: .

H2O (l) +H2O (l) H3O+ (aq) + OH- (aq)

2 H2O (l) H3O+ (aq) + OH- (aq)

* .

.

[ ] / M

* 250 C : =1x10-7 M [H3O+] = [OH-]

kw : .

Kw =[H3O+] [OH-]

- kw 1x10 -14 250 C .

Kw =[H3O+] [OH-] = 1x10 -14 250 C

* Kw .

[H3O+]

1x10 -7 M

1x10 -7 M

1x10 -7 M

[H3O+] [OH-]

:

HCl

H2SO4

HBr

Hi

HClO4

HClO3

HNO3

:

LiOH

NaOH

KOH

RbOH

CsOH

Ca(OH)2

Ba(OH)2

Sr(OH)2

:

.

* [H3O+] [OH-] 2.0x10-4 M HCl

HCl + H2O H3O+ + Cl- ( )

1mol 1mol

2.0x10-4 M x

X = 1x2.0x10-4 / 1 = 2.0x10-4 M = [H3O+]

[OH-] = 1x10-14 / 2.0x10-4 = 5.0 x1x10-10 M

* [H3O+] 1x10-3 M H2SO4

H2SO4 + 2H2O 2H3O+ + SO4 -2 ( )

1mol 2mol

1x10-3 M x

X = 2 x 1x10-3 / 1 = 2 x 10-3 M = [H3O+]

* [H3O+] [OH-] 1x10-4 M Ba(OH)2

Ba(OH)2 Ba+2 + 2OH- ( )

1mol 2mol

1x10-4 M x

X = 2 x 1x10-3 / 1 = 2 x 10-3 M = [OH-]

[H3O+] = 1x10-14 / 2x10-3 = 5 x 10-12 M

: 2.3 x 10-7 M .

250 C ( )

*

[OH-]=10-4M , [OH-]=10-8M , [H3O+]= 10-4 , [H3O+]= 10-2

: [OH-]=10-4M :

* ( ) [H3O+] :

: ( )

* ( ) :

C6H12O6 , CaCl2 , HF , NaCl

() : C6H12O6 HF NaCl CaCl2

(pH )

- H3O+ OH-

.

pH : 10 [H3O+] . pH =-log[H3O+]

pH 0 14

* [H3O+] pH

* [H3O+] pH

* [OH-] pH

* [OH-] pH

pOH : 10 [OH-] = - log [OH-] pOH

pOH 0 14

C 25 : pOH = 14 pH +

: pH + pOH = 14 pKw =

* pH pOH Kw . pOH = 14 pH + .

* pH

HCl , NaOH , Ca(OH)2 , CH3COOH -1

: ( ) HCl CH3COOH NaOH Ca(OH)2

HCl -2 NH4Cl NaCl H2SO4

: () H2SO4 HCl NH4Cl NaCl

* :

H2SO4 CH3COOH HCl

: () CH3COOH HCl H2SO4

250 C

[H3O+] = [OH-]

pH = pOH

[H3O+]= [OH-]=1x10-7 M

[H3O+] > [OH-]

pH < pOH

[H3O+]>1x10-7M

[OH-] 7

[H3O+] < [OH-]

pH > pOH

[H3O+]1x10-7M

pH > 7

pOH < 7

- CO2 [H3O+] pH

- Na2O2 [OH-] pH

* 7 = pH 250 C

[H3O+]= [OH-]=1x10-7 M 7= pH .

* pH 0 14 .

[H3O+] 1x100M 1x10-14M

(pH 010-7100[H3O+] 7 14 10-14 )

* : 1- pH 2- [H3O+] 3- [OH-]

*

[OH-]=10-5M , pOH= 8 , [H3O+]= 10-3 M , pH = 4

: [OH-]=10-5M : .

pH

: 250 C

Kw =[H3O+] [OH-] = 1x10 -14 pOH + pH = 14

pH =-log[H3O+] [H3O+] = 1x10-pH

pOH = - log [OH-] [OH-] = 1x10-pOH

* pH =1 x10-3 M [H3O+]

pH =-log[H3O+]

pH =-log1x10-3 = 3

* pOH [OH-] =1 x10-5 M

pOH = - log [OH-]

pOH = - log 1 x10-5 = 5

* pH [OH-] =1 x10-3 M

[H3O+] = 1x10-14 / [OH-]

[H3O+] = 1x10-14 / 2x10-3 = 5 x 10-12 M

pH =-log[H3O+]

pH =-log 5 x 10-12 = 11.30

* pH 2.5 pOH =

pOH + pH = 14

pH = 14 2.5 = 11.5

* pH 1x10-4 M HCl

HCl + H2O H3O+ + Cl- ( )

1mol 1mol

1x10-4 M x

X = 1x1x10-4 / 1 = 1x10-4 M = [H3O+]

pH =-log[H3O+]

pH =-log1x10-4 = 4

* pH 1x10-3 M H2SO4

H2SO4 + 2H2O 2H3O+ + SO4 -2 ( )

1mol 2mol

1x10-3 M x

X = 2 x 1x10-3 / 1 = 2 x 10-3 M = [H3O+]

pH =-log[H3O+]

pH =-log2x10-3 = 2.70

* pH 1x10-4 M Ba(OH)2

Ba(OH)2 Ba+2 + 2OH- ( )

1mol 2mol

1x10-4 M x

X = 2 x 1x10-3 / 1 = 2 x 10-3 M = [OH-]

[H3O+] = 1x10-14 / 2x10-3 = 5 x 10-12 M

pH =-log[H3O+]

pH =-log 5 x 10-12 =11.30

* [H3O+] pH=5.5 .

[H3O+ ] = 10 -pH

[H3O+ ] = 10 -5.5 = 3.016 x 10 -6

* [OH-] pH=10

pOH = 14 - 10 =4

[OH-] = 1x10-4

* Sr(OH)2 9= pH :

1- [H3O+] .

[H3O+ ] = 10 -pH

[H3O+ ] = 10 -9

2- [OH-]

pOH = 14 pH

pOH = 14 - 9 =5

[OH-] = 1x10-5

3- .

Sr(OH)2 Sr+2 + 2OH- ( )

1mol 2mol

x 1x10-5 M

x = 1x10-5 / 2 = 5 x 10-6 M

* Ba(OH)2 12= pH

pOH = 14 - 12 =2

[OH-] = 1x10-2

Ba(OH)2 Ba+2 + 2OH- ( )

1mol 2mol

x