muhammad. Ibn Taimiya's Struggle Against Popular
Religion. The Hague: Mouton, 1976.
The Middle East and North Africa, 1991. London: Europa,
1990.
Miller, Aaron David. Search for Security: Saudi Arabian Oil
and American Foreign Policy, 1939-1949. Chapel Hill:
University of North Carolina Press, 1980.
Monroe, Elizabeth. "Faisal: The End of an Era," Middle East
International [London], No. 47, May 1975, 11-13.
Mortimer, Edward. Faith and Power: The Politics of
Islam. New York: Random House, 1981.
Niblock, Tim (ed.). State, Society, and Economy in Saudi
Arabia. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1982.
Penrose, Edith. "Oil and State in Arabia." Pages 271-85 in Derek
Hopwood (ed.), The Arabian Peninsula: Society and
Politics. Totowa, New Jersey: Rowman and Littlefield,
1972.
Pesce, Angelo. Makkah A Hundred Years Ago. London:
Immel: 1986.
Peters, F.E. Allah's Commonwealth. New York: Simon and
Schuster, 1973.
Philby, H. St. John. Forty Years in the Wilderness.
London: Hale, 1957.
------. Sa'udi Arabia. London: Benn, 1955.
Powell, William. Saudi Arabia and Its Royal Family.
Secaucus, New Jersey: Lyle Stuart, 1982.
Quandt, William B. "Saudi Arabia: Security and Foreign Policy in
the 1980s," Middle East Insight, 2, No. 2, January-
February 1982, 25-30.
Rentz, George. "Dir`iyya." Pages 320-22 in H.A.R Gibb et al.
(eds.), Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2. (2d ed.) Leiden,
Netherlands: Brill, 1965.
------. "Djazirat al-`Arabiya." Pages 551-54 in H.A.R Gibb et al.
(eds.), Encylopaedia of Islam, 1. (2d ed.) Leiden,
Netherlands: Brill, 1960.
------. "Saudi Arabia." Pages 115-25 in J.H. Thompson and R.C.
Reischauer (eds.), Modernization of the Arab World.
Princeton: Van Nostrand, 1966.
------. "Saudi Arabia: The Islamic Island," Journal of
International Affairs, 19, No. 1, 1965, 77-86.
------. "Wahhabism and Saudi Arabia." Pages 54-66 in Derek
Hopwood (ed.), The Arabian Peninsula: Society and
Politics. Totowa, New Jersey: Rowman and Littlefield,
1972.
Rihani, Amin. Around the Coasts of Arabia. Delmar:
Caravan Books, 1983.
Rizvi, Hasan Askari. "Gulf Cooperation Council," Pakistan
Horizon [Karachi], 35, No. 2, 1982, 10-28.
Rugh, William A. "Emergence of a New Middle Class in Saudi
Arabia," Middle East Journal, 27, No. 1, Winter
1973, 9-20.
Ruthven, Malise. Islam in the World. Oxford: Oxford
University Press, 1984.
Sabini, John. Armies in the Sand: The Struggle for Mecca and
Medina. London: Thames and Hudson, 1981.
Saudi Arabia. Central Planning Organization, Development
Plan, 1395-1400 (1975-1980). Springfield, Virginia:
National Technical Information Service, 1976.
Savory, Roger M. "A.D. 600-1800." Pages 14-40 in Alvin J.
Cottrell (ed.), The Persian Gulf States: A General
Survey. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press,
1980.
------. "The Ancient Period." Pages 3-13 in Alvin J. Cottrell
(ed.), The Persian Gulf States: A General Survey.
Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1980.
Schacht, Joseph. An Introduction to Islamic Law. Oxford:
Clarendon Press, 1964.
Shahid, Irfan. "Pre-Islamic Arabia." Pages 3-29 in P.M. Holt, Ann
K.S. Lambton, and Bernard Lewis (eds.), The Cambridge
History of Islam, 1: The Central Islamic Lands. London:
Cambridge University Press, 1970.
Shaw, John A., and David E. Long. Saudi Arabian
Modernization: The Impact of Change on Stability, 10.
(Washington Papers, No. 89.) Washington: Praeger, with the
Center for Strategic and International Studies, Georgetown
University, 1982.
Tetreault, Mary Ann. The Organization of Arab Petroleum
Exporting Countries: History, Policies and Prospects.
Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1981.
Thesiger, Wilfred. Arabian Sands. New York: Dutton,
1959.
Thompson, J.H., and R.C. Reischauer (eds.). Modernization of
the Arab World. Princeton: Van Nostrand, 1966.
Troeller, Gary. The Birth of Saudi Arabia: Britain and the
Rise of the House of Sa'ud. London: Cass, 1976.
Voll, John Obert. Islam: Continuity and Change in the Modern
World. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1982.
Ward, Phillip. Ha'il: Oasis City of Saudi Arabia. New
York: Oleander Press, 1983.
Watt, W. Montgomery. "Muhammad." Pages 30-56 in P.M. Holt, Ann
K.S. Lambton, and Bernard Lewis (eds.), The Cambridge
History of Islam, 1: The Central Islamic Lands. London:
Cambridge University Press, 1970.
------. Muhammad: Prophet and Statesman. London: Oxford
University Press, 1961.
Winder, R. Bayly. Saudi Arabia in the Nineteenth
Century. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1961.
Wright, Robin. Sacred Rage: The Wrath of Militant Islam.
New York: Touchstone, 1986.
Abu-Lughod, Lila. Veiled Sentiments: Honor and Poetry in a
Bedouin, Berkeley: University of California Press,
1988.
Al-Baadi, Hamad. "Social Change, Education, and the Roles of
Women in Arabia." (Ph.D. dissertation.) Palo Alto: Stanford
University, 1982.
Alireza, Marianne. At the Drop of a Veil. Boston:
Houghton Mifflin, 1971.
Al-Khuli, Muhammad Ali. The Light of Islam. Riyadh: Al
Farazdak Press, 1981.
Almana, Aisha Mohamed. "Economic Development and its Impact on
the Status of Women in Saudi Arabia." (Ph.D. dissertation.)
Boulder: University of Colorado, 1981.
Altorki, Soraya. "Family Organization and Women's Power in Urban
Saudi Arabian Society," Journal of Anthropological
Research, 33, Fall 1977, 277-87.
------. Women in Saudi Arabia: Ideology and Behavior among
the Elite. New York: Columbia University Press, 1986.
Altorki, Soraya, and Donald Powell Cole. Arabian Oasis City:
The Transformation of 'Unayzah. Austin: University of
Texas Press, 1989.
------. "Expatriate Workers in Saudi Arabia: Cornerstone of
Development or By-Product of a Boom?" (Paper presented at
annual meeting of Middle East Studies Association, San
Antonio, Texas, 1990.)
------. "Was Arabia Tribal?" (Paper presented at annual meeting
of Middle East Studies Association, San Antonio, Texas,
1990.)
Al-Umar, Abd ar Rahman ibn Hamad. Islam, the Religion of
Truth. Riyadh: Al Farazdak Press, 1394 (1974).
Al-Yassini, Ayman. Religion and State in the Kingdom of Saudi
Arabia. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1985.
Al-Zaid, Dr. Abdulla Mohamed. Education in Saudi Arabia: A
Model with a Difference. (Trans., Omar Ali Afifi.)
Jiddah: Tihama, 1981.
Amos, Deborah. Lines in the Sand: Desert Storm and the
Remaking of the Arab World. New York: Simon and
Shuster, 1992.
Anthony, John Duke. Arab States of the Lower Gulf: People,
Politics, Petroleum. Washington: Middle East Institute,
1975.
Askari, Hossein. Saudi Arabia's Economy: Oil and the Search
for Economic Development. (Contemporary Studies in
Economic and Financial Analysis, No. 67.) Greenwich,
Connecticut: Jai Press, 1990.
Attar, Ahmad Abd al-Ghafour. Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab.
(Trans., Rashid al Barrawi.) Mecca: Mecca Printing and
Information, 1979.
Bahry, Louay. "The New Saudi Woman: Modernizing in an Islamic
Framework," Middle East Journal, 36, No. 4, Autumn
1982, 502-15.
Beling, Willard A. (ed.). King Faisal and the Modernisation
of Saudi Arabia. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press,
1980.
Birks, J.S., and C.A. Sinclair. "International Migration in the
Arab Region: Rapid Growth, Changing Patterns, and Broad
Implications," Population Bulletin of the UN Economic
Commission for Western Asia, No. 17, December 1979.
------. Saudi Arabia into the '90s. Durham: Mountjoy
Research Center, University of Durham, 1988.
Brent, Jeremy. Far Arabia: Explorers of the Myth.
London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1977.
Cole, Donald Powell. "Bedouin Life and Social Change in Saudi
Arabia." Pages 128-49 in John B. Galaty and Philip C.
Salzman (eds.), Change and Development in Nomadic and
Pastoral Societies. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill, 1981.
------. "The Enmeshment of Nomads in Saudi Arabian Society: The
Case of Al Murrah." Pages 113-27 in Cynthia Nelson (ed.),
The Desert and the Sown: Nomads in the Wider
Society. (Research Studies, No. 21.) Berkeley:
Institute for International Studies, University of
California, 1973.
------. Nomads of the Nomads: The Al Murrah Bedouin of the
Empty Quarter. Chicago: Aldine, 1975.
------. "Pastoral Nomads in a Rapidly Changing Economy: The Case
of Saudi Arabia." Pages 106-20 in Tim Niblock (ed.),
Social and Economic Development in the Arab Gulf.
New York: St. Martin's Press, 1980.
Crystal, Jill. Oil and Politics in the Gulf: Rulers and
Merchants in Kuwait and Qatar. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 1990.
------. "State and Society in the Gulf." (Paper presented at
Council on Foreign Relations, New York, January 1992.)
Day, Alan J. (ed.). Border and Territorial Disputes.
Detroit: Gale Research, 1982.
Dickson, H.R.P. The Arab of the Desert: Bedouin Life in
Kuwait and Saudi Arabia. London: Allen and Unwin, 1949.
Doughty, Charles Montague. Travels in Arabia Deserta. (2
vols.) New York: Dover, 1979.
Doumato, Eleanor Abdella. "Arabian Women: Religion, Work, and
Cultural Ideology in the Arabian Peninsula." (Ph.D.
dissertation.) New York: Columbia University, 1989.
------. "Gender, Monarchy and National Identity in Saudi Arabia,"
British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies [London],
19, No. 1, 1992.
------. "Women and the Stability of Saudi Arabia," Middle
East Report, No. 171, July-August 1991, 34-37.
Ebrahim, Mohammed Hossein Saleh. "Problems of Nomad Settlement in
the Middle East with Special Reference to Saudi Arabia."
(Ph.D. dissertation.) Ithaca, New York: Cornell University,
1981.
Esposito, John L. Islam: The Straight Path, New York:
Oxford University Press, 1991.
------. The Islamic Threat: Myth or Reality. New York:
Oxford University Press, 1992.
Fabietti, Ugo. "Sedentarisation as a Means of Detribalisation:
Some Policies of the Saudi Arabian Government Towards the
Nomads." Pages 186-97 in Tim Niblock (ed.), State,
Society, and Economy in Saudi Arabia. New York: St.
Martin's Press, 1982.
Habib, John S. Ibn Sa'ud's Warriors of Islam: The Ikhwan of
Najd and Their Role in the Creation of the Sa'udi Kingdom,
1910-1930. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill, 1978.
Helms, Christine Moss. The Cohesion of Saudi Arabia:
Evolution of Political Identity. Baltimore: Johns
Hopkins University Press, 1981.
Hopkins, Nicholas. "Class and State in Rural Arab Communities."
Pages 239-59 in Adeed Dawisha and I. Zartman (eds.),
Beyond Coercion: The Durability of the Arab State.
London: Croom Helm, 1988.
Hopwood, Derek (ed.). The Arabian Peninsula: Society and
Politics. Totowa, New Jersey: Rowman and Littlefield,
1972.
Horsman, Paul V. The Environmental Legacy of the Gulf
War. London: Greenpeace Publications, 1992.
Katakura, Motoko. Bedouin Village. Tokyo: University of
Tokyo Press, 1977.
Khuri, Fuad. Tribe and State in Bahrain: The Transformation
of Social and Political Authority in an Arab State.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980.
Kostiner, Joseph. "Kuwait and Bahrain." Pages 116-29 in Shireen
Hunter (ed.), The Politics of Islamic Revivalism:
Diversity and Unity. Bloomington: Indiana University
Press, 1988.
------. "Transforming Dualities: Tribe and State Formation in
Saudi Arabia." Pages 226-51 in Philip Khoury and Joseph
Kostiner (eds.), Tribes and State Formation in the
Middle East. Berkeley: University of California Press,
1990.
Lancaster, William. The Rwala Bedouin Today. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 1981.
Lawson, Fred. "Opposition Movements in the Arab Gulf States."
(Paper presented at Council on Foreign Relations.) New York:
January 1992.
Looney, Robert E. Economic Development in Saudi Arabia:
Consequences of the Oil Price Decline. Greenwich,
Connecticut: Jai Press, 1990.
Mernissi, Fatima. Beyond the Veil: Male-Female Dynamics in
Modern Muslim Society. (Rev. ed.) London: Al Saqi
Books, 1985.
Moghadam, Valentine M. Development and Patriarchy: The Middle
East and North Africa in Economic and Demographic
Transition. (WIDER Working Papers.) Helsinki: World
Institute for Development Economics Research, 1992.
Mortimer, Edward. Faith and Power: The Politics of
Islam. New York: Random House, 1986.
Nakhleh, Emile. Bahrain, Political Development in a
Modernizing Society. Lexington, Massachusetts:
Lexington Books, 1976.
Niblock, Tim (ed.). State, Society, and Economy in Saudi
Arabia. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1982.
Ochsenwald, William. Religion, Society, and the State in
Arabia: The Hijaz under Ottoman Control, 1840-1908.
Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1984.
------. "Saudi Arabia." Pages 103-15 in Shireen Hunter (ed.),
The Politics of Islamic Revivalism. Indianapolis:
Indiana University Press, 1988.
Osama, Abdul Rahman. The Dilemma of Development in the
Arabian Peninsula. London: Croom Helm, 1986.
Parssinen, Catherine. "The Changing Role of Women." Pages 145-70
in Willard A. Beling (ed.), King Faisal and the
Modernisation of Saudi Arabia. Boulder, Colorado:
Westview Press, 1980.
Philby, H. St. John. Arabian Days: An Autobiography.
London: Hale, 1948.
------. Arabia of the Wahhabis. London: Cass, 1977.
Piscatori, James P. (ed.). Islamic Fundamentalisms and the
Gulf Crisis. (Fundamentalism Project, American Academy
of Arts and Sciences.) Chicago, 1991.
Quandt, William B. Saudi Arabia in the 1980s: Foreign Policy,
Security, and Oil. Washington: Brookings Institution,
1981.
Rentz, George. "Wahhabism and Saudi Arabia." Pages 54-66 in Derek
Hopwood (ed.), The Arabian Peninsula: Society and
Politics. Totowa, New Jersey: Rowman and Littlefield,
1972.
Richards, Alan, and John Waterbury. A Political Economy of
the Middle East: State, Class, and Economic
Development. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1990.
Saudi Arabia. Higher Committee for Educational Policy. The
Educational Policy in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. (2d
ed.) Riyadh: 1974.
------. Ministry of Finance and National Economy. Central
Department of Statistics. Statistical Yearbook, 1410-
1411 [1990]. Riyadh: 1991.
------. Ministry of Planning. Fifth Development Plan, 1410-
1415 [1990-1995]. Riyadh: 1990.
Saudi Arabian Monetary Agency. Annual Report, 1408-1409
[1988]. Riyadh: 1989.
------. Annual Report, 1409-1410 [1989]. Riyadh: 1990.
------. Annual Report, 1410-1411 [1990]. Riyadh: 1991.
Sebai, Zohair A. The Health of the Family in a Changing
Arabia: A Case Study of Primary Health Care. Jiddah:
Tihama,
1981.
Shamekh, Ahmed A. "Spatial Patterns of Bedouin Settlement in Al-
Qasim Region of Saudi Arabia." (Ph.D. dissertation.)
Lexington: University of Kentucky, 1975.
United Nations. Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia.
National Manpower in the Cooperation Council for the
Arab States of the Gulf. Baghdad: 1985.
------. The Sex and Age Distribution of Population. New
York: 1990.
United States. Department of State. Country Reports on Human
Rights Practices for 1991. (Report submitted to United
States Congress, 102d, 2d Session, Senate, Committee on
Foreign Relations, and House of Representatives, Committee
on Foreign Affairs.) Washington: GPO, 1992.
World Bank. World Development Report. New York: Oxford
University Press, 1987.
Yamani, May. "Women in Saudi Arabia: Traditional Roles and Modern
Aspirations." (Paper presented at Council on Foreign
Relations, New York, January 1992.)
(Various issues of the following publication were also used
in the preparation of this chapter: Cooperation Council for the
Arab States of the Gulf, Secretariat General, Economic
Bulletin [Riyadh].)
Abdeen, Adnan M., and Dale N. Shook. The Saudi Financial
System in the Context of Western and Islamic Finance.
New York: Wiley, 1984.
Abir, Mordechai. Saudi Arabia in the Oil Era: Regime and
Elites, Conflict and Collaboration. Boulder, Colorado:
Westview Press, 1988.
Ahrari, Mohamed. OPEC: The Failing Giant. Lexington:
University Press of Kentucky, 1986.
Al-Jarbous, A. "Basic Industries Development by SABIC: Eight
Years Experience," Forum, 56, 193-200.
Al-Naqeeb, Khaldoon. Society and State in the Gulf and Arab
Peninsula. London: Routledge, 1990.
Amuzegar, J. Oil Exporters' Economic Development in an
Interdependent World (Occasional Paper No. 18.)
Washington: International Monetary Fund, 1983.
Anderson, Lisa. "Absolutism and the Resilience of Monarchy in the
Middle East," Political Science Quarterly, 106,
Spring 1991, 1-15.
Askari, H., and B. Dastmaltschi. Saudi Arabia's Economy: Oil
and the Search for Economic Development. Greenwich,
Connecticut: Jai Press, 1990.
Belgrave, Charles D. Personal Column. London:
Hutchinson, 1960.
Bligh, Alexander. "The Saudi Religious Elite (Ulama) as
Participant in the Political System of the Kingdom,"
International Journal of Middle East Studies, 17,
No. 1, February 1985, 37-50.
Carter, J.R.L. Merchant Families of Saudi Arabia.
London: Scorpion Books, 1984.
Caesar, J. "Saudi Dissent: Rumblings under the Throne,"
Nation, No. 251, December 17, 1990, 762-64.
Chaudhry, Kiren Aziz. "The Price of Wealth: Business and State in
Labor Remittance and Oil Economies," International
Organization, 43, Winter 1989, 101-45.
Conant, M. Oil Prices and the Saudi-United States
Connection. Washington: Conant, 1991.
Crane, R. Planning the Future of Saudi Arabia. New York:
Praeger, 1978.
Duguid, S. "A Biographical Approach to the Study of Social Change
in the Middle East: Abdullah Tariki as a New Man,"
International Journal of Middle East Studies, 1,
No. 1, 1970, 195-220.
El-Kuwaiz, Abdullah. "OPEC and the International Oil Market: The
Age of Realism," OPEC Review [Oxford], 10, No. 4,
Winter 1986, 393-408.
Fesharaki, F., and D.T. Issac. The New Saudi Export
Refineries: The Role of Shipping Costs in Determination of
Product Prices and Competitiveness. (OPEC Downstream
Project.) Hawaii: East-West Center, 1983.
Field, Michael. The Merchants: The Big Business Families of
Saudi Arabia and the Gulf States. Woodstock, New York:
Overlook Press, 1985.
Helms, Christine Moss. The Cohesion of Saudi Arabia:
Evolution of Political Identity. Baltimore: Johns
Hopkins University Press, 1981.
Ibrahim, I. Arab Resources: The Transformation of a
Society. London: Croom Helm, 1981.
International Monetary Fund. Direction of Trade Statistics
Yearbook, 1992. Washington: 1992.
------. International Financial Statistics Yearbook,
1992. Washington: 1992.
------. Saudi Arabia: Recent Economic Developments.
Washington: 1990.
Johany, A.D., M. Berne, and Wilson J. Mixon, Jr. The Saudi
Arabian Economy. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University
Press, 1986.
Kerr, M.H., and El Sayed Yassin (eds.). Rich and Poor States
in the Middle East. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press,
1982.
Lackner, Helen. The House Built on Sand: A Political Economy
of Saudi Arabia. London: Ithaca Press, 1978.
Lenczowski, G. Middle East Oil in the Revolutionary Age.
Washington: American Enterprise Institute, 1976.
------. "Tradition and Reform in Saudi Arabia," Current
History, 52, No. 306, February 1967, 98-104.
Looney, Robert E. Economic Development in Saudi Arabia:
Consequences of the Oil Price Decline. Greenwich,
Connecticut: Jai Press, 1990.
------. "Saudi Arabia's Development Strategy: Comparative
Advantage versus Sustainable Development," Orient,
March 1989, 75-96.
------. "Saudi Arabia's Islamic Growth Model," Journal of
Economic Issues, 16, No. 2, June 1982, 453-60.
Mattione, R.P. OPEC's Investments and the International
Financial System. Washington: Brookings Institution,
1985.
Meir, S. Strategic Implications of the New Oil Reality.
Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1986.
Niblock, Tim (ed.). State, Society, and Economy in Saudi
Arabia. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1982.
Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries. Annual
Statistical Bulletin, 1991. Vienna: 1991.
Pressely, J.R. A Guide to the Saudi Arabian Economy.
London: Macmillan, 1989.
Quandt, William B. Saudi Arabia's Oil Policy.
Washington: Brookings Institution, 1982.
Richards, Alan, and John Waterbury. A Political Economy of
the Middle East: State, Class, and Economic
Development. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1990.
Rugh, W. "Emergence of a Middle Class in Saudi Arabia,"
Middle East Journal, 27, No. 1, Winter 1973, 7-20.
Ryan, M. Health Services in the Middle East. (Special
Report No. 184.) London: Economist Intelligence Unit, 1984.
Salameh, Ghassane. "Political Power and the Saudi State,"
MERIP Reports, No. 91, October 1989, 5-22.
Saleh, N.A. The Emergence of Saudi Arabian Administrative
Areas: A Study in Political Geography. (Ph.D.
dissertation.) University of Durham, United Kingdom, 1975.
Sampson, A. The Seven Sisters: The Great Oil Companies and
the World They Made. New York: Viking Press, 1975.
Sandwick, J.A. (ed.). The Gulf Cooperation Council:
Moderation and Stability in an Interdependent World.
Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1987.
Saudi Arabia. Ministry of Agriculture and Water. Annual
Report (1980 through 1990). Riyadh: 1981 through 1991.
------. Ministry of Finance and National Economy. Central
Department of Statistics. Foreign Trade Statistics
(annuals 1973 through 1990). Riyadh: 1974 through 1991.
------. Ministry of Finance and National Economy. Central
Department of Statistics. Statistical Yearbook
(annuals 1973 through 1990). Riyadh: 1974 through 1991.
------. Ministry of Information. A Decade of Progress.
Riyadh: 1984.
------. Ministry of Planning. Achievement of the Development
Plans, 1390-1403 [1970-83]. Riyadh: 1984.
------. Ministry of Planning. Fourth Development Plan, 1405-
1410. Riyadh: 1985.
Saudi Arabian Monetary Agency. Research and Statistics
Department. Statistical Summary, 1410-1411 [1990].
Riyadh: 1991.
"Saudi Arabian Petrochemical Exports: The EEC Protectionist
Measures and Sabic's Prospects," Arab Gulf Journal
[Exeter, United Kingdom], 1, 1985, 9-20.
Sayigh, Yusif. The Arab Economy: Past Performance and Future
Prospects. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1982.
Seymour, Ian. OPEC: Instrument of Change. New York: St.
Martin's Press, 1981.
Shaw, John A., and David E. Long. Saudi Arabian
Modernization: The Impact of Change on Stability.
(Washington Papers, No. 89.) Washington: Praeger, with the
Center for Strategic and International Studies, Georgetown
University, 1982.
Troeller, Gary. The Birth of Saudi Arabia: Britain and the
Rise of the House of Sa'ud. London: Cass, 1976.
Turner, L. Middle East Industrialization: A Study of Saudi
and Iranian Downstream Investments. New York: Praeger,
1979.
Turner, Louis, and James Bedore. "Saudi and Iranian
Petrochemicals and Oil Refining: Trade Warfare in the
1980s," International Affairs [London], 53, October
1977, 572-86.
------. "Saudi Arabia: The Power of the Purse Strings,"
International Affairs [London], 54, July 1978, 405-
20.
Turner, Louis, and V. Yorke. European Interests and Gulf
Oil. Brookfield, Vermont: Gower, 1986.
United States. Department of Commerce. Foreign Economic
Trends Report: Saudi Arabia. Washington: 1992.
------. Embassy in Riyadh. 1991 Oil Survey: Saudi
Arabia. Riyadh: 1991.
Wells, D. Saudi Arabian Development Strategy.
Washington: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy,
1976.
Wenner, Manfred W. "Saudi Arabia: Survival of Traditional
Elites." Pages 157-92 in Frank Tachau (ed.), Political
Elites and Political Development in the Middle East.
Cambridge: Schenkman, 1975.
(Various issues of the following publications were also used
in the preparation of this chapter: Aviation Week and Space
Technology; Bank for International Settlements,
International Banking and Financial Market Developments,
Maturity and Sectoral Distribution of International Bank
Lending [Basel, Switzerland]; Economist [London];
Energy Compass [London]; Euromoney [London];
Financial Times [London]; Institute of International
Finance, Saudi Arabia Update and Report: Institutional
Investor; International Monetary Fund, Balance of
Payments Statistics, Direction of Trade Statistics,
and International Financial Statistics; Middle
East [London]; Middle East Economic Digest
[London]; Middle East Economic Survey [Nicosia, Cyprus];
Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development,
Financing and External Debt of Developing Countries and
Statistics on External Indebtness [Paris]; Petroleum
Argus [London]; Petroleum Economist [London];
Petroleum Intelligence Weekly; Petroleum Quarterly
and Update; Platts Oilgram Price Report; Saudi
Arabian Monetary Agency, Quarterly Bulletin [Riyadh];
and Wharton Econometric Forecasting, Middle East
Quarterly.)
Abdeen, Adnan M., and Dale N. Shook. The Saudi Financial
System in the Context of Western and Islamic Finance.
New York: Wiley, 1984.
Abir, Mordechai. Saudi Arabia in the Oil Era: Regime and
Elites, Conflict and Collaboration. Boulder, Colorado:
Westview Press, 1988.
Abu-Dawood, Abdul-Razzak S., and P.P. Karan. International
Boundaries of Saudi Arabia. New Delhi: Galaxy, 1990.
Al-Farsy, Fouad. Modernity and Tradition: The Saudi
Equation. London: Kegan Paul, 1990.
------. Saudi Arabia: A Case Study in Development.
London: Kegan Paul, 1982.
Altorki, Soraya. Women in Saudi Arabia: Ideology and Behavior
among the Elite. New York: Columbia University Press,
1986.
Altorki, Soraya, and Donald Powell Cole. Arabian Oasis City:
The Transformation of `Unayzah. Austin: University of
Texas Press, 1989.
Al-Yassini, Ayman. Religion and State in the Kingdom of Saudi
Arabia. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1985.
Amnesty International Report, 1990. New York: Amnesty
International, 1990.
Aruri, Naseer H. "Disaster Area: Human Rights in the Arab World,"
Middle East Report, No. 149, November-December
1987, 7-15.
Bligh, Alexander. "The Saudi Religious Elite (Ulama) as
Participant in the Political System of the Kingdom,"
International Journal of Middle East Studies, 17,
No. 1, February 1985, 37-50.
Bonnenfant, Paul (ed.). La péninsule arabique
d'aujourd'hui. Paris: Centre nationale de la recherche
scientifique, 1982.
Burrowes, Robert. "Oil Strike and Leadership Struggle in South
Yemen: 1986 and Beyond," Middle East Journal, 43,
No. 3, Summer 1989, 437-54.
Carapico, Sheila. "Yemen: Unification and the Gulf War,"
Middle East Report, No. 170, May-June 1991, 26.
Dahlan, Ahmed Hassan (ed.). Politics, Administration, and
Development in Saudi Arabia. Brentwood, Maryland:
Amana, 1990.
Dawisha, Abdeed I. "Saudi Arabia's Search for Security,"
Adelphi Papers. (No. 158.) London: International
Institute for Strategic Studies, 1979.
Doumato, Eleanor Abdella. "Women and the Stability of Saudi
Arabia," Middle East Report, No. 171, July-August
1991, 34-37.
Field, Michael. The Merchants: The Big Business Families of
Saudi Arabia and the Gulf States. Woodstock, New York:
Overlook Press, 1985.
Halliday, Fred. Arabia Without Sultans: A Political Survey of
Instability in the Arab World. New York: Vintage Books,
1975.
Heller, Mark, and Nadav Safran. The New Middle Class and
Regime Stability in Saudi Arabia. (Harvard Middle East
Papers, No. 3.) Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1985.
Hooglund, Eric. "The Other Face of War," Middle East
Report, No. 171, July-August 1991, 3-7, 10-12.
------. "The Persian Gulf." Pages 414-24 in Peter Schraeder
(ed.), Intervention into the 1990s: U.S. Foreign Policy
in the Third World. Boulder, Colorado: Rienner, 1992.
Hunter, Shireen T. "The Gulf Cooperation Council: Security in the
Era Following the Iran-Contra Affair." Pages 145-66 in
Robert O. Freedman (ed.), The Middle East from the Iran-
Contra Affair to the Intifada. Syracuse: Syracuse
University Press, 1990.
Huyette, Summer Scott. Political Adaptation in Saudi Arabia:
A Study of the Council of Ministers. Boulder, Colorado:
Westview Press, 1985.
Ingham, Bruce. Bedouin of Northern Arabia: Traditions of the
Al-Dhafir. New York: Kegan Paul, 1986.
Johany, Ali D., Michel Berne, and J. Wilson Maxon. The Saudi
Arabian Economy. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University
Press, 1986.
Kechichian, Joseph. "The Role of the Ulama in the Politics of an
Islamic State: The Case of Saudi Arabia," International
Journal of Middle East Studies, 18, No. 1, February
1986, 57-66.
Korany, Bahgat. "Defending the Faith Amid Change: The Foreign
Policy of Saudi Arabia." Pages 310-53 in Bahgat Korany and
Ali E. Hillal Dessouki (eds.), The Foreign Policies of
Arab States: The Challenge of Change. (2d ed.) Boulder,
Colorado: Westview Press, 1991.
Lacey, Robert. The Kingdom: Arabia and the House of
Saud. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1982.
Lackner, Helen. A House Built on Sand: A Political Economy of
Saudi Arabia. London: Ithaca Press, 1978.
Lawson, Fred. Bahrain: The Modernization of Autocracy.
Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1989.
Long, David E. The United States and Saudi Arabia: Ambivalent
Allies. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1985.
Mackey, Sandra. The Saudis: Inside the Desert Kingdom.
New York: Signet, 1990.
Middle East Watch. Empty Reforms: Saudi Arabia's New Basic
Laws. New York: 1992.
Moon, Chung In. "Korean Contractors in Saudi Arabia: Their Rise
and Fall," Middle East Journal, 40, No. 4, Autumn
1986, 614-33.
Nonneman, Gerd. Iraq, the Gulf States, and the War: A
Changing Relationship, 1980-1986 and Beyond. Atlantic
Highlands, New Jersey: Ithaca Press, 1986.
Norton, Augustus Richard. "Breaking Through the Wall of Fear in
the Arab World," Current History, January 1992, 91,
No. 561, 37-41.
Paul, Jim. "Insurrection at Mecca," MERIP Reports, No.
91, October 1980, 3-4.
Peterson, Erik. The Gulf Cooperation Council: Search for
Unity in a Dynamic Region. Boulder, Colorado: Westview
Press, 1988.
Quandt, William B. Saudi Arabia in the 1980s: Foreign Policy,
Security, and Oil. Washington: Brookings Institution,
1981.
Ramazani, R.K. Revolutionary Iran: Challenge and Response in
the Middle East. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University
Press, 1986.
Safran, Nadav. Saudi Arabia: The Ceaseless Quest for
Security. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap, 1985.
"Saudi Arabia." Pages 761-65 in The Middle East and North
Africa, 1991. (37th ed.) London: Europa, 1990.
Statesman's Year-Book, 1991-1992. (Ed., Brian Hunter.)
New York: St. Martin's Press, 1991.
Watkins, Eric. "Yemen: Oil Calms Troubled Waters," Middle
East [London], No. 206, December 1991, 37-38.
Woodward, Peter. Oil and Labor in the Middle East: Saudi
Arabia and the Oil Boom. New York: Praeger, 1988.
(Various issues of the following publications were also used
in the preparation of this chapter: Arabia Monitor;
Arab News [Jiddah]; Foreign Broadcast Information
Service, Daily Report: Middle East and South Asia;
New York Times; and Washington Post.)
Abir, Mordechai. Saudi Arabia in the Oil Era: Regime and
Elites, Conflict and Collaboration. Boulder, Colorado:
Westview Press, 1988.
------. "Saudi Security and Military Endeavor," Jerusalem
Quarterly [Jerusalem], No. 33, Fall 1984, 79-94.
Amin, S.H. Middle East Legal Systems. Glasgow: Royston,
1985.
Amnesty International Report, 1991. New York: Amnesty
International, 1991.
Apple, R.W., Jr. "For Saudis, a Ground War Will Be a Test of
Will," New York Times, Febuary 17, 1991, I18.
Blackwell, James. Thunder in the Desert: The Strategy and
Tactics of the Persian Gulf War. New York: Bantam,
1991.
Bloomfield, Lincoln P., Jr. "Commentary: Saudi Arabia's Security
Problems in the 1980s." Pages 95-111 in Stephanie G. Neuman
(ed.), Defense Planning in Less-Industrialized States:
The Middle East and South Asia. Lexington,
Massachusetts: Heath, 1984.
Cordesman, Anthony H. "Defense Planning in Saudi Arabia." Pages
67-93 in Stephanie G. Neuman (ed.), Defense Planning in
Less-Industrialized States: The Middle East and South
Asia. Lexington, Massachusetts: Heath, 1984.
------. The Gulf and the West: Strategic Relations and
Military Realities. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press,
1988.
David, Peter. Triumph in the Desert. New York: Random
House, 1991.
Defense and Foreign Affairs Handbook, 1990-1991. (Ed.,
Gregory R. Copley.) Alexandria, Virginia: International
Media, 1990.
Defense Marketing Services. DMS Market Intelligence Reports:
Foreign Military Markets--Near East and Africa, 1989.
Alexandria, Virginia: Jane's Information Group, 1989.
Dyer, Gwynne, and John Keegan. "Saudi Arabia." Pages 502-13 in
John Keegan (ed.), World Armies. Detroit: Gale
Research, 1983.
Economist Intelligence Unit. Country Profile: Saudi Arabia,
1991-92. London: 1991.
------. Country Profile: Saudi Arabia, 1992-93. London:
1992.
Friedman, Norman. Desert Victory: The War for Kuwait.
Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1991.
Fulghum, David A. "Allied Air Power: Forward Controllers Back
Arabs to Make Their Drive Succeed," Aviation Week and
Space Technology, 134, No. 16, April 22, 1991, 71-73.
Graham, Douglas F. Saudi Arabia Unveiled. Dubuque, Iowa:
Kendall/Hunt, 1991.
Grimmett, Richard F. Conventional Arms Transfers to the Third
World, 1983-1990. Washington: Congressional Research
Service, Library of Congress, 1991.
Hameed, Mazher A. Arabia Imperilled: The Security Imperatives
of the Arab Gulf States. Washington: Middle East
Assessments Group, 1986.
------. Saudi Arabia: The West and the Security of the
Gulf. Wolfeboro, New Hampshire: Croom Helm, 1986.
Jane's Fighting Ships, 1991-92. (Ed., Richard Sharpe.)
Coulsdon, United Kingdom: Jane's Information Group, 1991.
Keegan, John (ed.). World Armies. Detroit: Gale
Research, 1983.
Lacey, Robert. The Kingdom: Arabia and the House of
Saud. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1982.
Long, David E. The United States and Saudi Arabia: Ambivalent
Allies. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1985.
McNaugher, Thomas L. Arms and Oil: United States Military
Strategy and the Persian Gulf. Washington: Brookings
Institution, 1985.
Mansfield, Peter. A History of the Middle East. New
York: Viking, 1991.
The Middle East. (7th ed.) (Ed., Daniel C. Diller.)
Washington: Congressional Quarterly, 1991.
Middle East Contemporary Survey, 1989. (Ed., Ami
Ayalon.) Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1991.
The Middle East Military Balance, 1988-1989. (Eds.,
Shlomo Gazit and Zeev Eytan.) Boulder, Colorado: Westview
Press for the Jaffee Center for Strategic Studies, 1989.
Middle East Watch. Empty Reforms: Saudi Arabia's New Basic
Law. New York: Human Rights Watch, 1992.
The Military Balance, 1990-1991. London: International
Institute for Strategic Studies, 1990.
The Military Balance, 1991-1992. London: International
Institute for Strategic Studies, 1991.
The Military Balance, 1992-1993. London: International
Institute for Strategic Studies, 1992.
Miller, Judith. "The Struggle Within," New York Times
Magazine, March 10, 1991, 27-39, 46.
Minnesota Lawyers International Human Rights Committee. Shame
in the House of Saudi: Contempt for Human Rights in the
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Minneapolis: 1992.
Morton, John F. "Saudi Arms Deal: Down, Not Out," Defense and
Diplomacy, 9, Nos. 3-4, March-April 1991, 12-13.
Mostyn, Trevor (ed.). Saudi Arabia: A MEED Practical
Guide. London: Middle East Economic Digest, 1983.
Neuman, Stephanie G. (ed.). Defense Planning in Less-
Industrialized States: The Middle East and South Asia.
Lexington, Massachusetts: Heath, 1984.
Ottaway, David B. "For Saudi Military: New Self-Confidence,"
Washington Post, April 20, 1991, A12-A14.
Peterson, Erik R. The Gulf Cooperation Council: Search for
Unity in a Dynamic Region. Boulder, Colorado: Westview
Press, 1988.
Peterson, J.E. Defending Arabia. New York: St. Martin's
Press, 1986.
Quandt, William B. Saudi Arabia in the 1980s: Foreign Policy,
Security, and Oil. Washington: Brookings Institution,
1981.
Ramazani, R.K. The Gulf Cooperation Council: Record and
Analysis. Charlottesville: University Press of
Virginia, 1988.
Safran, Nadav. Saudi Arabia: The Ceaseless Quest for
Security. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1988.
Saudi Arabia and the United States: The New Context in an
Evolving `Special Relationship'. (Library of Congress,
Congressional Research Service.) Washington: GPO, 1981.
Saudi Arabia. Ministry of Finance and National Economy. Central
Department of Statistics. Statistical Yearbook,
1408 [1988]. Riyadh: 1989.
Shaw, John A., and David E. Long. Saudi Arabian
Modernization: The Impact of Change on Stability.
(Washington Papers, No. 89.) Washington: Praeger, with the
Center for Strategic and International Studies, Georgetown
University, 1982.
Sinai, Joshua. "Arms Sales to the Middle East: Security or
`Pattern of Destructive Competition'?" Armed Forces
Journal International, 129, No. 1, August 1991, 40-44.
United States. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency. World
Military Expenditures and Arms Transfers, 1989.
Washington: GPO, 1990.
------. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency. World Military
Expenditures and Arms Transfers, 1990. Washington: GPO,
1991.
------. Department of State. Background Notes: Saudi
Arabia. Washington: GPO, 1989.
------. Department of State. Country Reports on Human Rights
Practices for 1988. (Report submitted to United States
Congress, 101st, 1st Session, Senate, Committee on Foreign
Relations, and House of Representatives, Committee on
Foreign Affairs.) Washington: GPO, 1989.
------. Department of State. Country Reports on Human Rights
Practices for 1989. (Report submitted to United States
Congress, 101st, 2d Session, Senate, Committee on Foreign
Relations, and House of Representatives, Committee on
Foreign Affairs.) Washington: GPO, 1990.
------. Department of State. Country Reports on Human Rights
Practices for 1990. (Report submitted to United States
Congress, 102d, 1st Session, Senate, Committee on Foreign
Relations, and House of Representatives, Committee on
Foreign Affairs.) Washington: GPO, 1991.
------. Department of State. Patterns of Global Terrorism:
1990. Washington: 1991.
------. Department of State and Defense Security Assistance
Agency. Congressional Presentation for Security
Assistance: Fiscal Year 1992. Washington: 1991.
(Various issues of the following publications were also used
in the preparation of this chapter: Aviation Week and Space
Technology; Economist [London]; Economist
Intelligence Unit, Country Report: Saudi Arabia
[London]; Facts on File; Foreign Broadcast Information
Service, Daily Report: Middle East and North Africa;
Jane's Defence Weekly [London]; Joint Publications
Research Service, Near East/South Asia Report;
Keesing's Record of World Events [London]; Middle
East International [London]; New York Times; and
Washington Post.)
Bibliography of AlgeriaAbu-Nasr, Jamil M. A History of the Maghreb. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 1971.
------. A History of the Maghrib in the Islamic Period. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 1987.
Ageron, Charles-Robert. Histoire de l'Algérie contemporaine. (2 vols.)
Paris: Presses universitaires de France, 1979.
Ahmedouamar, Mohamed Tahar. Algeria, State Building: Through the Period of
Instability, July 1962-December 1969. Washington: Compasspoints, 1976.
Berque, Jacques. French North Africa: The Maghrib Between Two World
Wars. New York: Praeger, 1967.
Brockelmann, Carl. History of the Islamic Peoples. New York: Capricorn
Books, 1960.
Confer, Vincent. France and Algeria: The Problem of Civil and Political Reform,
1870-1920. Syracuse: University of Syracuse Press, 1966.
Danziger, Raphael. Abd al-Qadir and the Algerians: Resistance to the French
and Internal Consolidation. New York: Holmes and Meier, 1977.
Gordon, David C. North Africa's French Legacy, 1954-1962. Cambridge:
Harvard University Press, 1962.
Henissart, Paul. Wolves in the City: The Death of French Algeria. New
York: Simon and Schuster, 1970.
Horne, Alistair. A Savage War of Peace: Algeria, 1954-1962. New York:
Viking, 1977.
Hourani, Albert. A History of the Arab Peoples. New York: Warner Books,
1992.
Humbaraci, Arslan. Algeria: A Revolution that Failed. A Political History since
1954. New York: Praeger, 1966.
Jackson, Henry. The F.L.N. in Algeria: Party Development in a Revolutionary
Society. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1977.
Julien, Charles-André. Histoire de l'Afrique du nord: Tunisie, Algérie,
Maroc. Paris: Payot, 1966.
------. Histoire de l'Algérie contemporain: La conquête et les débuts de la
colonisation (1827-1871). Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1964.
Lapidus, Ira M. A History of Islamic Societies. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 1988.
Laroui, Abdallah. The History of the Maghrib: An Interpretive Essay.
Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1977.
Le Tourneau, Roger. ةvolution politique de l'Afrique du Nord musulmane, 1920-
1961. Paris: Armand Colin, 1962.
Merle, Robert. Ahmed Ben Bella. Paris: Gallimard, 1965.
"North Africa." Pages 904-33 in The New Encyclopedia Britannica, 24.
Chicago: 1985.
Ottaway, David B., and Marina Ottaway. Algeria: The Politics of a Socialist
Revolution. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1970.
Quandt, William B. Revolution and Political Leadership: Algeria, 1954-
1968. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1969.
Rouvière, Jacques. Le putsch d'Alger. Paris: France-Empire, 1976.
Ruedy, John. Land Policy in Colonial Algeria: The Origins of the Rural Public
Domain. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1967.
------. Modern Algeria: The Origins and Development of a Nation.
Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1992.
Soren, David, et al. Carthage. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1990.
Spencer, William. Algiers in the Age of Corsairs. Norman: University of
Oklahoma Press, 1976.
Talbott, John. The War Without a Name: France in Algeria, 1954-1962.
New York: Knopf, 1980.
Algeria. Agence nationale d'édition et de publicité. Algérie, guide économique
et social. Algiers: 1989.
------. Annuaire statistique de l'Algérie. (15th ed.) Algiers: 1991.
Algeria. Office national des statistiques. Recensement général de la population
et de l'habitat du 20 mars 1987. Algiers: 1989.
------. Office national des statistiques. Recensement général de la population
et de l'habitat, 1987: Résultats par agglomérations. Algiers: 1989.
------. Revue ةconomique et Sociale. Algiers, 1991.
Allouche-Benayoun, Joelle. Juifs d'Algérie hier et aujourd'hui: Mémoires et
identités. Toulouse: ةditions Privats, 1989.
Annuaire de l'Afrique du Nord. Aix-en-Provence: Centre de recherches
et d'études sur les sociétés méditerranéenes, 1989.
Annuaire de l'Afrique du Nord. Paris: Centre nationale de la recherche
scientifique, 1990.
Annuaire de l'Afrique du Nord. Aix-en-Provence: Centre de recherches
et d'études sur les sociétés méditerranéenes, 1991.
Annuaire de l'Afrique du Nord. Aix-en-Provence: Centre de recherches
et d'études sur les sociétés méditerranéenes, 1992.
Boukhobza, M'Hamed. Ruptures et transformations sociales en Algérie.
Algiers: Office des publications universitaires, 1989.
Carret, Jacques. "L'association des oulama: réformations sociales en Algérie,"
L'Afrique et l'Asie moderne [Paris], No. 43, 1958, 23-44.
Centre de recherches et d'études sur les sociétés méditerranéenes.
Développements Politiques au Maghreb. Paris: Centre nationale de
la recherche scientifique, 1979.
Chaker, Salem. Berbères aujourd'hui. Harmattan, Paris, 1989.
Chikh, Slimane. L'Algérie en armes ou le temps des certitudes. Paris:
Economica, 1981.
Colonna, Fanny. "La Répétition: Les Tolba dans une commune rurale de l'Aurès."
Pages 157-203 in Annuaire de l'Afrique du Nord. (18th ed.) Paris:
Centre de recherches et d'études sur les sociétés méditerranéenes et Centre
nationale de la recherche scientifique. 1979.
Deeb, Mary-Jane. "Islam and the State: The Continuity of the Political Discourse
of Islamic Movements in Algeria from 1832 to 1992." (Paper delivered at
conference on "Islam and Nationhood," at Yale University, November 1992.)
------. "Radical Islam and the Politics of Redemption," Annals of the Academy
of Political and Social Sciences, No. 548, November 1992, 52-65.
Demographic Year Book, 1990. New York: United Nations,
Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Statistical Office, 1991.
Demographic Year Book, 1991. New York: United Nations,
Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Statistical Office, 1992.
Economist Intelligence Unit. Country Profile: Algeria, 1991-1992. London:
1992.
Entelis, John P. Algeria: The Revolution Institutionalized. Boulder,
Colorado: Westview Press, 1986.
Gellner, Ernest, and Charles Micaud (eds.). Arabs and Berbers: From Tribe to
Nation in North Africa. Lexington, Massachusetts: Lexington Books,
1972.
Gendzier, Irene L. "Algeria and Modernization," Government and Opposition
[London], No. 2, 1978, 247-58.
Gilette, Alain. L`immigration algérienne en France. Paris: ةditions Entente,
1984.
Gordon, David. The Passing of French Algeria. London: Oxford University
Press, 1968.
Grimaud, Nicole. La politique extérieure de l`Algérie. Paris: Karthala,
1984.
Gruner, Roger. "La place de l'Islam dans les constitutions du Maghreb,"
L'Afrique et l'Asie moderne [Paris], No. 130, 1980, 39-54.
Harbi, Mohammed. "Nationalisme algérien et identité berbère," Peuples
méditerranéens [Paris], No. 11, April-June 1980, 59-68.
Heggoy, Alf. "The Evolution of Algerian Women," African Studies Review,
17, No. 2, September 1974, 449-56.
------. Insurgency and Counterinsurgency in Algeria. Bloomington:
Indiana University Press, 1972.
------. "Research Notes on the Evolution of Algerian Women," African Studies
Review, 17, 1974, 228-35.
Hifi, Belkacem. L`immigration algérienne en France: Origines et perspectives de
non-retour. Paris: Harmattan, 1985.
Hourani, Albert A. History of the Arab Peoples. New York: Warner Books,
1992.
Huzayyin, S.A., and T.E. Smith. Pages 397-425 in Demographic Aspects of
Socio-Economic Development in Some Arab and African Countries.
(Research Monograph Series, No. 5.) Cairo: Cairo Demographic Center, 1974.
Knauss, Peter R. The Persistence of Patriarchy: Class, Gender and Ideology in
Twentieth Century Algeria. New York: Praeger, 1987.
Lawless, Richard I. "The Kabyles," Family of Man, No. 33, 1975, 1457-
60.
Lawless, Richard, and Allan Findlay (eds.). North Africa: Contemporary Politics
and Economic Development. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1984.
Leca, Jean. "Algerian Socialism: Nationalism, Industrialization, and State-Building."
Pages 121-60 in Helen Desfosses and Jacques Levesque (eds.), Socialism
in the Third World. New York: Praeger, 1975.
Leveau, Rémy, Catherine Wihtol de Wenden, and Gilles Kepel. "Les musulmans dans
la société française: Introduction," Revue française de science
politique [Paris], December 1987, 37, No. 6, 765-81.
Madani, Abassi. Mushkillat Tarbawiya fi al-Bilad al-Islamiya. Algiers:
Maktabat al Manara, 1989.
Micaud, Charles. "Bilingualism in North Africa: Cultural and Sociopolitical
Implications," Western Political Quarterly, 27, No. 1, March 1974,
92-103.
Minces, Juliette. "Women in Algeria," Pages 159-71 in Lois Beck and Nikki Keddie
(eds.), Women in the Muslim World. Cambridge: Harvard University
Press, 1978.
Mortimer, Robert. "Algeria after the Explosion," Current History, 89, April
1990, 161-64, 180-82.
------. "Islam and Multiparty Politics in Algeria," Middle East Journal,
45, No. 4, Autumn 1991, 575-93.
Mouriaux, Catherine Wihtol de Wenden. "Syndicalisme français et l'Islam," Revue
française de science politique [Paris], December 1987, 37, No. 6, 794-
819.
Nucho, Leslie S. (ed.). Education in the Arab World, 1. Washington:
AMIDEAST (America Mideast Education and Training Services), n.d.
Ollivier, Marc. "L'économie algérienne vingt ans après 1966: L'indépendance
nationale en question." Pages 417-57 in Annuaire de l`Afrique du
Nord. (24th ed.) Aix-en-Provence: Centre de recherches et d'études sur
les sociétés méditerranéenes, 1985.
Ottaway, David B., and Marina Ottaway. Algeria: The Politics of a Socialist
Revolution. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1970.
Ouerdane, Amar. La question berbère dans le mouvement national algérien:
1926-1980. Sillery, Quebec: Septentrion, 1990.
Quandt, William B. "The Berbers in the Algerian Political Elite." Pages 285-303 in
Ernest Gellner and Charles Micaud (eds.), Arabs and Berbers: From Tribe
to Nation in North Africa. Lexington, Massachusetts: Lexington Books,
1972.
Roberts, Hugh. "Radical Islamism and the Dilemma of Algerian Nationalism,"
Third World Quarterly [Abingdon, United Kingdom], 10, No. 2, April
1988, 556-89.
------. "Towards an Understanding of the Kabyle Question in Contemporary
Algeria," Maghreb Review [London], 5, May-June 1980, 115-24.
Ruedy, John. Modern Algeria: The Origins and Development of a Nation,
Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1992.
Safran, William. The French Polity. (3d ed.) New York: Longman, 1991.
Sanson, Henri. "L'Algérie est-elle surpeuplée?" Maghreb-Machrek
[Paris], No. 84, April-June 1979, 42-49.
Smith, Tony. "The Political and Economic Ambitions of Algerian Land Reform, 1962-
1974," Middle East Journal, 29, No. 3, Summer 1975, 259-78.
Vallin, Raymond. "Fertility in Algeria: Trends and Differentials." Pages 131-51 in
J. Allman (ed.), Women's Status and Fertility in the Muslim World.
New York: Praeger, 1978.
Vatin, Jean-Claude. "Introduction à l'Islam, religion et politique: Communauté
islamique et états musulmans, renaissance religieuse ou adaptations
politiques?" Revue de l'occident musulman et de la Méditerranée
[Aix-en-Provence], 29, 1980, 3-14.
------. "Popular Puritanism versus State Reformism: Islam in Algeria." Pages 98-
121 in James P. Piscatori (ed.), Islam in the Political Process.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983.
------. "Religious Resistance and State Power in Algeria." Pages 119-57 in Ali
Dessouki and Alexander Cudsi (eds.), Islam and Power. London:
Croom Helm, 1981.
World Bank. Healthcare Report on Algeria. Washington: 1991.
------. Report on Basic and Secondary Education. Washington: 1993.
------. Report on Higher Education. Washington: 1990.
------. Report on Housing in Algeria. Washington: 1993.
------. Social Indicators of Development, 1991. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins
University Press, 1991.
------. World Debt Tables, 1991-92: External Debt of Developing
Countries. Washington: 1991.
------. World Development Report, 1991: The Challenge of Development.
New York: Oxford University Press, 1991.
------. World Development Report, 1992: Development and the
Environment. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992.
Zartman, I. William, "Algeria: A Post Revolutionary Elite." Pages 255-91 in Frank
Tachau (ed.), Political Elites and Political Development in the Middle
East. New York: Schenkman, 1975.
Zartman, I. William (ed.). Man, State, and Society in the Contemporary
Maghrib. New York: Praeger, 1973.
(Various issues of the following publications were also used in the preparation
of this chapter: Annals of the Academy of Political and Social Sciences;
Foreign Broadcast Information Service, Daily Report: Near East and South
Asia; Joint Publications Research Service, Near East/South Asia
Report; Middle East Journal; and Third World Quarterly
[Abingdon, United Kingdom]).
"Algeria." Pages 269-98 in The Middle East and North Africa,
1993. London: Europa, 1992.
Economist Intelligence Unit. Country Profile: Algeria, 1990-91. London:
1990.
------. Country Profile: Algeria, 1991-92. London: 1991.
------. Country Profile: Algeria, 1992-93. London: 1992.
------. Country Report: Algeria [London], Nos. 1-4, 1992.
Entelis, John P. Algeria: The Revolution Institutionalized. Boulder,
Colorado: Westview Press, 1986.
Girardon, Jacques. "A Veiled Future for Algeria," World Press Review,
August 1990, 32.
Lawless, Richard, and Allan Findlay (eds.). North Africa:
Contemporary Politics and Economic Development. New York: St. Martin's
Press, 1984.
The Middle East and North Africa, 1992-93. London: Europa, 1992.
Mortimer, Robert. "Algeria after the Explosion," Current History, 89, April
1990, 161-64.
------. "Islam and Multiparty Politics in Algeria," Middle East Journal,
45, No. 4, Autumn 1991, 575-93.
Ottaway, David B., and Marina Ottaway. Algeria: The Politics of a Socialist
Revolution. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1970.
Parker, Richard B. North Africa: Regional Tensions and Strategic Concerns.
New York: Praeger, 1984.
United States. Department of Agriculture. Economic Research Service. Global
Review of Agricultural Policies. Washington: GPO, 1988.
------. Department of Commerce. Foreign Economic Trends and Their
Implications for the United States: Algeria. Washington: GPO, March
1989.
------. Department of Commerce. Foreign Economic Trends and Their
Implications for the United States: Algeria. Washington: GPO, February
1991.
------. Department of State. American Embassy Report. The
Telecommunications Equipment Market in Algeria. Algiers: February
1992.
Wenner, Mark. "Algeria: A Difficult Adjustment." In Agriculture in the Middle
East and North Africa. Unpublished. United States Department of
Agriculture, summer 1992.
World Bank. World Debt Tables, 1991-92: External Debt of Developing
Countries. Washington: 1991.
------. World Development Report, 1991: The Challenge of Development.
New York: Oxford University Press, 1991.
------. World Development Report, 1992: Development and the
Environment. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992.
------. World Tables, 1991. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press
for World Bank, 1991.
(Various issues of the following publications were also used in the preparation
of this chapter: Current History, Economist [London]; Middle
East Economic Digest [London]; Middle East International [London];
Middle East Journal; and Middle East Policy.)
Chapter 4
Addi, Lahouari. "Dynamique et contradictions du système politique algérien,"
Revue algérienne des sciences juridiques, économiques, et politiques
[Algiers], 26, June 1988, 495-508.
.tat et pouvoir. Algiers: OPU, 1990ة .------
------. Impasse du populisme. Algiers: ENAL, 1990.
------. "Vers quel contrat social?" Cahiers de l'Orient [Paris], No. 23,
1991, 21-28.
Aghrout, Ahmed, and Keith Sutton. "Regional Economic Union in the Maghreb,"
Journal of Modern African Studies [Cambridge, United Kingdom], 28,
No. 1, March 1990, 115-39.
Algeria. Ministry of Information and Culture. The Agrarian Revolution.
(English ed.) (The Faces of Algeria, No. 23.) Algiers: 1973.
"Algeria's Facade of Democracy." Interview with Mahfoud Bennoune, Middle East
Report, No. 163, March-April 1990, 9-13.
Almeyra, Guillermo M. "How Real Was Algeria's Agrarian Revolution?"
Cérès [Tunis], 12, No. 2, 1979, 31-35.
Amrane, Djamila. "Algeria: Anticolonial War." Pages 123-35 in Nancy Loring Goldman
(ed.), Female Soldiers--Combatants or Non-combatants? Historical and
Contemporary Perspectives. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press,
1982.
Anderson, Lisa. "Liberalism in Northern Africa," Current History, 89, No.
546, 1990, 145-75.
------. "The State in the Middle East and North Africa," Comparative
Politics, 20, October 1987, 1-18.
Annuaire de l'Afrique du Nord (annuals 1982 through 1988-1989). Aix-
en-Provence: Centre de recherches et d'études sur les sociétés
méditerranéenes, 1982 through 1989.
Azarya, Victor. "Reordering State-Society Relations: Incorporation and
Disengagement." Pages 3-21 in Donald Rothchild and Naomi Chazan (eds.),
The Precarious Balance: State and Society in Africa. Boulder,
Colorado: Westview Press, 1988.
Balta, Paul. 1986. "French Policy in North Africa," Middle East Journal,
40, Spring 1986, 238-51.
------. "La dynamique des relations intermaghrébines." Pages 217-32 in Bassma
Kodmani-Darwish (ed.), Maghreb: Les années de transition. Paris:
Masson, 1990.
Bedrani, Slimane. "Algérie: Une nouvelle politique envers la paysannerie?"
Revue de l'occident musulman et de la Méditerranée [Aix-en-
Provence], 45, 1987, 55-66.
Bekkar, Rabia. "Taking Up Space in Tlemcen: The Islamist Occupation of Urban
Algeria," Middle East Report, No. 179, November-December 1992,
11-15.
Bennoune, Mahfoud. The Making of Contemporary Algeria, 1830-1987: Colonial
Upheavals and Post-Independence Development. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 1988.
Burgat, François. L'islamisme au Maghreb: La voix du sud. Paris: Karthala,
1988.
------. "La mobilisation islamiste et les élections algériennes du 12 juin 1990,
Maghreb-Machrek [Paris], No. 129, July-September 1990, 5-22.
------. "Les `nouveaux paysans' Algériens et l'état," Maghreb-Machrek
[Paris], No. 95, January-March: 1982, 56-65.
Charte d'Alger, 1964. Algiers: SNED, 1964.
Charte nationale, 1976. Algiers: ةditions populaires de l'armée, 1976.
Charte nationale algérienne, 27 juin 1976. (Notes et études
documentaires, Nos. 4348-4350.) Paris: Documentation française, 1976.
Chaulet, Claudine. "Les ruraux algériens et l'état," Revue de l'occident
musulman et de la Méditerranée [Aix-en-Provence], 45, 1987, 67-79.
Cheriet, Boutheina. "Islamism and Feminism: Algeria's `Rites of Passage' to
Democracy." Pages 171-215 in John P. Entelis and Phillip C. Naylor (eds.),
State and Society in Algeria. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press,
1992.
Chikh, Slimane. "La politique africaine de l'Algérie." Pages 1-54 in Annuaire
de l'Afrique du Nord. (18th ed.) Paris: Centre de recherches et d'études
sur les sociétés méditerranéenes et Centre national de la recherche
scientifique, 1979.
Cody, Edward. "Reform Referendum Set in Algeria," Washington Post,
October 13, 1988, A3.
Constitution of 1976. Algiers: ةditions populaires de l'armée, 1976.
Constitution of 1989. Algiers: SNED, 1989.
Daoud, Zakya. "La création de l'union du Maghreb arabe," Maghreb-
Machrek [Paris], No. 124, April-June 1989, 120-38.
Dillman, Bradford. "Transition to Democracy in Algeria." Pages 31-51 in John P.
Entelis and Phillip C. Naylor (eds.), State and Society in Algeria.
Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1992.
Djeghloul, Abdelkader. "Le multipartisme à l'algérienne," Maghreb-Machrek
[Paris], No. 127, January-March, 1990, 194-210.
Duran, Khalid. "The Second Battle of Algiers," Orbis, 33, No. 3, Summer
1989, 403-21.
Economist Intelligence Unit. Country Profile: Algeria, 1989-90. London:
1989.
------. Country Profile: Algeria, 1990-91. London: 1990.
------. Country Profile: Algeria, 1991-92. London: 1991.
------. Country Profile: Algeria, 1992-93. London: 1992.
crement, Marc. Indépendance politique etةlibération économique: Un quart de
siècle du développement de l'Algérie, 1962-1985. Algiers: Entreprise
algérienne de presse: Office des publications universitaires and Grenoble:
Presses universitaires de Grenoble, 1986.
Entelis, John P. Algeria: The Revolution Institutionalized. Boulder,
Colorado: Westview Press, 1986.
------. "Algeria: Technocratic Rule, Military Power." Pages 92-143 in I. William
Zartman, et al. (eds.), Political Elites in Arab North Africa: Morocco,
Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, and Egypt. New York: Longman, 1982.
------. "Algeria under Chadli: Liberalization Without Democratization or,
Perestroika, Yes; Glasnost, No!" Middle East Insight, 6, No. 3, 1988,
47-64.
------. "Democratic and Popular Republic of Algeria." Pages 407-34 in David E.
Long and Bernard Reich (eds.), The Government and Politics of the
Middle East and North Africa. (2d ed. rev.) Boulder, Colorado: Westview
Press, 1986.
------. "Elite Political Culture and Socialization in Algeria: Tensions and
Discontinuities," Middle East Journal, 35, No. 2, Spring 1981, 191-
208.
------. "Introduction: State and Society in Transition." Pages 1-30 in John P.
Entelis and Phillip C. Naylor (eds.), State and Society in Algeria.
Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1992.
------. "Islam, Democracy, and the State: The Reemergence of Authoritarian
Politics in Algeria." (Revised paper presented at Eighteenth Annual
Symposium, Center for Contemporary Arab Studies, Georgetown University on
"Islamism and Secularism in North Africa," Washington, April 1-2, 1993.)
------. "U.S.-Maghreb Relations in a Democratic Age: The Priority of Algeria,"
Middle East Insight, 8, No. 3, January-February 1992, 31-35.
Entelis, John P., and Lisa J. Arone. "Algeria in Turmoil: Islam, Democracy, and the
State," Middle East Policy, 1, No. 2, 1992, 23-35.
Entelis, John P., and Philip C. Naylor (eds.). State and Society in Algeria.
Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1992.
Fontaine, Jacques. "Les élections locales algériennes du 12 juin 1990: Approche
statistique et géographique," Maghreb-Machrek [Paris], No. 129,
July-September 1990, 124-40.
Gellner, Ernest, and Jean-Claude Vatin (eds.). Islam et politique au
Maghreb. Aix-en-Provence: Centre de recherches et d'études sur les
sociétés méditerranéenes, 1981.
Grimaud, Nicole. "Algeria and Socialist France," Middle East Journal, 40,
No. 2 Spring 1986, 252-66.
------. "La France et le Maghreb: Vers un partenariat." Pages 323-40 in Bassma
Kodmani-Darwish (ed.), Maghreb: Les années de transition. Paris:
Masson, 1990.
------. "Nouvelles orientations de relations entre la France et l'Algérie,"
Maghreb-Machrek, No. 103, January-March 1984, 96-106.
------. La Politique extérieure de l'Algérie. Paris: Karthala, 1984.
------. "Prolongements externes des élections algériennes," Cahiers de
l'Orient [Paris], No. 23, 1991, 29-40.
Harbi, Mohammed. Aux origines du FLN: Le populisme révolutionnaire en
Algérie. Paris: Bourgois, 1975.
------. Le FLN: Mirage et réalité--des origines à la prise du pouvoir, 1945-
1962. Paris: ةditions Jeune Afrique, 1980.
Hermassi, Elbaki. "State-Building and Regime Performance in the Greater Maghreb."
Pages 75-88 in Ghassan Salamé (ed.), The Foundations of the Arab
State. New York: Croom Helm, 1987.
Hodges, Tony. "François Mitterrand, Master Strategist in the Maghreb."
Africa Report, 28, May-June 1983, 17-21.
Humbaraci, Arslan. Algeria: A Revolution that Failed. A Political History since
1954. New York: Praeger, 1966.
Jones, Linda G. "Portrait of Rashid al-Ghannoushi," Middle East Report,
No. 153, July-August 1988, 19-22.
Kapil, Arun. "Algeria's Elections Show Islamist Strength," Middle East
Report, No. 165, September-October 1990, 31-36.
------. "Les partis islamistes en Algérie: Eléments de présentation,"
Maghreb-Machrek [Paris], No. 133, July-September 1991, 103-11.
------. "Portraits statistiques des élections du 12 juin 1990: Chiffres-clés pour
une analyse," Cahiers de l'Orient, No. 23, 1991, 41-63.
Kielstra, Nico. "The Agrarian Revolution and Algerian Socialism," MERIP
Reports, No. 67, 1987, 5-26.
Knauss, Peter R. "Algerian Women since Independence." Pages 151-69 in John P.
Entelis and Phillip C. Naylor (eds.), State and Society in Algeria.
Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1992.
Kodmani-Darwish, Bassma. Maghreb: Les années de transition. Paris:
Masson, 1990.
Korany, Bahgat. "Third Worldism and Pragmatic Radicalism: The Foreign Policy of
Algeria." Pages 79-118 in Bahgat Korany and Ali E. Hillal Dessouki (eds.),
The Foreign Policy of Arab States. Boulder, Colorado: Westview
Press, 1984.
Laacher, Smain. Algérie: Réalités sociales et pouvoir. Paris: Harmattan,
1985.
Lassassi, Assassi. Nonalignment and Algerian Foreign Policy. Brookfield,
Vermont: Avebury, 1988.
Lawless, Richard, and Allan Findlay (eds.). North Africa: Contemporary Politics
and Economic Development. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1984.
Leca, Jean. "ةtat et société en Algérie." Pages 17-58 in Bassma Kodmani-Darwish
(ed.), Maghreb: Les années de transition. Paris: Masson, 1990.
Lewis, William. "Algeria and the Maghreb at the Turning Point," Mediterranean
Quarterly: A Journal of Global Issues, 1, No. 3, Summer 1990, 62-74.
Mameri, Khalfa. Citations du président Boumediene. Algiers: SNED, 1975.
Marion, Georges. "`Ordre islamique' en Algérie," Le Monde [Paris], July 17,
1990, 5.
Mitterrand, François. Réflexions sur la politique extérieure de la France:
Introduction à vingt-cinq discours, 1981-1985. Paris: Fayard, 1986.
Mortimer, Robert A. "Algeria after the Explosion," Current History, 89, No.
546, April, 1990, 161-82.
------. "Algerian Foreign Policy in Transition." Pages 241-66 in John P. Entelis
and Phillip C. Naylor (eds.), State and Society in Algeria. Boulder,
Colorado: Westview Press, 1992.
------. "The Algerian Revolution in Search of the African Revolution,"
Journal of Modern African Studies [London], 8, No. 3, October 1970,
363-87.
------. "The Arab Maghreb Union: Political Economy and Geopolitics,"
Relazioni Internazionali [Naples], 12, December 1990, 14-24.
------. "Development and Autonomy: The Algerian Approach," TransAfrica
Forum, Winter 1987, 35-48.
------. "Global Economy and African Foreign Policy: The Algerian Model,"
African Studies Review, 27, No. 1, March 1984, 1-22.
------. "Islam and Multiparty Politics in Algeria," Middle East Journal,
45, No. 4, Autumn 1991, 575-93.
------. "Maghreb Matters," Foreign Policy, 76, Fall 1989, 160-75.
------. "The Politics of Reassurance in Algeria," Current History, 84,
No. 502, May 1985, 201-4, 228-29.
Mouhoubi, Salah. La politique de coopération algéro-française: Bilan et
perspectives. Algiers: Office des publications universitaires, 1986.
Nacer, Abderrahmane Roustoumi Hadj (ed.). Les cahiers de la réforme. (5
vols.) Algiers: En.A.P., 1989.
Naylor, Phillip C. "French-Algerian Relations, 1980-1990." Pages 217-40 in John
P. Entelis and Phillip C. Naylor (eds.), State and Society in Algeria.
Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1992.
Ottaway, David B., and Marina Ottaway. Algeria: The Politics of a Socialist
Revolution. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1970.
Pfeifer, Karen. Agrarian Reform under State Capitalism in Algeria. Boulder,
Colorado: Westview Press, 1985.
Projet de charte nationale, 1986. Algiers: Parti du Front de Libération
Nationale. Algiers: n.p., 1986.
Quandt, William B. "Can We Do Business with Radical Nationalists? Algeria: Yes,"
Foreign Policy, 7, 1972, 108-31.
------. Revolution and Political Leadership: Algeria, 1954-1968.
Cambridge: MIT Press, 1969.
Redjala, Ramdane. L'opposition en Algérie depuis 1962, 1. Paris:
Harmattan, 1988.
Roberts, Hugh. "The Politics of Algerian Socialism." Pages 5-49 in Richard Lawless
and Allan Findlay (eds.), North Africa: Contemporary Politics and
Economic Development. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1984.
Shahin, Emad Eldin. "Algeria: The Limits to Democracy," Middle East
Insight, 7, No. 6, July-October 1992, 10-19.
Smith, Tony. "The Political and Economic Ambitions of Algerian Land Reform,
1962-1974," Middle East Journal, 29, Summer 1975, 259-78.
Tahi, Mohand Salah. "The Arduous Democratisation Process in Algeria," Journal
of Modern African Studies [Cambridge, United Kingdom], 30, No. 3,
September 1992, 397-419.
Tlemcani, Rachid. "Chadli's Perestroika," Middle East Report, No. 163,
March-April 1990, 14-17.
------. State and Revolution in Algeria. Boulder, Colorado: Westview
Press, 1986.
Tlemcani, Rachid, and William W. Hansen. "Development and the State in
Post-Colonial Algeria," Journal of Asian and African Studies
[Leiden], 24, Nos. 1-2, 1989, 114-33.
Yefsah, Abdelkader. La question du pouvoir en Algérie. Algiers: En.A.P.,
1990.
Zartman, I. William. "L'élite algérienne sous la présidence de Chadli Benjedid,"
Maghreb-Machrek [Paris], 106, October-November 1984, 37-53.
------. "The Military in the Politics of Succession: Algeria." Pages 21-45 in John
W. Harbeson (ed.), The Military in African Politics. New York:
Praeger, 1987.
------. "Political Succession as a Conceptual Event: The Algerian and Tunisian
Cases." (Paper presented at Fourteenth World Congress, International Political
Science Association, Washington, September 23-25, 1988.)
(Various issues of the following publications were also used in the preparation
of this chapter: Africa Confidential [London]; Al-Aqida [Algiers];
Al-Chaab [Algiers]; Al-Mazza [Algiers]; Al-Salaam
[Algiers]; Al-Tadhkeer [Algiers]; Algérie Informations [Algiers];
Christian Science Monitor; Economist, Quarterly Economic Review:
Algeria [London]: El-Badil [Algiers]; El-Khaban [Algiers];
El-Moudjahid [Algiers]; El-Mounqidh [Algiers]; El-
Watan [Algiers]; Es-Sahafa [Algiers]; Horizons [Algiers];
International Herald Tribune [Paris]; International Journal of Middle
East Studies; L'Express [Paris]; Le Figaro [Paris]; Le
Monde [Paris]; Le Monde Diplomatique [Paris]; Libération
[Paris]; Middle East Studies Association Bulletin; Middle East
Journal; New York Times; Révolution Africaine [Algiers];
Washington Post; and World Press Review.)
Chapter 5
Air Forces of the World. (Ed., D.H. Chopping.) Geneva: Interavia Data,
1985.
Algeria. Ministry of Information and Culture. De l'A.L.N. à l'A.N.P. Algiers:
Armée National Populaire, Commisariat Politique, 1974.
Amnesty International. Amnesty International Report, 1992. New York:
1992.
------. Amnesty International Report, 1993. London: 1993.
Damis, John. "Morocco and the Western Sahara," Current History, 89, No.
546, April 1990, 165-68, 184-86.
Deeb, Mary-Jane. "Inter-Maghribi Relations since 1969: A Study of the Modalities
of Unions and Mergers," Middle East Journal, 43, No. 1, Winter
1989, 20-33.
Defense and Foreign Affairs Handbook, 1990-1991. (Ed., Gregory R.
Copley.) Alexandria, Virginia: International Media, 1990.
de la Gorce, Paul-Marie. "Algérie: Un premier ministre de choc," Jeune
Afrique [Paris], No. 1645, July 16-22, 1992, 20-33.
------. "L'armée seule avec Dieu," Jeune Afrique [Paris], No. 1644, July
9-15, 1992, 59-62.
DMS Market Intelligence Reports: Foreign Military Markets: Middle East and
Africa. Alexandria, Virginia: Jane's Information Group, 1989.
Duran, Khalid. "The Second Battle of Algiers," Orbis, 33, No. 3, Summer
1989, 403-21.
Dyer, Gwynne. "Algeria." Pages 10-14 in John Keegan (ed.), World Armies.
Detroit: Gale Research, 1983.
Entelis, John P. "Democratic and Popular Republic of Algeria." Pages 407-34 in
David E. Long and Bernard Reich (eds.), The Government and Politics of
the Middle East and North Africa. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press,
1986.
Entelis, John P., and Lisa J. Arone. "Algeria in Turmoil: Islam, Democracy, and the
State," Middle East Policy, 1, No. 2, 1992, 23-35.
Gibbins, Penny. "Algeria's Trial of Strength," Middle East [London], No.
201, July 1991, 28-32.
Hermida, Alfred. "Death in Algiers," Africa Report, 37, No. 5,
September-October 1992, 49-53.
------. "Democracy Derailed," Africa Report, 37, No. 2, March-April
1992, 12-17.
Horne, Alistair. A Savage War of Peace: Algeria, 1954-1962. New York:
Viking, 1977.
Jane's Fighting Ships, 1992-93. (Ed., Richard Sharpe.) Alexandria,
Virginia: Jane's Information Group, 1992.
Kaidi, Hamza. "La guerre civile est déjà là," Jeune Afrique [Paris], No.
1624, February 20-26, 1992, 19-21.
"The Maghreb: The Rise of Radical Islam." Pages 109-15 in Sidney Bearman (ed.),
Strategic Survey: 1991-1992. London: Brassey's for the
International Institute for Strategic Studies, 1992.
Mandron, Guy. "The Algerian Confrontation." Jane's Intelligence Review
[Coulsdon, United Kingdom], 4, No. 7, July 1992, 321-24.
The Middle East and North Africa, 1993. London: Europa, 1992.
The Middle East Military Balance, 1989-1990. (Ed., Joseph Alpher.)
Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press for Jaffee Center for Strategic Studies,
1990.
The Military Balance, 1992-1993. London: International Institute for
Strategic Studies, 1992.
The Military Balance, 1993-1994. London: International Institute for
Strategic Studies, 1993.
Milivojevic, Marko. "Algeria's National Popular Army," Armed Forces
[Shepperton, United Kingdom], 8, No. 4, April 1989, 158-63.
Mortimer, Robert A. "Algeria after the Explosion," Current History, 89, No.
546, April 1990, 161-82.
------. "Islam and Multiparty Politics in Algeria," Middle East Journal,
45, No. 4, Autumn 1991, 575-93.
Quandt, William B. Algerian Military Development: The Professionalization of a
Guerrilla Army. Santa Monica, California: Rand, 1970.
Roberts, Hugh. "Radical Islamism and the Dilemma of Algerian Nationalism,"
Third World Quarterly [Abingdon, United Kingdom], 10, No. 2, April
1988, 556-89.
Sivard, Ruth Leger. World Military and Social Expenditures, 1991.
Washington: World Priorities, 1991.
United States. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency. World Military
Expenditures and Arms Transfers, 1990. Washington: GPO, 1991.
------. Department of State. Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for
1990. (Report submitted to United States Congress, 102d, 1st Session, Senate,
Committee on Foreign Relations, and House of Representatives, Committee on
Foreign Affairs.) Washington: GPO, 1991.
------. Department of State. Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for
1991. (Report submitted to United States Congress, 102d, 2d Session,
Senate, Committee on Foreign Relations, and House of Representatives,
Committee on Foreign Affairs.) Washington: GPO, 1992.
------. Department of State. Patterns of Global Terrorism: 1991.
Washington: 1992.
------. Department of State and Defense Security Assistance Agency.
Congressional Presentation for Security Assistance, Fiscal Year
1993. Washington: 1992.
"World Defence Almanac: Algeria," Military Technology [Bonn], 1, January
1992, 153.
Yared, Marc. "La deuxième guerre d'Algérie: A-t-elle commencée?" Jeune
Afrique [Paris], Nos. 1649-50, August 13-26, 1992, 38-48.
Zartman, I. William. "The Algerian Army in Politics," Pages 224-49 in Claude E.
Welch, Jr. (ed.), Soldier and State in Africa. Evanston, Illinois:
Northwestern University Press, 1970.
------. Political Elites in Arab North Africa. New York: Longman, 1982.
(Various issues of the following publications were also used in the preparation
of this chapter: Africa Confidential [London]; African Defence
Journal [Paris]; Economist [London]; Economist Intelligence Unit:
Country Reports: Algeria [London]; Foreign Broadcast Information Service,
Daily Report: Middle East and Africa; Facts on File; Jeune
Afrique [Paris]; Joint Publications Research Service: Near East/South Asia
Report; Keesing's Record of World Events [London]; Marchés
tropicaux et méditerranéens [Paris]; Middle East Insight; New
York Times; Washington Post; and Washington Report on Middle
East Affairs
Bibliography of LibyaAbu-Nasr, Jamil M. A History of the Maghrib. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 1971.
Anderson, Lisa. The State and Social Transformation in Tunisia
and Libya, 1830-1980. Princeton: Princeton University
Press, 1986.
Antonius, George. The Arab Awakening: The Story of the Arab
National Movement. New York: Capricorn Books, 1965.
Askew, William C. Europe and Italy's Acquisition of Libya,
1911-1912. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press,
1942.
Barbar, Aghil M. Libya 1969-1974: A Bibliography.
Washington: Middle East Institute, 1975.
Barbour, Neville (ed.). A Survey of North West Africa: The
Maghrib. (2d ed.) London: Oxford University Press, 1962.
Bates, Oric. The Eastern Libyans: An Essay. London: Frank
Cass, 1970.
Bianco, Mirella. Gadafi: Voice from the Desert. New York:
Longman, 1975.
Blunsum, Terrence. Libya: The Country and Its People.
London: Queen Anne Press, 1968.
Braudel, Fernand. The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World
in the Age of Philip II. (2 Vols.) New York: Harper and
Row, 1972.
Brett, Michael. "The UN and Libya," Journal of African
History [London], 13, No. 1, 1972, 168-70.
Briggs, L. Cabot. Tribes of the Sahara. Cambridge: Harvard
University Press, 1960.
Brown, Leon Carl. The United States and the Maghrib.
(Princeton Near East Paper, No. 24.) Princeton: Princeton
University Program in Near Eastern Studies, 1976.
Brunschvig, Robert. La Berbérie orientale sous les Hafsides des
orgines à la fin du XV siècle. (2 Vols.) Paris: Adrien-
Maisonneuve and Librairie d'Amérique et d'Orient, 1940, 1947.
Bulliet, Richard W. The Camel and the Wheel. Cambridge:
Harvard University Press, 1975.
Burke, Edmund. "Towards a History of the Maghrib," Middle
Eastern Studies [London], 11, No. 3, October 1975, 306-
23.
Cachia, Anthony J. Libya under the Second Ottoman Occupation
(1835- 1911). Tripoli: Government Press, 1945.
Carrington, Richard. East from Tunis. A Record of Travels on
the Northern Coast of Africa. London: Chatto and Windus,
1957.
Cazalis, Anne-Marie. Kadhaffi, le templier d'Allah. Paris:
Gallimard, 1974.
Chambour, Raafat. Power and Concept of the Libyan
Revolution. Lausanne: Editions Méditerranéennes, 1977.
Charles-Picard, Gilbert. Carthage. London: Paul Elek,
1964.
------. La Civilisation de l'Afrique romaine. Paris: Plom,
1959.
Chouraqui, André N. Between East and West: A History of the
Jews of North Africa. New York: Atheneum, 1973.
Clifford, Alexander. Three Against Rommel. London: Harrap,
1943.
Cooley, John K. Baal, Christ, and Mohammed: Religion and
Revolution in North Africa. London: John Murray, 1965.
Copeland, Paul W. The Land and People of Libya.
Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1967.
Courtois, Christian. Les Vandales et l'Afrique. Aalen,
West Germany: Scientia Verlag, 1964.
Daniels, Charles. Garamantes of Southern Libya. Stoughton,
Wisconsin: Oleander Press, 1972.
Dearden, Seton. A Nest of Corsairs. London: John Murray,
1976.
Deeb, Marius K., and Mary Jane Deeb. Libya Since the
Revolution: Aspects of Social and Political Development.
New York: Praeger, 1982.
Désiré-Vuillemin, Geneviève. Le Monde libyco-berbère dans
l'antiquité. (Documentation Pédagogique Africaine, No.
7.) Paris: Institut Pédagogique National, 1964.
Diehl, Charles. L'Afrique byzantine: Histoire de la domination
byzantine en Afrique 533-709. (2 Vols.) Reprint.
Philadelphia: Burt Franklin, 1968.
Dupree, Louis. "The Arabs of Modern Libya," Muslim World
[Cambridge, United Kingdom], 48, No. 2, April 1958, 113-24.
Evans-Pritchard, Edward. The Sanusi of Cyrenaica. Oxford:
Clarendon Press, 1949.
First, Ruth. Libya: The Elusive Revolution. New York:
Africana Publishing, 1975.
Fisher, Godfrey. Barbary Legend: War, Trade, and Piracy in
North Africa, 1415-1830. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1957.
Freeman, Kathleen. "Cyrene." Pages 191-212 in Greek City-
States. New York: Norton, 1963.
Furlonge, Sir Geoffrey. The Lands of Barbary. London: John
Murray, 1966.
Gallagher, Charles F. The United States and North Africa.
Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1962.
Goodchild, Richard G. "Byzantines, Berbers and Arabs in 7th Century
Libya," Antiquity [Cambridge, United Kingdom], No.
41, 1967, 115-24.
------. Libyan Studies: Select Papers of the Late R.G.
Goodchild. (Ed., Joyce Reynolds.) London: Paul Elek,
1976.
------. "Mapping Roman Libya," Geographical Journal
[London], 118, 1952, 142-52.
Graziani, Rodolfo. Cirenaica Pacificata. Milan: Modadori,
1932.
Grimaud, N. "L'Algérie, la Libye et la guerre d'Octobre,"
Defense Nationale [Paris], 30, No. 8-9, August-
September 1974, 69-88.
Hahn, Lorna, and Maureen Muirragui. Historical Dictionary of
Libya. (African Historical Dictionaries, No. 33.)
Metuchen, New Jersey: Scarecrow Press, 1981.
Harden, Donald B. The Phoenicians. New York: Praeger,
1962.
Harris, Lillian Craig. Libya: Qadhafi's Revolution and the
Modern State. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1986.
Hill, Derek, and Lucien Golvin. Islamic Architecture in North
Africa. London: Faber and Faber, 1976.
Holmboe, Knud. Desert Encounter: An Adventurous Journey Through
Italian Africa. New York: Putnam's, 1937.
Holt, P.M., Ann K.S. Lambton, and Bernard Lewis (eds.). The
Cambridge History of Islam, II: The Further Islamic Lands,
Islamic Society and Civilisation. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 1970.
el-Houni, Ahmad Salheen. "The Senusi Movement," Libyan
Review [Tripoli], 5, No. 1, January 1969, 10-14.
Idris, Hadi Roger. "De la réalité de la castastrophe hilâlienne,"
Annales économies, sociétés, civilisations [Paris],
23, No. 2, March-April 1968, 390-96.
Irwin, Ray W. The Diplomatic Relations of the United States
with the Barbary Powers 1776-1816. Chapel Hill:
University of North Carolina Press, 1931.
Joffe, E. G. H., and K. S. McLachlan (eds.). Social and
Economic Development of Libya. Wisbech, United Kingdom:
Middle East and North African Studies Press, 1982.
Julien, Charles-André. History of North Africa: Tunisia,
Algeria, Morocco: From the Arab Conquest to 1830. (Edited
and revised by Roger Le Tourneau.) New York: Praeger, 1970.
Khadduri, Majid. Modern Libya: A Study in Political
Development. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1963.
Knapp, Wilfrid. North-West Africa: A Political and Economic
Survey. (3d ed.) Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1977.
Le Tourneau, Roger. The Almohad Movement in North Africa in the
Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries. Princeton: Princeton
University Press, 1969.
Lewis, Bernard. The Arabs in History. New York:
Hutchinson, Row, 1970.
------. Islam. (2 Vols.) (The Documentary History of
Western Civilization Series.) New York: Walker, 1976.
Libya. General Administration for Information, Aspects of First
of September Revolution. Tripoli: 1973.
Libya. Ministry of Education and National Guidance, Department of
Public Relations. On Evacuation of British Forces:
Evacuation Day, March 31st, 1970. Tripoli: 1970.
Monlaü, Jean. Les Etats barbaresques. Paris: Presses
Universitaires de France, 1973.
Montagne, Robert. The Berbers: Their Political and Social
Life. London: Frank Cass, 1973.
Moore, Martin. Fourth Shore: Italy's Mass Colonisation of
Libya. London: George Routledge, 1940.
Moorehead, Alan. African Trilogy (Mediterranean Front--A Year
of Battle--The End in Africa). London: Hamish Hamilton,
1944.
Moscati, Sabatino. The World of the Phoenicians. London:
Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1968.
Muscat, Frederick. Libya as I See It. Tripoli: Edam
Publishing, n.d.
------. My President, My Son--or one day that changed the
history of Libya. Valetta, Malta: Adam, 1974.
Nash, Howard P. The Forgotten Wars. London: A.S. Barnes,
1968.
Parker, Richard B. North Africa: Regional Tensions and
Strategic Concerns. New York: Praeger, 1984.
Pelt, Adrian. Libyan Independence and the United Nations: A
Case of Planned Decolonization. New Haven: Yale
University Press for the Carnegie Endowment for International
Peace, 1970.
Picard, Gilbert. Les Religions de l'Afrique antique.
Paris: Plon, 1965.
Poncet, Jean. "Le Mythe de la 'catastrophe' hilâlienne,"
Annales économies, sociétés, civilisations [Paris],
22, No. 5, September-October 1967, 1099-1120.
Qadhafi, Muammar al. The Green Book, Part I: The Solution of
the Problem of Democracy. London: Martin Brian and
O'Keeffe, 1976.
------. The Green Book, Part II: The Solution of the Economic
Problem: "Socialism." London: Martin Brian and O'Keeffe,
1978.
Rennell Rodd, Francis J. (Lord Rennell). General William
Eaton. London: Routledge, 1932.
Romanelli, Pietro. La Cirenaica romana. Verbania, Italy:
Airoldi, 1943.
------. Origini e sviluppi delle citta tripolitane. Rome:
Edizione Universitaire, 1939.
------. Storia delle provincie romane dell'Africa. Rome:
Istituto Italiano per la Storia Antica, 1959.
Rossi, Ettore. Storia di Tripoli e della Tripolitania: dalla
conquista Araba al 1911. Rome: Istituto per l'Oriente,
1968.
Roumani, Jacques. "From Republic to Jamahiriya: Libya's Search for
Political Community," Middle East Journal, 37, No. 2,
Spring 1983, 151-68.
Sabki, Hisham M. The United Nations and the Pacific Settlement
of Disputes: A Case Study of Libya. New York:
International Publications Service, 1973.
Sallust (Gaius Sallustius Crispus). The Jurgurthine War.
Baltimore: Penguin, 1964.
Schliephake, Konrad (ed.). Libyen: Wirtschaftliche und sozial
Strukturen und Entwicklung. Hamburg: Institut für Afrika-
Kunde, 1976.
Segrè, Claudio G. Fourth Shore: The Italian Colonization of
Libya. (Studies in Imperialism Series.) Chicago:
University of Chicago Press, 1975.
Sharabi, Hisham. "The Transformation of Ideology in the Arab
World," Middle East Journal, 19, No. 4, Autumn 1965,
471-86.
Shaw, Stanford J., and Ezel Kural Shaw. History of the Ottoman
Empire and Modern Turkey. (2 Vols.) London: Cambridge
University Press, 1976-77.
Shorter Encyclopedia of Islam. (Eds., H.A.R. Gibb and J.H.
Kramers.) Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1953.
Talbi, Mohamed. L'Emirat aghlabide: Histoire politique.
Paris: Librairie d'Amérique et d'Orient, 1966.
Twaite, Anthony. The Deserts of Hesperides. London: Secker
and Warburg, 1969.
United States. Naval Documents Relating to the United States
War with the Barbary Powers, Vols. 4-6. Washington: GPO,
1944.
Ward, Philip. Touring Libya: The Eastern Provinces.
London: Faber, 1969.
------. Touring Libya: The Southern Provinces. London:
Faber, 1968.
------. Touring Libya: The Western Provinces. London:
Faber, 1967.
Warmington, Brian Herbert. Carthage. New York: Praeger,
1969.
------. The North African Provinces from Diocletian to the
Vandal Conquest. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
1954.
Wellard, James. "The Tuaregs: A proud race in decline,"
Geographical Journal [London], 37, No. 5, September
1964, 386-96.
Wright, John. Libya. (Nations of the Modern World Series.)
New York: Praeger, 1969.
------. Libya: A Modern History. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins
University Press, 1982.
Zartman, I. William. Government and Politics in Northern
Africa. New York: Praeger, 1963.
Anderson, Lisa. "Assessing Libya's Qaddafi," Current
History, 84, No. 502, May 1985, 197-200.
------. "Qadhdhafi and His Opposition," Middle East
Journal, 40, No. 2, Spring 1986, 225-37.
------. "Qaddafi's Islam." Pages 134-49 in John L. Esposito (ed.),
Voices of Resurgent Islam. New York: Oxford
University Press, 1983.
Attir, Mustafa O. "Ideology, Value Changes, and Women's Social
Position in Libyan Society." Pages 121-33 in Elizabeth W.
Fernea (ed.), Women and the Family in the Middle East: New
Voices of Change. Austin: University of Texas Press,
1985.
Birks, Stace, and Clive Sinclair. "Libya: Problems of a Rentier
State." Pages 241-75 in Richard Lawless and Allan Findlay
(eds.), North Africa: Contemporary Politics and Economic
Development. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1984.
Camps, Gabriel. Berbères aux marges de l'histoire.
Barcelona: Editions des Hespérides, 1980.
Cooley, John K. Libyan Sandstorm. New York: Holt,
Rinehart, and Winston, 1982.
Cremasco, Maurizio. "Friction for the Future?--Gadaffi's Libya,"
NATO's Sixteen Nations, December 1986-January 1987,
24-31.
Dalby, David. Language Map of Africa and the Adjacent
Islands. London: International Africa Institute, 1977.
Deeb, Marius K., and Mary Jane Deeb. "Libya: Internal Developments
and Regional Politics." Pages 131-47 in David H. Partington
(ed.), The Middle East Annual, Issues and Events, IV--
1984. Boston: G.K. Hall, 1985.
------. Libya Since the Revolution: Aspects of Social and
Political Development. New York: Praeger, 1982.
Dunton, Chris. "Gaddafi's Libya," West Africa [London],
No. 3600, September 1, 1986, 1820-22.
Dupree, Louis. "The Non-Arab Ethnic Groups of Libya," Middle
East Journal, 12, No. 1, Winter 1958, 33-44.
Economist Intelligence Unit. Quarterly Economic Review of
Libya: Annual Supplement, 1985. London: Economist
Publications, 1985.
------. Quarterly Economic Review of Libya, No. 1, London:
Economist Publications, 1985.
------. Quarterly Economic Review of Libya, No. 1, London:
Economist Publications 1986.
------. Quarterly Economic Review of Libya, No. 1, London:
Economist Publications 1987.
El Fathaly, Omar I., and Monte Palmer. "Opposition to Change in
Rural Libya," International Journal of Middle East
Studies, 1, April 1980, 247-61.
------. Political Development and Social Change in Libya.
Lexington, Massachusetts: Heath, 1980.
------. "The Transformation of the Elite Structure in Revolutionary
Libya." Pages 255-79 in E.G.H. Joffe and K.S. McLachlan
(eds.), Social and Economic Development of Libya.
Wisbech, United Kingdom: Middle East and North African Studies
Press, 1982.
Fawat, Ibrahim. "Libya: Economic Crisis, Political Expulsions,"
AfricAsia, No. 22, October 1985, 32-43.
Fisher, W.B. "Libya." Pages 596-625 in The Middle East and
North Africa, 1987. London: Europa Publications, 1986.
"Great Man-Made River: Eighth Wonder of the World Becomes a
Reality," Arab British Commerce, April-May 1985, 26-
27.
Harris, Lillian Craig. Libya: Qadhafi's Revolution and the
Modern State. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1986.
Henderson, George. "Retrenchment in Tripoli," Africa
Report, 31, No. 4, July-August 1986, 72-78.
Hinnebusch, Raymond A. "Libya: Personalistic Leadership of a
Populist Revolution." Pages 177-222 in I. William Zartman
(ed.), Political Elites in Arab North Africa. New
York: Longman, 1982.
Karan, P.P., and W.A. Bladen. "Arabic Cities," Focus, 33,
No. 3, January-February 1983, 1-8.
Khalidi, Musa. "Dilemmas of Rural Development in Cyrenaica, Libya,"
Studies in Comparative International Development, No.
20, Summer 1985, 48-64.
Kramer, Kim. "Tebu." Pages 408-12 in Richard V. Weekes (ed.),
Muslim Peoples: A World Ethnographic Survey.
Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1978.
Legum, Colin (ed.). Africa Contemporary Record: Annual Survey
and Documents, 1982-83. New York: Africana Publishing,
1984.
------. African Contemporary Record: Annual Survey and
Documents, 1983-84. New York: Africana Publishing, 1985.
------. African Contemporary Record: Annual Survey and
Documents, 1984-85. New York: Africana Publishing, 1986.
------. African Contemporary Record: Annual Survey and
Documents, 1985-86. New York: Africana Publishing, 1987.
Libya. Central Bank. Annual Report. Tripoli: 1984.
Mason, John P. "Qadhdhafi's 'Revolution' and Change in a
Libyan Oasis Community," Middle East Journal, 35, No.
3, Summer 1982, 319-35.
Massialas, Byron G., and Samir Ahmed Jarrar. Education in the
Arab World. New York: Praeger, 1983.
Mayer, Ann Elizabeth. "Islamic Resurgence or New Prophethood: The
Role of Islam in Qadhdafi's Ideology." Pages 196-220 in Ali E.
Hillal Dessouki (ed.), Islamic Resurgence in the Arab
World. New York: Praeger, 1982.
Misallati, Abdalla S.O. "Tripoli," Focus, 33, No. 3,
January-February 1983, 9-11.
Parker, Richard B. North Africa: Regional Tensions and
Strategic Concerns. New York: Praeger, 1984.
Peters, I.L. "Cultural and Social Diversity in Libya." Pages 103-20
in J.A. Allan (ed.), Libya Since Independence: Economic
and Political Development. New York: St. Martin's Press,
1982.
Roumani, Jacques. "Libya and the Military Revolution." Pages 344-60
in I. William Zartman (ed.), Man, State, and Society in
the Contemporary Maghrib. New York: Praeger, 1973.
Sono, Themba. "Libya--A People's Revolution," Africa, No.
167, July 1985, 40-54.
Spencer, William. "Berber." Pages 99-110 in Richard V. Weekes
(ed.), Muslim Peoples: A World Ethnographic Survey.
Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1978.
United Nations. Department of International Economic and Social
Affairs. Statistical Office. Populations and Vital
Statistics Report: Data Available as of 1 January 1987.
New York: 1987.
------. Department of International Economic and Social Affairs.
Statistical Office. Statistical Yearbook, 1983-84.
New York: 1986.
------. Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization
(UNESCO). International Yearbook of Education. Paris:
1980.
United States. Department of State. Bureau of Public Affairs.
Office of Public Communications. Background Notes:
Libya. Washington: GPO, 1985.
Vandewalle, Dirk. "Libya's Revolution Revisited," Middle East
Report, November-December 1986, 30-35, 43.
World Bank. World Development Report, 1986. New York:
Oxford University Press, 1986.
------. World Tables, Vol. 2, Social Data. Baltimore:
Johns Hopkins University Press, 1984.
Wright, John. Libya: A Modern History. Baltimore: John
Hopkins University Press, 1982.
(Various issues of the following publications were also used in
the preparation of this chapter: Africa Research Bulletin:
Political, Social, and Cultural Series [Exeter, United
Kingdom]; Christian Science Monitor; Foreign Broadcast
Information Service, Daily Report: Middle East and Africa;
Jamahiriya Review [London]; Joint Publications Research
Service, Near East-South Asia Report; Manchester
Guardian Weekly [Manchester]; Marchés tropicaux et
méditerranéens [Paris]; Middle East Economic Digest
[London]; Middle East Education and Training [London];
New York Times; Washington Post.)
Albright, John L. "The Mineral Industry of Libya." Pages 617-23 in
United States Department of Interior, Minerals Yearbook
1974, III: Area Reports International. Washington: GPO,
1976.
Allan, J.A. "The Kufrah Agricultural Schemes," Geographical
Journal [London], No. 142, March 1976, 48-56.
------. "Libya Accommodates to Lower Oil Revenues: Economic and
Political Adjustments," Journal of Middle East
Studies, 15, No. 3, 1983, 377-85.
------. Libya, the Experience of Oil. London: Croom Helm,
1981.
Allan, J.A. (ed.). Libya Since Independence. New York: St.
Martin's Press, 1982.
Allan, J.A., and K.S. McLachlan. "Agricultural Development in Libya
After Oil," African Affairs [London], No. 300, July
1976, 331-48.
Allan, J.A., K.S. McLachlan, and Edith Penrose (eds.). Libya:
Agriculture and Economic Development. London: Frank Cass,
1973.
"Arab Africa II (Egypt, Libya, Sudan)." (A Barclays Group Economic
Intelligence Unit publication.) London: Barclays Bank Group,
July 9, 1974.
Birks, Stace, and Clive Sinclair. "Libya: Problems of a Rentier
State." Pages 241-75 in Richard Lawless and Allan Findlay
(eds.), North Africa: Contemporary Politics and Economic
Development. New York: St. Martin's, 1984.
Blake, Gerald. "Libyan Oil Revenues at Work," Contemporary
Review [London], 223, No. 1295, December 1973, 281-86.
Butani, D.H. "The Political Economy of Libya," Mondes en
Développement [Paris], No. 9, 1975, 107-24.
Central Bank of Libya. Annual Report. Tripoli: 1980.
------. Annual Report. Tripoli: 1981.
------. Annual Report. Tripoli: 1982.
------. Annual Report. Tripoli: 1983.
Cooper, Roger. "Libya." Pages 179-82 in Richard Synge (ed.),
Africa Guide. New York: Rand McNally, 1978.
Deeb, Marius K. "Radical Political Ideologies and Concepts of
Property in Libya and South Yemen," Middle East
Journal, 40, No. 3, Summer 1986, 445-61.
"Development of the Position of Balance of Payments of the Libyan
Arab Republic During 1969-1971," Central Bank of Libya
Economic Bulletin [Tripoli], 13, July-September 1973, 59-
63.
El-Khawas, Mohamed A. "The New Society in Qaddafi's Libya: Can It
Endure?" Africa Today, 31, No. 3, 1984, 17-44.
El-Wafiti, Bashir. "Some Socio-Economic Considerations in the
Agricultural Settlement of Bedouins: An Example from Libya."
Pages 69-87 in H. Meliczek (ed.), Land Reform: Land
Settlement and Cooperatives, No. 1. Rome: Food and
Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 1978.
First, Ruth, Libya: The Elusive Revolution. New York:
Africana Publishing, 1975.
Fisher, W.B. "Libya." The Middle East and North Africa,
1987. London: Europa Publications, 1986, 596-625.
"Gaddafi Follows Third Theory Path to Utopia," To the
Point [Sandton, South Africa], 7, No. 40, October 6,
1978, 16.
Gazzo, Yves. Pétrole et développement: le cas libyen.
Paris: Economica, 1980.
General Union of Chambers of Commerce, Industry and Agriculture for
Arab Countries. Arab Economic Report. Beirut: January
1985.
George, A.R. "Kufra: The Desert's Hidden Resources," Middle
East International [London], No. 25, July 1973, 15-18.
Hajjaji, Salem A. "Agricultural Development and Land Settlements in
the Kufra Region of Libya." Pages 68-88 in Land Reform,
Land Settlement and Cooperatives, No. 1. Rome: Food and
Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 1974.
Henderson, George, "Retrenchment in Tripoli," Africa
Report, 31, No. 4 July-August 1986, 72-78.
International Monetary Fund. Balance of Payments Yearbook.
Vol. 28. Washington, 1977.
------. Balance of Payments Yearbook. Vol. 29. Washington:
1978.
------. Directions of Trade Annual, 1971-1977. Washington:
1978.
------. International Financial Statistics: 1986 Yearbook.
Washington: International Monetary Fund, 1986.
------. Twenty-Ninth Annual Report on Exchange Restrictions,
1978. Washington: 1978.
Laurencic, Karl. "Not By Oil Alone! Libya's Uncertain Future,"
New Middle East [London], January 1972, 28-30.
Lawless, Richard, and Allan Findlay. North Africa Contemporary
Politics and Economic Development. New York: St. Martin's
Press, 1984.
Libya. Census and Statistical Department. Report of the Annual
Survey of Large Manufacturing Establishments, 1972.
Tripoli: 1975.
------. Department of Information and Cultural Affairs. Facts
and Figures. Tripoli: 1977.
------. Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Department of Information and
Cultural Affairs. The Human March in the Libyan Arab
Republic. Tripoli: 1976.
Libya. Ministry of Information and Culture. The Revolution of
1st September: The Fourth Anniversary. Benghazi: 1973.
------. Ministry of Planning and Scientific Research. Census and
Statistical Department. Statistical Abstract, 1974.
Tripoli: 1976.
Libyan Arab Foreign Bank. Annual Report, 1975. Tripoli: n.
pub., n.d.
"Libya: Plans to Expand the Oil Industry," Arab Economist
[Beirut], 10, No. 109, October 1978, 33-34.
Mammeri, H. "Le budget libyen en 1977," Maghreb-Machrek
[Paris], No. 77, July-August-September 1977, 89-91.
Middle East Economic Digest. MEED Special Report: Arab
Banking. London: August 1981.
Mirabelli, Terence. "Libya: The Wheels of Industry Keep Turning,"
Middle East [London], No. 14, December 1975, 32-35.
Nafa, M.A. (ed.). Libya: Company and Business Law. London:
Arab Consultants, 1976.
Nawaz, M.K. "Nationalization of Foreign Oil Companies--Libyan
Decree of 1 September 1973," Indian Journal of
International Law [New Delhi], 14, January-March 1974,
70-80.
Pinches, Christine Rider. "Economic Development: The Need for an
Alternative Approach," Economic Development and Cultural
Change, 26, No. 1, October 1977, 139-46.
Sanger, Richard H. "Libya: Conclusions on an Unfinished
Revolution," Middle East Journal, 29, No. 4, Autumn
1975, 409-17.
"Second Five-Year Plan Doubles Development Spending," Arab
Africa Special Issue. November 1982, 19-28.
Segal, Aaron. "Libya's Economic Potential," World Today
[London], 28, No. 10, October 1972, 445-50.
Selected Documents of the International Petroleum Industry:
Socialist Libyan Jamahiriya and Qatar: Pre-1966. Vienna:
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, 1977.
Sherkasy, Mohamed M. "Agricultural Settlement During the Italian
Colonial Rule," Central Bank of Libya Economic
Bulletin [Tripoli], 13, January-March 1973, 18-26.
Smith, Pamela Ann. "Libya's Trade Surplus Triples--Despite Big
Spending Boom," Middle East Economic Digest [London],
19, No. 47, November 21, 1975, 3-7.
United States. Department of State. Bureau of Public Affairs.
Office of Media Services. Background Notes: Libya.
Washington: GPO, 1985.
World Bank. World Development Report 1986. New York:
Oxford University Press, 1986.
(Various issues of the following publications were also used in
preparing this chapter: Arab British Commerce [London];
Arab Economist [Beirut]; Business Week; Central
Intelligence Agency, Directorate of Intelligence, International
Energy Statistical Review; Christian Science Monitor;
Economist Intelligence Unit Quarterly Economic Review of
Libya [London]; International Monetary Fund, Direction of
Trade Statistics; Joint Publications Research Service,
Translations on the Near East, Translations on Near
East and North Africa, Near East/South Asia Reports;
Middle East Economic Digest [London]; Middle East
Review; Washington Post; and Wharton Econometric
Forecasting Association, Middle East Economic Service Analysis
of Current Issues.).
Allman, T.D. "Power and Paradox in Libya: Qadhafi's Restless
Revolution," Round Table [London], No. 259, July
1975, 305-14.
Amnesty International. Amnesty International Report, 1986.
London: 1986.
------. Violations of Human Rights in the Libyan Arab
Jamahiriya. New York: 1984.
Anderson, Lisa. "Assessing Libya's Qaddafi," Current
History, 84, No. 502, May 1985, 197-200, 226-27.
------. "Qadhdhafi and His Opposition," Middle East
Journal, 40, No. 2, Spring 1986, 225-37.
------. "Qadhdhafi and the Kremlin." Problems of
Communism, 34, No. 5, September-October 1985, 29-44.
------. "The State and Social Transformation in Tunisia and
Libya, 1830-1980." Princeton: Princeton University Press,
1986.
Ansell, Meredith O., and Ibrahim Massaud al-Arif (eds.). The
Libyan Revolution: A Sourcebook of Legal and Historical
Documents, I: September 1, 1969-August 30, 1970.
Stoughton, Wisconsin: Oleander Press, 1972.
Bearman, Jonathan. Qadhafi's Libya. Atlantic Highlands,
New Jersey: Zed Books, 1986.
Bennett, Valerie Plave. "Libyan Socialism and Qadhafi's Policies."
Pages 99-160 in Helen Desfosses and Jacques Levesque (eds.),
Socialism and the Third World. New York: Praeger,
1975.
Blundy, David and Andrew Lycett. Qaddafi and the Libyan
Revolution. Boston: Little, Brown, 1987.
Carvely, Andrew. "Libya: International Relations and Political
Purposes," International Journal [Toronto], 28, No.
4, Autumn 1973, 707-28.
Chackerian, Richard, and Omar Fathaly. "Local Leadership and Mass
Participation in Libya," Indian Political Science
Review [New Delhi], 12, No. 1, January 1978, 25-42.
Chambour, Raafat. Power and Concept of the Libyan
Revolution. Lausanne: Editions Méditerranéennes, 1977.
Cleveland, Raymond H., et al. A Global Perspective on
Transnational Terrorism: A Case Study of Libya. (United
States Department of State, Office of External Research,
Foreign Affairs Research Paper, No. FAR 27347-N.) Maxwell Air
Force Base, Alabama: Air War College, April 1977.
Cooley, John K. Libyan Sandstorm. New York: Holt,
Rinehart, and Winston, 1982.
Crozier, Brian (ed.). Libya's Foreign Adventures.
(Conflict Studies, No. 41), London: Institute for the Study of
Conflict, December 1973.
Deeb, Marius K., and Mary Jane Deeb. Libya Since the
Revolution: Aspects of Social and Political Development.
New York: Praeger, 1982.
Dyer, Gwynne. "Libya." Pages 366-75 in John Keegan (ed.), World
Armies (2d ed.) Detroit: Gale Research, 1983.
El Fathaly, Omar I., and Monte Palmer. Political Development
and Social Change in Libya. Lexington, Massachusetts:
Heath, 1980.
El Fathaly, Omar, and Richard Chackerian. Leadership,
Institutionalization, and Mass Participation in Libya.
(United States Department of State, Office of External
Research, Foreign Affairs Research Paper, No. FAR 26516-N.)
Washington: November 1976.
El Fathaly, Omar I., Monte Palmer, and Richard Chackerian.
Political Development and Bureaucracy in Libya.
Lexington, Massachusetts: Heath, 1977.
El-Khawas, Mohamed A. Qaddafi: His Ideology in Theory and
Practice. Brattleboro, Vermont: Amana Books, 1986.
Esposito, John L. (ed.). Voice of Resurgent Islam. New
York: Oxford University Press, 1983.
First, Ruth, Libya: The Elusive Revolution. New York:
Africana Publishing, 1975.
Fisher, W.B. "Libya." Pages 596-625 in The Middle East and
North Africa, 1987. London: Europa Publications, 1986.
Flanz, Gisbert H., and Ahmed Ghazaoui. "Libya." In Albert P.
Blaustein and Gisbert H. Flanz (eds.), Constitutions of
the Countries of the World. Dobbs Ferry, New York:
Oceana, February 1974.
Gera, Gideon. Libya and the United States--A Relationship of
Self- Fulfilling Expectations? (United States Department
of State, Office of External Research, Foreign Affairs
Research Paper, No. FAR 28349-N.) Washington: March 1978.
"Gaddafi and Africa," Africa, An International Business,
Economic, and Political Monthly [London], No. 115, March
1981, 12-17.
Gutteridge, William (ed.). Libya: Still a Threat to Western
Interests? (Conflict Studies No. 160), London: Institute
for the Study of Conflict, 1984.
Habib, Henry. "Changing Patterns in Libyan Foreign Policy."
Journal of South Asian and Middle East Studies, No.
2, Winter 1986, 3-15.
------. Politics and Government of Revolutionary Libya.
Montreal: Le cercle du Livre de France, 1975.
Hajjar, Sami. "The Jamahiriya Experiment in Libya: Qadhafi and
Rousseau." Journal of Modern African Studies
[Cambridge], 18, No. 2, June 1980, 181-200.
Haley, P. Edward. Qaddafi and the United States since
1969. New York: Praeger, 1984.
Harris, Lillian Craig. "America's Libya Policy has Failed,"
Middle East International [London], No. 285, October
10, 1986, 14-15.
------. "Libya: Qadhafi's Revolution and the Modern State,"
Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1986.
Henderson, George. "The Abu Nidal Connection," Middle East
International [London], No. 266, January 10, 1986, 6-7.
------. "Libya and the Arabs," Middle East International
[London], No. 274, May 2, 1986, 7-9.
------. "Redefining the Revolution," Africa Report
[London], 29, No. 6, November-December 1984, 36-42.
Hersh, Seymour M. "Target Qaddafi," New York Times
Magazine, February 22, 1987, 17-26.
Hinnebusch, Raymond A. "Libya: Personalistic Leadership of a
Populist Revolution." Pages 177-222 in William Zartman (ed.),
Political Elites in Arab North Africa. New
York:Longman, 1982.
Holley, Charles. "Libyan Foreign Policy: Consistent Objectives and
Priorities But ...," Middle East [London], No. 23,
September 1976, 25-29.
Hudson, Michael C. Arab Politics: The Search for
Legitimacy. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1977.
Knapp, Wilfrid. North West Africa: A Political and Economic
Survey. (3d ed.) Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1977.
Lenczowski, George. "Popular Revolution in Libya," Current
History, 66, No. 390, February 1974, 57-61, 86.
Lesch, Ann Mosely. "A View from Khartoum," Foreign
Affairs, Spring 1987, 807-26.
"Libya." Pages 441-46 in Gregory R. Copley (ed.), Defense and
Foreign Affairs Handbook, 1986. Washington: Perth, 1986.
Libya. Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Department of Information and
Cultural Affairs. The Human March in the Libyan Arab
Republic. Tripoli: 1976.
------. Ministry of Information and Culture. Delivered by Col.
Mo'Ammar el-Gadhafi: 1, The Broadlines of the Third Theory; 2,
The Aspects of the Third Theory; 3, The Concept of Jihad; 4,
Divine Concept of Islam. (Speeches.) Tripoli: 1972.
------. 'The Divine Concept of Islam,' Elaborated and Presented
by Colonel Moa-mmar El-Gadhafi. Tripoli: n.d.
------. The Revolution of 1st September: The Fourth
Anniversary. Benghazi: 1973.
"Libya." In Law and Judicial Systems of Nations.
Washington: World Peace Through Law Center, 1968.
"Libya: A Revolution in Search of an Ideology," Africa
[London], No. 61, September 1976, 58-65.
"The Libyan Revolution in the Words of Its Leaders: Proclamations,
Statements, Addresses, Declarations and Interviews from
September 1 to Announcement of the Counter-Plot (December
10)," Middle East Journal, 24, No. 2, Autumn 1970,
203-19.
Lilian, Frederick, Jr. "The US Raid of Libya--and Nato,"
Orbis, 30, Fall 1986, 499-524.
McDermott, Anthony. "Qaddafi and Libya," World Today
[London], 29, No. 9, September 1973, 398-408.
Martel, Mark. "Libya's Nuclear Energy Situation." (Library of
Congress Congressional Research Service.) April 16, 1987
(mimeo.).
Mayer, Ann Elizabeth. "Islamic Resurgence or New Prophethood."
Pages 196-220 in Ali E. Hillal Dessouki (ed.), Islamic
Resurgence in the Arab World. New York: Praeger, 1982.
Muscat, Frederick. Libya As I See It. Tripoli: Edam
Publishing, n.d.
Newhouse, John. "Confrontation," New Yorker, April 28,
1986, 106-12.
Nizza, Richardo. "Libya's 'Prussian' Role in the Drive for Arab
Unity," Middle East [London], No. 45, June 1972, 4-7.
Ogunbadejo, Oye. "Qaddafi and Africa's International Relations."
Journal of Modern African Studies [Cambridge], 24,
No. 1, 1986, 49-53.
Parker, Richard B. North Africa: Regional Tensions and
Strategic Concerns. New York: Praeger, 1984.
Qadhafi, Muammar al. The Green Book, Part I: The Solution of
the Problem of Democracy. London: Martin Brian and
O'Keeffe, 1976.
------. The Green Book, Part II: The Solution of the Economic
Problem: "Socialism." London: Martin Brian and O'Keeffe,
1978.
Rondot, Pierre, "Libye: l'ascension du Commandant Jalloud,"
Revue Française d'Etudes Politiques Africaines
[Paris], No. 108, December 1974, 13-16.
------. "Libye: une profonde solidarité arabe," Revue Française
d'Etudes Politiques Africaines [Paris], No. 99, March
1974, 19-22.
Roumani, Jacques. "From Republic to Jamahiriya: Libya's Search for
Political Community," Middle East Journal, 37, No. 2,
Spring 1983, 151-68.
Sanger, Richard H. "Libya: Conclusions on an Unfinished
Revolution," Middle East Journal, 29, No. 4, Autumn
1975, 409-17.
Sicker, Martin. "The Libyan Opposition to Qadhafi," Global
Affairs, 1, Summer 1986, 51-66.
St. John, Roland Bruce. "The Ideology of Muammar Al-Qadhdhafi,"
International Journal of Middle East Studies
[Cambridge], 15, No. 4, November 1983, 471-90.
------. "The Soviet Penetration of Libya," World Today
[London], 38, No. 4, April 1982, 131-38.
United States. Department of State. Country Reports on Human
Rights Practices for 1985. (Report submitted to the
United States Congress, 99th, 2d Session, House of
Representatives. Committee on Foreign Affairs, and Senate,
Committee on Foreign Relations.) Washington: GPO, 1986.
------. Libya Under Qadhafi: A Pattern of Aggression.
(Special Report No. 138), Washington: GPO, 1986.
Ware, Lewis B. The Maltese-Libyan Entente in the Mediterranean
Basin. Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama: Documentary
Research Branch, Academic Publications Division, 3825th
Academic Services Group, Air University, 1977.
Wissa-Wassef, Cérès. "L'Union totale entre l'Egypte et la Libye,
est-elle viable?" Maghreb-Machrek [Paris], No. 53,
September-October 1972, 41-50.
Wright, John L. Libya: A Modern History. Baltimore: Johns
Hopkins University Press, 1982.
Younger, Sam. "Qaddafi: Faith and Freedom," Middle East
International [London], No. 25, July 1973, 12-14.
(Various issues of the following periodicals were also used in
the preparation of this chapter: Africa [London],
Africa Contemporary Record; Africa Report
[London]; Africa Research Bulletin [Exeter, United
Kingdom]; Arab Report and Record [London]; Christian
Science Monitor, Financial Times [London]; Foreign
Broadcast Information Service, Daily Report, Middle East and
North Africa; Jeune Afrique [Paris]; Joint Publications
Research Service, Near East and South Asia Reports;
Keesing's Contemporary Archives [Edinburgh], Maghreb
Machrek [Paris]; Marchés tropicaux et méditeranéens
[Paris]; Middle East [London], Middle East Economic
Digest [London]; New York Times; and Washington
Post.)
Amnesty International. Amnesty International Report, 1986.
London: 1986.
-----. Violations of Human Rights in the Libyan Arab
Jamahiriya. New York: 1984.
Anderson, Lisa. "Assessing Libya's Qaddafi," Current
History, 84, No. 502, May 1985, 197-200, 226-27.
------. "Qadhdhafi and His Opposition," Middle East
Journal, 40, No. 2, Spring 1986, 225-37.
------. "Qadhdhafi and the Kremlin," Problems of
Communism, 34, No. 5, September-October 1985, 29-44.
Cooley, John K. Libyan Sandstorm. New York: Holt,
Rinehart, and Winston, 1982.
------. The State and Social Transformation in Tunisia and
Libya, 1830-1980. Princeton: Princeton University Press,
1986.
Deeb, Marius K., and Mary Jane Deeb. Libya Since the
Revolution: Aspects of Social and Political Development.
New York: Praeger, 1982.
DMS Foreign Military Markets--Middle East/Africa.
Greenwich, Connecticut: DMS Market Intelligence Reports, 1986.
Dyer, Gwynne. "Libya." Pages 366-75 in John Keegan (ed.). World
Armies. (2d ed.) Detroit: Gale Research, 1983.
Esposito, John L. (ed.). Voices of Resurgent Islam. New
York: Oxford University Press, 1983.
Fisher, W. B. "Libya." Pages 596-625 in The Middle East and
North Africa, 1987. London: Europa Publications, 1986.
"Gaddafi and Africa," Africa, an International Business,
Economic, and Political Monthly [London], No. 115, March
1981, 12-17.
Gutteridge, William (ed.). Libya: Still a Threat to Western
Interests? (Conflict Studies No. 160), London: Institute
for the Study of Conflict, 1984.
Habib, Henry. "Changing Patterns in Libyan Foreign Policy,"
Journal of South Asian and Middle East Studies, No.
2, Winter 1986, 3-15.
Hajjar, Sami. "The Jamahiriya Experiment in Libya: Qadhafi and
Rousseau," Journal of Modern African Studies
[Cambridge], 18, No. 2, June 1980, 181-200.
Haley, P. Edward. Qaddafi and the United States Since
1969. New York: Praeger, 1984.
Harris, Lillian Craig. "America's Libya Policy Has Failed,"
Middle East International [London], No. 285, October
10, 1986, 14-15.
------. Libya: Qadhafi's Revolution and the Modern State.
Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1986.
Heller, Mark (ed.). The Middle East Military Balance,
1983. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1983.
Henderson, George. "The Abu Nidal Connection," Middle East
International [London], No. 266, January 10, 1986, 6-7.
-------. "Libya and the Arabs," Middle East International
[London], No. 274, May 2, 1986, 7-9.
-------. "Redefining the Revolution," Africa Report
[London], 29, No. 6, November-December 1984, 36-42.
Hersh, Seymour M. "Target Qaddafi," New York Times
Magazine, February 22, 1987, 17-26.
Hinnebusch, Raymond A. "Libya: Personalistic Leadership of a
Populist Revolution." Pages 177-222 in I. William Zartman
(ed.), Political Elites in Arab North Africa. New
York: Longman, 1982.
Hirst, David. "Gadafy's Dangerous Game of People Versus the Army,"
Manchester Guardian Weekly [London], May 20, 1984, 7.
Jane's Armour and Artillery, 1986-87. (Ed., John Moore.)
New York: Jane's, 1986.
Jane's Fighting Ships, 1986-87. (Ed., John Moore.) New
York: Jane's, 1986.
Lemarchand, René. "Chad, The Road to Partition," Current
History 83, No. 491, March 1984, 113-16.
Lesch, Ann Mosely. "A View from Khartoum," Foreign
Affairs, Spring 1987, 807-26.
"Libya." Pages 441-46 in Gregory R. Copley (ed.), Defense and
Foreign Affairs Handbook, 1986. Washington: Perth, 1986.
Lilian, Frederick, Jr. "The US Raid of Libya--and Nato,"
Orbis, 30, Fall 1986, 499-524.
MacDougall, Alan Scott. "Libya." Pages 127-46 in Richard A. Gabriel
(ed.), Fighting Armies, Antagonists in the Middle East: A
Combat Assessment. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood
Press, 1983.
Martel, Mark. "Libya's Nuclear Energy Situation." (Library of
Congress Congressional Research Service.) April 16, 1987
(mimeo.).
Mayer, Ann Elizabeth. "Islamic Resurgence or New Prophethood."
Pages 196-220 in Ali E. Hillal Dessouki (ed.), Islamic
Resurgence in the Arab World, New York: Praeger, 1982.
The Military Balance, 1986-1987. London: International
Institute for Strategic Studies, 1986.
Newhouse, John. "Confrontation," New Yorker, April 28,
1986, 106-12.
"North African Navies," Navy International [Haslemere,
United Kingdom], 86, No. 7, July 1981, 392-99.
Ogunbadejo, Oye. "Qaddafi and Africa's International Relations,"
Journal of Modern African Studies [Cambridge], 24,
No. 1, 1986, 49-53.
Pajak, Roger F. "Nuclear Status and Policies of the Middle East
Countries," International Affairs [London], 59, No.
4, Autumn 1983, 587-607.
Parker, Richard B. North Africa: Regional Tensions and
Strategic Concerns. New York: Praeger, 1984.
Roumani, Jacques. "From Republic to Jamahiriya: Libya's Search for
Political Community." Middle East Journal, 37, No. 2,
Spring 1983, 151-68.
Sicker, Martin. "The Libyan Opposition to Qadhafi." Global
Affairs, 1, Summer 1986, 51-66.
-----. The Making of a Pariah State: The Adventurist Politics
of Muammar Qaddafi. New York: Praeger, 1987.
St. John, Roland Bruce. "The Ideology of Muammar Al-Qadhdhafi,"
International Journal of Middle East Studies
[Cambridge], 15, No. 4, November 1983, 471-90.
------. "The Soviet Penetration of Libya," World Today
[London], 38, No. 4, April 1982, 131-38.
United States. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency. World
Military Expenditures and Arms Transfers, 1985.
Washington: GPO, 1985.
------. Department of Defense. Soviet Military Power.
Washington: GPO, 1987.
------. Department of State. Bureau of Public Affairs. Office of
Public Communications. Background Notes: Libya.
Washington: GPO, 1985.
------. Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for
1984. (Report submitted to the United States Congress,
99th, 1st Session, Senate, Committee on Foreign Relations, and
House of Representatives, Committee on Foreign Affairs.)
Washington: GPO, 1985.
------. Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for
1985. (Report submitted to the United States Congress,
99th, 2d Session, House of Representatives, Committee on
Foreign Affairs, and Senate Committee on Foreign Relations.)
Washington: GPO, 1986.
------. Libya Under Qadhafi: A Pattern of Aggression.
(Special Report No. 138.) Washington: GPO, 1986.
-------. The Libyan Problem. (Special Report No. 111.)
Washington: GPO, 1983.
-------. Soviet and East European Aid to the Third World,
1981. Washington: GPO, 1983.
-------. Warsaw Pact Economic Aid to Non-Communist LDCs,
1984. Washington: GPO, 1986.
"United States Demonstrates Advanced Weapons Technology in Libya,"
Aviation Week and Space Technology, 124, No. 16,
April 21, 1986, 18-25.
"Vox Militaris." "The US Strike Against Libya: Operation El Dorado
Canyon," Army Quarterly and Defence Journal
[Tavistock, United Kingdom], 116, No. 2, April 1986, 134-48.
World Armaments and Disarmament: SIPRI Yearbook, 1985.
London: Taylor and Francis for Stockholm International Peace
Research Institute, 1985.
Wright, John L. Libya: A Modern History. Baltimore: Johns
Hopkins University Press, 1982.
(Various issues of the following publications were also used in
preparing this chapter: Africa Research Bulletin [Exeter,
United Kingdom], Arab Report and Record [London]; Foreign
Broadcast Information Service, Daily Report, Middle East and North
Africa, Joint Publications Research Service, Near East/South
Asia Report; Keesing's Contemporary Archives, [Edinburgh];
Middle East Economic Digest [London]; New York Times,
and Washington Post.)
BIBLIOGRAPHY of Egypt
Abdel-Fadil, Mahmoud. Employment and Income Distribution in
Egypt, 1952-1970. (University of East Anglia Discussion
Paper No. 4.) n.d.
Abdel-Malek, Anouar. Egypt: Military Society. New York:
Vintage Books, 1968.
Aldred, Cyril. The Egyptians. London: Thames and Hudson,
1984.
------. Egypt to the End of the Old Kingdom. New York:
McGraw-Hill, 1976.
Aly, Abdel Moneim Said. Back to the Fold? Egypt and the Arab
World. (Occasional Papers Series.) Washington: Center
for Contemporary Arab Studies, Georgetown University, 1988.
Armour, Robert A. Gods and Myths of Ancient Egypt.
Cairo: American University in Cairo Press, 1986.
Badran, Margot. "Dual Liberation: Feminism and Nationalism in
Egypt, 1870s-1925," Feminist Issues, 8, No. 1,
Spring 1988, 15-34.
Baer, Gabriel. "Social Change in Egypt, 1800-1914." Pages 135-61
in P.M. Holt (ed.), Political and Social Change in
Modern Egypt. London: Oxford University Press, 1968.
------. Studies in the Social History of Modern Egypt.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1969.
Beinin, Joel, and Zachary Lockman. Workers on the Nile:
Nationalism, Communism, Islam, and the Egyptian Working
Class, 1882-1954. Princeton: Princeton University
Press, 1987.
Bell, H. Idris. Egypt From Alexander the Great to the Arab
Conquest. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1948.
Butler, Alfred. The Arab Conquest of Egypt. New York:
AMS Press, 1973.
Cole, Juan Ricardo. "Feminism, Class, and Islam in Turn-of-the-
Century Egypt." International Journal of Middle East
Studies, 10, No. 2, May 1979, 387-407.
Crecelius, Daniel. The Roots of Modern Egypt.
Minneapolis: Bibliotheca Islamica, 1981.
Davis, Eric. Challenging Colonialism: Bank Misr and Egyptian
Industrialization, 1920-1941. Princeton: Princeton
University Press, 1983.
Deeb, Marius. Party Politics in Egypt: The Wafd and Its
Rivals, 1919-1939. London: Ithaca Press, 1979.
Dekmejian, Richard Hrair. Egypt under Nasir: A Study in
Political Dynamics. Albany: State University of New
York Press, 1971.
Erman, Adolf. Life in Ancient Egypt. (Trans., H.M.
Tirard.) New York: Dover, 1971.
Frankfort, Henri. The Birth of Civilization in the Near
East. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1959.
Freedman, Robert O. Soviet Policy Toward the Middle East
since 1970. (3d ed.) New York: Praeger, 1982.
Gazetteer of Egypt. (2d ed.) Washington: Defense Mapping
Agency, August 1987.
Goldberg, Ellis. Tinker, Tailor, and Textile Worker: Class
and Politics in Egypt, 1930-1952. Berkeley: University
of California Press, 1986.
Gran, Peter. Islamic Roots of Capitalism. Austin:
University of Texas Press, 1979.
Groupe de Recherches et d'Etudes sur le Proche-Orient.
L'Egypte d'aujourd'hui: Permanence et changements, 1805-
1976. Paris: Centre National de la Recherche
Scientifique, 1977.
Haikal, Muhammed Hasanain. Autumn of Fury: The Assassination
of Sadat. New York: Random House, 1983.
------. The Road to Ramadan. New York: Readers Digest
Press, 1975.
Hinnebusch, Raymond A., Jr. Egyptian Politics under Sadat:
The Post-Populist Development of an Authoritarian-
Modernizing State. (rev. ed.) Boulder, Colorado: Lynne
Rienner, 1988.
Hirst, David. The Gun and the Olive Branch. (2d ed.)
London: Faber and Faber, 1984.
Hirst, David, and Irene Beeson. Sadat. London: Faber and
Faber, 1981.
Hoffman, Michael H. Egypt Before the Pharaohs: The
Prehistoric Foundations of Egyptian Civilization. New
York: Knopf, 1979.
Holt, P.M. Egypt and the Fertile Crescent, 1516-1922.
Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1966.
Holt P.M., Ann K.S. Lambton, and Bernard Lewis (eds.). The
Cambridge History of Islam. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 1970.
------. (ed.). Political and Social Change in Modern
Egypt. London: Oxford University Press, 1968.
Hopwood, Derek. Egypt: Politics and Society, 1945-1984.
Boston: Allen and Unwin, 1985.
Hourani, Albert. Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age, 1798-
1939. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984.
Hunter, Robert. Egypt under the Khedives, 1805-1879: From
Household Government to Modern Bureaucracy. Pittsburgh:
University of Pittsburgh Press, 1984.
Irwin, Robert. The Middle East in the Middle Ages: The Early
Mamluk Sultanate, 1250-1382. London: Croom Helm, 1986.
Issawi, Charles. The Economic History of the Middle
East. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1966.
Kamil, Jill. The Ancient Egyptians. Cairo: American
University in Cairo Press, 1984.
Kissinger, Henry. Years of Upheaval. Boston: Little,
Brown, 1979.
Lane-Poole, Stanley. Egypt During the Middle Ages.
London: Methuen, 1925.
Lenczowski, George. The Middle East in World Affairs.
(4th ed.) Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1980.
Lewis, Bernard. "Egypt and Syria." Pages 175-232 in P.M. Holt,
Ann K.S. Lambton, and Bernard Lewis (eds.), The
Cambridge History of Islam. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 1970.
McDermott, Anthony. Egypt from Nasser to Mubarak: A Flawed
Revolution. London: Croom Helm, 1988.
Marsot, Afaf Lutfi al-Sayyid. Egypt in the Reign of Muhammad
Ali. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984.
------. "Muhammad Ali's International Politics." Pages 153-73 in
L'Egypte au XIXe siècle. Groupe de Recherches et
d'Etudes sur le Proche Orient. Paris: Centre National de la
Recherche Scientifique, 1982.
------. "The Revolutionary Gentlewomen in Egypt." Pages 261-76 in
Louise Beck and Nikki Keddie (eds.), Women in the Muslim
World. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1978.
Mitchell, Timothy. Colonizing Egypt. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 1988.
Noshy, Ibrahim. The Coptic Church. Washington: Ruth
Sloane Associates, 1975.
Owen, Roger. "Egypt and Europe: From French Expedition to British
Occupation." Pages 195-209 in Roger Owen and Bob Sutcliffe
(eds.), Studies in the Theory of Imperialism.
London: Longman Group, 1972.
------. The Middle East in the World Economy. London:
Methuen, 1981.
Radwan, Samir. Capital Formation in Egypt. London:
Ithaca Press, 1974.
Ramadan, Abd el-Azim. "Social Significance of the Urabi Revolt."
Pages 187-96 in L'Egypte au XIXe siècle. Groupe de
Recherches et d'Etudes sur le Proche Orient. Paris: Centre
National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1982.
Raymond, André. Artisans et commerçants au Caire au XVIIIe
siècle. Damascus: Institut Français de Damas, 1974.
Scholch, Alexander. Egypt for the Egyptians. London:
Ithaca Press, 1981.
------. "The Formation of a Peripheral State: Egypt: 1854-1882."
Pages 175-85 in L'Egypte au XIXe siècle. Groupe de
Recherches et d'Etudes sur le Proche Orient. Paris: Centre
National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1982.
Smith, W. Stevenson. The Art and Architecture of Ancient
Egypt. (Rev., with additions by William Kelly Simpson).
New York: Penguin Books, 1981.
Springborg, Robert. Mubarak's Egypt: Fragmentation of the
Political Order. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press,
1989.
Terry, Janice. The Wafd: 1919-1952. London: Third World
Centre for Research and Publishing, 1982.
Trigger, B.G., B.J. Kemp, D. O'Connor, and A.B. Lloyd.
Ancient Egypt: A Social History. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 1983.
Tucker, Judith. Women in Nineteenth-Century Egypt.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985.
Vatikiotis, P.J. The History of Egypt from Muhammad Ali to
Sadat. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1980.
Waterbury, John. The Egypt of Nasser and Sadat: The Political
Economy of Two Regimes. Princeton: Princeton University
Press, 1983.
Watt, W. Montgomery. Muhammad at Mecca. Oxford:
Clarendon Press, 1960.
------. Muhammad at Medina. Oxford: Clarendon Press,
1962.
Wissa Wassef, Ceres. Egypt. New York: Scala Books, 1983.
Chapter 2
Abaza, Mona. The Changing Image of Women in Rural Egypt.
(Cairo Papers in Social Science, No. 10.) Cairo: American
University in Cairo Press, 1987.
Abdel-Fadil, Mahmoud. Development, Income Distribution, and
Social Change in Rural Egypt, 1952-1970. (Department of
Applied Economics, Occasional Papers, No. 45.) London:
Cambridge University Press, 1975.
Abdel-Khalek, Gouda, and Robert L. Tignor (eds.). The
Political Economy of Income Distribution in Egypt. New
York: Holmes and Meier, 1982.
Abu-Lughod, Janet. Before European Hegemony: The World
System, A.D. 1250-1350. New York: Oxford University
Press, 1989.
------. Cairo: 1001 Years of the City Victorious.
Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1971.
Abu-Lughod, Lila. "Bedouins, Cassettes, and Technologies of
Public Culture," Middle East Report, No. 159, July-
August 1989, 7-11, 47.
------. Veiled Sentiments: Honor and Poetry in a Bedouin
Society. Berkeley: University of California Press,
1986.
Adams, Michael. The Middle East. (Handbooks to the
Modern World Series.) New York: Facts on File, 1988.
Akhavi, Shahrough. "Egypt: Neo-Patrimonial Elite." Pages 69-113
in Frank Tachau (ed.), Political Elites and Political
Development. New York: Wiley, 1975.
Aldridge, James. Cairo. Boston and Toronto: Little,
Brown, 1969.
al-Guindi, Fadwa. "Veiling Infitah with Muslim Ethic,"
Social Problems, 28, 1981, 465-83.
Ansari, Hamied. Egypt: The Stalled Society. Albany:
State University of New York Press, 1986.
------. "The Islamic Militants in Egyptian Politics,"
International Journal of Middle East Studies, 16,
No. 1, 1984, 123-44.
------. "Sectarian Conflict in Egypt and the Political Expediency
of Religion," Middle East Journal, 38, No. 3,
Summer 1984, 397-418.
Aulas, Marie-Christine. "Sadat's Egypt: A Balance Sheet,"
MERIP Reports, 12, No. 107, July-August 1982, 6-11,
14-15, 18.
Ayrout, Henry Habib. The Egyptian Peasant. (Trans., John
Alden Williams.) Boston: Beacon Press, 1963.
Ayubi, Nazih. Bureaucracy and Politics in Contemporary
Egypt. London: Ithaca Press, 1980.
Baker, Raymond. Egypt's Uncertain Revolution under Nasser and
Sadat. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1978.
Banks, Arthur (ed.). Political Handbook of the World,
1986. Binghamton: State University of New York Press,
1986.
Bannerman, Patrick. Islam in Perspective: A Guide to Islamic
Society, Politics, and Law. London: Routledge for Royal
Institute of International Affairs, 1988.
Beinin, Joel, and Zachary Lockman. Workers on the Nile:
Nationalism, Communism, Islam, and the Egyptian Working
Class, 1882-1954. Princeton: Princeton University
Press, 1987.
Berque, Jacques. Egypt: Imperialism and Revolution.
(Trans., Jean Stewart.) (Books That Matter Series.) New
York: Praeger, 1972.
Binder, Leonard. In a Moment of Enthusiasm: Political Power
and the Second Stratum in Egypt. Chicago: University of
Chicago Press, 1978.
Chaichian, Mohammad A. "The Effects of World Capitalist Economy
on Urbanization in Egypt, 1800-1970," International
Journal of Middle East Studies, 20, No. 1, February
1988, 23-43.
Committee on Population and Demography. The Estimation of
Recent Trends in Fertility and Mortality in Egypt
(National Academy of Science Panel on Egypt, Report No. 9.)
Washington: National Academy Press, 1982.
Egypt. Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics.
Population, Housing, and Establishment Census,
1986. Cairo: CAPMAS, 1987.
"Egypt." Pages 921-42 in The Europa Yearbook, 1986: A World
Survey. London: Europa, 1986.
"Egypt." Pages 367-408 in The Middle East and North Africa,
1989. London: Europa, 1989.
"Egypt." Pages 156-61 in Arthur Banks (ed.), Political
Handbook of the World, 1986. Binghamton: State
University of New York Press, 1986.
"Egypt's Infitah Bourgeoisie," Middle East
Report, No. 142, September-October 1986, 39-40.
Farah, Nadia Ramsis. Religious Strife in Egypt: Crisis and
Ideological Conflict in the Seventies. Montreux,
Switzerland: Gordon and Breach Science, 1986.
Fernea, Elizabeth Warnock, and Robert Fernea. The Arab World:
Personal Encounters. Garden City: Anchor
Press/Doubleday, 1985.
Fernea, Elizabeth Warnock (ed.). Women and the Family in the
Middle East: New Voices of Change. Austin: University
of Texas Press, 1985.
Fisher, W.B. "Egypt." Pages 480-93 in The Middle East: A
Physical, Social, and Regional Geography. (6th ed.)
London: Methuen, 1971.
------. "Egypt: Physical and Social Geography." Pages 364-67 in
The Middle East and North Africa, 1989. London:
Europa, 1989.
Gazetter of Egypt. (2d ed.) Washington: Defense Mapping
Agency, August 1987.
Geiser, Peter. The Egyptian Nubian: A Study in Social
Symbiosis. Cairo: American University in Cairo Press,
1986.
Goldberg, Ellis. Tinker, Tailor, and Textile Worker: Class
and Politics in Egypt, 1930-1952. Berkeley: University
of California Press, 1986.
Goldschmidt, Arthur, Jr. Modern Egypt: The Formation of a
Nation-State. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1988.
Hammam, Mona. "Egypt's Working Women: Textile Workers of Chubra
el-Kheima," MERIP Reports, No. 82, November 1979,
3-7.
Harik, Iliya. The Political Mobilization of Peasants: A Study
of an Egyptian Community. Bloomington: Indiana
University Press, 1974.
Harris, Lillian Craig (ed.). Egypt: Internal Challenges and
Regional Stability. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul,
1988.
Hatem, Mervat. "Egypt's Middle Class in Crisis: The Sexual
Division of Labor," Middle East Journal, 42, No. 2,
Summer 1988, 407-22.
------. "Toward the Study of the Psychodynamics of Mothering and
Gender in Egyptian Families," International Journal of
Middle East Studies, 19, No. 3, August 1987, 287-306.
Hinnebusch, Raymond A., Jr. Egyptian Politics under Sadat:
The Post-Populist Development of an Authoritarian-
Modernizing State. (Rev. ed.) Boulder, Colorado: Lynne
Rienner, 1988.
Hirschhorn, Norbert. "Appropriate Health Technology in Egypt,"
Middle East Report, No. 161, November-December
1989, 26-28.
Hussein, Aziza. "Recent Amendments to Egypt's Personal Status
Law." Pages 229-32 in Elizabeth Warnock Fernea (ed.),
Women and the Family in the Middle East: New Voices of
Change. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1985.
Ibrahim, Barbara Lethem. "Cairo's Factory Women." Pages 293-99 in
Elizabeth Warnock Fernea (ed.), Women and the Family in
the Middle East: New Voices of Change. Austin:
University of Texas Press, 1985.
Ibrahim, Ibrahim. "Religion and Politics under Nasser and Sadat,
1952-1981." Pages 121-34 in Barbara Freyer Stowasser (ed.),
The Islamic Impulse. London: Croom Helm, 1987.
Ibrahim, Saad Eddin. "Anatomy of Egypt's Militant Islamic Groups:
Methodological Note and Preliminary Findings,"
International Journal of Middle East Studies, 12,
No. 4, December 1980, 423-53.
------. "Egypt's Islamic Militants," MERIP Reports, 12,
No. 103, February 1982, 5-14.
Juynboll, Gautier (trans.). The History of al-Tabari: The
Conquest of Iraq, Southwestern Persia, and Egypt, 13.
(Biblioteca Persica Series.) Albany: State University of New
York Press, 1989.
Kepel, Gilles. Muslim Extremism in Egypt: The Prophet and the
Pharaoh. (Trans., Jan Rothschild.) Berkeley: University
of California Press, 1986.
Khadduri, Majid. Modern Libya: A Study in Political
Development. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press,
1963.
Khafagy, Fatma. "Women and Labor Migration: One Village in
Egypt," MERIP Reports, No. 124, June 1984, 17-21.
LaTowsky, Robert. "Egyptian Labor Abroad: Mass Participation and
Modest Returns," MERIP Reports, No. 123, May 1984,
11-18.
McDermott, Anthony. Egypt from Nasser to Mubarak: A Flawed
Revolution. London: Croom Helm, 1988.
The Middle East and North Africa, 1989. London: Europa,
1989.
Momen, Moojan. An Introduction to Shi'i Islam. New
Haven: Yale University Press, 1985.
Mortimer, Edward. Faith and Power: The Politics of
Islam. New York: Random House, 1982.
Myntti, Cynthia. "Medical Education: The Struggle for Relevance,"
Middle East Report, No. 161, November-December
1989, 11-15.
Nasr, Seyyed Hossein. Traditional Islam in the Modern
World. London: KPI, 1987.
Orfalea, Gregory. Before the Flames: A Quest for the History
of Arab Americans. Austin: University of Texas Press,
1988.
Peretz, Don. The Middle East Today. (2d ed.) Hinsdale,
Illinois: Dryden Press, 1971.
Piscatori, James (ed.). Islam in the Political Process.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983.
Richards, Alan. Egypt's Agricultural Development, 1800-1980:
Technical and Social Change. Boulder, Colorado:
Westview Press, 1982.
------. "Egypt's Agriculture in Trouble," MERIP Reports,
No. 84, January 1980, 3-13.
Rodenbeck, Max. "Revolution of Goodwill," Middle East
International [London], No. 342, January 20, 1989, 12-
13.
------. "Stamping on Extremists," Middle East
International [London], No. 341, January 6, 1989, 12-
13.
------. "Trouble at the Mill," Middle East International
[London], No. 357, August 25, 1989, 13.
Rugh, Andrea B. Family in Contemporary Egypt. Syracuse:
Syracuse University Press, 1984.
------. "Women and Work: Strategies and Choices in a Lower-Class
Quarter of Cairo." Pages 273-88 in Elizabeth Warnock Fernea
(ed.), Women and the Family in the Middle East: New
Voices of Change. Austin: University of Texas Press,
1985.
Saab, Gabriel. The Egyptian Agrarian Reform, 1952-1962.
London: Oxford University Press, 1967.
Springborg, Robert. Family, Power, and Politics in Egypt:
Sayed Bey Marei--His Clan, Clients, and Cohorts.
Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1982.
------. Mubarak's Egypt: Fragmentation of the Political
Order. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1989.
Stork, Joe. "Political Aspects of Health," Middle East
Report, No. 161, November-December 1989, 4-10.
Taylor, Elizabeth. "Egyptian Migration and Peasant Wives,"
MERIP Reports, No. 124, June 1984, 3-10.
Tyson, James. "Letter From Siwa," Middle East
International [London], No. 352, June 9, 1989, 24.
Wahba, Mourad. "Social Aspects." Pages 11-30 in Lillian Craig
Harris (ed.), Egypt: Internal Challenges and Regional
Stability. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1988.
Waterbury, John. The Egypt of Nasser and Sadat: The Political
Economy of Two Regimes. Princeton: Princeton University
Press, 1983.
Wikan, Unni. Life among the Urban Poor of Cairo.
(Trans., Ann Henning.) New York: Tavistock, 1980.
------. "Living Conditions among Cairo's Poor: A View from
Below," Middle East Journal, 39, No. 1, Winter
1985, 7-26.
Williams, Caroline. "Islamic Cairo: Endangered Legacy,"
Middle East Journal, 39, No. 3, Summer 1985, 231-
46.
Zaalouk, Malak. Power, Class, and Foreign Capital in Egypt:
The Rise of the New Bourgeoisie. London: Zed Books,
1989.
Chapter 3
Abdel-Fadil, Mahmoud. Development, Income Distribution, and
Social Change in Rural Egypt, 1952-1970. (Department of
Applied Economics, Occasional Papers, No. 45.) Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 1975.
------. The Political Economy of Nasserism. (Department
of Economics, Occasional Papers, No. 52.) Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 1980.
Ahmed, Sadiq. Public Finance in Egypt: Its Structure and
Trends. (Staff Working Papers, No. 639.) Washington:
World Bank, 1984.
Amin, Galal Ahmad. "External Factors in the Reorientation of
Egypt's Economic Policy." Pages 285-315 in Malcolm Kerr and
El Sayed Yassin (eds.), Rich and Poor States in the
Middle East: Egypt and the New Arab Order. Boulder,
Colorado: Westview Press, 1982.
Bedding, James. "Money Down the Drain," New Scientist
[London], No. 1660, April 15, 1989, 34-38.
Bremer, Jennifer. New Lands Concepts, Paper 2: Rethinking an
AID Assistance Strategy for the New Lands of Egypt.
Washington: Development Alternatives, 1981.
Central Bank of Egypt. Economic Review [Cairo], 27, No.
1, 1987.
Charnock, Anne. "The Greening of Egypt," New Scientist
[London], 23, January 23, 1986, 44-48.
Choucri, Nazli. "The Hidden Economy: A New View of Remittances in
the Arab World," World Development [London], 14,
No. 6, June 1986, 697-712.
Commander, Simon. The State and Agricultural Development in
Egypt since 1973. London: Ithaca Press for Overseas
Development Institute, London, 1987.
Cuddihy, William. Agricultural Price Management in
Egypt. (Staff Working Paper No. 388.) Washington: World
Bank, 1980.
Dalrymple, Dana G. Development and Spread of High-Yielding
Rice Varieties in Developing Countries. (Bureau of
Science and Technology Series.) Washington: Agency for
International Development, 1986.
------. Development and Spread of High-Yielding Wheat
Varieties in Developing Countries. (Bureau of Science
and Technology Series.) Washington: Agency for International
Development, 1986.
Dethier, Jean-Jacques. Trade, Exchange Rate, and Agricultural
Pricing Policies in Egypt. (2 vols.) Washington: World
Bank, 1989.
Economist Intelligence Unit. Country Report: Egypt.
London: 1987-88.
Egypt. Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics.
Statistical Yearbook, 1952-1987. Cairo: CAPMAS,
1988.
"Egypt." Page 617 in George Kurian (ed.), Encyclopedia of the
Third World, 1. New York: Facts on File, 1987.
"Egypt: Economy." Pages 384-96 in The Middle East and North
Africa, 1990. London: Europa, 1989.
Elmusa, Sharif S. "Dependency and Industrialization in the Arab
World," Arab Studies Quarterly, 8, No. 3, 1986,
253-67.
Gotsch, Carl, and Wayne Dyer. "Rhetoric and Reason in the
Egyptian `New Lands'," Food Research Institute
Studies, 18, No. 2, 129-36.
Habeeb, William Mark (ed.), U.S.-Egyptian Relations in an Era
of Economic Constraints, Washington: Middle East
Institute and Institute for National Strategic Studies,
1988.
Hansen, Bent and Karim Nashashibi. Foreign Trade Regimes and
Economic Development: Egypt. New York: Columbia
University Press for National Bureau of Economic Research,
1975.
Hopkins, Nicholas. Agrarian Transformation in Egypt.
Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1987.
------. "Mechanized Irrigation in Upper Egypt: The Role of
Technology and the State in Agriculture." Pages 223-47 in
B.L. Turner and Stephen Bush (eds.), Comparative Farming
Systems, New York: Guilford, 1987.
Husayn, Adil. Al-Iqtisad al-Misri min al-Istiqlal ila al-
Tabaiyah (The Egyptian Economy from Independence to
Dependency). Cairo: Dar al-Mustaqbal al-Arabi, 1982.
Ibrahim, Ibrahim (ed.), Arab Resources. Washington:
Center for Contemporary Arab Studies, Georgetown University,
1983.
Ikram, Khalid, et al. Egypt: Management in a Period of
Transition. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press
for the World Bank, 1980.
Institute of International Finance. Egypt: Country
Report, 88, No. 1, Washington: January 26, 1988.
------. Egypt: Country Report, 88, No. 2, Washington:
August 15, 1988.
------. Egypt: Country Report. 89, No. 1, Washington:
February 8, 1989.
International Monetary Fund. Financial Statistics, 40.
Washington: 1987.
------. Financial Statistics, 42. Washington: 1989.
International Rice Research Institute. Rice Farming Systems:
New Directions. (Proceedings of 1987 international
symposium at the Rice Research and Training Center, Sakha,
Egypt.) Manila: 1988.
Jane's World Railways, 1989-90. (Ed., Allen Geoffrey.)
Coulsdon, Surrey, United Kingdom: Jane's Information Group,
1989.
Kishk, M.A. "Land Degradation in the Nile Valley,"
Ambio, 15, No. 4, 1986, 226-30.
Korayem, Karima. The Impact of Economic Adjustment Policies
on the Vulnerable Families and Children in Egypt.
Cairo: UNICEF, 1987.
Kubursi, Atif. "Arab Agricultural Productivity: A New
Perspective." Pages 71-101 in Ibrahim Ibrahim (ed.),
Arab Resources. Washington: Center for Contemporary
Arab Studies, Georgetown University, 1983.
Lesch, Ann M. "Egyptian Politics in the 1990s." Pages 12-26 in
William Mark Habeeb (ed.), U.S.-Egyptian Relations in an
Era of Economic Constraints. Washington: Middle East
Institute and Institute for National Strategic Studies,
1988.
Mabro, Robert. The Egyptian Economy, 1952-72. Oxford:
Clarendon Press, 1974.
Mabro, Robert, and Samir Radwan. The Industrialization of
Egypt, 1939-1973: Policy and Performance. Oxford:
Clarendon Press, 1976.
National Bank of Egypt. Economic Bulletin [Cairo], 40,
Nos. 1-2, 1987.
Oweiss, Ibrahim. "Egypt's Current Economic Situation." Pages 2-11
in William Mark Habeeb (ed.), U.S.-Egyptian Relations in
an Era of Economic Constraints, Washington: Middle East
Institute and Institute for National Strategic Studies,
1988.
Pleskovic, Boris. "Interindustry Flows in a General Equilibrium
Model of Fiscal Incidence: An Application to Egypt,"
Journal of Policy Modeling, 11, No. 1, Spring 1989,
157-77.
Richards, Alan. Egypt's Agricultural Development, 1800-1980:
Technical and Social Change. Boulder, Colorado:
Westview Press, 1982.
------. Food Problems and Prospects in the Middle East.
(Occasional Paper Series.) Washington: Center for
Contemporary Arab Studies, Georgetown University, 1984.
Richards, Alan, and Philip Martin. "Introduction." Pages 1-14 in
Alan Richards and Philip Martin (eds.), Migration,
Mechanization, and Agricultural Labor Markets in Egypt.
Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1983.
Sadowski, Yahya. "The Sphinx's New Riddle: Why Does Egypt Delay
Economic Reform?" American-Arab Affairs, 22, Fall
1987, 28-40.
Scobie, Grant M. Food Subsidies and the Government Budget in
Egypt. (Working Papers on Food Subsidies, No. 2.)
Washington: International Food Policy Research Institute,
1985.
Sennitt, Andrew G. (ed.). World Radio TV Handbook, 1990,
44. Hvidovre, Denmark: Billboard, 1990.
Sherbiny, Naiem, and Ismail Serageldin. "Expatriate Labor and
Economic Growth: Saudi Demand for Egyptian Labor." Pages
225-57 in Malcolm Kerr and El Sayed Yassin (eds.), Rich
and Poor States in the Middle East: Egypt and the New Arab
Order. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1982.
Springborg, Robert. Mubarak's Egypt: Fragmentation of the
Political Order. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press,
1989.
Tucker, Judith. Women in Nineteenth-Century Egypt.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985.
United Nations. Food and Agriculture Organization. World
Hunger. Rome: 1980.
United States. Department of Commerce. International Trade
Administration. Marketing in Egypt. Washington:
GPO, December 1981.
Vivian, Cassandra (ed.). Cairo, a Practical Guide. (6th
ed.) Cairo: American University in Cairo Press, 1986.
Voll, Sarah. "Egyptian Land Reclamation since the Revolution,"
Middle East Journal, 34, No. 2, Spring 1980, 127-
48.
von Braun, Joachim, and Hartwig de Haen. The Effects of Food
Price and Subsidy Policies on Egyptian Agriculture.
(Research Report No. 42.) Washington: International Food
Policy Research Institute, 1983.
Waterbury, John. The Egypt of Nasser and Sadat: The Political
Economy of Two Regimes. Princeton: Princeton University
Press, 1983.
Wolfe, Ronald (trans.). Egypt's Second Five-Year Plan for
Socio-Economic Development (1987/88-1991/92), with Plan for
Year One (1987/88). Cairo: Professional Business
Services, 1987.
World Bank. "Egypt," Trends in Developing Economies.
Washington: 1989, 129-34.
------. World Tables, 1988-89. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins
University Press, 1989.
World Resources Institute and International Institute for
Environment and Development. "Food and Agriculture." Pages
51-67 and 271-84 in World Resources, 1988-89,
Washington: 1989.
(Various issues of the following publications were also used
in the preparation of this chapter: Al Ahram [Cairo];
Al Ahram al Iqtisadi [Cairo]; Egypte
Contemporaine [Cairo]; Financial Times [London];
International Financial Statistics; Middle East
Economic Digest [London]; Middle East Report; and
World Development Report.)
Chapter 4
Abdallah, Ahmed. The Student Movement and National Politics
in Egypt. London: Saqi Books, 1985.
Abdel-Fadil, Mahmoud. Development, Income Distribution and
Social Change in Rural Egypt, 1952-1970. (Department of
Applied Economics, Occasional Papers, No. 45.) Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 1975.
------. The Political Economy of Nasserism. (Department
of Economics, Occasional Papers, No. 52.) Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 1980.
Abdel-Khalek, Gouda, and Robert L. Tignor (eds.). The
Political Economy of Income Distribution in Egypt.
London: Holmes and Meier, 1982.
Abdel-Malek, Anouar. Egypt: Military Society. New York:
Vintage Books, 1968.
Adams, Richard H. Development and Social Change in Rural
Egypt. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1986.
Ajami, Fouad. The Arab Predicament: Arab Political Thought
and Practice since 1967. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 1981.
------. "The Open Door Economy: Its Roots and Welfare
Consequences." Pages 469-516 in Gouda Abdel-Khalek and
Robert L. Tignor (eds.), The Political Economy of Income
Distribution in Egypt. London: Holmes and Meier, 1982.
Akhavi, Shahrough. "Egypt: Diffused Elite in a Bureaucratic
Society." Pages 223-65 in I. William Zartman (ed.),
Political Elites in Arab North Africa. New York:
Longman, 1982.
------. "Egypt: Neo-Patrimonial Elite." Pages 69-113 in Frank
Tachau (ed.), Political Elites and Political Development
in the Middle East. New York: Wiley, 1975.
al-Guindi, Fadwa. "The Mood in Egypt," Middle East
Insight, 4, Nos. 4-5, 1986, 30-39.
Altman, Israel. "Islamic Movements in Egypt," Jerusalem
Quarterly [Jerusalem], 10, 1979, 87-105.
Ansari, Hamied. Egypt: The Stalled Society. Albany:
State University of New York Press, 1986.
Aulas, Marie Christian. "Sadat's Egypt," New Left
Review, 98, 1976, pp. 84-95.
------. "Sadat's Egypt: A Balance Sheet." Pages 6-18 in MERIP
Reports, No. 107, July-August 1982.
Ayubi, Nazih. Bureaucracy and Politics in Contemporary
Egypt. London: Ithaca Press, 1980.
------. "Implementation Capability and Political Feasibility of
the Open Door Policy in Egypt." Pages 349-413 in Gouda Abdul
Khalek and Robert L. Tignor (eds.), The Political
Economy of Income Distribution in Egypt. London: Holmes
and Meier, 1982.
------. "The Political Revival of Islam: The Case of Egypt,"
International Journal of Middle East Studies, 12,
No. 4, December 1980, 481-99.
Baker, Raymond. Egypt's Uncertain Revolution under Nasser and
Sadat. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1978.
Beinin, Joel, and Zachary Lockman. Workers on the Nile:
Nationalism, Communism, Islam, and the Egyptian Working
Class, 1882-1954. Princeton: Princeton University
Press, 1987.
Berger, Morroe. The Arab World Today. New York:
Doubleday, 1962.
------. Bureaucracy and Society in Modern Egypt.
Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1957.
Berque, Jacques. Egypt: Imperialism and Revolution.
(Trans., Jean Stewart.) (Books That Matter Series.) New
York: Praeger, 1972.
Bianchi, Robert. "Businessmen's Associations in Egypt and
Turkey," Annals, 482, November 1985, 147-54.
------. "The Corporatization of the Egyptian Labor Movement,"
Middle East Journal, 40, No. 3, Summer 1986, 429-
44.
Binder, Leonard. "Egypt: The Integrative Revolution." Pages 396-
449 in Lucian Pye and Sidney Verba (eds.), Political
Culture and Political Development. Princeton: Princeton
University Press, 1965.
------. The Ideological Revolution in the Middle East.
New York: Wiley, 1964.
------.In a Moment of Enthusiasm: Political Power and the
Second Stratum in Egypt. Chicago: University of Chicago
Press, 1978.
------. "Political Recruitment and Participation in Egypt." Pages
217-40 in Joseph LaPalombara and Myron Weiner (eds.),
Political Parties and Political Development.
Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1966.
Brown, William. The Last Crusade: A Negotiator's Middle East
Handbook. Chicago: Aldine, 1980.
Buttner, Friedemann. "Political Stability Without Stable
Institutions: The Re-Traditionalization of Egypt's Policy,"
Orient, 20, 53-76.
Cooper, Mark. "Egyptian State Capitalism in Crisis: Economic
Policies and Political Interests, 1967-1971,"
International Journal of Middle East Studies, 10,
No. 4, 1979, 481-516.
------. The Transformation of Egypt. Baltimore: Johns
Hopkins University Press, 1982.
Cremeans, Charles D. The Arabs and the World: Nasser's Arab
Nationalist Policy. New York: Praeger, 1963.
Critchfield, Richard. Shahhat: An Egyptian. Syracuse:
Syracuse University Press, 1978.
Dawisha, Adeed. Egypt in the Arab World: The Elements of
Foreign Policy. New York: Wiley, 1976.
Dawisha, Adeed, and I. William Zartman. Beyond Coercion: The
Durability of the Arab State. London: Croom Helm, 1988.
Deeb, Marius. Party Politics in Egypt: The Wafd and Its
Rivals, 1919-1939. London: Ithaca Press, 1979.
Dekmejian, Richard Hrair. Egypt under Nasir: A Study in
Political Dynamics. Albany: State University of New
York Press, 1971.
------. "Marx, Weber, and the Egyptian Revolution," Middle
East Journal, 30, No. 2, Spring 1976, 158-72.
------. Patterns of Political Leadership: Egypt, Lebanon,
Israel. Albany: State University of New York Press,
1975.
Dessouki, Ali E. Hillal. "Policy Making in Egypt: A Case Study of
the Open Door Policy," Social Problems, 28, No. 4,
April 1984, 410-16.
------. "The Politics of Income Distribution in Egypt." Pages 55-
87 in Gouda Abdel-Khalek and Robert L. Tignor (eds.),
The Political Economy of Income Distribution in
Egypt. London: Holmes and Meier, 1982.
Entelis, John P. "Nasir's Egypt: The Failure of Charismatic
Leadership," Orbis, 28, No. 2, 1974, 451-64.
Fahmi, Ismail. Negotiating for Peace in the Middle East,
Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1983.
Goldschmidt, Arthur, Jr. Modern Egypt: The Formation of a
Nation-State. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1988.
Groupe de Recherches et d'Etudes sur le Proche-Orient.
L'Egypte d'aujourd'hui: Permanence et changements, 1805-
1976. Paris: Centre National de la Recherche, 1977.
Haikal, Muhammed Hasanain. Autumn of Fury: The Assassination
of Sadat. New York: Random House, 1983.
------. Nasir: The Cairo Documents. London: New English
Library, 1971.
------. The Road to Ramadan. New York: Readers Digest
Press, 1975.
------. The Sphinx and the Commissar. New York: Harper
and Row, 1978.
Halpern, Manfred. The Politics of Social Change in the Middle
East and North Africa. Princeton: Princeton University
Press, 1963.
Harik, Iliya. "Continuity and Change in Local Development
Policies in Egypt," International Journal of Middle East
Studies, 16, No. 1, 1984, 43-66.
------. "Mobilization Policy and Rural Change in Egypt." Pages
287-334 in Iliya Harik and Richard Antoun (eds.), Rural
Politics and Social Change in the Middle East.
Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1972.
------. "Opinion Leaders and the Mass Media in Rural Egypt,"
American Political Science Review, 65, No. 3,
September 1972, 731-40.
------. The Political Mobilization of Peasants: A Study of an
Egyptian Community. Bloomington: Indiana University
Press, 1974.
------. "The Single Party as a Subordinate Movement: The Case of
Egypt," World Politics, 26, No. 1, October 1973,
80-105.
Harik, Iliya, and Richard Antoun (eds.). Rural Politics and
Social Change in the Middle East. Bloomington: Indiana
University Press, 1972.
Heaphey, James. "The Organization of Egypt: Inadequacies of a
Non-Political Model of Nation-Building," World
Politics, 26, 1965, 80-105.
Hendriks, Bertus. "Egypt's New Political Map: Report from the
Election Campaign," Middle East Report, No. 147,
July-August 1987, 23-31.
Hill, Enid. Mahkama! Studies in the Egyptian Legal
System, London: Ithaca Press, 1979.
Hinnebusch, Raymond A., Jr. Egyptian Politics under Sadat:
The Post-Populist Development of an Authoritarian-
Modernizing State. (Rev. ed.) Boulder, Colorado: Lynne
Rienner, 1988.
------. "From Nasir to Sadat: Elite Transformation in Egypt,"
Journal of Middle East and South Asian Studies, 7,
No. 1, Fall 1983, 24-49.
------. "The Re-emergence of the Wafd Party: Glimpses of the
Liberal Opposition in Egypt," International Journal of
Middle East Studies, 16, No. 1, 1984, 99-121.
Hirst, David, and Irene Beeson. Sadat. London: Faber and
Faber, 1981.
Hussein, Mahmoud. Class Conflict in Egypt. New York:
Monthly Review Press, 1973.
Ibrahim, Saad Eddin. "Anatomy of Egypt's Militant Islamic Groups:
Methodological Note and Preliminary Findings,"
International Journal of Middle East Studies, 12,
No. 4, December 1980, 423-53.
Issawi, Charles. Egypt in Revolution: An Economic
Analysis. New York: Oxford University Press, 1963.
Kepel, Gilles. Muslim Extremism in Egypt: The Prophet and the
Pharaoh. (Trans., Jan Rothschild.) Berkeley: University
of California Press, 1986.
Kerr, Malcolm. The Arab Cold War: Abd al-Nasir and His
Rivals. London: Oxford University Press, 1971.
Kerr, Malcolm, and El Sayed Yassin (eds.). Rich and Poor
States in the Middle East: Egypt and the New Arab
Order. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1982.
LaPalombara, Joseph, and Myron Weiner (eds.). Political
Parties and Political Development. Princeton: Princeton
University Press, 1966.
Lenczowski, George (ed.). Political Elites in the Middle
East. Washington: American Enterprise Institute, 1975.
Mabro, Robert. The Egyptian Economy, 1952-1972. Oxford:
Clarendon Press, 1974.
Mansfield, Peter. Nasser's Egypt. Baltimore: Penguin
Books, 1969.
Mayfield, James. Rural Politics in Nasir's Egypt.
Austin: University of Texas Press, 1971.
Mitchell, Richard. The Society of the Muslim Brothers.
London: Oxford University Press, 1969.
Moore, Henry Clement. "Authoritarian Politics in Unincorporated
Society: The Case of Nasser's Egypt," Comparative
Politics, 6, No. 2, January 1974, 193-218.
------. Images of Development: Egyptian Engineers in Search
of Development. Cambridge: Massachusetts Institute of
Technology Press, 1980.
------. "Money and Power: The Dilemma of the Egyptian Infitah,"
Middle East Journal, 40, No. 4, Autumn 1986, 634-
50.
O'Brien, Patrick. The Revolution in Egypt's Economic System:
From Private Enterprise to Socialism, 1952-1965.
London: Oxford University Press, 1966.
Owen, Roger. "Mubarak's Dilemma," MERIP Reports, No.
117, September 1983, 12-27.
Post, Erika. "Egypt's Elections." Middle East Report,
No. 147, July-August 1987, 17-22.
Pye, Lucian, and Sidney Verba (eds.). Political Culture and
Political Development. Princeton: Princeton University
Press, 1965.
Radwan, Samir. Agrarian Reform and Rural Poverty: Egypt,
1952-1972. Geneva, Switzerland: ILO, 1977.
Riad, Mahmoud. The Struggle for Peace in the Middle
East. London: Quartet Books, 1982.
Richards, Alan. "Ten Years of Infitah: Class, Rent, and Policy
Stasis in Egypt," Journal of Development Studies,
20, No. 4, July 1984, 323-38.
Sadat, Anwar. In Search of Identity: An Autobiography.
New York: Harper and Row, 1978.
Sennitt, Andrew G. (ed.). World Radio TV Handbook, 1990,
44. Hvidovre, Denmark: Billboard, 1990.
Shazli, Saad. The Crossing of the Suez. San Francisco:
American Mideast Research, 1980.
------. Mubarak's Egypt: Fragmentation of the Political
Order. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1989.
------. "Patrimonialism and Policy Making in Egypt: Nasir and
Sadat and the Policy for Reclaimed Lands," Middle
Eastern Studies [London], 15, No. 1, 26, January 1979,
49-59.
Springborg, Robert. Family Power and Politics in Egypt: Sayed
Bey Marei--His Clan, Clients, and Cohorts.
Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1982.
------. "Patterns of Association in the Egyptian Political
Elite." Pages 83-107 in George Lenczowski (ed.),
Political Elites in the Middle East. Washington:
American Enterprise Institute, 1975.
------. "The President and the Field Marshal: Civil-Military
Relations in Egypt Today." Middle East Report, No.
147, July-August 1987, 5-16.
------. "Professional Syndicates in Egyptian Politics,"
International Journal of Middle East Studies, 9,
No. 3, 1978, 275-95.
Stephens, Robert. Nasser: A Political Biography. New
York: Simon and Schuster, 1974.
Tachau, Frank (ed.). Political Elites and Political
Development in the Middle East. New York: Wiley, 1975.
Tripp, Charles, and Roger Owen (eds.). Egypt under
Mubarak. London: Routledge, 1989.
Tucker, Judith, and Joe Stork. "Mubarak's Transition." MERIP
Reports, No. 107, July-August 1982, 3-6.
Udovitch, L. (ed.). The Middle East: Oil, Politics, and
Hope. Lexington, Massachusetts: Lexington Books, 1976.
Vatikiotis, P.J. The Egyptian Army in Politics: Pattern for
New Nations? Bloomington: Indiana University Press,
1961.
------. Nasser and His Generation. New York: St.
Martin's Press, 1978.
Waterbury, John. Egypt: Burdens of the Past, Options for the
Future. Hanover, New Hampshire: American Universities
Field Staff, 1976.
------. The Egypt of Nasser and Sadat: The Political Economy
of Two Regimes. Princeton: Princeton University Press,
1983.
------. "Egypt: The Wages of Dependency." Pages 291-351 in L.
Udovitch (ed.), The Middle East: Oil, Politics, and
Hope. Lexington, Massachusetts: Lexington Books, 1976.
------. "The Soft State and the Open Door: Egypt's Experience
with Economic Liberalization, 1974-1984," Comparative
Politics, 18, No. 1, October 1985, 65-83.
Yaari, Ehud. "Sadat's Pyramid of Power," Jerusalem
Quarterly [Jerusalem], 14, 1980, 110-21.
Yoram, Peri. Between Battles and Ballots, Israel's Military
in Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
1983.
Zartman, William I. (ed.). Political Elites in Arab North
Africa. New York: Longman, 1982.
Chapter 5
Abdallah, Ahmed. "The Armed Forces and the Democratic Process in
Egypt," Third World Quarterly [London], 10, No. 4,
October 1988, 1452-67.
Amnesty International Report, 1988. London: Amnesty
International, 1988.
Armstrong, G.P. "Egypt." Pages 147-65 in Richard A. Gabriel
(ed.), Fighting Armies: Antagonists in the Middle East:
A Combat Assessment. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood
Press, 1983.
Brassey's Defence Yearbook, 1989. London: Brassey's,
1989.
Copley, Gregory R. (ed.). "Defense in Egypt," Defense and
Foreign Affairs, 17, No. 12, December 1989.
Cowell, Alan. "A Poor Land Torn by a Rich Craving," New York
Times, May 20, 1989, I4.
DMS Market Intelligence Reports. DMS Foreign Military
Markets--Middle East/Africa. Greenwich, Connecticut:
Defense Marketing Services, 1989.
Dunn, Michael C. "Arming for Peacetime: Egypt's Defense Industry
Today," Defense and Foreign Affairs, 15, Nos. 10-
11, October-November 1987, 20-24.
------. "Mother of the World: Egypt in Mubarak's Second Term,"
Defense and Foreign Affairs, 18, Nos. 10-11,
October-November 1987, 11-15.
Dupuy, Trevor N. Elusive Victory: The Arab-Israeli Wars,
1947-1974. New York: Harper and Row, 1978.
Dyer, Gwynne, and John Keegan. "Egypt." Pages 162-73 in John
Keegan (ed.), World Armies. Detroit: Gale Research,
1983.
"Egypt." Pages 305-15 in Gregory R. Copley (ed.), Defense and
Foreign Affairs Handbook, 1989. Alexandria, Virginia:
International Media, 1988.
"Egypt." Pages 102-6 in George Thomas Kurian (ed.), World
Encyclopedia of Police Forces and Penal Systems. New
York: Facts on File, 1989.
"Egypt." Pages 143-49 in Charles Miller (ed.), Air Forces of
the World, 1988-89. Geneva, Switzerland: Interavia,
1988.
"Egyptian Air Force and Egyptian Air Defence Command." Pages 33-
37 in International Air Forces and Military Aircraft
Directory. Stapleford Air Field [Essex, United
Kindgom]: Aviation Advisory Services, 1989.
Eilts, Hermann Frederick. "Egypt in 1986: Political
Disappointments and Economic Dilemmas," Washington
Quarterly, 10, No. 2, Spring 1987, 113-28.
Gabriel, Richard A. (ed.). Fighting Armies: Antagonists in
the Middle East: A Combat Assessment. Westport,
Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1983.
Gawrych, George W. "The Egyptian High Command in the 1973 War,"
Armed Forces and Society, 13, No. 4, Summer 1987,
535-57.
Gold, Dore. America, the Gulf, and Israel: CENTCOM (Central
Command) and Emerging U.S. Regional Security Policies in the
Middle East. (Jaffee Center for Strategic Studies, Tel
Aviv University Study No. 11). Boulder, Colorado: Westview
Press, 1988.
Harris, Lillian Craig. "Egypt: The Constraints on Revolution,"
Middle East International [London], No. 313,
November 21, 1987, 16-17.
Hill, Enid. Mahkama! Studies in the Egyptian Legal
System. London: Ithaca Press, 1979.
Hinnebusch, Raymond A., Jr. Egyptian Politics under Sadat:
The Post-Populist Development of an Authoritarian-
Modernizing State. (Rev. ed.) Boulder, Colorado: Lynne
Rienner, 1988.
International Air Forces and Military Aircraft
Directory. Stapleford Air Field [Essex, United
Kingdom]: Aviation Advisory Services, 1989.
International Crime Statistics, 1987-1988. St. Cloud,
France: International Criminal Police Organization
(Interpol) General Secretariat, n.d.
Jabber, Paul. "Egypt's Crisis, America's Dilemma," Foreign
Affairs, 64, No. 5, Summer 1986, 960-80.
Jane's Fighting Ships, 1989-90. (Ed., Richard Sharpe.)
Alexandria, Virginia: Jane's Information Group, 1989.
Joint Publications Research Service--JPRS (Washington). The
following items are from the JPRS series:
Translations on the Near East/South Asia.
"Cairo's Security Chief Interviewed on Crime," Akhir
Saah [Cairo], January 11, 1989 (JPRS 89-016, March 3,
1989, 16-21.).
"Narcotics Traffic, Organized Financial Crime Grow," Al
Yaqzah al Arabiyah [Cairo], May 1989 (JPRS 89-016-L,
July 28, 1989, 7-8.).
"Political Violence Phenomenon in Egypt: Qualitative, Analytical,
and Comparative Study, 1952-87," Al Mustaqbal
[Beirut], November 1988 (JPRS 89-006, January 26, 1989, 19-
24.).
"Zaki Badr Defends Prison Measures, Emergency Law, Himself,"
Al Akhbar [Cairo], August 31, 1988 (JPRS 88-082,
November 21, 1988, 114.).
Keegan, John (ed.). World Armies. Detroit: Gale
Research, 1983.
Kurian, George Thomas (ed.). World Encyclopedia of Police
Forces and Penal Systems. New York: Facts on File,
1989.
Kutter, Wolf D., and Glenn M. Harned. "Interoperability with
Egyptian Forces," Infantry, 75, No. 1, January-
February 1985, 1,517.
Levran, Aharon, and Zeev Eytan. Pages 125-34 in Aharon Levran
(ed.), The Middle East Military Balance, 1986.
Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1987.
Lippman, Thomas W. Egypt after Nasser. New York: Paragon
House, 1989.
McDermott, Anthony. Egypt from Nasser to Mubarak: A Flawed
Revolution. New York: Croom Helm, 1988.
Middleton, Drew. "U.S. Aides Say Egypt Lacks Ability to Handle
Weapons," New York Times, February 21, 1986, A8.
The Military Balance, 1989-1990. London: International
Institute for Strategic Studies, 1989.
Military Technology and Economics (Miltech). Bonn:
January 1989.
Miller, Charles (ed.). Air Forces of the World, 1988-89.
Geneva, Switzerland: Interavia, 1988.
Miller, Judith. "Cairo's Army Has New Job: Milk the Cow," New
York Times, November 29, 1985, I14.
Bibliography of SyriaAbd-Allah, Umar F. The Islamic Struggle in Syria.
Berkeley: Mizan Press, 1983.
Abu Jaber, Kamal S. The Arab Baath Socialist Party.
Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1966.
Altounyan, Taqui. "To Aleppo Once Again," Middle East
International [London], No. 26, August 1973, 20-22.
Amnesty International. Report from Amnesty International to
the Government of the Syrian Arab Republic, 1983.
London: November 1983.
Amos, John W. Arab-Israeli Military Political Relations: Arab
Perceptions and the Politics of Escalation. New York:
Pergamon Press, 1979.
Antonius, George. The Arab Awakening. New York:
Capricorn, 1963.
Atiya, Aziz. Crusade, Commerce, and Culture.
Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1962.
Barker, A.J. Arab-Israeli Wars. New York: Hippocrene
Books, 1981.
Communique of the Islamic Revolution in Syria and its
Success.Bayan al-Thawrat al-Islamiyah fi Suriya wa
Najahuha. Damascus: Command of the Islamic Revolution
in Syria, 9 November 1980.
Bleaney, C.H. (comp.) Modern Syria: An Introduction.
Durham, United Kingdom: University of Durham, 1979.
Burke, Edmund III. "A Comparative View of French Native Policy in
Morocco and Syria, 1912-1925," Middle Eastern Studies
[London], 9, No. 2, May 1973, 175-86.
Cass, Alain. "Assad's Difficult Choice," Middle East
International [London], No. 55, January 1976, 9-11.
Dawisha, Adeed I. Syria and the Lebanese Crisis. London:
Macmillan, 1980.
Dawisha, Karen. "The USSR in the Middle East: Superpower in
Eclipse," Foreign Affairs, 61, No. 2, Winter 1982-
83, 438-51.
Deeb, Marius. The Lebanese Civil War. New York: Praeger,
1980.
________. "Lebanon's Continuing Conflict," Current
History, January 1985, 13-15.
Dekmejian, Richard H. Fundamentalism in the Arab World.
Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 1985.
Dessouki, Ali E. (ed.). Islamic Resurgence in the Arab
World. New York: Praeger, 1982.
Devlin, John F. The Ba'th Party: A History from Its Origins
to 1966. Stanford, California: Hoover Institution
Press, 1976.
_______. Syria: Modern State in an Ancient Land.
Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1983.
Drysdale, Alasdair. "Syria's Troubled Baathi Regime," Current
History, January 1981, 32-35, 37-38.
Eigeland, Tor. "Ebla, City of the White Stones," Aramco World
Magazine, 29, No. 2, March-April 1978, 10-19.
Farsoun, Samih, and Walter Carroll. "The Civil War in Lebanon,"
Monthly Review, 28, No. 2, June 1976.
Fedden, Robin. Syria and Lebanon. (3d ed.) London: John
Murray, 1965.
Field, Michael. "Focus on Syria under Assad," Middle East
International [London], No. 14, July 1972, 26-27, 30.
Freedman, Robert O. Soviet Policy Toward the Middle East
Since 1910. (3d ed.) New York: Praeger, 1982.
George, A.R. "The Nomads of Syria: End of a Culture?" Middle
East International [London], No. 22, April 1973, 21.
Glubb, John Bagot. Syria Lebanon Jordan. New York:
Walker, 1967.
Greenwood, Bart. "The Fickle Stream," Middle East
International [London], No. 22, April 1973, 23-25.
Grey, Lawrence. "The Destruction of Kuneitra," Middle East
International [London], No. 41, November 1974, 24-26.
Haley, P. Edward, and Lewis W. Snider (eds.). Lebanon in
Crisis: Participants and Issues. Syracuse, N.Y.:
Syracuse University Press, 1979.
Hayani, Ibrahim. "Syria's Traditional Role," Middle East
International [London], No. 38, August 1974, 9-11.
Herzog, Chaim. The Arab-Israeli Wars: War and Peace in the
Middle East. New York: Random House, 1982.
Hinnebusch, Raymond A. "Local Politics in Syria: Organization and
Mobilization in Four Village Cases," Middle East
Journal, 30, No. 1, Winter 1976, 1-24.
Hitti, Philip K. Makers of Arab History. New York:
Harper and Row, 1971.
________. Syria: A Short History. London: Macmillan,
1959.
Holden, David. "Lebanon's Future in Syria's Hands," Middle
East International [London], No. 57, March 1976, 6-9.
Holmstrom, David. "Syria--Unity, Liberty, and Socialism,"
Middle East International [London], No. 22, April
1973, 11-13.
Humphreys, R. Stephen. From Saladin to the Mongols. The
Ayyubids of Damascus: 1193-1260. Albany: State
University of New York Press, 1977.
Hureau, Jean. La Syrie aujourd'hui. Paris: Editions
J.A., 1977.
Joarder, Safiuddin. "The Syrian Nationalist Uprising (1925-1927)
and Henri de Jouvenel," Muslim World, 67, No. 3,
July 1977, 185-204.
Kaylani, Nabil M. "The Rise of the Syrian Ba'th, 1940-1958:
Political Success, Party Failure," International Journal
of Middle East Studies, 3, No. 1, January 1972, 3-23.
Keilany, Ziad. "Socialism and Economic Change in Syria,"
Middle Eastern Studies [London], 9, No. 1, January
1973, 61-72.
Khadduri, Majid. Political Trends in the Arab World.
Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1983.
Khoury, Philip S. Syria and the French Mandate.
Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986.
Legum, Colin, and Shaked Haim (eds.). Middle East
Contemporary Survey, 1976-77, 1. New York: Holmes and
Meier, 1978.
Legum, Colin, Shaked Haim, and Daniel Dishon (eds.). Middle
East Contemporary Survey, 4, 1979-80. New York: Holmes
and Meier, 1981.
________. Middle East Contemporary Survey, 5, 1980-81,
New York: Holmes and Meier, 1982.
Longrigg, S.H. Syria and Lebanon Under French Mandate.
Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1958.
Ma'oz, Moshe. Syria under Hafiz al-Asad: New Domestic and
Foreign Policies. Jerusalem: Hebrew University of
Jerusalem Press, 1986.
Malone, Joseph J. The Arab Lands of Western Asia.
Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1973.
Mansfield, Peter. "Resurgent Syria," Middle East
International [London], 8, No. 4, October 1977, 545-63.
Naomi, Joy. Syrian Intervention in Lebanon. New York:
Oxford University Press, 1986.
The Middle East, 6th ed., Washington: Congressional
Quarterly, 1986.
Middle East and North Africa 1983-1984 (l3th ed.)
London: Europa, 1983.
Newhall, Richard A. The Crusades. New York: Holt,
Rinehart and Winston, 1963.
Perera, Judith. "The Shifting Futures of Syria's Muslim
Brotherhood," Middle East, May 1983, 25-28.
Peters, F.E. "The Nabateans in the Hawran," American Oriental
Society Journal, No. 97, July 1977, 263-77.
Petran, Tabitha. Syria. New York: Praeger, 1972.
________. "Syria: Anxious but Resolute," Middle East
International [London], No. 41, November 1974, 26-28.
________. "Syria: A Skeptical Ally," Middle East
International [London], No. 49, July 1975, 12-14.
________. "Syria: Closing the Ranks," Middle East
International [London], No. 53, November 1975, 7-8.
Rabinovitch, Itamar. The War for Lebanon, 1970-1983.
Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1983.
Reid, Donald M. "The Syrian Christians and Early Socialism in the
Arab World," International Journal of Middle East
Studies, 5, No. 2, April 1974, 177-93.
_________. "Syrian Christians, the Rags-to-Riches Story, and Free
Enterprise," International Journal of Middle East
Studies, I, No. 4, October 1970, 358-67.
Roberts, David. The Ba'th and the Creation of Modern
Syria. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1987.
Roberts, Gordon. "The Druzes--A Community Apart," Middle East
International [London], No. 26, August 1973, 23-25.
Runciman, Steven. A History of the Crusades. 3 vols. New
York: Harper and Row, 1964.
Sachar, Howard M. The Emergence of the Middle East, 1914-
1924. New York: Knopf, 1969.
Salih, Shakeeb. "The British-Druze Connections and the Druze
Rising of 1896 in the Hawran," Middle Eastern
Studies [London], 13, No. 2, May 1977, 251-57.
Salihi, Kamal Suleiman. Syria under Islam. Delmar, New
York: Caravan, 1977.
Seale, Patrick. The Struggle for Syria. London: Oxford
University Press, 1965.
Shorrock, William I. French Imperialism in the Middle East:
The Failure of the French Policy in Syria and Lebanon, 1900-
1914. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1976.
_________. "The Origin of the French Mandate in Syria and
Lebanon: The Railroad Question, 1901-1914,"
International Journal of Middle East Studies, 1,
No. 3, July 1970, 133-53.
Simon, Reena S. "Hashemite Conspiracy: Hashemite Unity Attempts,
1921-58," International Journal of Middle East
Studies, 5, No. 3, June 1974, 314-27.
Spagnolo, J.P. "French Influence in Syria Prior to World War I:
The Functional Weakness of Imperialism," Middle East
Journal, 23, No. 1, Winter 1969, 45-62.
Springborg, Robert. "Baathism in Practice: Agriculture, Politics,
and Political Culture in Syria and Iraq," Middle Eastern
Studies, 17, No. 2, April 1981, 191-209.
Strategic Survey 1982-1983. London: International
Institute for Strategic Studies, 1983.
Tibawi, A.L. A Modern History of Syria, Including Lebanon and
Palestine. London: St. Martin's Press, 1969.
Torrey, Gordon H. "The Ba'th--Ideology and Practice," Middle
East Journal, 23, No. 4, Autumn 1969, 445-70.
Van Dam, Nikolaos. The Struggle for Power in Syria:
Sectarianism, Regionalism, and Tribalism in Politics, 1961-
1978. London: Croom Helm, 1979.
Ziadeh, Nicola A. Urban Life in Syria under the Early
Mamluks. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1970.
Addison, Charles Greenstreet. Damascus and Palmyra. New
York: Arno Press, 1973.
Al-Ahsan, Syed Azim. "Economic Policy and Class Structure in
Syria, 1958-1980," International Journal of Middle East
Studies, 16, August 1984, 301-23.
Akhrass, Safouh. Revolutionary Change and Modernization in
the Arab World. Damascus: Atlas, 1972.
Anderson, J.N.D. "The Syrian Law of Personal Status,"
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African
Studies [London], 27, No. 1, 1955, 34-49.
Antonius, George. The Arab Awakening. New York:
Capricorn, 1963.
Arberry, A.J. (ed.). Religion in the Middle East: Three
Religions in Concord and Conflict. 2 vols. London:
Cambridge University Press, 1969.
Baer, Gabriel. Population and Society in the Arab East.
New York: Praeger, 1964.
Bahnassi, Afif. Damascus: Ash-Sham. (Libraire
Universelle). Tunis: Smail, 1982.
Batto, Bernard Frank. Studies on Women at Mari.
Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1974.
Bell, Gertrude Lowthian. Syria. New York: Arno Press,
1973.
Berger, Morroe. The Arab World Today. New York:
Doubleday, 1964.
Betts, Robert Brenton. "The Indigenous Arabic-Speaking Christian
Communities of Greater Syria and Mesopotamia." (Unpublished
Ph.D dissertation). Baltimore: John Hopkins University,
1968.
Bliss, Frederick Jones. The Religions of Modern Syria and
Palestine. New York: AMS Press, 1977 (reprint).
Brockelmann, Carl. History of the Islamic Peoples. New
York: Putnam, 1939.
Cleland, W. Wendell. "Social Conditions and Social Changes,"
Journal of International Affairs, 6, No. 1, Winter
1952, 7-20.
Copeland, W. The Land and People of Syria. Philadelphia:
Lippincott, 1972.
Costello, V.F. Urbanization in the Middle East. New
York: Cambridge University Press, 1977.
Crary, Douglas D. "The Villager." Pages 43-59 in Sydney N. Fisher
(ed.), Social Forces in the Middle East, III.
Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1955.
Daher, Adel. Current Trends in Arab Intellectual
Thought. (Research Program on Economic and Political
Problems and Prospects of the Middle East, RM-5979-FF,
December 1969.) Santa Monica: Rand, 1969.
Devlin, John. F. Syria: Modern State in an Ancient Land.
Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1983.
Dewdney, J.C. "Syria: Patterns of Population Distribution." Pages
130-42 in J.I. Clarke and W.B. Fisher (eds.),
Populations of the Middle East and North Africa.
New York: Africana, 1972.
Dodd, Peter C. "Family Honor and the Forces of Change in Arab
Society," International Journal of Middle East
Studies, 4, January 1973, 40-54.
Dodge, Bayard. "The Settlement of the Assyrians on the Khabbur,"
Journal of the Royal Asian Society [London], 27,
1940, 301-20.
Economist Intelligence Unit. Quarterly Economic Review of
Syria [London], 1-4; 1985-86.
Fisher, W.B. The Middle East: A Physical Social, and Regional
Geography. New York: Dutton, 1956.
"From Tel-Aviv Yedi'ot Aharanot in Hebrew," Foreign Broadcast
Information Service, Daily Report: Middle East and
Africa, 5, No. 161 (FBIS-MEA-86-161), August 20, 1986,
I4.
George, A.R. "The Nomads of Syria: End of a Culture?" Middle
East International [London], No. 22, April 1973, 21.
Gibb, Hamilton A.R. "The Heritage of Islam in the Modern World,"
Pt. 1, International Journal of Middle East
Studies, 1, No. 1, January 1970, 1-14.
__________. "The Heritage of Islam in the Modern World," Pt. 2,
International Journal of Middle East Studies, 1,No.
3, July 1970, 221-37.
Gibb, H.A.R., and J.H. Kramers (eds.). Shorter Encyclopedia
of Islam. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1953.
Haddad, George. Fifty Years of Modern Syria and Lebanon.
Beirut: Dar al Hayat, 1950.
Haddad, Robert M. Syrian Christians in Muslim Society: An
Interpretation. Princeton: Princeton University Press,
1970.
Halpern, Manfred. The Politics of Social Change in the Middle
East and North Africa. Princeton: Princeton University
Press, 1963.
Hansen, Henny. An Ethnographical Collection from the Region
of the Alawites. Copenhagen: Munksgard, 1976.
Hitti, Phillip K. History of Syria. New York: Macmillan,
1951.
________. History of the Arabs. New York: Macmillan,
1956.
________. Islam: A Way of Life. Minneapolis: University
of Minnesota Press, 1970.
Hodgson, Marshall G.S. The Venture of Islam. 3 vols.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1974.
Holt, P.M., Ann K.S. Lambton, and Bernard Lewis (eds.). The
Cambridge History of Islam. 2 vols. London: Cambridge
University Press, 1970.
Horton, Alan Williams. "A Syrian Village in Its Changing
Environment." (Ph.D. dissertation.) Cambridge: Harvard
University, 1961.
Hottinger, Arnold. "How the Arab Bourgeoisie Lost Power,"
Journal of Contemporary History, 3, No. 3, 1968,
111-28.
Hourani, A.H. "Race, Religion and Nation-State in the Near East."
Pages 1-19 in A.M. Lutfiyya and C.W. Churchill (eds.),
Readings in Arab Middle Eastern Societies and
Cultures. Paris: Mouton, 1970.
Hudson, J. "Syria," Focus, 18, No. 8, April 1968, 1-12.
Human Relations Area Files. Area Handbook on Syria. 2
vols. (HRAF Subcontractors Monograph, Dropsie College.) New
Haven: HRAF Press, 1956.
Hurewitz, J.C. Middle East Dilemmas. New York: Harper,
1953.
Issawi, Charles. "The Arab World's Heavy Legacy." Pages 13-25 in
Jack H. Thompson and Robert D. Reischauer (eds.),
Modernization of the Arab World. New York: D. Van
Nostrand, 1966.
________. "Social Structure and Ideology in Iraq, Lebanon, Syria,
and the UAR," Journal of International Affairs, 19,
No. 1, 1965, 39-46.
Joseph, John. The Nestorians and Their Muslim Neighbors.
Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1961.
Joint Publications Research Service--JPRS (Washington). The
following items are from the JPRS series:
Translations on the Near East.
"Emigration of Arab Technicians: Why and How?" al-
Thawrah, Damascus, December 8, 1970. (JPRS 52617, No.
578, March 15, 1971.)
"Premier Salam Returning from Damascus Satisfied with Results of
Talks, Al Asad Says No Kidnapping and No interference in
Lebanese Affairs," Al Nahar, Beirut, December 5,
1970 (JPRS 52247, 1971).
Kramer, Martin. Syria's Alawis and Shi'ism. Tel Aviv:
Tel Aviv University, December 1984.
LaFay, Howard. "Syria," National Geographic, 154, 3,
September 1978, 326-61.
Lapidus, Ira. Middle Eastern Cities: A Symposium on Ancient,
Islamic, and Contemporary Middle Eastern Urbanism.
Berkeley: University of California Press, 1969.
Lerner, Daniel. The Passing of Traditional Society.
Glencoe, Illinois: Free Press, 1958.
Lewis, Bernard (ed.). Race and Color in Islam. New York:
Harper and Row, 1971.
_______. Islam and the Arab World. New York: Knopf,
1976.
Lewis, Norman. "The Isma'ilis of Syria Today," Journal of the
Royal Central Asian Society [London], 39, January 1952,
69-77.
Longuenesse, Elizabeth. "The Syrian Working Class Today." Pages
17-24 in MERIP Reports. Washington: Middle East
Research and Information Project, No. 15. July-August 1985.
Ma'oz, Moshe, and Avner Yaniv (eds.). Syria under Assad.
New York: St. Martin's Press. 1986.
Massignon, L. "Nusairi". Pages 453-56 in H.A.R. Gibb and J.H.
Kramers (eds.), Shorter Encyclopedia of Islam.
Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1974.
Munayyir, Muhammad Arif ibn Ahmad. The Hejaz Railway and the
Muslim Pilgrimage. Detroit: Wayne State University
Press, 1971.
Musil, Alois. The Manners and Customs of the Rwala
Bedouin. New York: American Geographical Society, 1928.
Nahas, M.K. "The Family in the Arab World," Pages 232-46 in Ailon
Shiloh (ed.), Peoples and Cultures of the Middle
East. New York: Random House, 1969.
"Nomadic Populations in Selected Countries in the Middle East and
Related Issues of Sedentarization and Settlement." Pages
105-17 in Studies on Selected Development Problems in
Various Countries in the Middle East. New York: United
Nations, 1970.
Patai, Raphael. Golden River to Golden Road: Society,
Culture, and Change in the Middle East. Philadelphia:
University of Pennsylvania Press, 1969.
Petran, Tabitha. Syria. New York: Praeger, 1972.
Prins, A.H.D. "The Syrian Schooner: Problem Formulation in
Maritime Culture Change." Pages 404-23 in Ailon Shiloh
(ed.), Peoples and Cultures of the Middle East. New
York: Random House, 1969.
Prothro, Edwin Terry, and Lufty Najib Diab. Changing Family
Patterns in the Arab East. Beirut: American University
of Beirut, 1974.
Reid, Donald M. "The Syrian Christians and Early Socialism in the
Arab World," International Journal of Middle East
Studies, 5, No. 2, April 1974, 177-93.
________. "Syrian Christians, the Rags-to-Riches Story, and Free
Enterprise," International Journal of Middle East
Studies, 1, No. 4, October 1970, 358-67.
Roberts, Gordon. "The Druzes--A Community Apart," Middle East
International [London], No. 26, August 1973, 23-25.
Salih, Shakeeb. "The British-Druze Connection and the Druze
Rising of 1896 in the Hawran," Middle Eastern
Studies [London], 13, No. 2, May 1977, 251-57.
Savory, Roger. "Land of the Lion and the Sun." Pages 245-72 in
Bernard Lewis (ed.), Islam and the Arab World. New
York: Knopf, 1976.
Sayigh, Yusif A. The Determinants of Arab Economic
Development. London: Croom Helm, 1978.
Schultz, T.P. Fertility Patterns and Their Determinants in
the Arab Middle East. (Rand Abstract, RM-5978-FF.)
Santa Monica: Rand, 1970.
Shahgaldian, Nikola B. "Sectarian Politics and the Islamic
Challenge in Syria," Middle East Insight, 4, No. 2,
1984, 20-29.
Sharabi, Hisham. "Islam and Modernization in the Arab World."
Pages 26-36 in Jack H. Thompson and Robert D. Reischauer
(eds.), Modernization of the Arab World. New York:
D. Van Nostrand, 1966.
Smith, Wilfred Cantwell. Islam in Modern History.
Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1957.
Spears, Edward Louis. Fulfillment of a Mission. Hamden,
Connecticut: Archon, 1977.
Sweet, Louise. (ed.). The Central Middle East: A Handbook of
Anthropology. 2 vols. New Haven: Human Relations Area
Files, 1968.
________. "A Day in a Syrian Peasant Household." Pages 99-104 in
Ailon Shiloh (ed.), Peoples and Cultures of the Middle
East. New York: Random House, 1969.
________. Tell Toqaan: A Syrian Village.
(Anthropological Paper No. 14.) Ann Arbor: Museum of
Anthropology, University of Michigan, 1960.
"Syria." Pages 179-85 in David Tarr (ed.), The Middle
East. Washington: Congressional Quarterly, 1986.
Syria. Ministry of Social Affairs and Labor Statistical Division.
The Annual Statistical Bulletin of the Ministry of
Social Affairs and Labor, 22. Damascus: 1984.
Syria. Office of the Prime Minister. Central Bureau of
Statistics. Statistical Abstract, 38, Damascus:
1985.
Tibawi, A.L. A Modern History of Syria, Including Lebanon and
Palestine. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1969.
United Kingdom. Admiralty. Naval Intelligence Division.
Syria. (Geographical Handbook Series.) London:
1943.
Van Nieuwenhuijze, C.A.O. Social Stratification and the
Middle East. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1965.
Zeine, Zeine N. The Struggle for Arab Independence.
Delmar, New York: Caravan, 1977.
Zeltzer, Moshe. "Minorities in Iraq and Syria." Pages 10-50 in
Ailon Shiloh (ed.), Peoples and Cultures of the Middle
East. New York: Random House, 1969.
Zenner, Walter P. "Syrian Jews in Three Social Settings,"
Jewish Journal of Sociology [London], 10, No. 1,
1968, 101-20.
Al-Ahsan, Syed Aziz. "Economic Policy and Class Structure in
Syria, 1958-1980," International Journal of Middle East
Studies, 16, August 1984, 301-23.
Amin, Samir. Irak et Syrie, 1960-1980. Paris: Editions
de minuit, 1982.
Askari, Hossein, and John T. Cummings. Middle East Economics
in the 1970s: A Comparative Approach. (Praeger Special
Studies in International Economics and Development.) New
York: Praeger, 1976.
Beaumont, Peter. "The Euphrates River--An International Problem
of Water Resources Development," Environmental
Conservation, 5, Spring 1978, 35-44.
Carr, David W. "Capital Flows and Development in Syria,"
Middle East Journal, 34, No. 4, 1980, 455-64.
Central Bank of Syria. Quarterly Bulletin. 23. Nos. 1-4,
Damascus: 1985.
El-Akhrass, Hisham. Syria and the CGIAR Centers.
Washington: World Bank, 1986.
Evans, Robert B. Cotton in Syria. Washington: Washington
Foreign Agricultural Service, 1978.
Firro, Kais. "The Syrian Economy under the Assad Regime," Pages
36-68 in Moshe Ma'oz and Avner Yaniv (eds.), Syria under
Assad, New York: St. Martin's Press, 1986.
Gottheil, Fred. "Iraqi and Syrian Socialism: An Economic
Appraisal," World Development, 9, September-October
1981, 825-37.
Hannoyer, Jean. Etat et secteur publique industriel en
Syrie. (Beirut: Centre d'études et de recherches sur le
Moyen-Orient Contemporain). Lyon: Presses universitaires de
Lyon, 1979.
________. "Grands projets hydrauliques en Syrie," Maghreb-
Machrek, [Paris], No. 109, July-September 1985, 24-42.
Hansen, Brent. "Economic Development of Syria." Pages 330-67 in
Charles A. Cooper and Sidney S. Alexander (eds.),
Economic Development and Population Growth in the Middle
East. New York: American Elsevier, 1972.
Himadeh, Said B. Economic Organization of Syria. New
York: AMS Press, 1973.
Hinnebusch, Raymond A. "Rural Politics in Ba'thist Syria: A Case
Study in the Role of the Countryside in the Political
Development of Arab Societies," Review of Politics,
44, 1982, 110-30.
International Labour Organization. The Syrian Arab Republic:
Project Findings and Recommendations. Geneva: United
Nations Development Programme, International Labour
Organisation, 1982.
________. Economic Development of Syria. Tel Aviv: David
Horowitz Institute for the Research of Developing Countries,
1975.
International Monetary Fund. International Financial
Statistics Yearbook. Washington: 1986.
________. Balance of Payment Statistics Yearbook, Parts 1 and
2. Washington: 1985.
Kanovsky, Eliyahu. Economic Development of Syria. Tel
Aviv: David Horowitz Institute for the Research of
Developing Countries, 1975.
________. The Economic Development of Syria. Tel Aviv:
University Publishing Projects, 1977.
________. "What's Behind Syria's Current Economic Problems?"
Pages 280-347 in Haim Shaked and Daniel Dishon (eds.),
Middle East Contemporary Survey, 7, 1983-84 Tel
Aviv: Tel Aviv University, 1986.
Keilany, Ziad. "Land Reform in Syria," Middle Eastern
Studies, 16, October 1980, 209-24.
________. "Socialism and Economic Change in Syria," Middle
Eastern Studies [London], 9, No. 1, January 1973, 61-
72.
Khader, Bichara. La question agraire dans les pays
Arabes. Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium: Université
Catholique de Louvain, 1984.
Longuenesse, Elizabeth. "The Syrian Working Class Today." Pages
17-24 in MERIP Reports, No. 15. Washington: Middle
East Research and Information Project, July-August 1985.
________. "Syrie: secteur public industriel, les enjeux d'une
crise," Maghreb-Machrek, [Paris], No. 109, July-
September 1985, 5-23.
Manners, Ian R., and Tagi Sagafi-Nejad. "Agricultural Development
in Syria." Pages 255-78 in P. Beaumont and K. McLachlan
(eds.), Agricultural Development in the Middle
East. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1985.
"Manpower and Employment Planning in Iraq and the Syrian Arab
Republic." Pages 22-44 in Studies on Development
Problems in Countries of Western Asia, 1975. New York:
United Nations, 1977.
Métral, Françoise. "Etat et paysans dans le Ghab en Syrie:
approche locale d'un projet d'état," Maghreb-
Machrek [Paris], No. 109, July-September, 43-63.
Sayigh, Yusif A. The Economics of the Arab World:
Developments since 1945. London: Croom Helm, 1978.
Syria. Arab Office for Press Documentation. Fifth Five Year
Economic and Social Development Plan of the Syrian Arab
Republic, 1981-1985. Damascus: 1981.
Syria. Ministry of Agriculture and Agrarian Reform. The
Annual Agricultural Statistical Abstract, 1981.
Damascus: 1982.
________. The Annual Agricultural Statistical Abstract
1982. Damascus: 1983.
Syria. Office of the Prime Minister. Central Bureau of
Statistics. Statistical Abstract, 1968, 21,
Damascus: 1969.
_______ Statistical Abstract, 1976, 29, Damascus: 1977.
_______ Statistical Abstract, 1979, 32, Damascus: 1980.
_______ Statistical Abstract, 1985, 38, Damascus: 1985.
_______ Statistical Abstract, 1986, 39, Damascus: 1986.
United States. Agency for International Development. Syria:
Agricultural Sector Assessment. 5 vols. Washington:
1980.
United States. Syria Agricultural Sector Assessment, Vol
1. Washington: 1980.
Wilson, Rodney. Development Planning in the Middle East: The
Impact of Foreign Influences. London: Institute for the
Study of Conflict, 1983.
World Bank. The Economic Development of Syria.
Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1955.
(Various issues of the following publications were also used
in the preparation of this chapter: An Nahar Arab Report
and Memo [Beirut]; Arabia: The Islamic World Review
[London]; Country Profile: Syria [London]; Country
Report: Syria [London]; Financial Times [London];
Foreign Agriculture; Foreign Economic Trends;
International Financial Statistics; Joint Publications
Research Service, Near East/South Asia Reports;
Middle East Economic Digest [London]; Middle East
Economic Outlook; Middle East Economic Survey
[Cyprus]; MidEast Markets; Mineral Trade Notes;
Near East/South Asia Report; New York Times;
Outlook and Situation Report: Middle East and North
Africa; Quarterly Economic Country Report: Syria
[London]; Syrie et Monde Arabe [Damascus]; United
Nations Handbook of International Trade and Development
Statistics; United Nations Yearbook of International
Energy Statistics; Washington Post.; World Bank.
World Development Report.
Abd-Allah, Umar F. The Islamic Struggle in Syria.
Berkeley: Mizan Press, 1983.
Adams, Michael. "The Arab-Israeli Confrontation, 1967-77." Pages
35-49 in The Middle East and North Africa, 1977-78.
London: Europa, 1977.
Amnesty International. Report from Amnesty International to
the Government of the Syrian Arab Republic. London:
November 1983.
Babikian, N. Salem. "A Partial Reconstruction of Michel Aflaq's
Thought: The Role of Islam in the Formation of Arab
Nationalism," Muslim World, 67, No. 4, October
1977, 280-94.
Bar-Simon-Tov, Yaacov. Linkage Politics in the Middle East:
Syria Between Domestic and External Conflict, 1961-
1970. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1983.
Batatu, Hanna. "Some Observations on the Social Roots of Syria's
Ruling Military Group and the Causes for Its Dominance,"
Middle East Journal, 35, No. 3, Summer 1981, 331-
44.
Ben-Dor, Gabriel. Political Participation under Military
Regimes. Beverly Hills: Sage, 1976.
Burrowes, Robert, and Gerald DeMaio. "Domestic/External Linkages:
Syria, 1961-1967," Comparative Political Studies,
7, No. 4, January 1975, 478-507.
Cass, Alain. "Syria." Pages 332-42 in Middle East Annual
Review, 1976. Saffron Walden, United Kingdom: 1976.
Cooley, John K. "Shifting Sands of Arab Communism," Problems
of Communism, 24, March-April 1975, 22-42.
Dawisha, Adeed I. "The Motives of Syria's Involvement in
Lebanon," Middle East Journal, 38, No. 2, Spring
1984, 228-36.
________. Syria and the Lebanese Crisis. London:
Macmillan, 1980.
________. "Syria under Assad, 1970-78: The Centers of Power,"
Government and Opposition [London], 13, No. 3,
Summer 1978, 341-54.
Devlin, John F. The Ba'th Party: A History from Its Origins
to 1966. Stanford, California: Hoover Institution
Press, 1976.
________. "The Political Structure in Syria," Middle East
Review, 17, No. 1, Fall 1984, 15-21.
________. "Syria: Consistency at Home and Abroad," Current
History, 85, No. 508, February 1986, 67-70, 84-85.
________. Syria: Modern State in an Ancient Land.
Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1983.
Drysdale, Alasdair. "The Succession Question in Syria,"
Middle East Journal, 39, No. 2, Spring 1985, 246-
57.
________. "The Asad Regime and Its Troubles." Pages 3-11 in
MERIP Reports, No. 110. Washington: Middle East
Research and Information Project, November-December 1982.
Ehrnman, Bruce. "Syria and the United States: The Awkward
Relationship," Middle East Insight, 4, No. 5, 1986,
14-20.
Faksh, Mahmud A. "The Alawi Community of Syria: A New Dominant
Political Force," Middle Eastern Studies, 20, No.
2, April 1984, 133-53.
________. "The Military and Politics in Syria: The Search for
Stability," Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern
Studies, 8, Spring 1985, 3-21.
Freedman, Robert O. "Moscow, Damascus, and the Lebanese Crisis of
1982-1984," Middle East Review, 17, No. 1, Fall
1984, 22-39.
Galvani, John. "Syria and the Baath Party." Pages 3-16 in
MERIP Reports, No. 25. Washington: Middle East
Research and Information Project, February 1974.
Garfinkle, Adam. "The Forces Behind Syrian Politics," Middle
East Review, 17, No. 1, Fall 1984, 5-13.
Golan, Gatalia. "Syria and the Soviet Union since the Yom Kippur
War," Orbis, 21, No. 4, Winter 1978, 777-802.
Gubser, Peter. "Minorities in Power: The Alawites of Syria."
Pages 17-48 in R.D. McLaurin (ed.), The Political Role
of Minority Groups in the Middle East. New York:
Praeger, 1979.
Haddad, George. Revolutions and Military Rule in the Middle
East: The Arab States, II, Part I. Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, and
Jordan. New York: Robert Speller and Sons, 1971.
Heller, Peter B. "The Permanent Syrian Constitution of March 13,
1973," Middle East Journal, 28, No. 1, Winter 1974,
53-66.
Hinnebusch, Raymond A. "Local Politics in Syria: Organization and
Mobilization in Four Village Cases," Middle East
Journal, 30, No. 1, Winter 1976, 1-24.
________. Political Organization in Syria: A Case of
Mobilization Politics. Pittsburgh: University of
Pittsburgh Press, 1975.
________. "Political Recruitment and Socialization in Syria: The
Case of the Revolutionary Youth Federation,"
International Journal of Middle East Studies, 11,
No. 2, April 1980, 143-74.
________. "Syria under the Ba'th: State Formation in a Fragmented
Society," Arab Studies Quarterly, 4, No. 3, Summer
1982, 177-97.
Hottinger, Arnold. "Syria: On the Verge of a Civil War?"
Swiss Review of World Affairs, 32, No. 4, July
1982, 12-13.
Hudson, Michael C. Arab Politics: The Search for
Legitimacy. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1977.
Ismael, Tareq Y. The Arab Left. Syracuse: Syracuse
University Press, 1976.
Kaylani, Nabil M. "The Rise of the Syrian Ba'th, 1940-1958:
Political Success, Party Failure," International Journal
of Middle East Studies, 3, No. 1, January 1972, 3-23.
Korn, David. "Syria and Lebanon: A Fateful Entanglement,"
World Today [London], 42, Nos. 8-9, August-
September 1986, 137-42.
Kramer, Martin. "Syria's Alawis and Shi'ism." Pages 237-54 in
Martin Kramer (ed.), Shi'ism, Resistance, and
Revolution. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1987.
Landau, Jacob. "Syria in Some Soviet Publications," Middle
East Studies, 13, No. 2, May 1977, 258-60.
________. "Social Bases for the Hamah Revolt." Pages 24-28 in
MERIP Reports, No. 110. Washington: Middle East
Research and Information Project, November-December 1982.
Lawson, Fred H. "Syria's Intervention in the Lebanese Civil War,
1976: A Domestic Conflict Interpretation," International
Organization, 38, No. 3, Summer 1984, 451-80.
Longuenesse, Elizabeth. "The Class Nature of the State in Syria."
Pages 3-11 in MERIP Reports, No. 77. Washington:
Middle East Research and Information Project, May 1979.
Macintyre, Ronald R. "Syrian Political Age Differentials, 1958-
1966," Middle East Journal, 29, No. 2, Spring 1975,
207-14.
Ma'oz, Moshe. "Society and State in Modern Syria." Pages 29-91 in
Menachem Wilson (ed.), Society and Political Structure
in the Arab World. New York: Humanities Press, 1973.
Ma'oz, Moshe, and Avner Yaniv (eds.). Syria under Assad.
New York: St. Martin's Press, 1986.
Michaud, Gerard. "The Importance of Bodyguards." Pages 29-33 in
MERIP Reports, No. 110. Washington: Middle East
Research and Information Project, November-December 1982.
Neumann, Robert G. "Assad and the Future of the Middle East."
Foreign Affairs, No. 62, Winter 1983-84, 237-54.
Nir, Amiran. The Soviet-Syrian Friendship and Cooperation
Treaty: Unfulfilled Expectations. Tel Aviv: Jaffee
Center for Strategic Studies, Tel Aviv University, May 1983.
Olmert, Yosef. "Syria." Pages 671-709 in Haim Shaked and Daniel
Dishon (eds.), Middle East Contemporary Survey, 1983-
84. No. 8, 1983-84.
(Dayan Center for Middle Eastern and African Studies, The
Shiloah Institute.) Tel Aviv: Tel Aviv University, 1986.
Olson, Robert W. The Ba'ath and Syria, 1947-1982: The
Evolution of Ideology, Party, and State. Princeton:
Kingston Press, 1982.
Perry, Glen E. "Syria." Pages 434-36 in Richard F. Staar (ed.),
Yearbook on International Communist Affairs, 1985.
Stanford: Hoover Institution Press, 1986.
Petran, Tabitha. Syria. New York: Praeger, 1972.
Rabinovitch, Itamar. "The Foreign Policy of Syria: Goals,
Capabilities, Constraints, and Options." Pages 38-46 in
Charles Tripp (ed.), Regional Security in the Middle
East. New York: International Institute for Strategic
Studies, St. Martin's Press, 1984.
________. "The Limitations of Power: Syria under al-Asad,"
New Middle East [London], 54, March 1973, 36-37.
________. "Syria." Pages 265-82 in Edward A. Kolodzies and Robert
E. Harkavy (eds.), Security Policies of Developing
Countries. Lexington, Massachusetts: Lexington Books,
1982.
________. Syria under the Baath, 1963-66: The Army-Party
Symbiosis. Jerusalem: Israel Universities Press, 1972.
Ramet, Pedro."The Soviet-Syrian Relationship," Problems of
Communism, 35, No. 5, September-October 1986, 35-46.
Reed, Stanley. "Dateline Syria: Fin de Regime?" Foreign
Policy, No. 39, Summer 1980, 176-90.
Rothenberg, Mavis. "Recent Soviet Relations with Syria,"
Middle East Review, 10, No. 4, Summer 1978, 5-9.
Sadowski, Yahya M. "Cadres, Guns and Money: The Eighth Regional
Congress of the Syrian Ba'th." Pages 3-8 in MERIP
Reports, No. 134. Washington: Middle East Research and
Information Project, July-August 1985.
"Salah ad Din Bitar's Last Interview." Pages 21-23 in MERIP
Reports, No. 110. Washington: Middle East Research and
Information Project, November-December 1982.
Seelye, Talcott W. "The Syrian Perspective on the Peace Process,"
American-Arab Affairs, No. 17, Summer 1986, 55-61.
________. "U.S.-Syrian Relations: The Thread of Mu'awiyyah,"
American-Arab Affairs, No. 4, Spring 1983, 40-45.
Shahgaldian, Nikola B. "Sectarian Politics and the Islamic
Challenge in Syria," Middle East Insight, 4, No. 2,
1985, 20-29.
Shiff, Ze'ev. "Dealing With Syria," Foreign Policy, No.
55, Summer 1984, 92-113.
Sinai, Anne, and Allen Pollack (eds.). The Syrian Arab
Republic: A Handbook. New York: American Academic
Association for Peace in the Middle East, 1976.
Stiefbold, Annette. "Lebanon, Syria, and the Crisis of Soviet
Policy in the Middle East," Air University Review,
No. 28, September-October 1977, 62-70.
Stoakes, Frank. "The Civil War in Lebanon," World Today
[London], 32, No. 1, January 1976, 8-17.
Torrey, Gordon H. "Aspects of the Political Elite in Syria."
Pages 151-61 in George Lenczowski (ed.), Political
Elites in the Middle East. Washington: American
Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 1975.
________. "The Ba'th--Ideology and Practice," Middle East
Journal, 23, No. 4, Autumn 1969, 445-70.
United States. Congress. 94th, 1st Session. Senate. Committee on
Foreign Relations. A Select Chronology and Background
Documents Relating to the Middle East. (2d rev. ed.)
Washington: GPO, 1975.
United States. Congress. 95th, 1st Session. House of
Representatives. Committee on International Relations.
Report of a Study Mission to Israel, Egypt, Syria, and
Jordan. Washington: GPO, 1977.
Van Dam, Nikolaos. The Struggle for Power in Syria:
Sectarianism, Regionalism, and Tribalism in Politics, 1961-
1978. London. Croom Helm, 1979.
Vatikiotis, P.J. "The Politics of the Fertile Crescent." Pages
225-63 in Paul Y. Hammond and Sidney S. Alexander (eds.),
Political Dynamics in the Middle East. New York:
American Elsevier, 1972.
Yamak, Labib Zuwiyya. The Syrian Social Nationalist Party: An
Ideological Analysis. (Harvard Middle Eastern Monograph
series, No. 16.) Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1966.
Yodfat, Aryeh. Arab Politics in the Soviet Mirror.
Jerusalem: Israel Universities Press, 1973.
Younger, Sam. "The Syrian Stake in Lebanon," World Today
[London], 32, No. 11, November 1976, 399-406.
(Various issues of the following publications were also used
in the preparation of this chapter: An Nahar Arab Report
and Memo [Beirut]; Christian Science Monitor;
Daily Summary of World Broadcasts, Part 4: The Middle East
and Africa [London]; Defense and Foreign Affairs
Daily; Defense and Foreign Affairs Weekly; Foreign
Broadcast Information Service, Daily Report: Near East and
South Asia; Joint Publications Research Service, Near
East/South Asia Report; Keesing's Contemporary
Archives; Middle East Contemporary Survey;
Middle East Economic Digest [London]; Middle East
International [London]; Middle East Reporter
[Beirut]; Quarterly Economic Country Report: Syria
[London]; New York Times; and Washington Post.)
Abd-Allah, Umar F. The Islamic Struggle in Syria.
Berkeley: Mizan Press, 1983.
Adams, James, et al. "Assad's Assassins," Sunday Times
[London], October 26, 1986, 27.
Amin, Eqbal. "Iraq and Syria: The Long Estrangement,"
AfricAsia, No. 31, July 1986, 63.
Amnesty International. Amnesty International Report,
1985. London: 1985.
_______. Amnesty International Report, 1986. London:
1986.
_______. Syria: An Amnesty International Briefing.
London: November 1983.
Banks, Tony. "Syria Upgrades Forces Facing Golan Heights,"
Jane's Defence Weekly [London], 28 December 1985,
1386-87.
Be'eri, Eliezer. Army Officers in Arab Politics and
Society. New York: Praeger, 1970.
Ben-Dor, Gabriel. "Civilianization of Military Regimes in the
Arab World," Armed Forces and Society, 1, No. 3,
Spring 1975, 317-27.
Bernstein, Richard. "The Terror: Why France? Why Now." New
York Times Magazine, October 19, 1986, 31.
Bruce, James. "Huge Weapons Race with Israel Is Driving Syria
Deeper into Debt," Jane's Defence Weekly [London],
December 6, 1986, 1336.
Cobban, Helena. The Palestine Liberation Organization:
People, Power, and Politics. New York: Cambridge
University Press, 1984.
Devlin, John F. The Ba'th Party: A History from Its Origins
to 1966. Stanford, California: Hoover Institution
Press, 1976.
Dyer, Gwynne. "Syria." Pages 682-95 in John Kegan (ed.),
World Armies. New York: Facts on File, 1979.
Economist Intelligence Unit, "Syria" Country Report
[London], No. 2, 1986.
Fisk, Robert. "Air Slaughter Plot Points to Syria's Iron Man,"
Times [London], October 25, 1986, 5.
FitzGerald, Benedict F. "Syria." Pages 41-61 in Richard A.
Gabriel (ed.), Fighting Armies: Antagonists in the
Middle East; A Combat Assessment. Westport,
Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1983.
Glassman, Jon D. Arms for the Arabs: The Soviet Union and War
in the Middle East. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University
Press, 1975.
Haddad, George M. Revolutions and Military Rule in the Middle
East: The Arab States, II, Part I. Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, and
Jordan. New York: Robert Speller and Sons, 1971.
Haseklorn, Avigdor. "Syrian Missiles: Shifting Balance in the
Middle East," World and & I, January 1987, 148-53.
Heller, Mark, Aharon Levran, and Ze'ev Eytan. The Middle East
Military Balance, 1985. Boulder, Colorado: Westview
Press, 1986.
Herzog, Chaim. The Arab-Israeli Wars. New York: Vintage
Books, 1984.
Hurewitz, J.C. "Military Roulette: Syria and Iraq." Pages 145-62
in J.C. Hurewitz (ed.), Middle East Politics: The
Military Dimension. New York: Octagon Books, 1974.
International Institute for Strategic Studies. The Military
Balance, 1986-1987, London: 1986.
_______. Strategic Survey 1986-87. London: 1987.
Jenkins, Loren. "Arafat Links Syria, Libya to Attacks,"
Washington Post, January 5, 1986, A1, A21.
Kent, Jay. "The Assad Factor," Middle East, No. 135,
January 1986, 47-49.
Kifner, John. "Can Syria Untie the Lebanese Knot?" New York
Times, February 23, 1987, A10.
Lambeth, Benjamin S. Moscow's Lessons from the 1982 Lebanon
Air War. Santa Monica: Rand, 1984.
Ma'oz, Moshe, and Avner Yaniv (eds.). Syria under Assad.
New York: St. Martin's Press, 1986.
Merari, Ariel, et al. Inter 85: A Review of International
Terrorism in 1985. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press,
1986.
Moreaux, J.M. "The Syrian Army," Defence Update, No. 69,
1985, 26-31, 42-43.
Miller, Judith. "The Istanbul Synagogue Massacre: An
Investigation," New York Times Magazine, January 4,
1986, 14.
Nir, Amiran. The Soviet-Syrian Friendship and Cooperation
Treaty: Unfulfilled Expectations. Tel Aviv: Jaffee
Center for Strategic Studies, Tel Aviv University, May 1983.
O'Dwyer-Russell, Simon. "Fears Grow over Golan War," Jane's
Defence Weekly [London], June 28, 1986, 1240.
Ottaway, David B. "Syrian Connection to Terrorism Probed,"
Washington Post, June 1, 1986, A1, A24-A25.
Pajak, Roger F. "Soviet Military Aid to Iraq and Syria,"
Strategic Review, 4, No. 1, Winter 1976, 51-59.
Perlmutter, Amos. Political Roles and Military Rulers.
Totowa, New Jersey: Frank Cass, 1981.
Perry, Glen E. "Syria." Pages 434-36 in Richard F. Staar (ed.),
Yearbook on International Communist Affairs, 1985.
Stanford: Hoover Institution Press, 1986.
_______. "Syria and Lebanon," Current History, 86, No.
517, February 1987.
Rabinovitch, Itamar. "Syria and Lebanon," Current
History, 86, No. 517, February 1987.
_______. "Syria's Quest for a Regional Role." Paper presented at
Woodrow Wilson Center for International Scholars, December
11, 1986.
Ramet, Pedro. "The Soviet-Syrian Relationship," Problems of
Communism, 35, No. 5, September-October 1986, 35-46.
Raviv, Chaim. "The Arab Soldier: The Race to Reach Quality,"
Bamachane, No. 23, February 5, 1986, 10 (in
Hebrew).
Rosen, Steven J. "What the Next Arab-Israeli War Might Look
Like," International Security, 2, No. 4, Spring
1978, 149-74.
Schiff, Ze'ev, and Ehud Ya'ari. Israel's Lebanon War.
New York: Simon and Schuster, 1984.
Sinai, Anne, and Allen Pollack (eds.). The Syrian Arab
Republic: A Handbook. New York: American Academic
Association for Peace in the Middle East, 1976.
Sivard, Ruth Leger. World Military and Social Expenditures,
1986. Washington: World Priorities, 1986.
Syria. Office of the Prime Minister. Central Bureau of
Statistics. Statistical Abstract, 1986, 39,
Damascus: June 1986.
Torrey, Gordon H. Syrian Politics and the Military, 1945-
1958. Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1964.
United States. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency. World
Military Expenditures and Arms Transfers, 1986.
Washington: GPO, April 1987.
United States. Central Intelligence Agency. Handbook of
Economic Statistics, 1986. Washington: GPO, September
1986.
United States. Department of State. Country Reports on Human
Rights Practices for 1986. Washington: APO, February
1987, (Report submitted to United States Congress, 100th,
1st Session, Senate, Committee on Foreign Relations, and
House of Representatives, Committee on Foreign Affairs.)
Washington: GPO, February 1987.
________. Warsaw Pact Aid to Non-Communist LDCs, 1984.
Washington: GPO, May 1986.
________. Syrian Support for International Terrorism, 1983-
1986. (Special Report, No. 157.) Washington: GPO, December
1986.
United States Department of State. Bureau of Public Affairs.
Office of Public Communication. Background Notes:
Syria. (Department of State Publication, No. 7761.)
Washington: GPO, June 1986.
"The Unmasking of Assad," U.S. News and World Report,
November 10, 1986.
Van Dam, Nikolaos. The Struggle for Power in Syria:
Sectarianism, Regionalism and Tribalism in Politics, 1961-
1978. London: Croom Helm, 1979.
Weinberger, Naomi Joy. Syrian Intervention in Lebanon: The
1975-76 Civil War. New York: Oxford University Press,
1986.
Who's Who in the Arab World, 1986-1987. Beirut: Publitec
Publications, 1987.
(Various issues of the following publications were also used
in the preparation of this chapter: Armed Forces;
Daily Report: Middle East and Africa; Defense and
Foreign Affairs; Journal of Defense and Diplomacy;
Foreign Broadcast Information Service, Joint Publications
Research Service, Near East/South Asia Report;
Times [London]; Manchester Guardian, Middle
East Contemporary Survey; Middle East Journal;
Middle Eastern Studies; New York Times; and
Washington Post.)
BIBLIOGRAPHY of Lebanon
Al-Bustani, Fuad Afram. "Notes on Lebanon under the Emirs, 1516-
1842." Pages 237-39 in Beirut College for Women (ed.),
Cultural Resources in Lebanon. Beirut: Libraire du
Liban, 1969.
Bulloch, John. Death of a Country. London: Weidenfeld and
Nicholson, 1977.
------. Final Conflict: The War in the Lebanon. London:
Century, 1983.
Christopher, John B. Lebanon: Yesterday and Today. New
York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1966.
Cobban, Helena. The Making of Modern Lebanon. Boulder,
Colorado: Westview Press, 1985.
Deeb, Marius. The Lebanese Civil War. New York: Praeger,
1980.
Fisher, W.B. "Lebanon." Pages 554-82 in Middle East and North
Africa, 1988. London: Europa, 1987.
Gilmour, David. Lebanon: The Fractured Country. New York:
St. Martin's Press, 1983.
Glubb, John Bagot. Syria, Lebanon, Jordan. New York:
Walker, 1967.
Gordon, David C. Lebanon: The Fragmented Nation. London:
Croom Helm, 1980.
------. The Republic of Lebanon: Nation in Jeopardy.
Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1983.
Hitti, Philip K. History of the Arabs. New York:
Macmillan, 1956.
------. Lebanon in History: From the Earliest Times to the
Present. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1957.
------. The Origins of the Druze People and Religion. New
York: AMS Press, 1966.
------. A Short History of Lebanon. New York: St. Martin's
Press, 1965.
Hourani, Albert H. Syria and Lebanon. London: Oxford
University Press, 1946.
Hudson, Michael C. The Precarious Republic. New York:
Random House, 1968.
Ismail, Adel. Le Liban: Histoire d'un Peuple. Beirut: Dar
al Makhouf, 1968.
Kerr, Malcolm H. Lebanon in the Last Years of Feudalism, 1840-
1868. Beirut: Catholic Press, 1959.
Khalaf, Samir. Persistence and Change in 19th Century Lebanon:
A Sociological Essay. Beirut: American University of
Beirut, 1979.
Khalidi, Rashid. Under Siege: PLO Decisionmaking During the
1982 War. New York: Columbia University Press, 1986.
Khalidi, Walid. Conflict and Violence in Lebanon: Confrontation
in the Middle East. Cambridge: Harvard University Press,
1979.
Longrigg, Stephen H. Syria and Lebanon under French
Mandate. London: Oxford University Press, 1968.
Lyautey, Pierre. Le Liban Moderne. Paris: Julliard, 1964.
Mayer, Thomas. "Lebanon." Pages 663-86 in Colin Legum (ed.),
Middle East Contemporary Survey, 1980-81. New York:
Holmes and Meier, 1982.
Olmert, Yosef. "Lebanon." Pages 702-33 in Colin Legum (ed.),
Middle East Contemporary Survey, 1981-82. New York:
Holmes and Meier, 1983.
Peretz, Don. The Middle East Today. New York: Praeger,
1983.
Rabinovich, Itamar. The War for Lebanon, 1970-1983.
Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1984.
Rabinovich, Itamar, and Hanna Zamir. "Lebanon." Pages 603-27 in
Colin Legum (ed.), Middle East Contemporary Survey, 1977-
78. New York: Holmes and Meier, 1979.
------. "Lebanon." Pages 492-525 in Colin Legum (ed.), Middle
East Contemporary Survey, 1976-77. New York: Holmes and
Meier, 1978.
Randal, Jonathan C. Going All the Way. New York: Viking
Press, 1983.
Salibi, Kamal S. Crossroads to Civil War: Lebanon, 1958-
76. Delmar, New York: Caravan Books, 1976.
------. Maronite Historians of Medieval Lebanon. New York:
AMS Press, 1980.
------. The Modern History of Lebanon. Delmar, New York:
Caravan Books, 1977.
Seeden, Helga. "Coastal Lebanon." Pages 56-70 in Beirut College for
Women (ed.), Cultural Resources in Lebanon. Beirut:
Libraire du Liban, 1969.
Ward, William A. "Ancient Lebanon." Pages 11-32 in Beirut College
for Women (ed.), Cultural Resources in Lebanon.
Beirut: Libraire du Liban, 1969.
Yazbek, Yusif I. "Lebanese History Between 1841 and 1920." Pages
240-42 in Beirut College for Women (ed.), Cultural
Resources in Lebanon. Beirut: Libraire du Liban, 1969.
Zamir, Meier. The Formation of Modern Lebanon. London:
Croom Helm, 1985.
Ziadeh, Nicola A. Syria and Lebanon. New York: Praeger,
1957.
AbuKhalil, As'ad. "Druze, Sunni, and Shi'ite Political Leadership
in Present-Day Lebanon," Arab Studies Quarterly, 7,
No. 4, Fall 1985.
Ajami, Fouad. The Vanished Imam: Musa al Sadr and the Shia of
Lebanon. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1986.
Alamuddin, Nura, and Paul Starr. Crucial Bonds: Marriage among
the Druze. Delmar, New York: Caravan Books, 1980.
Al-Bustani, Fuad Afram. Ittijahat Lubnaniyyah (Lebanese
Attitudes). Beirut: ad Da'irah, 1982.
'Amil, Mahdi. Taqdim lil Nafi at Takfir at Ta'ifi (An
Introduction to the Negation of Sectarian Thought). Beirut:
Dar al Farabi, 1985.
Armstrong, Lincoln. "Demographic Characteristics of Beirut as a
City in 1970," Population, 5, July 1973, 32-62.
------. "Social Differentiation in Selected Lebanese Villages,"
American Sociological Review, 21, No. 4, 1956, 425-
34.
------. "A Socio-Economic Poll in Beirut-Lebanon," Public
Opinion Quarterly, 12, No. 1, 1959, 17-27.
------. "Sociological Patterns and Value Orientation in Rural
Lebanon," Public Opinion Quarterly, 22, No. 3, 1958,
22-32.
Asad, Talal, and Roger Owen (ed.). The Middle East.
(Sociology of the Middle East Series.) New York: Monthly
Review Press, 1983.
Baer, Gabriel. "Religous and Ethnic Groups." Pages 250-66 in Jacob
M. Landau (ed.), Man, State, and Society in the
Contemporary Middle East. New York: Praeger, 1972.
Barakat, Halim. Al Mujtama' al Arabi al Hadith
(Contemporary Arab Society). Beirut: Center for Arab Unity
Studies, 1984.
------. Lebanon in Strife: Student Preludes to the Civil
War. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1977.
------. "Social and Political Integration in Lebanon: A Case of
Social Mosaic," Middle East Journal, 27, Summer 1973.
------. "The Social Context." Pages 3-20 in Lewis Snider and Edward
Haley (eds.), Lebanon in Crisis. Syracuse: Syracuse
University Press, 1979.
Beirut College for Women (ed.). Cultural Resources in
Lebanon. Beirut: Libraire du Liban, 1969.
Betts, Robert C. Christians in the Arab East: A Political
Study. Athens: Lycabettus Press, 1975.
Bilani, Bashir. Al Qawanin al Mita' ash Shakhssiyah fi
Lubnan (Personal Status Laws in Lebanon). Beirut: Dar al
'Ilm lil Malayin, 1982.
Binder, Leonard. Politics in Lebanon. New York: John Wiley
and Sons, 1966.
Chamie, Joseph. Religion and Fertility. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 1981.
------. "Religious Groups in Lebanon: A Descriptive Invesitgation,"
International Journal of Middle East Studies, 2,
1980, 175-87.
Chevallier, Dominique. La Société du Mont Liban à L'Epoque de
la Révolution Industrielle en Europe. Paris: Libraire
Orientaliste Paul Geuthner, 1971.
Churchill, Charles. The Druze and the Maronites under the
Turkish Rule from 1840 to 1860. New York: Cambridge
University Press, 1973 (Reprint.).
Cobban, Helena. The Making of Modern Lebanon. Boulder,
Colorado: Westview Press, 1985.
------. The Shi'ite Community in Lebanon. Washington:
Islamic Institute, The American University, 1984.
Dahir, Mas'ud. Al Asas at Tarikhiyah lil Qanun at Ta'ifi
(The Historical Roots of the Lebanese Confessional Question).
Beirut: Institute for Arab Development, 1986.
------. Luban: At Tahrir al Qa'ida wa al Mithaq (Lebanon:
Independence, the Formula, and the Pact). Beirut: Dar al
Matbu'at ash Sharqiyyah, 1984.
Enayat, Hamid. "The Guardianship of the Jurisconsult." In James
Piscatori (ed.), Islam in the Political Process.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983.
Evans, Louella. Portrait of a People: Lebanon. New York:
Graphic Society, 1972.
Farsoun. Samih. "Family Structure and Society in Modern Lebanon."
Pages 257-307 in Louise Sweet (ed.), Peoples and Cultures
of the Middle East, II. New York: Natural History Press,
1970.
Fuller, Anne. Buarij: Portrait of a Lebanese Moslem
Village. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1966.
Gibb, H. (ed.). Shorter Encyclopedia of Islam. Ithaca:
Cornell University Press, 1984.
Gordon, David C. Lebanon: The Fragmented Nation. London:
Croom Helm, 1980.
------. The Republic of Lebanon: Nation in Jeopardy.
Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1983.
Gubser, Peter. "The Zu'ama of Zahleh: The Current Situation in a
Lebanese Town," Middle East Journal, 27, No. 2, 1973,
173-89.
Gulick, John. Social Structure and Culture Change in a Lebanese
Village. New York: Viking Fund, 1955.
------. Tripoli: A Modern Arab City. Cambridge: Harvard
University Press, 1967.
Harik, Iliya. "The Ethnic Revolution and Political Integration in
the Middle East," International Journal of Middle East
Studies, 3, July 1972.
Hatab, Zuhayr. Tatawwur at Tashkilaat min al 'Ailahal
Arabiyyah (The Development of the Structures of the Arab
Family). Beirut: Institute for Arab Development, 1976.
Hess, Clyde, and Herbert Bodman. "Confessionalism and Feudality in
Lebanese Politics," Middle East Journal, 8, Winter
1954.
Hitti, Philip K. Lebanon in History: From the Earliest Times to
the Present. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1957.
------. The Origins of the Druze People and Religion. New
York: AMS Press, 1966.
Hourani, Albert H. Minorities in the Arab World. London:
Oxford University Press, 1947.
------. Syria and Lebanon. London: Oxford University
Press, 1946.
Hudson, Michael C. The Precarious Republic. New York:
Random House, 1968.
Ismail, Adel. Le Liban: Histoire d'un Peuple. Beirut: Dar
al Makhouf, 1968.
Keehn, J.D., and Edwin T. Prothro. "The Structure of Social
Attitudes in Lebanon," Journal of Abnormal Social
Psychology, 53, 1956, 157-60.
Khalaf, Samir. Lebanon's Predicament. New York: Columbia
University Press, 1987.
------. Persistence and Change in 19th Century Lebanon: A
Sociological Essay. Beirut: American University of
Beirut, 1979.
------. "Primordial Ties and Politics in Lebanon," Middle East
Studies, 4, April 1968.
Khalid, Mufti Hasan. Al Muslimun fi Lubnan wa al Harb al
Ahliyyah (The Moslems in Lebanon and the Civil War).
Beirut: Dar al Kindi, 1978.
Khalidi, Rashid. Under Siege: PLO Decisionmaking During the
1982 War. New York: Columbia University Press, 1986.
Khuri, Fuad I. "The Changing Class Structure in Lebanon,"
Middle East Journal, 23, No. 1, 1969, 29-44.
------. "A Comparative Study of Migration Patterns in Two Lebanese
Villages," Human Organization, 26, Winter 1967, 206-
13.
------. From Village to Suburb: Order and Change in Greater
Beirut. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1975.
Labaki, Georges. "On the Air: The Rise of Private Radio and T.V.
Stations in Lebanon," Lebanon Monitor, 2, No. 4,
December 1986, 1-2.
Lebanon. Ministry of Education. At Ta'lim fi Lubnan
(Education in Lebanon). Beirut, 1985.
------. Ministry of National Education and Fine Arts. Educational
Center for Research and Development. Al Ahsa'at al
Awwaliyyah lil 'Am ad Dirasi, 1981-82 (Basic Statistics
for the 1981-82 School Year.) Beirut: n.d.
Lerner, Daniel. The Passing of Traditional Society.
Glencoe, Illinois: Free Press, 1958.
McLaurin, R.D. (ed.). The Political Role of Minority Groups in
the Middle East. New York: Praeger, 1979.
Makarem, Sami Nasib. The Druze Faith. Delmar, New York:
Caravan Books, 1974.
Naji, Amin. La Na'ish ka Dhimiyyin (We Will Not Live as
Dhimmi People). Beirut: al Mtbaul'ah al Hadithah, 1979.
Najjar, Abdallah. The Druze. n.p., n.d.
Nasr, Salim, and Claude Dubar. At Tabaqat al Ijtima'iyyah fi
Lubnan (Social Classes in Lebanon). Beirut: Institute of
Arab Research, 1984.
Norton, Augustus Richard. Amal and the Shi'a. Austin:
University of Texas Press, 1987.
Odeh, B.J. Lebanon: The Dynamics of Conflict. London: Zed
Press, 1984.
Owen, Roger (ed.). Essays on the Crisis in Lebanon.
London: Ithaca Press, 1976.
Patai, Raphael. Society, Culture, and Change in the Middle
East. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press,
1971.
Prothro, Edwin Terry. Child Rearing in the Lebanon
(Harvard Middle Eastern Monographs, 8.) Cambridge: Harvard
University Press, 1961.
Rondot, Pierre. At Tawa'if fi ad Dawlah al Lubnaniyyah
(Sects in the Lebanese State). (Arabic trans. by Elias Abboud
of Les Communautés dans L'Etat Libarais.) Beirut: Dar al Kitab
al Hadith, 1984.
Salem, Elie. Modernization Without Revolution: Lebanon's
Experience. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1973.
Salibi, Kamal S. "The Lebanese Identity," Journal of Current
History, 6, 1961, 76-86.
------. The Modern History of Lebanon. Delmar, New York:
Caravan Books, 1977.
Schmida, Leslie C. (ed.). Education in the Middle East.
Washington: AMIDEAST, 1983.
Spillman, Kathy. "The Concept of al-'Ard in Arab Society."
(Unpublished paper.) 1984.
Stewart, Bonnie Ann. "A Vanishing Lifestyle: The Nomads in Lebanon
Search for Their Future in the 20th Century." (Unpublished
paper.) 1985.
Taqi-y-Yiddin, Sulayman. Al Mas'alah at Ta'ifiyyah fi
Lubnan (The Sectarian Question in Lebanon). Beirut: Dar
Ibn Khaldun, 1986.
Touma, Toufic. "Reading and Education in a Lebanese Village." Pages
327-31 in Jacob M. Landau (ed.), Man, State, and Society
in the Contemporary Middle East. New York: Praeger, 1972.
------. Un Village de montagne au Liban. Paris: Mouton,
1958.
United States. Central Intelligence Agency. Who's Who in
Lebanon. Washington: 1986.
United States. Department of State. Country Reports on Human
Rights Practices for 1983. (Report submitted to United
States Congress, 98th, 2d Session, House of Representatives,
Committee on Foreign Affairs, and Senate, Committee of Foreign
Relations.) Washington: GPO, 1984.
United States. Department of State. Bureau of Public Affairs.
Background Notes: Lebanon. Washington: GPO, September
1984.
Al-Waqi'. Vols. 1-9. Beirut: Lebanese Institute for
Thought and Culture, 1982-1984.
World Health Organization. Reconstruction of the Health
Services in Lebanon. Geneva: 1983.
Ziadeh, Nicola. Syria and Lebanon. New York: Praeger,
1968.
Zurayk, Huda, and Haroutune Armenian. Beirut 1984: A Population
and Health Profile. Beirut: American University of
Beirut, 1984.
Alamuddine, Najib. The Flying Sheikh. London: Quartet
Books, 1987.
Azar, Edward E., and Robert F. Haddad. "Seminar on the
Reconstruction of the Lebanese Economy: Plans for Recovery."
(Unpublished research paper.) College Park, Maryland: Center
for International Development and Conflict Resolution,
University of Maryland, n.d.
Boustany, Nora. "A Few Lebanese Cling to Homes Inside Israel's
'Security Zone'," Washington Post, June 23, 1987.
Bulloch, John. Death of a Country. London: Weidenfeld and
Nicolson, 1977.
------. Final Conflict: The War in the Lebanon. London:
Century, 1983.
Gilmour, David. Lebanon: The Fractured Country. New York:
St. Martin's Press, 1983.
Gordon, David C. The Republic of Lebanon: Nation in
Jeopardy. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1983.
Hamdan, Kamal. "The Lebanese Economy in 1985: Eminent Disaster."
n.p.: Middle East Council of Churches, 1986.
Iskandar, Marwan, and Elias Baroudi. The Lebanese Economy in
1981-82. Beirut: Middle East Economic Consultants, 1983.
------. The Lebanese Economy in 1982-83. Beirut: Middle
East Economic Consultants, 1984.
Labaki, Georges. "The Lebanese Economy: Miracle or Debacle,"
Lebanon Monitor, 2, No. 2, October 1986, 1-2, 8.
Maroun, Ibrahim. L'Economie Libanaise, Le Marché Arabe, et la
Concurrence Israélienne. Beirut: Publishing and Marketing
House, 1984.
Munro, John. "The Future of Lebanon's Economy." Pages 139-58 in
John Munro (ed.), Trade and Peace in the Middle East.
New York: Paragon House Press, 1984.
Norton, Augustus Richard. Amal and the Shi'a. Austin:
University of Texas Press, 1987.
Petran, Tabitha. The Struggle over Lebanon. New York:
Monthly Review Press, 1987.
Randal, Jonathan C. Going All the Way. New York: Viking
Press, 1983.
Saidi, Nasser H. Economic Consequences of the War in
Lebanon. Oxford, United Kingdom: Centre for Lebanese
Studies, 1986.
United States. Congress. House of Representatives. Committee on
Foreign Affairs. Report of the United States Narcotics
Control Program Overseas: A Continuing Assessment.
Washington: GPO, March 1987.
Yassen, Ahmad. "Lebanon." Pages 46-47 in Arab Agriculture 1987
Yearbook. Manama, Bahrain: Falcon, 1987.
(Various issues of the following publications were also used in
the preparation of this chapter: An Nahar Arab Report and
Memo [Nicosia, Cyprus]; Banque du Liban (Central Bank),
Quarterly Report [Beirut]; Economist Intelligence Unit,
Quarterly Economic Review of Lebanon and Cyprus,
Lebanon and Cyprus: Annual Supplement, and Country
Report: Lebanon and Cyprus [London]; International Monetary
Fund, International Financial Statistics Yearbook;
Middle East Economic Digest [London]; Middle East
Economic Survey [Nicosia, Cyprus]; New York Times;
Wall Street Journal; and Washington Post.)
Chapter 4
Abu Fadil, Munir (ed.). Lubnan: Al Qadiyyah (Lebanon: The
Cause). Beirut: al-Khalil, 1984.
Ajami, Fouad. The Vanished Iman: Musa al Sadr and the Shia of
Lebanon. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1986.
Al-Jisr, Basim. Mithaq 1943 (The 1943 Pact). Beirut: Dar
an Nahar, 1978.
`Amil, Mahdi. Bahith fi Asbab al Harb al Ahliyyah fi
Lubnan (A Study of the Causes of the Civil War in
Lebanon). Beirut: Dar al Farabi, 1979.
Arab Information Center (ed.). Jenef-Lusan: Al Mahadir as
Sirriyya al Kamilah. (Geneva-Lausanne: Complete Secret
Minutes). Beirut: 1984.
`Atiyyah, Najlah. Lubnan: Al Mushkilah wa al Ma'sat
(Lebanon: The Problem and the Tragedy). Beirut: n.p., 1977.
Azar, Edward E. (ed.). The Emergence of a New Lebanon: Fantasy
or Reality? New York: Praeger, 1984.
------. Lebanon and the World in the 1980s. College Park,
Maryland: Center for International Development and Conflict
Resolution, University of Maryland, 1983.
"Background to the Lebanese Communist Party," Middle East
Reporter [Beirut], December 12, 1987, 13-16.
Ball, George. Error and Betrayal in Lebanon. Washington:
Foundation for Middle East Peace, 1984.
Barakat, Halim. Lebanon in Strife: Student Preludes to the
Civil War. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1977.
Bashir, Iskandar. Civil Service Reforms in Lebanon.
Beirut: American University of Beirut Press, 1977.
Beirut College for Women (ed.). Cultural Resources in
Lebanon. Beirut: Libraire du Liban, 1969.
Binder, Leonard. Politics in Lebanon. New York: John Wiley
and Sons, 1966.
Bourgi, Albert, and Pierre Weiss. Les Complots Libanais: Guerre
ou Paix au Proche-Orient. Paris: Berger-Lerrault, 1978.
Cobban, Helena. "Lebanon's Chinese Puzzle," Foreign
Policy, No. 53, Winter 1983-84, 34-48.
------. The Making of Modern Lebanon. Boulder, Colorado:
Westview Press, 1985.
Crow, Ralph E. "Parliament in the Lebanese Political System." Pages
273-302 in E. Kornberg and L.D. Musolf (eds.),
Legislatures in Developmental Perspective. Durham:
Duke University Press, 1970.
------. "Religious Sectarianism in the Lebanese Political System,"
Journal of Politics, 24, 1962, 489-520.
Dawisha, Adeed I. Syria and the Lebanese Crisis. New York:
St. Martin's Press, 1980.
Deeb, Marius. The Lebanese Civil War. New York: Praeger,
1980.
Dekmejian, Richard. "Consociational Democracy in Crisis: The Case
of Lebanon," Comparative Politics, 10, No. 2, 1978,
251-65.
Dhibyan, Sami. Al Haraka al Wataniyyah al Lubnaniyyah (The
Lebanese National Movement). Beirut: Dar al Masirah, 1977.
Entelis, John. Pluralism and Party Transformation in Lebanon:
Al-Kata'ib, 1936-1970. Leiden: Brill, 1974.
Gemayel, Amine. Peace and Unity. United Kingdom: Colin
Smythe, 1984.
Gemayyel, Pierre. Lubnan: Waqi' wa Murtaja (Lebanon:
Reality and Aspiration). Beirut: Lebanese Phalange Party,
1970.
Gilmour, David. Lebanon: The Fractured Country. New York:
St. Martin's Press, 1983.
Gordon, David C. Lebanon: The Fragmented Nation. London:
Croom Helm, 1980.
------. The Republic of Lebanon: Nation in Jeopardy.
Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1983.
Goria, Wade. Sovereignty and Leadership in Lebanon, 1943-
1976. London: Ithaca Press, 1985.
Haddad, Wadi. Lebanon: The Politics of Revolving Doors.
New York: Praeger, 1985.
Hagopian, Elaina (ed.). Amal and the Palestinians.
Belmont, Massachusetts: Association of Arab-American
University Graduates, 1981.
Haley, P. Edward, and Lewis Snider (eds.). Lebanon in Crisis:
Participants and Issues. Syracuse: Syracuse University
Press, 1979.
Harik, Iliya. Lebanon: Anatomy of Conflict. Hanover, New
Hamsphire: American Universities Field Staff, 1981.
"How Presidents Are Elected in Lebanon," Lebanon Monitor,
3, No. 2, October-November 1987, 4.
Hudson, Michael C. "The Breakdown of Democracy in Lebanon,"
Journal of International Affairs, 38, Winter 1985,
277-82.
------. "The Electoral Process and Political Development in
Lebanon," Middle East Journal, 20, No. 2, 1966, 173-
86.
------. "The Lebanese Crisis: The Limits of Consociational
Democracy," Journal of Palestine Studies, 5, Spring-
Summer 1976, 109-22.
------. "The Palestinian Factor in the Lebanese Civil War,"
Middle East Journal, 32, Summer 1978, 261-78.
------. The Precarious Republic. New York: Random House,
1968.
------. The Precarious Republic Revisited: Reflections on the
Collapse of Pluralist Politics in Lebanon. Washington:
Center for Contemporary Arab Studies, 1977.
Hurewitz, J.C. "Lebanese Democracy in Its International Setting,"
Middle East Journal, 27, No. 5, 1963, 487-506.
Iskandar, Marwan. "Constitutional Features of Lebanese Democracy,"
Middle East Forum, 37, 1961, 31-34.
Al Harakat al Islamiyyah fi Lubnan (Islamic Movements in
Lebanon). Beirut: ash-Shira, 1984.
Jansen, Michael. The Battle of Beirut. Boston: South End
Press, 1983.
Joumblatt, Kamal. I Speak for Lebanon. London: Zed Press,
1982.
Khalad, Mufti Hasan. Al Muslimun fi Lubnan wa al Harb al
Ahliyyah (The Muslims in Lebanon and the Civil War).
Beirut: Dar al Kindi, 1978.
Khalaf, Samir. Lebanon's Predicament. New York: Columbia
University Press, 1987.
Khalidi, Rashid. "Lebanon in the Context of Regional Politics,"
Third World Quarterly, 7, July 1985, 495-514.
------. "The Palestinians in Lebanon," Middle East
Journal, 38, Spring 1984, 255-66.
------. "Problems of Foreign Intervention in Lebanon,"
American-Arab Affairs, No. 7, Winter 1983-84, 24-30.
------. Under Siege: PLO Decisionmaking During the 1982
War. New York: Columbia University Press, 1986.
Khalidi, Walid. Conflict and Violence in Lebanon: Confrontation
in the Middle East. Cambridge: Harvard University Press,
1979.
Khoury, Enver M. The Crisis in the Lebanese System:
Confessionalism and Chaos. Washington: American
Enterprise Institute, 1976.
Khuri, Fuad I. From Village to Suburb: Order and Change in
Greater Beirut. Chicago: University of Chicago Press,
1975.
Labaki, Georges. The Lebanon Crisis. College Park: Center
for International Development, University of Maryland, 1986.
Mallison, Sally V., and Thomas Mallison. Armed Conflict in
Lebanon, 1982: Humanitarian Law in a Real World Setting.
Washington: American Educational Trust, 1985.
"Moslem and Leftist Organizations: Al Murabitoun," Middle East
Reporter [Beirut], November 28, 1987, 7-9.
"Moslem and Leftist Organizations: The Amal Movement," Middle
East Reporter [Beirut], October 31, 1987, 7-9.
"Moslem and Leftist Organizations: Communist Organizations,"
Middle East Reporter [Beirut], November 14, 1987, 9-
10.
"Moslem and Leftist Organizations: Hizbullah," Middle East
Reporter [Beirut], November 7, 1987, 8-10.
"Moslem and Leftist Organizations: The National Syrian Social
Party," Middle East Reporter [Berlin], November 21,
1987, 7-9.
Muir, Jim. "Buying Hearts and Minds," Middle East
International, December 19, 1987, 6-7.
------. "Lebanon: Arena of Conflict," Middle East Journal,
38, Spring 1984, 204-19.
Norton, Augustus Richard. Amal and the Shi'a. Austin:
University of Texas Press, 1987.
Odeh, B.J. Lebanon: The Dynamics of Conflict. London: Zed
Press, 1984.
Owen, Roger (ed.). Essays on the Crisis in Lebanon.
London: Ithaca Press, 1976.
Petran, Tabitha. The Struggle over Lebanon. New York:
Monthly Review Press, 1987.
Qubain, Fahim. Crisis in Lebanon. Washington: Middle East
Institute, 1961.
Rabinovich, Itamar. The War for Lebanon, 1970-1983.
Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1984.
Randal, Jonathan C. Going All the Way. New York: Viking
Press, 1983.
Rizq, Charles. Le Régime Politique Libanais. Paris: R.
Pichon et R. Durand-Auzias, 1966.
Salam, Nawaf, and Lina Sadaka. The Civil War in Lebanon: A
Bibliographical Essay. Beirut: American University of
Beirut, 1982.
Salem, Elie. "Cabinet Politics in Lebanon," Middle East
Journal, 21, No. 4, Autumn 1967, 485-502.
------. "Lebanon's Political Maze," Middle East Journal,
33, Autumn 1979, 444-63.
------. Modernization Without Revolution: Lebanon's
Experience. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1973.
Salibi, Kamal S. Crossroads to Civil War: Lebanon, 1958-
1976. Delmar, New York: Caravan Books, 1976.
Schiff, Ze'ev, and Ehud Ya'ari. Israel's Lebanon War. New
York: Simon and Schuster, 1984.
Shamun, Camille. Crise au Moyen-Orient. Paris: Gallimard,
1963.
Shararah, Waddah. As Silm al Ahli al Barid (The Cold Civil
Peace). Beirut: Arab Development Institute, 1980.
------. Fi Usul Lubnan at Ta'ifi (On the Roots of
Sectarian Lebanon). Beirut: Dar at Tali'ah, 1975.
------. Hurub al Istitba' (Wars of Followership). Beirut:
Dar at Tali'ah, 1979.
Shruru, Fadl. Al Ahzab wa at Tanzimat wa al Quwat as Siyasiyyah
fi Lubnan, 1930-1980 (Political Parties, Organizations,
and Forces in Lebanon, 1930-1980). Beirut: Dar al Masirah,
1981.
Smock , David, and Audrey Smock. The Politics of Pluralism: A
Comparative Study of Lebanon and Ghana. New York:
Elsevier, 1975.
Suleiman, Michael. Political Parties in Lebanon. Ithaca:
Cornell University Press, 1967.
Vocke, Herald. The Lebanese War: Its Origins and Political
Dimensions. London: C. Hurst, 1978.
Zamir, Meier. The Formation of Modern Lebanon. London:
Croom Helm, 1985.
Bavly, Dan, and Elihu Salpeter. Fire in Beirut: Israel's War in
Lebanon with the PLO. New York: Stein and Day, 1984.
Berlin, Michael J. "Funding Cutbacks Threaten UNIFIL,"
Washington Post, April 4, 1987.
Bernstein, Richard. "Trial of Suspected Terrorist Leader Opens in
Paris Today," New York Times, February 23,
1987, A6.
"Bloody Beirut: Trading in Lives," U.S. News and World
Report, February 9, 1987, 24-29.
Bouhabib, Abdallah. "Lebanon: A Fuse Instead of a Buffer,"
Arab-American Affairs, No. 15, Winter 1986-87, 13.
Boustany, Nora. "Syrians Deploy Southward in Lebanon,"
Washington Post, April 15, 1987, A23.
Bulloch, John. Death of a Country. London: Weidenfeld and
Nicholson, 1977.
------. Final Conflict: The War in the Lebanon. London:
Century, 1983.
Clyde, Mark. "Lebanon: The Remaining U.S. Hostages. A Chronology,
1984-1986." (Library of Congress, Congressional Research
Service, No. 87-322-F.) 1987.
Creed, John. Lebanon: Developments Between February 1984 and
July 1985.(Library of Congress, Congressional Research
Service, No. 85-885-F.) 1985.
Dawisha, Adeed I. Syria and the Lebanese Crisis. New York:
St. Martin's Press, 1980.
Deeb, Marius. The Lebanese Civil War. New York: Praeger,
1980.
"Details on Bank Attacks in Lebanon," Middle East Reporter
[Beirut], October 18, 1986, 7.
"Diverse Allegiance of the Army," Middle East Reporter
[Beirut], May 17, 1986, 8-14.
"Dollar Rate, Crime, and Unemployment on the Rise," Monday
Morning [Beirut], June 9-15, 1986, 10.
Dunn, Michael Collins. "Rebuilding Lebanon's Army," Defense and
Foreign Affairs Monthly, June 1983, 16-19.
------"Return to Reality on Lebanese Hostages?" Defense and
Foreign Affairs Daily, January 30, 1987, 3.
Economist Intelligence Unit. Quarterly Economic Review of
Lebanon and Cyprus [London], No. 2, 1984, 7-10.
------. Quarterly Economic Review of Lebanon and Cyprus
[London], No. 3, 1984, 6-8.
------. Quarterly Economic Review of Lebanon and Cyprus
[London], No. 3, 1985, 11.
Fisher, W.B. "Lebanon." Pages 556-95 in Middle East and North
Africa, 1987. London: Europa, 1986.
"Future of U.N. in Lebanon in Doubt Again," Jane's Defence
Weekly [London], September 27, 1986.
Gabriel, Philip Louis. In the Ashes: A Story of Lebanon.
Ardmore, Pennsylvania: Whitmore, 1978.
Gainsborough, J. Russell. The Arab-Israeli Conflict: A
Politico-Legal Analysis. Brookfield, Vermont: Gower
Press, 1986.
Gammer, Moshe. "The War in Lebanon: The Course of the Hostilities."
Pages 128-48 in Colin Legum (ed.), Middle East
Contemporary Survey, 1981-82. New York: Holmes and Meier,
1983.
Gemayel, Amin. "The Prince and the Promise," Foreign
Affairs, 63, Spring 1985, 773.
"Ghazi Kenan Takes on West Beirut," Defense and Foreign Affairs
Weekly, March 9-15, 1987, 2.
Gibran, Khalil. The Prophet. New York: Phoenix Press,
1986.
Gilmour, David. Lebanon: The Fractured Country. New York:
St. Martin's Press, 1983.
Gordon, David C. Lebanon: The Fragmented Nation. London:
Croom Helm, 1980.
------. The Republic of Lebanon: Nation in Jeopardy.
Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1983.
Herzog, Chaim. The Arab-Israeli Wars. New York: Random
House, 1982.
Hijazi, Ihsan. "U.N. Forces Battle Lebanese Militia," New York
Times, August 13, 1986.
------. "Unrivaled Clashes Raging in Streets of West Beirut,"
New York Times, February 19, 1987, A1.
Houghton, Robert, and Frank G. Trinka. Multinational
Peacekeeping in the Middle East. Washington: Foreign
Service Institute, 1984.
Hudson, Michael C. The Precarious Republic. New York:
Random House, 1968.
Hurewitz, J.C. Middle East Politics. New York: Octagon
Books, 1974.
International Institute of Strategic Studies. The Military
Balance, 1986-1987. London: 1986.
James, Alan. "Painful Peacekeeping: The United Nations in Lebanon,
1978-1982," International Journal, Autumn 1983, 613-
34.
Jansen, Michael. The Battle of Beirut. Boston: South End
Press, 1983.
Jureidini, Paul A., and R.D. McLaurin. "Army and State in Lebanon,"
Middle East Insight, 3, No. 2, 1983, 31.
Kechichian, Joseph A. "The Lebanese Army: Capabilities and
Challenges," Conflict Quarterly, 5, No.1, Winter
1985, 15-39.
Khalaf, Samir. Lebanon's Predicament. New York: Columbia
University Press, 1987.
Khalidi, Rashid. Conflict and Violence in Lebanon:
Confrontation in the Middle East. Cambridge: Harvard
University Press, 1979.
------. Under Siege: PLO Decisionmaking During the 1982
War. New York: Columbia University Press, 1986.
Laffin, John. The War of Desperation: Lebanon, 1982-85.
London: Osprey, 1985.
Lamb, Franklin P. (ed.). Israel's War in Lebanon. Boston:
South End Press, 1984.
Lebanese Center for Documentation and Research. Mufawazat al
Lubnaniyyah al Isra'iliyyah (Lebanese-Israeli
Negotiations). Antilyas, Lebanon: 1984.
"Lebanon: Why Hobeika's East Beirut Raid," Defense and Foreign
Affairs Daily, October 7, 1986.
Longva, Wilhelm Hans. "UNIFIL: Objectives and Prospects,"
Middle East Insight, 3, No. 5, 1984.
Mauer, Robert J. "Peacekeeping in Lebanon: Lessons Learned."
(Unpublished paper, written for Naval War College.) 1984.
Norton, Augustus Richard. "Making Enemies in South Lebanon: Harakat
Amal, the IDF, and South Lebanon," Middle East
International, 3, No. 3, 1984, 13-20.
Olmert, Yosef. "Lebanon." Pages 657-702 in Colin Legum (ed.),
Middle East Contemporary Survey, 1982-83. New York:
Holmes and Meier, 1985.
Podesta, Don. "Ethnic Conflicts; Toll Mounts," Washington
Post, May 26, 1987, A17.
"Profiles: Brigadier General Kenaan," Middle East Reporter
[Beirut], March 7, 1987, 12.
Rabinovich, Itamar. "Israel and Lebanon in 1983." Pages 135-49 in
Colin Legum (ed.), Middle East Contemporary Survey, 1982-
83. New York: Holmes and Meier, 1985.
------. The War for Lebanon, 1970-1983. Ithaca: Cornell
University Press, 1984.
------. "The War in Lebanon: An Overview." Pages 109-27 in Colin
Legum (ed.), Middle East Contemporary Survey, 1981-
82. New York: Holmes and Meier, 1984.
Randal, Jonathan C. Going All the Way. New York: Viking
Press, 1983.
Schiff, Ze'ev, and Ehud Ya'ari. Israel's Lebanon War.
New York: Simon and Schuster, 1984.
Sivard, Ruth L. World Military and Social Expenditures,
1986. Washington: World Priorities, 1986.
TWA Hijacking: A Chronology of Events. (Library of
Congress, Congressional Research Service, No. 85-845-F.) July
1986.
Tyler, Patrick. "Lebanon's Soldiers Fight for Militia,"
Washington Post, March 5, 1985.
United States. Department of Defense. Report of the DOD
Commission on Beirut International Airport Terrorist Act, 23
October 1983. Washington: GPO, December 20, 1983.
------. Department of State. Country Reports on Human Rights
Practices for 1986. (Report submitted to United States
Congress, 100th, 1st Session, Senate, Committee on Foreign
Relations, and House of Representatives, Committee on Foreign
Affairs.) Washington: GPO, February 1987.
Weinberger, Naomi J. Syrian Intervention in Lebanon.
Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986.
Zamir, Meier. The Formation of Modern Lebanon. London:
Croom Helm, 19
Title Ancient Africa/ by F. A. Chijioke
Author Chijioke, F. A. (Author)
Imprint New York: Africana Pub. , 1971
-------------------
Title Egypt's ancient heritage/ by Rodman R. Clayson
Author Clayson, Rodman R. (Author)
Imprint California: Supreme Grand Lodge of Amorc , 1971
-------------------
Title Africa and Europe : from Roman times to national independence/
Norman R. Bennett
Author Bennett, Norman Robert, , 1932- (Author)
Imprint New York: Africana Pub. , 1975
Africa -- Colonization.
Africa -- Colonial influence.
I
-------------------
General Books available
960 AFR
Title Africa and the islands/ by R. J. Harrison Church ... (et al.)
Author Church, R. J. (Ronald James Harrison) (Author)
Imprint New York: Wiley , 1977
Series Geographies, an intermediate series
Descr. xvii, 542 p. : ill. ; 22 cm.
Subjects Africa -- Description and travel -- 1951-
Africa -- History.
ISBN 0470990856 (pbk.) :
Edition 4th ed.
-------------------
General Books available
960 SAG
Title Africa : a modern history (1800-1975)/ J. O. Sagay, D. A. Wilson
Author Sagay, J. O. (Author)
Wilson, D. A. (Derek Alan) (Coauthor)
Imprint London: Evans , 1978
Descr. 425 p. : ill. ; 22 cm.
Subjects Africa -- History.
ISBN 0237504170
-------------------
General Books available
960.03 AFR
Title Africa 69/70 : a reference volume on the African continent/
compiled and edited by the editorial staff of "Jeune Afrique"
Imprint New York: Africana Pub. , 1969
Descr. 445 p. : ill. ; 29 cm.
Subjects Africa -- History.
ISBN 0841900019
-------------------
General Books available
960.05 BOS
Title Boston University papers in African history/ edited by Jeffrey Butler
Author Butler, Jeffrey (Editor)
Boston University. African Studies Center (Author)
Imprint Boston: Boston University Press , 1964-
Descr. v. : ill. ; 23 cm.
Subjects Africa -- History.
-------------------
General Books available
960.2 MCE
Title Nineteenth century Africa/ edited by P. J. M. McEwan
Author McEwan, Peter J. M. (Editor)
Imprint London: Oxford University Press , 1968
Bib. Note Bibliography: p. (433)-435.
Series His Readings in African history
Descr. xxiv, 468 p. : ill. ; 23 cm.
Subjects Africa -- History.
-------------------
General Books available
960.2 MCE
Title Africa from early times to 1800/ edited by P. J. M. McEwan
Author McEwan, Peter J. M. (Editor)
Imprint Ibadan: Oxford University Press , 1968
Bib. Note Bibliography: p. 403-405.
Series Readings in African history
Descr. xxiv, 436 p. : ill. ; 23 cm.
Subjects Africa -- History.
-------------------
General Books available
Title Africa
Imprint Manchester: Manchester University Press , 1930-
Subscription Manchester University press., Oxford Rd.Manchester M139 PL.
Descr. v. : ill. ; 23 cm.
Current Freq Quarterly.
Subjects Africa -- History.
ISSN 00019720
-------------------
General Books available
Title African affairs
Imprint Oxford: Oxford University Press , 1901-
Contents Location: Central Library
Subscription Oxford University Press., Walton Street, Oxford OX2 6DP
Descr. v. : ill. ; 23 cm.
Current Freq Quarterly.
Subjects Africa -- History.
ISSN 00019909
-------------------
General Books available
Title African studies
Imprint Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press , 1921-
Subscription Witwatersrand University Press., Jan smuts Ave. Johannesburg
2001
Descr. v. : ill. ; 23 cm.
Current Freq Semiannual
Subjects Africa -- History.
ISSN 00020184
-------------------
General Books available
Title African journal
Imprint New York: Africana Pub. , 1970-
Subscription African Pub. Co., 30 Irving Pl. New York NY 10003
Descr. v. : ill. ; 23 cm.
Current Freq Quarterly
Subjects Africa -- History.
ISSN 00951080
-------------------
General Books available
960 AFR
Title Africa and the islands/ by R. J. Harrison Church ... (et al.)
Author Church, R. J. (Ronald James Harrison) (Author)
Imprint New York: Wiley , 1971
Series Geographies: an intermediate series
Descr. xvii, 542 p. : ill. ; 22 cm.
Subjects Africa -- Description and travel -- 1951-
Africa -- History.
ISBN 0582310647*
Edition 3rd ed.
-------------------
General Books available
960 AFR
Title Africa and the islands/ by R. J. Harrison Church ... (et al.)
Author Church, R. J. (Ronald James Harrison) (Author)
Imprint New York: Wiley , 1967
Series Geographies: an intermediate series
Descr. xiv, 494 p. : ill. ; 22 cm.
Subjects Africa -- Description and travel -- 1951-
Africa -- History.
ISBN 0582310649*
Edition 2nd ed.
-------------------
General Books available
916.03 WIL
Title The story of Africa from the earliest times/ A. J. Wills
Author Wills, A. J. (Alfred John) (Author)
Imprint New York: Africana Pub. , 1972
Contents Reprint of the ed. published by University of London Press, London,
1968.
Descr. 2 v. in 1 : ill. ; 22 cm.
Subjects Africa -- History -- Juvenile literature.
Africa -- History.
ISBN 0841901287
-------------------
General Books available
960 GON
Title Africa de sangue do oiro e da morte/ Norberto Gonzaga
Author Gonzaga, Norberto (Author)
Imprint Lisbon: Edicoes Universo , 1942
Descr. 254 p. ; 18 cm.
Subjects Africa -- History.
Africa -- Description and travel.
-------------------
General Books available
960 BAU
Title Les peuple et les civilisations de l'Afrique suivi de les langues et
l'education/ H. Baumann et D. Westermann ; traduction
Francaise par L. Homburger ; prefacede Theodore Mondo
Author Baumann, Hans, , 1914- (Author)
Westermann, Diedrich, , 1875-1956 (Coauthor)
Imprint Paris: Payot , 1962
Series Bibliotheque scientifique
Descr. 605 p. : ill. ; 23 cm.
Subjects Education Africa.
Africa -- History.
Africa -- Languages.
-------------------
General Books available
967 WAR
Title A history of Africa/ W. E. F. Ward
Author Ward, William Ernest Frank, , 1900- (Author)
Imprint London: Allen & Unwin , 1968-1970
Descr. 202 p. : ill. ; 23 cm.
Subjects Africa -- History.
ISBN 0049600052
-------------------
General Books available
320.96 IBI
Title African upheavals since independence/ Grace Stuart Ibingira
Author Ibingira, Grace Stuart (Author)
Imprint Boulder, Colo: Westview Press , 1980
Series Westview special studies on Africa
Descr. xvii, 349 p. : ill. ; 24 cm.
Subjects Africa -- Politics and government.
Africa -- History.
ISBN 0891585850
-------------------
General Books available
960 TAR
Title Tarikh
Imprint London: Longman for the Historical Society of Nigeria , 1965-
Contents J. B. Webster
Descr. v. : ill. ; 22 cm.
Current Freq Twice a year
Subjects History Periodicals.
Africa -- History.
ISSN 0582608554(v.1-2)*
0582608635(v.3-4)*
-------------------
General Books available
Title African affairs
Imprint Oxford: Oxford University Press , 1901-
Contents Location: Girls College Library
Subscription Oxford University Press., Walton Street, Oxford OX2 6DP
Descr. v. : ill. ; 23 cm.
Current Freq Quarterly.
Subjects Africa -- History.
-------------------
Reference available
R 960.03 AFR
Title Africa : a reference volume on the African continent/ compiled and
edited by the editorial staff of Jeune Afrique
Imprint New York: Africana Pub. , 1970?
Descr. v. : ill. ; 28 cm.
Current Freq Annual
Subjects Africa -- Description and travel.
Africa -- History.
ISSN 0841900590
-------------------
General Books available
916 JAR
Title Three deserts/ by C. S. Jarvis
Author Jarvis, C. S. (Author)
Imprint London: Murray , 1936
Descr. ix, 313 p. : ill. ; 23 cm.
Subjects Egypt -- History.
Africa -- Description and travel.