Vijaya Số 9 - Hội Bảo Tồn Văn Hóa Champa USA

7/27/2019 Vijaya S 9 - Hi Bo Tn Vn Ha Champa USA

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HI BO TN VN HA CHAMPA

KNH CHC

QU NG HNG, THN HU

V GIA NH

MT MA KAT NM 2013

TRN Y HNH PHC vTHNH CNG NH

tD~b&

hn`[

b@Lk-t


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c San Vijayado Ban Bin Tp

Hi Bo Tn Vn Ha Champa Ti U.S.A.

thc hin

Th t v bi v xin gi v:

Vijaya

P.O. Box 62061Sunnyvale, CA 94088

in thoi: (650) 669-0028

Email: [email protected]

Cc bi vit ng trong c San Vijaya gm nhng ti c chn lam Hi nhn thy thch hp vi mc tiu, ng li hot ng ca Hi;tuy nhin ni dung, kin, hay quan im c trnh by trong bi vitl do tc gi hon ton chu trch nhim v khng nht thit phi phnnh quan im ca Hi Bo Tn Vn Ha Champa.
http://www.ilimochampa.org/http://www.ilimochampa.org/http://www.ilimochampa.org/


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Hi Bo Tn Vn Ha Champa @ U.S.AP.O. Box 62061, Sunnyvale, CA 94088

Nhim k: V -2013)

Sng lp Vin:

Yassin B, William c, Jimmy c

Hi ng Lnh o:Ch Tch: Yassin BPh Ch Tch: ng Chnh AnhThnh vin: c Jimmy ThinThnh vin: Bch Vn Mi

Ban iu Hnh:

Ch Tch: ng Chnh LinhPh Ch Tch: Dng Tn AnTng Th K: B Trung ThiuTrng Ban Ti Chnh: c N. KhimK Ton Trng: B Vn D

Ban Bin Tp Vijaya:Trng Ban: Lm Gia TnPh Ban: c Jimmy ThinPh Ban: Chahya MulangThnh vin: B Trung TuynThnh vin:Ch M Lan

Ban Truyn thng & Bo ch:Trng Ban: B Trung TuynPh Ban: t Xun Hip

Ban Thanh Nin:Trng Ban: B Vn TPh Ban: ng Minh Tr

Ban Vn Ngh:Trng Ban: Valerie BaPh Ban: Miu Nh Yn

Ban C Vn:B i Longc William KitYklong AdrongDavid SoxLut s. Nguyn Ngc Dip


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V i j a y a 9 Page 1

Li ngKnh tha qu Mik wa cng c gi trong v ngoi nc,

ng hnh cng s pht trin khng ngng ca cng ngh thng tin,nhiu t bo ln trn th gii lp trang bo mng nhm mc ch

phc v c nhiu c gi khp mi ni. tri qua c tm n bn vi thi gian khim tn, tp san Vijaya tn ti n ngy hm nay l nh s ng h v ng gp qu bu v biv v cng sc ca cc bc trng thng Chm Hoa K, cc nhnghin cu v bin kho Chm trong cng nh ngoi nc hoc cc

nc trn th gii, v cc bn thanh nin nam n trong Hi Bo TnVn Ha Champa San Jose (Hoa K).Nay Ban Bin Tp Vijaya cng nh HBTVH Champa quyt nh thnghim a tp san Vijaya 9 ln trang mngwww.ilimochampa.org vimong mun phc v ngy cng nhiu c gi khp mi ni trn th gii.

Lp mt Tp san nh Vijaya chng hng rt d nhng nui dng vtn ti n mai sau s gp khng t kh khn.

Song song vi vic phc v, BBT Vijaya cng mi gi qu c gi trong

cng nh ngoi nc ng gp bi v cho tp san mng chng ta ngymt phong ph.Ban bin tp Vijaya lun lun n nhnmi kin ng

gp hay bi vit, knh mong qu v c gi gi n email:[email protected] tht cm n

Ban Bin Tp VijayaHi Bo Tn Vn Ha Champa
http://www.ilimochampa.com/mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]://www.ilimochampa.com/


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(Bc tng nim cc tin nhn Champa ca Hi BTVH Champa USA)


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Mc Lc:

Trang1. Li ng 12. Mc Lc 33. The Kingdom of Champa 64. Hotng ca Hi BTVH Champa nm 11-2013 115. Lch Champa ting Vit) 136. Lch Champa ting Chm) 217. Va nh ngy hm qua 398. m nhc Chm ngy nay v nhng gii php cho tng lai 419. Thm Mt Ma Kat Trn X L Qu Ngi 4610. Chn dung tht v Khu Lin 4811. Chm th Ch M Lan 5712. Thnh a M Sn trong dng lch s Vngquc Champa 6213. La Chim 7414.Nhng vn th Chm mi 8015. Talei Bak 8616. Ln tm v c quc - Khc cho qu hng 9017. Gii thiu mt s trang web ca ngi Chm 9918. Hnh nh sinh hot ca Hi BTVH Champa USA 11119. Danh sch bo tr, ho tm 179


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Ban Bin Tp Vijaya mong mun c mt bi vit dnh cho cc chusinh ra v ln ln ti Hoa K hoc cc chu n Hoa K cn nh tuinn cha hiu bit v ngi Chm v Vng quc Champa. Ln ny,Ban Bin Tp c gng su tm bi vit c trch trong

www.ancientworlds.net cc chu hiu mt cch khi qut v Vngquc Champa.

The Editorial Board of Vijaya desires to share an article devoted to theCham children who was born and raised in the United States or Chamchildren who came to the United States at a young age. The purpose ofthe article would be to give them knowledge of the Cham and theKingdom of Champa.

At this time the editors have the extracted article fromwww.ancientworlds.netso that the Cham children can gain a generalknowledge of the Kingdom of Champa.
http://www.ancientworlds.net/http://www.ancientworlds.net/http://www.ancientworlds.net/


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(Photo: Po Dharma)


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The Kingdom of Champa------------o0o------------

It is very possible that it is the first time you hear about the ChampaKingdom, and that for a simple reason: it has ceased to exist centuriesago, absorbed by the Vietnamese definitely in 1720 (although its powerhas been almost extinct since its defeat at the hands of the sameVietnamese in 1471). Before that, it had remained more or lessindependant despite regular fights against its immediate neighborsCambodia and Vietnam, and the great influence exerced by the two greatpowers of the continent, China, and in the distance, India.The Origins: the first mention of the Kingdom of Champa date back to

192 AD in Chinese scriptures, where it appears under the name Lin-Yi.It is probably at that time that the 'Kingdom' was founded, in the regionof today's Hue, it seems as a result of the revolt of a local official againstChinese authority. One wants to be careful when using the term of'Kingdom' or 'State' when talking about Champa. The Chams were ofMalayo-Polynesian origin, and therefore their form of government musthave been close to those traditionally found among those people: severalsmall groups, scattered all along the coast that provided many small

enclaves. Some leaders, more powerful than the others will ascertaintheir authority over the whole of the Chams.The Early Years: what happened during the first centuries is still quiteunclear to us, as all the written evidence comes from Chinese sources,and thus, necessarily biased. What we do know is that it was a period ofconstant struggle between the Lin-yi and Chinese, the intesity of whichdepended on the strength of the dynastic Power in China. It is also a timeduring which the frontiers fluctuate greatly, notably the northern onebetween the Lin-yi and Tongkin, a Chinese territory.Cultural developments: for several reasons, as the Tang dynasty arrivedin power (7th century) the aggressions of the Chams against the Chineseprovinces to the north ceased for 2 centuries, and the kings even sendmissions to China. It is the time that saw great developments in the artsand architecture. Beautiful monuments were built, most of them


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revealing the strong influence of the Indian culture, both on theaesthetics and the religion (several of these buildings were dedicated toVishnu. Moreover, from the middle of the 8th century, the cult of theLinga, the symbolic form of Shiva, is supperposed to the traditional

cults).Years of unrest: the second half of the 8th century will be a veryimportant period in Champa's history. The political center shifts to thesouth, a new dynasty starts, and at the same time, the Chinese begin torefer to the Chams as Huan-Wang instead of Lin-Yi. It's also a newperiod of unrest, as they are attacked repeatedly by the Javanese, whowill end up destroying at least two temples. These attacks willeventually cease, and at the begginig of the 9th century, it's Champa that

starts a series of offensives against China to the north, and Cambodia.Indravarman II: in 854 comes to power Indravarman II. His accession topower is very important in several ascpects. It is a renewal of the yearsof peace and friendship with China Champa had known more than acentury earlier, but also the start of good relations with Java (exchangeswith that region will result in a marked Javanese influence on Cham artsfrom the 10th century onwards). He is the founder of the 6th dynasty andthe capital shifts again to the north, as a new capital city is built,Indrapura. Finally, this dynasty will show an unprecedented attention tothe religion and their duties. Mahayana Buddhism is introduced.Vietnam enters the stage: but the tide changes, and for good, againstChampa during the 10th century. As a consequence of the fall of theT'ang dynasty, the Vietnamese succeeded in creating the independantkingdom of Dai-co-Viet. At first, no problem arised between Champaand the new state. But in 979, at the demand of a refugee from that verycountry, the Cham King sent a float against its capital that was partiallydestroyed in a storm. The next year, he sent the messenger from Lo

Hoan, who had just seized the throane of Dai-co-Viet for himeself, inprison. He died in the attack that resulted from that foolish gesture, andIndrapura was destroyed. The next king, Indravarman IV, had to flee tothe south; the north ended up in the hands of vietnamese whoproclaimed himself king of Champa when Indravarman died in 988. In


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the meantime, the calls for help from the Chams directed at China hadno effect.Losses: it is the founder of the 7th dynasty, Harivarman II, whoreconquered the north, and the capital was again Indrapura. But what is

important here, is that this will be the first in a long series of attacks andcounter-attacks, usually all lost by the Chams. Early in the 11th century,the north was definitely lost at the hands of the Vietnamese, who eventook a little later the new capital further south, Vijaya. The next Chamskings tried to rekindle hope by maintaining good relations with bothChina and Angkor, but no real help ever came from either front. After alast, and disastrous Cham counter-attack in 1068, the whole north ofChampa is officially abandoned to the Vietnamese.

Champa and the Khmers: until the middle of the 13th century, therelations between the two neighbors will be mostly peaceful; thissituation was mostly due to the fact that now Cham had also to face theattacks of the Khmers to the West. When that exterior threat was finallywarned off, local rebellions broke. This pattern of fights first against theKhmers, then against local rebels will be repeated again later during the12th century, until in 1203, Champa fell under the Khmer domination.However, despite the fact that the Chams were without a king of theirown to lead them, the last one having fled by sea, the Khmers evacuatedChampa after only 17 years. The reason for this withdrawal remainsunknown to us even today.The relations with the Mongols: Champa was, in 1220, when it wasfinally free of the Khmer occupation, exhausted. The reconstructioncould only be slow and difficult. Moreover, Champa was stillconsidering the reconquest of its lost territories to the Vietnamese. Assoon as 1225, only 5 years after having recovered their independance,the Chams started raids against the Vietnamese, which ultimately led to

new attacks from both sides. The Chams resisted fiercely, and theirennemies finally agreed to a peace arrangement, since their northernborder was under threat of the Mongols. From the moment they tookover the power in China, they demanded that southern countries payedthe same respect to them that they had paid to the Chinese emperors, andthe kings of Champa, Cambodia and Annam where supposed to meet


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with their chief, Kublai Khan, to pay their respect personaly. When theydid not comply, Mongols troops were sent but they failed to win, andfinally were forced to withdraw, Khan having already too many front tocover and the king of Cham having sent him presents to appease him.

A fatal mistake: the peace lasted a few decades. In 1301, the then Kingof Champa, Jaya Sinhavarman III, met the former king of theVietnamese, Thran Nhon-Ton, who was on a pilgrimage after having leftthe throne to his son. He proposed to the Cham king the hand of hisdaughter as a gesture to show his gratitude at being so welcome, and asthe King agreed, he succeeded at negociating the surrending of twonorthern provinces to the Vietnamese. Only, those provinces were sorebellious that they immediately caused trouble. The Vietnamese blamed

Champa and invaded them in 1312. The king was taken captive andreplace by his younger brother, and Champa was made a province ofAnnam. After a failed attempt in 1314, that resulted in the brother of theformer king fleeing to Java, the viceroy, Che Anan, succeeded in drivingthe Vietnamese out, but didn't attempt to recover the two northernprovinces.The end of Champa: this was the start of either an amazing recovery, orthe last coup by an already condemned country. After years of piece, in1360, the new King, Che Nbong Nga, started a series of attacks onAnnam, going as far as Hanoi that was saked by the Cham forces. Theykept the pressure on until the death of the King in 1390. They withdrewimmediately afterwards, but left the Vietnamese in disaray. Therefore,the counter-attack came only in 1402, but was then successful, until thenew Chinese dynasty, the Ming, first put a halt to those attacks beforeconquering Annam. When the Vietnamese drove the Chinese forcesaway in 1428, they tried at first to maintain peaceful relations with theChams, who had recovered the lost ground and were becoming pretty

aggressive towards their western neighbors, Cambodia. However, whenthe Cham King died in 1441, civil war was at hand, and the Vietnamesedidn't miss such an opportunity. After 30 years, the greatest part ofChampa was definitely under Vietnamese domination. Far south, a smallCham state survived until 1720, when the King and his people flew once


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again in front before the Vietnamese forces that were headed toCambodia.(Source: www.ancientworlds.net)


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HOT NG CA HI BO TN VN HACHAMPA NM 2011-2013

ng Chnh Linh

Trong c san Vijaya s 8, chng ti tng trnh hot ng ca Hin ngy limo Kauk Thun 11, trong Vijaya s ny chng ti stng trnh s lt cc hot ng ca Hi n ngy t chc limo KaukThun nm 13.1.T chc n mng L Hi Kat 11:Hi BTVH Champa USA long trngt chc n mng L Hi Kat2011 ti Tully Community Branch Library, a ch: 888 Tully Road San

Jose, California 5111. Thi gian bt u t 11: sng Ch Nht ngy thng 1 nm 11 thnh ph San Jose, tiu bang California, HoaK. Cc nghi thc n mng L Hi Kat cng c din ra nh 1nm tri qua, sau phn ht bi Khik Bhum Pasai l pht tng nimcc bc tin nhn Champa. y l cc nghi thc quan trng khng ththiu c theo tn ch "Ung nc nh ngun" ca Hi BTVHChampa USA. xem video ca ngy n mng L Hi Kat nm 11, xin bm vo ng dn di y:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WQT2JXqDPwo&list=PLF452338A8FE58A7C&feature=mh_lolz2.T chc ngy limo Kauk Thun nm 1:Ln u tin k t nm 18, nm u tin thnh lp, Hi BTVHChampa USA quyt nh t chcngy limo Kauk Thun nm 1ti thnh ph Tacoma, tiu bang Washington. Mc d gp rt nhiu khkhn cho tt c hi vin v b con ng hng n tham d t cc tiu

bang xa nh California hay Oregon, t cc thnh ph xa xi nh

Spoken, Seattle, Federal Way, ....nhngngy t chc limo Kauk Thun1 thnh cng tt ptrong mt nh hng sang trng nm trn gcng s su v Mildred Street: Imperial Dragon Restaurant, a ch:6805 - 6th Avenue Tacoma, Washington 98406. Thi gian bt u t5:0 chiu n 12:00 khuya th By ngy 1 thng 4 nm 1. c

bit, Hi BTVH Champa USA c vinh d n tip Tin S Thnh


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Phn n t Vit Nam tham d vpht biu. xem video ca ngy tchc limo Kauk Thun nm 12, xin bm vo ng dn di y:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g-rsJXrmi7w&list=PLD590B75B62812758

3.T chc n mng L Hi Kat 2012:Nhn ngy L Hi Kat truyn thng ca dn tc Chm, ngy ghi ncc v vua cha, cc bc tin nhn v anh hng lit s c cng vi dntc Chm, Hi Bo Tn Vn Ha Champa ti Hoa K t chc mtngy hp mt qu b con, qu thn hu Champa xa gn n li lch sdn tc cho chng ta v th h con chu mai sau ti Trung Tm SinhHot Cng ng, a ch: 8 Peter Pan Avenue San Jose, California95116, t lc : gi chiu n 8: chiu Th By ngy 13 thng 1nm 1. xem video ca ngy n mng L Hi Kat nm 1,xin bm vo ng dn di y:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NJRJ_koq_3M&list=PL0kXM6fgiAvMEkiOydFmqYSTJijiDKHp3

4.T chc ngy limo Kauk Thun nm 13:Hi BTVH Champa USA t chc ngy limo Kauk Thun nm 13ti Cunningham Park, a ch: 35 South White Road San Jose,

California 95148 vo th By ngy 13 thng 4 nm 13 t 11: sngn 6:3 chiu. xem video ca ngy t chc limo Kauk Thun nm13, xin bm vo ng dn di y:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lUvKn6i9KbE5.Tham gia tri h Champa ti thnh ph Sacramento 2013:

Nhn dp ngh h nm 13, cc gia nh thanh nin ca Hi BTVHChampa USA n tham d tri h Champa ti thnh ph Sacramentot th Su ngy 5 thng 7 nm 13 n Ch Nht ngy 7 thng 7 nm2013. xem video ca tri h Champa ti thnh ph Sacramento 2013, xin bm vo ngdn di y:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uNwFt4qcpnw
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lUvKn6i9KbEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lUvKn6i9KbEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lUvKn6i9KbE


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Lch Champa (Sakawi Chm)Cahya Mlng

Cn c vo nn vn ha Chm, lch Chm chu nh hng vn ha n, nn tn lch l Sakawi, t Saka bt ngun t lch cc min TyNam hoc pha Nam n , nm di sng Narhads. Lch Saka c bsung bi cc nh thin vn n nm 78 A.D sau Cng nguyn) vloi lch ny c truyn qua cc nc ng Nam ndonesia,Malaysia, Kampuchia, Champa).Lch Champa c nh hng t lch n v lch Trung Hoa c ghinhn qua ti liu s hc nh sau : lch Saka tng ng vi ngy 3 thng

3 nm 78 ca Cng Lch, thi gian c tnh theo chu k 1 nm, minm 1 thng v ng 1 con th l can chi ca Trung Hoa) biu tngcho chu k 1 nm, bt u t T, Su, Dn, Mo, Thn, T, Ng, Mi,Thn, Du, Tut , Hi. Thng c phn lm tun thng n )thng tun trng sng bangun) h tun trng ti Klm). Thng tuntrng tnh t ngy giao hi, new moon) l ngy mng mt tha bangun)cho n ngy 15, rm purami) tha pluh lim bangun. H tun trng ktip t ngy 16 tc l ngy mng mt h tun tha klm) n ngy 3 htun tha pluh lim klm) gi l kanm. V tun l 7 ngy l tn 7 hnh

tinh h mt tri : Ch nht adit, mt tri), Th Hai Sm, mt trng),Th Ba Angar, Ha Tinh), Th T But, Thy Tinh), Th Nm Jip,Mc Tinh), Th Su Suk, Kim Tinh), Th By Sancar, Th Tinh).Cc hc gi triu nh Chm c nghin cu kh thng tho v tr dichuyn theo thi gian ca cc hnhtinh xc nh thi gian.Tn gio Blamn du nhp vo Champa rt sm vo th k th Vtrong lc mi n th k th X Hi gio du nhp x s ny v u thk th XV mi c champa ha tr thnh tn gio Bni. Ngi

Chm theo tn gio Blamn c gi l Chm Ahier, thuc Dng,theo Bni slam) c bn a ha c gi l Chm Aval, thuc mtrong m c Dng, trong Dng c m).Lch Chm t khi mi hnh thnh u c s dng cho ton dn tcChm, k c lc Hi gio c chn ng tiChampa v tn ti nngy nay. Lch Hi gio trong thc t khng bao gi c s dng theo


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phm vi rt hp l tnh ngy dng thun cho tn gio tn ngng nhl: Ramwan l vo thnh ng), ngy mn chay Talaih k) v lVha. Nh vy phi hiu mt cch nht qun l ton b ngi dn tcChm t trc n nay d Blamn hay Bni u s dng lch Chm

chung. Khng nn hiu lm lch Chm l lch ca Blamn.)Lch ny c cng ng ngi Chm tn trng rng ri nh ngy :ci hi, tang ch, lhi, cng knh, dng nh ca, mua tru b v bnng sn, hp bn, vo nh mi, khai trng rung, b bp ry Ngoira ngi Chm cn hiu l vic n nh ngy thng c tnh cch thingling, ngha l lin quan n thn thnh ca dn tc. Nh vy chng takhng ngc nhin v tm mc chi phi ca lch ny trong sinh hotthng ngy ca ngi Chm v mi khi c s chnh lch th s gy xo

trn x hi.Thi phong kin, mc du vn tn gio Chm n nh ch thnhthong xy ra s tranh chp v lch Chm, nhng l tranh chp do schnh lch gia vng Phan Rang tnh Ninh Thun) vi vng Phan Rtnh Bnh Thun) ch khng bao gi c s tranh chp gia tn gio vinhau, hay gia tn gio ny vi tn gio khc nh hm nay. Vic ny dhiu s lnh o tuyt i v c ti ca hai quan huyn ngi Chm hai vng ny mt cch c hiu qu, nhng li kh thng nht lch giahai quan huyn vi nhau.

Ngi Chm hin nay s dng hai loi lch l lch Ahier m Dnglch) v lch Aval m lch) thiu 11 ngy so vi nm Dng lch. Nmlch Mt trng Ahier) ch 354 ngy hoc 355 ngy. Trong khi lch Mttri Dng lch) c 365 ngy hoc 366 ngy v nm nhun ca mDng lch Ahier) di 383 ngy, 384 hoc 385 ngy. Lch Aval l loilch thun m, tnh ngy thng hon ton theo tun trng, dng trongma chay nim Ramwan), x chay Talaih k), Thanh Minh Vha),lch Aval tnh theo k hiu Arp, mi chu k l 8 nm theo 8 thin can

v mi nm c 1 thng. Trong 8 nm c 3 nm tch nm nhun) lnm Hak ::), nm Dal ::), nm Jim Luc ..) l nm c 355 ngy. 5nm mc nm thng), nm Lieh ), Jim (..), Jy :::), Bak ( ),Vaw ( ::: ) l nm thiu c 354 ngy. Cc nm c n nh bt di btdch.


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Do m Dng hn hp cng tnh theo h thngmt nh k 8 nmnh lch Aval lch Hi gio) bi v vn n l lch m nhng ch khcvi Aval l trong mt nh k 8 nm phi c nhun 3 ln, mi ln nhunmt thng thiu ngy), tnh ra ngy ln nhun, ta c x 3 bng 87

ngy m cng vi .835 ngy ca 8 nm Aval 355 x 3 + 354 x 5) thc . ngy, tng ng vi s ngy 8 nm ca Dng lch, 365x 8) + ngy nhun = . ngy.Lch mt trng Chm Aval bt ngun t lch Hi gio Arp). Ngy uthng mt trng c tnh t lc nhn thy trng li lim u tin, lcmt tri ln hng Ty. Ngy u thng mt trng Chm Aval theosau ngy u thng lch mt trng Chm Ahier hoc 3 ngy. Lch mttrng Chm Aval tnh nm thng tng t nh lch mt trng Ahier, gi

l Vn nin lch hay Vn nin th Sakawi Takai Thrh, dng chu k 8nm, 3 nm nhun mt trng. Nm 355 ngy l nm nhun lch mttrng. Lch Chm Aval nhun theo chu k 3 nm, c 1 nm nhunvo cc nm: , 5, 8, 1, 13, 16, 18, 1, 4, 6 v 3. Lch Hi gio(Islam) th gii nhun theo chu k 3 nm, c 11 nm nhun vo ccnm: , 5, 7, 1, 13, 16, 1, 4, 6 v . Bn Vn nin lch xc nhn,cc thng mang s l: 1, 3, 5, 7, , 11 l thng 3 ngy. Cc t hngmang s chn: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 1 l thng thiu ngy.Lch Chm tng hp, cc vua cha v triu nh Chm phi hp rt chtch nh mt mc xch khng th tch ri c v nu tch ring r thnguyn tc lch php s sai lch khng cn nm trong trit l lch phpca Chm Aval, Chm Ahier; mt Nam, mt N; hoc mt Akal, mtTanh Riya; hay mt m mt Dng, to nn v tr, con ngi v sinhvt trn tri t. Nhng mc ni, mc xch trong lch php Chm rt l tnh, nhiu kh v quan trng lnh vc on kt ca tn gio Aval vAhier t trc n nay v mi mi.Tnh theo chu k ca mt trng c ,5 ngy 1 x ,5) = 354 ngy.

Nm mt trng c 1 thng, trung bnh thng di ,5 ngy. Mang pdng vi i sng con ngi, ngy khng th dng s l, nn cc nhnghin cu lch v cc nh thin vnng vi nhau, thng c thi giandi l thng 3 ngy. Thng c thi gian ngn l thng thiu ngy.Lch mt trng Chm Ahier bt ngun t lch n , Trung Hoa. Ngyu thng c tnh bt u t ngy Giao hi New moon) mi thng.


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Nm c 1 thng mt trng v chu k 8 nm theo 8 thin can. Lch mttrng Chm Ahier gi l Vn nin th hay l Vn nin lch Sakawi LanCwol dng chu k 8 nm, 3 nm nhun mt trng.Lch mt trng Chm Ahier m Dng lch) dng 8 Akssarak 8 thin

can): Lieh ( ), Hak (::), Jim (..), Jy :::), Dal (::), Bak (), Vaw (:::),Jim luc (..) nn gi 8 cung 1 a chi v 1 nm vi 6 thng 3 ngyl cc thng l : 1, 3, 5, 7, , 11 v 6 thng thiu ngy l cc thngchn : , 4, 6, 8, 1, 1. Ring thng 1 nhm nm mi 3 ngy, ccnm Hak ::), Dal (::), Jim luc (..). Lch Chm Ahier nhun theo chu k3 nm, c 1 nm nhun vo cc nm : , 5, 8, 1, 13, 16, 18, 1, 4,6, v 3. V tnh theo chu k vn hnh ca mt trng ng thi cng

phi davo chu k vn hnh ca ba ngi sao sau :

-Patuk Bingu Rung Sao Mang Chng)-Patuk Lingal (Sao Cy)-Patuk Acauw Sao Thn Nng)C cu: Carah bilan glang patuk_Ikak tuk glang yang harei_Cadar hareiglang yang bilan, Chnh thng th nhn ngi sao_nh gi th mttri_Tnh ngy th mt trng.Chnh thng th dng ngi sao tc l da trn ba ngi sao ny: mt lsao Mang Chng Tuarua), hai l sao Cy, ba l sao Thn Nng. Mingi sao c hn k xut hin nht nh ca n, v ngi sao Mang Chngxut hin trc tin cho nn ta ly sao Mang Chng lm gc. Theo schc li rng khi no nhn v hng ng vo lc tri rng sng mthy mt chm sao Mang Chng xut hin trn nh ni c mt lc thtan bin bi nh bnh minh, th thi gian lch Chmphi gi l thngHai. Nm no sao mang Chng xut hin vo nhng ngy cui cathng Hai th nm phi nhun tc l thng 13, nu khng c nhun thnm sau sao s xut hin vo thng Ba v n s lch so vi thi gianquy nh. Mi nm sao Mang Chngxut hin chm i 11 ngy so vi

Chm lch, l l do di ca Chm lch ngn hn so vi di caDng lch hoc chu k ca sao Mang Chng l 11 ngy. V di canm Dng lch v di ca chu k vn hnh sao Mang Chng bngnhau, cho nn sao ny lun lun xut hin ng vo ngy 5 hoc ngy 6Dng lch hng nm. Trng thng 6 Dng lch v nhm thng 5 mlch).


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3 Nm c 1 nm nhun lch Ahier

Nm S

ngy

Nm S

ngy

Nm S

ngy

Nm S

ngy1, 354 9, 354 17, 354 25, 3542, :: 355

Nhun10, :: 355

Nhun18, :: 355

Nhun26, :: 355

Nhun3, .. 354 11, .. 354 19, .. 354 27, .. 3544, ::: 354 12, ::: 354 20, ::: 354 28, ::: 3545, :: 355

Nhun13, :: 355

Nhun21, :: 355

Nhun29, :: 355

Nhun

6, 354 14, 354 22, 354 30, 3547, ::: 354 15, ::: 354 23, ::: 354 31, ::: 3548, .. 355

Nhun16, .. 355

Nhun24, .. 355

Nhun32, .. 355

Nhun

-Cc ch t 1 n 8, c l s m ca ngi Arp.Cc im chm gi l AKSSARAK. Mt nh k 8 nm phi nhun 3ln, tc l nm u nhun ln 1 v 3 nm nhun ln , v 3 nm cui

nhun ln 3 ngha l 8 nm m lch Chm nhun 3 nm : nm th ,nm th 5, v nm th 8. Kluv thun Nh_ Lim thun Vak_Dalipan thunYah; Ba nm tch nm nhun)_Nm nm mc nm bnh thng)_Tmnm sang nh li Tnh li ngy u nm ca nm th ).Lch Chm Ahier c thng Ging :-Thng Ging th nht, l thng Ging toa rp vi AmaharamAmram) Aval hng nm.-Thng Ging th hai, l thng lp ra lch Chm tc l thng c saoMang Chng xut hin phng ng mt tri mc).Bnh qun mi ln nhun l 3 thng, c tnh theo quy tc sau y:trong nh k 8 nm nhun 3 ln.Vy mi ln nhun quy ra thng: 8 x12 = 96 thng chia cho 3 = 32 thng. Tng ng vi mi ln nhunca m lch, quy tc ca m lch l 1 nm nhun 7 ln. Vy 1 lnnhun quy ra thng : 1 x 1 = 8 thng chia cho 7 = 3 thng ri,


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c cc nh thin vn v cc nh lm lch ng t vo cc nm th3, 6, 8, 11, 14, 17 v 1. S ngy trong 8 nm ca lch Chm Ahier k c3 ln nhun l . ngy, tng ng vi s ngy ca 8 nm Dnglch 365 x 8) + ngy nhun = . ngy.

Lch Aval v lch Ahier c tnh ngy khc nhau nhng c quan h mtthit vi nhau, chng tun th mt nguyn tc nht nh v lun lun lythng lch Aval lm chun mc. Nm thng Aval tri th thng Ahier htv ngc li thng Aval ht th thng Ahier tri. Ngi Chm c cu :Tha Bangun Chm mk, Dwa Bangun Chm mk, Kluv Bangun Chmmk Mng mt Chm bt, mng hai Chm bt, mng ba Chm btthnh mng mt Aval) ngha l lch Ahier lun lun i trc lch Avalt 1 n 3 ngy v 3 nm trong thc t khng trng ngy nhau. t bit

vo nhng nm lch Aval c thng lin tip nh cc nm Hak(::),Dal (::), Jim luc (..), th phi cn phn cho ph hp, chnh xc.Da theo quy tc trn lch Ahier Aval i chiu trn mt chu k 8cung v 1 con gip a chi). Lch Ahier m Dng lch) da trn cs sau y:Cc thng lch Ahier ly theo cc thng lch Aval ngha l cc thng l lthng 3 ngy v thng chn c ngy. Ring thng 1 l nm c 30 ngy.Cc nm lch Ahier ly theo cc nm Dng lch ngha l trong 8 nmlch Ahier c 3 nm nhun. Nm nhun c 13 thng, nm nhun lnhng nm Hak ::), Dal (::), Jim luc (..), mi nm c 355 ngy cngvi ngy thng nhun 5 thng thiu + 7 thng + ngy thngnhun) = 384 ngy.V lch Aval khng c nhun nn nhng thng chay nim Ramwan tinhnh tun t nh sau :Trong 8 nm lch Ahier th c mt ln: nm n chay trng 1 thng v ln: 3 nmn chay trng 1 thng c lch n chay km theo.)

1 con gip v 8 cung lch Ahier m Dng lch) kt hp vi lch Avalhnh thnh mt chu k di 6 nm.Trong 8 thin can c bn lp thnh h thng rt khoa hc, trong c 3nm Nh :), Hak (::), Dal (::), Jim luc (..), nm c 355 ngy. Mt nhk 8 nm phi nhun 3 ln tc nm u nhun ln 1 v 3 nm nhunln , v 3 nm cui nhun ln 3 ngha l8 nm m lch Chm nhun 3


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nm: nm th , nm th 5 v nm th 8) v phi nhun ng vo nmNh tc l nm 355 ngy. Cn cc nm Vak th khng c nhun.Nm nhun th lun lun nhun vo thng th 13 c gi l BilanBhang, tc l thng H v thng ny thng ri vo ma H, hoc cn

gi l thng Birw. Mi tn gi c mt ngha khc nhau . Cn nhnvo thin nhin rt khp vi thi gian quy nh.

Nm no c sao Mang Chng xut hin vo nhng ngy cui ca thng th nm phi nhun tc l thng 13, nu khng c nhun th nmsau sao s xut hin vo thng 3 v n s lch so vi thi gian quynh.Cn c vo t liu c, da vo thin nhin v tnh ton theo khoa hc

th chng ta ly khuynh hng p dng ly 8 thin can lm gc.

Nh vy, thng nht lch trong ni b Chm Bni v Chm Blamnnhm cng c tnh on kt trong ni b tn gio, dn tc, gp phn vovic n nh tnh hnh an ninh chnh tr trong vng Chm.Vic thng nht lch khng th thc hin mt sm mt chiu m phi cthi gian, chng ta bt u t phng php thng lng on kt dntc ri tip n phng php thng nht theo l lun khoa hc.Chng ti khng ch quan cho rng: bi vit ca chng ti l honchnh. Chng ti mong mi cc nh nghin cu lch Chm, cc chc scAval Ahier gp , b sung lch php Chm chng ta hon chnhhn, theo st lch php th gii hin nay.Trn trng

CAHYA MLNGTi liu tham kho:-T liu th tch Chm c Ariya Sakawi Chm)-c san Vijaya s 3 thng 1 nm 1)-Tagalau s 1.


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Va nh ngy hm uaJalau Ank

vit cho linh hn b Na One)

va nh ngy hm quahn nhin nh mt ro honh ci nhn b bng vo icon no bit mnh di, khnmay mn mi vt v u trn gian u lm ngt

con lm mt chuyn thm n ni khng vnh vin l ca conko v nhng bn tay vn nm rt h ca ng b ch bcx toang hng ro lng mcmi nhn nhng ngn gai t nghn nh kinkhin nhng ngm bia tha tr ngiu thuc thm sm tnmn n by ba bn nhu

dn tha hn

con lm mt s mnh n ni khng vnh vin l ca con

hng v nhng b c vn hay lc vo ci v, ghen ganh ca ng bch bchi t nhng ci nhnthc nhng lng nhn i ng qunxa nhe khoc lc, ba hoa, bc pht v v cungtm ngng sinh ngu muit ra l khi nhn thy con xanh xao khn cu

. ni khng vnh vin l ca

con khng phi cho con

Young Na One!!!!bnh an con nhdu bit con khng cht i khng phi cht i m ch l tr v chnring ca con


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sau mt cuc hnh trnhlng vn y nc mtxm vn c bng hong

tin bit con


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M NHC CHM NGY NAY V NHNGGII PHP CHO TNG LAI

Ch M Lan

1. t vn .Nh chng ta thy, nn m nhc Chm ngy nay ang c nguy c bmai mt. Lm sao thot ra khi nguy c ny i hi cn phi c stm hiu thu o nhiu nguyn nhn mt cch r rng. T , tm

phng hng chnh n trit mt cch hu hiu. Vic khi phc vnh thc li mt nn m nhc Chm khng n gin mt sm mt

chiu c th lm c. Chng ta cn rt nhiu tm lng tn tm thin chda dit vi dn tc v v mt ngun kinh ph ln t nhiu pha nhmgip , tng bc chnh n bi dng nhng ngh nhn tr ct v oto nhn lc th h tr trong tng lai. Lm c vic ny mi c thgp phn vo vic bo tn nhng di sn m nhc Chm trong thi ihin nay.

. Vn o to v khi dng cho m nhc truyn thng Chm chy vhin ti .

.1. Tm ngun kinh ph o to th h tr.Trc tin chng ta rt cn mt ngun kinh ph mua nhc c, o to

bi dng nhng nhc cng, nhng ngh s u t ca dn tc bngnhng k hoch r rng thit thc. Chng ta c th vit n xin ngunh tr t pha chnh quyn Vit Nam v vn ng nhng n nh ti trng gp, ho tm cu m nhc Chm ang c nguy c mai mt.

Nu c mt khon ngn sch y, chng ta bt tay vo vic bi dngo to nhng con em tr dn tc Chm c nng khiu trong khong 5 -

1 nm th chng ta s c mt i ng k tha ln. Nhng ngh nhn vngh s Chm nh Amnhn ccv ng Maduen Chm lng paleiChm nh nc cng nn c chnh sch i ng thch ng. V h lnhng gch ni him hoi bo tn vn ha m nhc ca dn tc Chm.Bc u tin cn lm cho vic bo tn m nhc Chm chng ta khngth khng quan tm vo nhng cy tre gi c th ny. Thay v h phi


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u tc mt ti lo cho cm o go tin cho cuc sng tt bt, khng cnsc lc tm tr sng tc. Chng ta c th bi dng cho nhng b notinh thng v nhng kin thc thng thi hay ngi vit iu luyn ny

bng cch pht lng cho h h gim bt gnh nng mu sinh v c

nhiu thi gian hn trong cng vic sng tc. Bi th mun bo tn nnm nhc Chm, chng ta cn phi u t bng cch gip cho vic duytr kho tng vn ha Chm mt cch thit thc hn. Chnh quyn nnquan tm hn vo vic bi dng nhng ngh s v nhng ngh nhn ut ang gi nua o t hin cn m cha ti u ngn tay. Thit ngh, hl nhng ht ct him hoi gia sa mt nng gi nhng li qun qut chovic cn o tin v qun hn nim am m chy bng ca mnh cho nnm nhc Chm. Hin nay chng ta thy x hi Chm chng ta thiu vng

rt nhiu ngh nhn, ngh s. i qua i li cng my bi ht caAmnhn, ng Nng Qa, Qung i Tu. Mi khi Kat n khngbit tm u ra nhng bi ht mi trnh din nh phi ht i ht linhng bi c y thi. Mc du Kat nm 1 chnh quyn b cngsc rt nhiu cho vic t chc mt Kat honh trng ti Ninh Thun.y l mt vic lm rt ng c khen ngi nhng nhng bi ht c ychngxng vi khng kh honh trng m nh nc b cng sc racho ngy hi. Mt khng gian honh trng nh vy phi c nhng bnnhc mi l hp dn nhng vn mang giai iu m bn sc Chm.Tt c nhng bi ht ny cn phi qua qa trnh chn lc bi bn. Baogm nhng khc dn ca c sc tr tnh i vo lng ngi to cho dukhch nhng cm gic ti mt mi l trong mi ln tham d Kat chkhng phi mang cho h nhng cm gic nhm chn v v nhng giaiiu c trong sut my nm qua c nhai i nhai lai nh mt ci mynghin chnh hiu... Nhng bc cha m nn khuyn khch con em vo nghnh m nhc.Cc bc ph huynh hy hi sinh v s tn vong trong vic bo tn vn ha

dn tc bng cch mnh dn khuyn khch con em mnh vng tin hngsay bcvo lnh vc m nhc gn gi mt nn ngh thut c scca cha ng. V m nhc l linh hn ca dn tc. i sng hnh nh svng v v tr nn t nht khi khng c s hin hu ca m nhc. Nuc th, qi v ng p con em ca mnh phi hc nhng


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ngnh m mnh mun nh K S, Bc S mi c nhiu tin m phi hysinh khuyn khch con em xc nh tm quan trng ca vic gn gi bnsc dn tc trong m nhc cng khng km phn quan trng. To chocon em vng tin bc vo th gii m nhc Chm mt cch hnh din

v say sa. Mt khi con em bc vo ngnh m nhc, chng ta nnng h vi tinh thn v ti chnh cc em chuyn tm tp trung vo sla chn ca mnh. Khuyn khch nng v truyn cho h bit cmnhn nhng hi th, tinh hoa huyn diu ca Saranai, Baranang, Ceng,Ginang, lm thc tnh, lay ng nhng tm hn ca mi ngi Chmc thc v vn bo tn vn ha dn tc t ngn xa li.

.3. Nhng nhc cng, nhc c nhc s u t nn tp trung truyn dycho th h tr Chm.

Nhng ngh s tr ct u t chuyn lo hng nhng th h tr vonhng nhc c c trng ca dn tc. Truyn dy cho h c nhng chi lm quen vi nhng iu nhc cu trc c bn ca nhc cu truynthng Chm nh cc ragam cua Ginang, Saranai... khisau ny khi trthnh nhng nhc s chuyn nghip h s vn dng nhng m hng tittu c trng ca nn m nhc dn tc mt cch tinh t mi m nhngvn mang m cht t giai iu Chm. Trong vn biu din nhc ctruyn thng ca dn tc, chng tann t cu hi rng ngy nay bao

nhiu ngi thanh nin bit thi Saranai, v Baranang hay nh Ginang.Bao nhiu ngi bit sng tc nghin cu nhc dn ca c truyn Chm.Lnh vc ny b lng qun v hnh nh khng ai ngh n hay nhcn bao gi. L thanh nin Chm t nht cng nn bit chi mt nhc cno mai kia cc bc trng lo tin bi khng cn na, th th hthanh nin thay th h trn con ng lu gi pht trin ngh thut mnhc dn tc.

.4. Tm mi bin php xch li gn vi m nhc Chm nu c th .

Ti cng bit rt iu ny rt kh cho thanh nin chng ta khi ang sngtrong mt x hi hin i. Nht l lnh vc m nhc th cng thm t hnbao gi. Bi v cc bn tr cng nh bn thn ti lc no cng b vnho Vit, vn ho hin i ha cng nh b li cun mnh lit. m nhcVit hin hu khp mi ni nh hng rt mnh m trong chng ta. Khixem ti vi, khi i ra qun gii kht, khi ra siu th Chng ta ton nghe


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nhng nhc Vit cho nn lm cho chng ta khng cn ngh ti th loinhc Chm. Nhc m t khi hay him hoi c nghe. Bi vy n lm chochng ta ca c cm gic nh xa l. Chng ta hy c gng xch li gnhn n vi nhc c truyn. n vi nhng ging ht khng chuyn t

nhng vng t kh cn si . H ht bng nc mt, bng tri tim,bng tnh yu mnh lit chy bng pht sinh t lng thng yu t m,t qu tim ang th tri v qu kh vi mt kho tng m nhc Chmang i vo qun lng. Hy tr v ngun gi li thi xa xa y, kho tng y ng bmai mt cc bn ... D chng ta nghe nhc Vitnhng chng ta ng t ra qu xa l i vi nhc chng ta. Hy yu lyn nh yu nhng git nc cui cng trn sa mc mnh mng ny.

2.5 To sn chi lnh mnh qua nhng t thi tuyn la ti nng m

nhcChm mi nm.Hng nm chng ta nn to sn chi lnh mnh bng nhng t thituyn la nhng sng tc mi vi mong mun ng gp nhiu hn tronglnh vc m nhc o to v pht trin ngun nhn lc cho nn m nhcChm. T khuyn khch v to iu kin cho nhng ti nng m nhctr Chm nhm nng cao k nng v hc hi tr thnh nhng ngh sthc th trong tng lai. Cn nhng hc bng h tr ti nng tr mnhc Chm bt u t nm ti vi nhng sut hc bng cho cc em hc

sinh, sinh vin cla chn vo nghnh m nhc.Cui Cng chng ta nn su tm li nhng tc phm sng tc hay co ca dn tc t xa n nay tht truyn lu lc u . Ghi chpli v ph bin rng ri trong mi chng ta. Cc nh nghin cu hy bcng su tm u nhng tc phm gi tr ang ph bi mt cch oanun ph bin cho gii tr.3. Li ktThc trng mt s vn m nhc Chm hin nay nh trn. V tin v tng lai ca m nhc dn tc, chng ta hy cng chung tay, gp sclm sao m nhcChm vc dy trong i sng hm nay. Lm saongy nay m nhc chng ta va gia c cht truyn thng, va phttrin i ln mang yu t hin i, snh cng vi m nhc cc dn tckhc trn th gii. Lm c nhng iu m chng ta lit k nh trnth mi hy vng 5-1 nm sau trong mi dp l hi Kat, Rija Nagar


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chng ta mi c th gi c nhng dn ca dn v va truyn thng vahin i. Nu khng di dn m nhc ca ngi Chm cn mong manhnh hin nay s vt mt trong tm tay chng ta trong vi nm ti. Chngta hy bt tay vo ngay by gi ko chm tr khng cn kp trong hi

tic. Hy trn qi gi gn v pht huy nhng g cn tuy t t v munmng cn hn khi n mt i ri khng bao gi tim thy li m u su,ni tic..


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Thm Mt Ma Kat Trn X L Qu Ngi

Dng Chi Mai

Ln u tin ti n d Kat Hoa K vo nm 6. Lc y tich l du khch n ving x C Hoa. Nhng git nc mt khng chus giam cm ri t do hino, ti chng hay. Ch ti cho cp mt bnhe i v chng n. H chng c bao nhiu nhn lc, li chng c thigian. Th m h t chc c nhng bui l Kat v cng longtrng. V sao? Bi tm chn tnh lun hng v c quc.iu ng khm phc l h chng n ng s xa xi, lun tm n hit ngy Kat ni vin x. Gia nh ch ng ChnhAnh l mt minh

chng xc thc. Nm no h cng v Cali, ni c xem nh LngChm trn t M. Tin v my bay khng phi l t cho c i gia nhvich mt mc ch l c mt trong ngy Kat, ngy hi ca dn tc.

Nhn h lng i trong giy pht mc nim, ni xao xuyn trong ti cngtng thm. Vy m khi ti qu nh ch bit cng kin v n ung.

Ti tham d c hai ni San Jose v Sacramento, mi ni mi scthi. Mt bn mang v cch tn, mt bn m mu sc c truyn. Nhnchung, h dc ht ni nh qu hng vo s bo tn ngy Kat trngi. Nh s c gng gi gn phong tc ca cc bc cha ch, m tr conmi bit ngy l Kat l g. V dn dn chng cng hn hoan ch nngy Kat nh nhng ngy l khc ni min t tm dung. Hy vngrng h s khng mi mt chn bc trc nhng li ch trch v ti v,khng nhn vo chiu su tm hn ca nhng k tha hng . Hy gngi ngy Katd vi bt k hnh thc no con chu chng ta cnnhn thc c v hnh nh ca Thp Thing Dn Tc.

Li thm na, ma Kat ni vin x

Xin chc mng, ngy l hi Champa.ng ch nh, d cn nhiu khim khuyt.Hy v tha, ghi khc nhng im u.Khng gian khc hn , thi gian chng Bi mu sinh ni x l qu ngi.

Nhng h vn tm ti trong khao kht .


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gi gn hnh nh ca Thp ThingHng tm khm ca n con tr.Lun nh v ngy hi t: KAT


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Chn dung tht v Khu LinJa Intan

Nhng ai quan tm n Lch s Vng quc Champa nh nhng nh shc hoc nhng ngi Champa yu thch tm hiu v ci ngun dn tcu bit nhn vt Khu Lin. Ngi l ngi lnh o dn v qunhuyn Tng Lm thuc nh Hn Trung Hoa) cng ng dy p ch thng tr h nh Hn thnh lp nc Lm p vo nm 1 saucng nguyn, tin thn Champa sau ny.

Theo s liu c Trung Hoa Hu Hn th, Lu Long truyn, M Vintruyn) ghi li, ngi huyn Tng Lm lun chng i li chnh schcai tr ca nh Hn do cc quan li cai tr rt h khc nh thu thu cao vthu cc vt phm triu cng qu him nh vng, bc, sng t, ng voi,hng liu v.vlm cho cuc sng ngi dn rt c cc v lm than.

Nn mt khi Khu Lin ku gi ng dy chng li ch cai tr ca nhHn ginh c lp, t ch cho dn tc mi ngi dn lc by gi unhit thnh hng ng.

Vy Khu Lin l ai? Nhng trc khi tm hiu v Khu Lin thit ngh

chng ta th im li nhng din bin trc cuc khi ngha ca KhuLin ginh c lp, t ch cho dn tc.

***Theo nh nghin cu Bnh Nguyn Lc, vng t Champa c lThanh Ha, Ngh An ngy nay qun Cu Chn v Nht Nam) do vuaHng em qun chinh phc lp nn nh nc Vn Lang ?---85 trcCng nguyn/trang 860-861 Ngun gc M Lai ca dn tc Vit, Bnh

Nguyn Lc).

***L Bc c v Dng Bc Ty Hn 111 trc Cng nguyn) vM Vin ng Hn 5 trc Cng Nguyn 220 sau Cng Nguyn) xp nhp phn t ca ngi Tng Lm voqun Nht Nam. Do ging ni ngi vng Thanh Ha v Ngh An vn cn mang m trmngn ng ni Champa. Theo cc nh ngn ng hc, qua ngn ng chng


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ta c th i su n 6 nm trong qu kh tm hiu mt tc ngino .Do ngi Champa lun lun tin nh i Vit thu hi li phnt mt m s liu Vit Nam cho l ngi Champa thng hay quy

nhiu i Vit ly c xm chim Champa.

Cc cuc ni dy ca ngi dn Tng Lm theo s liu Trung Hoa :

***Ma h nm 1, hn . dn Tng Lm ni ln ph n, tthnh, git mt s quan qun cai tr. Chnh quyn h phi huy ngqun ca cc qun huyn khc n dp, git c ch tng, cuc nilon mi tm yn. T chnh quyn nh Hn khng dm c hip mt

cch th bo dn c ti y nhng t vng t ny di quyn cai trtrc tip, do mt binh trng s cm u, phng nhng cuc ni lonsau ny.

***Nm 136, khong 1. dn Tng Lm ni ln chng li s cai trca nh Hn v nh chim huyn Tng Lm, h t thnh v gittrng li huyn trng). Nm sau th s Giao Ch l Phn Din phiiu hn 1. binh s t hai qun Giao Ch v Cu Chn xung n pnhng tht bi. Thay v i dp lon, on qun ny li phi hp vi dnqun Tng Lm chng li v chim ng mt s thnh quch khctrong qun, quan qun ng Hn phi rt lui khi huyn Tng Lm.

***Nm 138, Gi Xng, quan th ng s nh Hn i s pha Nam, cng vi cc quan thi th trong qun Nht Nam gom qun dp nhngcuc ni lon huyn Tng Lm.Sau gn mt nm, tt c u tht bi,v h cn b qun a phng bao vy hn c nm tri. T nh Hnmt tin tng m quan qun a phng v ch tin dng quan qun t

Trung Hoa a xung. Nm sau Hn Thun sai tng C Xng huyng 4. qun cc chu Kinh, Dng, Duyn, D xung n pcuc ni dy. C Xng b qun ni lon nh bi, nh Hn sai mttng khc l L C mang vin binh tip tr nhng L C vin cc l do hon binh. Cuc tin qun b dng li v L C lp k sch nh sau :


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-Ly gin ni b nhng ngi ni lon bng cch mua chuc nhng lnhcha a phng nhm lm suy yu tim lc ca dn qun Tng Lm.-Trnh can thip bng qun s vo tranh chp cc b ca ngi a

phng.

-Ch li mt quan li ngi a phng thay mt thin triu cai tr.-Vn lnh o a phng cho ngi a phng chn ly, ngithng cuc c thin triu tn phong.-Quan cai tr a phng phi l mt lnh cha thn phc thin triu.-Tc Vng Hu dnh cho ngi nh Hn) v Lit Th ngi a

phng).

***Nm 144, dn qun Nht Nam v huyn Tng Lm li ni ln

chng li ch cai tr ca nh Hn, nhng b th s H Phng nh bi.

***Trong nhng nm, t 157 n 16, huyn Tng Lm khong. ngi) tin ln nh qun Hn v chim nhiu thnh tr cahuyn Tng Lm v qun Nht Nam.

***Nm 181 Hn vng c L i mang qun sang nh dp.n i Hn S Bnh 1-13), nhn ni tnh Trung Hoa ri lon, dnTng Lm ni ln git th s Chu Ph v chim huyn thnh.

Vi nm sau, nm 1, dn c Tng Lm li ni ln git huyn lnhhuyn trng) v tn Khu Lin, con mt quan cng to x trng ngynay) a phng, ln lm vua. Khu Lin t tin xn mt phn lnh thcc nam ca qun Nht Nam v huyn Tng Lm thnh lp mt vngquc ring t tn l Lm p.

Vy Khu Lin l ai?

-V tn gi Khu Lin, c rt nhiu tranh ci. S sch Trung Hoa vit tnv vua u tin ca Lm p l Khu Lin, c sch vit l Khu Qu, Khut hay Khu Vng.-Theo Vit Nam S Lc ca Trn Trng Kim, dng 6,7,8 v 9 trang58, trch : n cui i nh Hn, c ngi huyn Tng Lm tn l KhuLin git huyn lnh i, ri t xng lm vua, gi l nc Lm p. Dng


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di Khu Lin tht truyn, bi vy chu ngoi l Phm Hng ln ninghip.Theo hai cliu trn, chng ta nhn thy Khu Lin l tn ring ca nhlnh o ngi huyn Tng Lm.

-Tuy nhin cng theo s liu Trung Hoa vo nm 137, cc quan hnh Hn gi qun phn lon Ty Quyn Qung Bnh) l "r KhuLin". Nh vy Khu Lin ch l tn gi chung nhng ngi khng cngvn ha vi ngi Hn, pha nam Giao Ch Nh Hn gi l r hoc mandi).

-Trch theo s liu Trung Hoa, trong Le Royaume de Champa, M.

Georges Maspro, trang 4, dng 14, 15 v 16 xut hin u tin chKhu Lin, trch : Cest en 137, seulement quils donnent, pour lapremire fois un renseignement prcis. En cette anne, disaientils, lesKiu-lien, peuple barbare dau del des frontires de Siang-lin duJenanDa vo hai chng c ni trn, chng ta nhn thy l ngi Khu Linch khng phi l tn ring ca mt c nhn lnh o ngi huynTng Lm.

-Theo Jeanne Leuba (Un Royaume disparu_ Les Chams et leur Art / xb13). Jeanne Leuba cng da trn ti liu Trung Hoa, vo nhng thpnin cui th k , mt ngi huyn Tng Lm git ngi Huyn lnhri t xng lm vua nc Lm p tr.4)

Qua nhiu i chiu gia cc ti liu c s Trung Hoa, Php v Vitchng ta c th hiu tht s Khu Lin khng phi l tn gi ring cangi no c m l tc v ca mt tc trng lnh cha hay vua),

chuyn m t ngn ng ng Nam c t ch "Kurung", l cchgi mt cch knh trng ca ngi Tng Lm i vi ngi c ngi vcao nht trong mt nh ch tp th ngi Chm c thi y tng ngvi qun, huyn ngy nay. Chng ta cng nn bit rng ngn ng TrungHoa trong thi k ny c nhiu hn ch trong vic phin m cc tnngoi quc cng nh ch Varman ca ngi Champa t ting Phn,


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c ngha l tc tc trng, lnh cha hay vua ch khng phi l hPhm hin nay vn cn tn ti cc phin m Hn Vit kh hiu nhnhng tn nc nh Argentina l Cn nh, Afganistan l A PhHn).

Nm 1, mt phn t u tin thuc Trung Hoa, Tng Lm l tinthn vng quc Champa c ra i, vi tn gi Lm p cch phtm Vit ha t ch Lin-yi) di s lnh o ca mt Khu Lin m ucuc u tranh ginh c lp, t ch dn tc. thc c lp, t ch btngun t y v c tip ni bi cc v vua Champa sau ckhng nh vi mt nh nc Champa Nagar Champa) c th bao

phen b nh Hn, Tn, Tng, Ty v.v khng ngng tin nh thu

hi li nhng tht bi bi ch u tranh bt khut ca dn, qun v vuacha Champa.

Theo s liu thnh vn c c, t nm 1 n nm 1, gn hai th kxuyn sut ngi Tng Lm cng nh lnh o Khu Lin khngngng u tranh vi nh Hn ginh c lp v t ch cho dn tc ducho L C tng nh Hn nh Tng Lm nm 138) c khn kho thno i na, ch ginh t ch c lp cho dn tc vn khng ngng vthng li cui cng thnh cng sau gn nm u tranh. Trc ai bit c l h vn lun u tranh mt khi lnh th b xm chim bicc dn tc khc

Lm p, mt bin c lch s cho n nay gn nh khng mt s gia VitNam no, cc nc ln cn hay cc nh s hc trn th gii no quantm n bin c Lm p. C l nhiu ngi cho rng Lm p khngquan trng v khng dnh lu hoc khng lin quan trc tip n tnc h. Cn i vi Vit Nam, phi chng l mt t nc th ch vo

giai on chin tranh gia bn, nay l ngi chin thng v xmchim Champa nn khng mun nhc n chng?Tt c u sai lm. Cuc ni dy ca ngi Lm p l mt bin c lchs trng i, nh du s m u giai on u tranh ginh c lp canhng dn tc b p bc v b ct chc bi ch h ca ngi Hn.y l ln u tin trong lch s Trung Hoa, mt lnh th t di


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quyn kim sot, cai tr trc tip ca thin triu t tch ra v tuyn bc lp.S kin ny tri vi nguyn tc t chc chnh quyn ca ngi TrungHoa lc by gi, v t th k th hai trc cng nguyn tr i, di thi

nh Hn, nguyn tc trung ng tp quyn l nn tng chnh sch caitr bt di bt dch ca ngi Trung Hoa, khng c ngoi l. Giao Ch,

Nht Nam vTng Lm thi l mt phn lnh th Trung Hoa, ccquan cai tr u do thin triu trc tip ch nh, mi ly khai hay ttr u b trng tr thch ng.Mc ch ca chnh sch trung ng tp quyn ny l gi gn v bo vs ton vn lnh th v ging ni Hn tc, ngi Hn khng chp nhn

bt c mt pha trn tp chng ngoi chng tc Hn vi nhau.

Theo s liu Trung Hoa, chng ta bit rng nh Tn c cng thng nhtdn tc Trung Hoa cn nh Hn nh ng, dp Bc, nh Nam mrng cng vc mt nc Trung Hoa rng ln.

Tr v vi Lm p, khi thnh lp vng quc ring c l ngi lnh oKhu Lin khng c nh tch ri nh hng vn minh v vn haTrung Hoa, nhng vi thi gian quyt tm tch ri khi qu o TrungHoa ngy cng r nt. S d c s on tuyt ny l v t chc chnh trx hi ca ngi Hoa khng cn ph hp vi nn tng chnh tr x hiChampa na v nu cn lin h vi nh Hn l tr li vi vic b hv cng np. Hn na vo thi k ny, thng nhn v tu s n giao tip mt thit vi ngi Champa sinh sng ven bin min Trung.Khi li ch thun bum xui gi tr v qu c, nhng ngi n ny truyn cho gii qu tc a phng vn minh v vn ha ca h, vng nhin truyn lun c cch thc t chc x hi. Hn na ngi ncng l ng chng C M Lai nn d thng hiu nhau.Khc vi ngi Trung Hoa, t chc x hi ngi n da trn nguyn

tc tn quyn v phn quyn, ph hp vi np sng v c nguyn t trca ngi a phng nn rt c a chung.c im ca ngi nl khng dng bo lc p t vn ha hay uy quyn chnh tr camnh trn nhng x hi khc, km hn, m cc thn ho a phngt nguyn lm thay, sau khi hp th vn minh v vn ha ca n .


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C l vo giai on ny cng xy ra s tranh chp gia vn ha TrungHoa v n trong ni b Champa v s vic ng ng sau khi KhuLin lnh cha dng nc Lm p) qua i, ch Phn c Sanskrit,mt loi ch vit xut pht t min nam n cch y hn .

nm) tr thnh ch vit chnh thc ca cc triu vng. Cc bia k tmc trong giai on ny u khc bng ch Phn. Quc th trao i caChampa vi Trung Hoa thi c vit bng ch "H" ch ca ncH Tn Tinh, tc ch Phn) thay v ch Hn, c th di thi PhmHng, Phm Dt v Phm Vn, s Lm p dng "ch vit H" trongvn th trao i vi Trung Hoa. Vn ha n , t pha Nam a ln,tr thnh vn ha ca cc triu vng Champa. Theo s liu Trung Hoav cc hc gi ngi Php, o B La Mn v o Pht c ph bin

rng ri trong cc vng triu Champa, ln t nh hng o Khng vo Lo ca vn ha Trung Hoa li trong vng quc. Cng nn bitth cng ng b v cc v thn trong nng nghip l tn ngng dn gianca ngi bn a.Trong khi sut thi Bc thuc, i b phn gii "qu tc" Lc VitLc hu v Lc tng) ngi Kinh b khut phc bi vn minh v vnha do ngi Hn mang li, h hp tc vi ngi Hn trong vicqun tr t nc, ng nhin nhng a v thp hn. Nhng cucnidy chng li chnh sch cai tr h khc v mun tch khi vn minh vvn ha ca ngi Hn, phn ln u do ngi Mng Hai B Trngnm 4 v B Triu nm 48 sau Cng nguyn) v ngi gc Nam oMai Thc Loan nm 7 sau Cng nguyn) khi xng. Nhng cucni dy ca ngi Kinh nh L B, Triu Quang Phc, L Pht T thk 6 v 7), Phng Hng v Dng Thanh th k 8), Khc Tha M vDng nh Ngh th k 1) - u xut pht t ng c bt mn canhng ngi cng tc vi cc quan thi thkhng c u i hn l ch ginh c lp hay mun tch khi nh hng ca ngi Trung Hoa.

D sao bin c Lm p cng l lun gi mi, s c lp v t ch chogii cm quyn v qu tc Lc Vit thi by gi. Ch n thi NgQuyn ch c lp ca ngi Vit mi r nt nhng ngi Kinh lixem ngi Champa l i th, nn khng ngng phn bit i x vvn ha khc bit v uy hip h trong sut thi k t ch, qun hn qu


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kh cng chung s phn b Trung Hoa h. C th l thi th TchQuang qun Giao Ch i vua Bnh nh Ty Hn, thi th NhmDin qun Cu Chn i vua Kin V nh ng Hn, c hai ng cai trdn c nhn c, lo vic khai ha, dy dn lm theo iu l ngha nn

c ngi dn hai qun rt knh phc nh n v lp n th,v.v...(dng 9 -8 trang 48 Vit Nam S lc ca Trn Trng Kim). K cngy nay chng ta vn cn thy u du n Trung Hoa trong vn haVit.

Lnh th Vng quc Champa vo th k XV chnh tr, cc v vua Champa u gn ghp tn mnh vi thn linh,thng l vi Siva cn gi l svara) c c quyn cai tr t nc.Uy quyn vua th hin qua ci lng mu trng m dn gian khng cdng. Ph t nh vua l cc quan li trung ng v a phng, c

phn chia thnh ba hng : ng u l hai v Tn quan senapati vtapatica-hai t tng v v vn), k l thuc quan gm ba hng : Lun a

inh dandavaso bhatah-tng ch huy cm v), Ca lun tr danaypinang, quan hu tru) v t tha gi lan yuvaraja-k vng), sau cngl Ngoi quan quan li a phng). Qun lc Lm p khong t 4n 5. ngi, gm k binh, tng binh v thy binh.


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Ni tm li qua gn nm u tranh chng nh Hn, dn qun TngLm cng ngi lnh o Khu Lin cui cng thng li, lp nn mtnh nc Lm p l tin thn mt nc Champa Nagar Champa) sauny. Qua nhng nm thng u tranh dai dn h xng ng c mt

Champa t do, mt nh nc vi nh ch c lp vi vng triu TrungHoa. T t chc x hi, qun i, ngoi giao, vn ha v.v ca mt nhnc t ch, tch khi nh hng mt nc phong kin Trung Hoa hngmnh l s thc c lp v t ch sm c hnh thnh ni ngilnh o dn Tng Lm v cng do s cai tr h khc v bc lt tnkhc ca cc quan cai tr nh Hn. ng thi cc on thng nhn n v cc tu s n gio cng nh Pht Gio n Champa rt smcng gp phn lm tng thm sc mnh ch u tranh ginh c lp v

ch quyn t quyt nh trong vic giao thng cc sn vt qu himem li nhiu li nhun thay v phi triu cng cho cc vng triuTrung Hoa.

Sch v cc bi vit tham kho :-Vit Nam S lc ca Trn Trng Kim.-Le Royaume de Champa ca M. Georges Maspro.-Lch s Champa theo truyn thuyt, ngn ng v S liu Trung Hoa(No name).-Le Vieux An Tinh ca Hippolyte Le Breton.-Un Royaume disparu_ Les Chams et leur Art (Jeanne Leuba)


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Chm Th Ch M Lan(trch trong tp th Du Chn V Ngun)

----------o0o----------

CNH CHIM LC LOI

i nhng cnh chim thahng lc loiChng bit u b bn

V nh t mun phngMi cnh mt nhoi

Trong u m

Khng cn nh li mn ngi nh cRi mt ngy, c lTnh gic m

Nhng cnh chim ln tm v t mK li chuyn xa sng kh mt iBao ni tha hng ni chng cn li

Ta thm hiu qua qung thm khe mtVt v sau cn au

Khi ta nhn ra nhauNhn ra chnh bn thn ta qua ting gi thm t tT nhng bc chn xa tng chu nhiu lun lc

Rng: Sng chng ngha g khi chi b yu thng.

(Photo from facebook)


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P M CHI EMCh M Lan

Chim n iTo ha ban chi em nhan scKiu sa, th di vi u huyn

Cho ngi trn gian khao kht thm thungEm - cong ng cong t nng min TrungT Harek Kah xung tn Bai Gaordim l

K ct ngi chia lm qu snh lRi chng cn manh o che thn

p lm chi emCho m lng tri toan tnh tranh ginhCho v git chng khi cha trn ngha

Cho cht ngt ti tham ca k bi tnh.

(Photo: from facebook)


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RU CONChM Lan

Anh ru bng vn th Glang AnakEm ru bng my khc dn ca

Anh dy con nh vn K Kh G GhEm nui con bng dng sa qu mnhAnh k con nghe bao anh hng lit nEm dy con vi iu ma Biyen, Tiong

Mai con ln ta a v c qunCho con hc yu thng mnh t dn ta

Nu con hi Po Chm u h m?M s a con ln cm thp ven iRi con hi sao nc non hng v

Li bin mt nh bt nc my tri?Khng con i Linh hn Chm vn sng

u y trong tim thc nht nha u di o di khn ng

Dng mu Chm vn cun chy chan ha

Trong ting ru hi Nam Ai x HuTrong mt m trang s tin nhnTrong mt ngi mang ging n, Ma, Tr, Ch

Sng m thm sut di t min TrungNhng con i, hy khi khn ln

Con s hiu su hn s phn Chim ThnhNgy mai con l bc vo bin xanh

tng lai con lt sang trang s mi.(Photo: Facebook)


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TA MI NA VICh M Lan

Thi gian tri, dng i c chyThng vi nm tip ni

C ngha chi thong chc i ngiTrm nm ta v ct bi

Ch c thp mi tr tr mt cic c ngn i

ring ta u m na vi trong kip sngna vi cho tt c

Thi gian tri, ta c na viNa vi cng danh, na vi trang vitNa vi c ch K Kh G Gh , Ai

Ni chng ra hn ting m - du mt cuc cha ht trang Paoh Catuai m mt tri tt

Thi gian ttDng i tri, ta th c kht

Ngy mai


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DU NHAU ICh M Lan

Qu qung trm nm trong bng ti mt mBc chn lc nhau - lng ngi lc nhauRi mt hm, x mn m - ng dy

Li lm li ko nhau iXut pht t nhng chn tri khc l

Gp nhau, h ni vi nhau bng ngn t xa lChng ai hiu ai - chng ai bit ai mun g

V h ni - nh ni vo khong rngNm tan khng gian en

p nt tm hn trngV b c ang m gic m to ln

Mu chy - l mu anh emH chong thc, nh thc dy t gic mTi sao? Ti sao? - mt ging ni m h

Vy h li - h cng du nhau vo bnh vinH cn c truyn mu - v h th mu

Chnh l mu anh em!

Gia au n tt cng, h nhn ra nhauTing ni nhn ra ting ni, bn tay nm li bn tay

V h khc nh th cha tng khc.


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Thnh a M Sn trong dng lch sVng uc Champa

Putra Jatrai

1.Khi ut Thnh a M SnT nm 1 n nm 183 trong khong 16 nm tn ti Vng qucChampa li bit bao cng trnh kin trc k v dc khp minTrung Vit Nam, ni n Champa l ni n nhng ngn Thp Chm cknh, ru phong y b n, b n t phong thi kin trc, k thut xydng, vt liu xy dng v c cht kt dnh to nn nhng khi thphng v.

Trong cc n i kin trc k v yphi ni n thnh a M Sn,thnh a M Sn thuc x Duy Ph, huyn Duy Xuyn, tnh Qung

Nam, cch Tp. Nng 6km, cch th x Hi An 4km v cch thnhcSimhapura-Tr Kiu 3km.

Thnh a M Sn l t hp gm nhiu n i ca vng quc Champac xy dng lin tc qua nhiu th k, bt u t th k th V v ktthc vo cui th k th X trong vng tiu quc Champal Amaravati. M Sn nm lt trong mt thung lng nh c ng knhkhong km, c bao quanh bi ni i, ch c mt li vo duy nht lcon ng c o nm gia hai qu i v mt con sui chn ngangtrc mt con ng vo thung lng.

u nm 185 thnh a M Sn c nh khoa hc ngi Php l ngM.C.Paris pht hin ra. Mi nm sau cc nh khoa hc mi bt uthc hin cuc pht quang, nghin cu khu di tch ny. Sut 4 nm uth k XX M Sn thu ht s ch ca nhiu nh khoa hc Php.


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Nm 1, ti phin hp ln th 3, Khu di tch thnh a M Sn c y ban Di sn Th gii ca UNESCO cng nhn l Di sn Vnha Th gii.

2.M Sn trong dng lch s vng uc Champa

i vi vng quc Champa c xa thnh a M Sn l vng t linhthing, vng t ca thn linh ti thng, vng t bt kh xm phmi vi cc vua cha v hong tc Champa, mi nin i tr v ca ccvua cha Champa th mi n th c dng ln chng minh cho th

gii quan tm linh rng h l ch ca Vng quc, c trch nhim thphng v bo v s an ton cho vng thnh a M Sn.

(Thnh a M Sn)

2.1 Vua Bhadravarman ngi sng lp ra M Sn

Vo th k th V sau cng nguyn SCN) vua Bhadravarman l ngi sng lp ra M Sn, pht hin ny c tm thy trong bia k ca M


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Sn c vit bng ting Phn ng Sanskrit), theo s liu c TrungQuc l Phm Pht. t lng thnh knh vi thn Shiva vuaBhadravarman cho xy dng n Bhadresvara M Sn, dng cvng t ny cho v thn Shiva ti thng v vng t M Sn tr

thnh thnh a ca Vng quc Champa sau ny.

2.2 Vua Sambhuvarman khi phc M Sn v ngi nBhadresvara b thiu ri.

Sau th k tn ti ngi n Bhadresvara b thiu ri trong mt trn

ha hon ln. Theo mt s hc gi Php cho rng, ngi n Bhadresvarac xy dng bng vt liu g nn sau trn ha hon ln ngi n bthiu ri hon ton ch cn li ph tch l bia k ca vua Bhadravarman,ngi dng cng vng t M Sn cho thn Shiva v xy dng ngin Bhadresvara.

Bia k M Sn cn cho bit Vua Sambhuvarman Phm Ch ) l ngi c cng khi phc, trng tu li ngi n v cn cho xy dng thm

ngi n Sambhubhadresvara.

2.3 Vua Prakasadharma v vua lm p thnh a M Sn

Nm 653 vua Prakasadharma ln ngi ly nin hiu l Vikrantavarman ,ngi tr v n nm 685. K v Prakasadharma cng l mt v vua lynin hiu l Vikrantavarman , tr v n nm 731. Trong sut mt thk di s tr v ca hai v vua k trn t nc Champa sng trongthanh bnh, thnh tr v cng l hai v vua c cng rt ln trong vic gngi v lm cho khu thnh a M Sn ca vng quc Champa giu vp thm. Cng bt u t v vua Prakasadharma hnh thc dng cngmi xut hin l dng cng nhng Kosa cho thn Shiva dng bc


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Linga hay Mukha-Linga. Sau thi vua Prakasadharma, vic dng cngKosa tr thnh phong tc rt ring trong tn gio Champa. V sau nyKosa tr thnh mt th loi ngh thut c trng ca nn ngh thut cChampa.

2.4 Vng triu Indrapura, triu i xy dng nhiu n th ln M Sn.

Theo cc nh nghin cu phn ln nhng cng trnh kin trc hin cn M Sn u l nhng n thp c xy dng vo th k th X v c

chung mt phong cch thng nht gi chung l phong cch M Sn A1,hn th cc n thp thuc phong cch M Sn A1 a phn u lnhng cng trnh kin trc thuc loi ln v c nhiu kiu dng so vinhng n thp c xy dng trc .

Cui th k th X mt vng triu hng mnh ca Champa hnh thnhv tn ti trong mt thi giandi, c mt th k l vng triuIndrapura.

Nm 875 vng triu ndrapura Qung Nam ngy nay) c hnhthnh, ngi sng lp l vua ndravarman , l v vua rt tn sng Phtgio, cho nn ng cho xy dng cc n Pht gio ni ting ngDng hin nay. Trong sut mt th k tn ti vng triu ndrapura cho xy dng rt nhiu n th n gio cng nh n thp Phtgio. Nhng cng trnh kin trc cng nhng tc phm iu khc cn

li M Sn phn ln thuc cui th k X v th k X, u thucphong cch ngh thut ng Dng v M Sn A1.


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2.5 Vua Harivarman IV, v vua ti thit M Sn t hoang tn nt.

T nm 7 n 174 vng quc Champa pha Bc xy ra cc cucchin tranh lin min vi i Vit, nm 8 vua L i Hnh c mton binh thin chin sang nh ph lnh th Champa, ph hy kinhthnh ndrapura. Nm 88 ngi dn Champa ni dy chng s timquyn ca Lu K Tng, nm 144 vua L Thi Tng ch thn cmqun chinh pht Champa, kt qu thnh Bn b tht th v mt phndn chng Champa b tn st.

c tr t do, nm 16 vua Rudravarman chp nhn trao ivi i Vit phn t pha Bc ca Champa, nm giaca Honh Snv o Lao Bo thuc khu vc Qung Bnh v Qung Tr ngy nay. Saungy tr v vua Rudravarman tip tc tr v vng quc Champa nnm 174. Gn mt th k chin tranh lin tc lm cho vng qucChampa tan hoang suy yu, t ai b thu hp li v thnh a M Sncng b tn ph nng n trong gn mt th k lon lc.

Vo nm 174 hong t Thang ln nm chnh quyn, ngi ln ngi vuavi tn hiu l Harivarman V, sau khi ln ngi ngi tin n NagaraChampa tc M Sn) v khi phc li ngi n Srisanabhadresvara nt.

Bia k D3 vit :Thy n th ca thn ti cao Srisanabhadresvara b

tn ph, ngi khi phc li ngi n ny cng tt c nhng ngi nkhc m cc v vua trc kia cng cho thn Srisanabhadresvara, ngicai qun mi vt. Ngi dng li nhng ngi n khc, nhng n thnh v nhng cng trnh khc trong lnh a ca Srisanabhadresvara vlm cho chng tr nn p hon ho.


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C th thy di thi Harivarman V vng quc Champa tr nn giuc, cn M Sn th tr nn thnh vng nh trc y.

2.6 M Sn c xy dng v tn to sau triu i Harivarman IV.

Sau khi vua Harivarman V qua i ngi v c trao truyn cho con lhong t Vak hiu l Sri Jaya ndravarman , v mi ln ngi c tui nn hong t Vak b hong thn ph trut v a ch ca hong tVak ln thay hiu l Sri Paramabodhisatva.

Mt bi minh khc trn chic ct M Sn cho bit Vua SriParamabodhisatva ln ngi nm 181 l mt v vua tr v hon ho, ngi cho dng cc Linga th thn Shiva M Sn, ri dng cng vng

bc, tru, b, n l, v y phc cho thn Shiva

2.7 Vua Jaya Paravesmaravarman II, v vua cui cng tu b MSn

Nm 11 qun i Campuchia tn cng Champa, cuc chin ko din nm 17 th qun i Campuchia hon ton kim sot Champa, sau a mt ph vng ln nm chnh quyn vng t Champa b chimng. Mi n nm 16 vng quc pha Nam Champa mi ginhc c lp, vua Jaya Paravesmaravarman ln ngi sau 3 nm bqun i Khme chim ng. Sau khi ln ngi, nm 134 vua

Paravesmaravarman n M Sn, ti y ngi cho phc dng litt c ngi n b ph hy, dng li Linga, dng mt Kosa bng bcv cc vt dng bng vng, bc cho ngi n Srisanabhadresvara.


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Qua cc ti liu ca cc nh nghin cu cng cc bia k cn st li, ccnh khoa hc dch thut v cho rng vua Paravesmaravarman l vvua Champa cui cng n tn to v phc dng M Sn. Sau thi ktr v ca vua Paravesmaravarman , c th thy M Sn gn nh b cc

v vua ca vng quc Champa lng qun mt thi gian di v ch ncui th k XX M Sn mi c pht hin v ti sinh.

2.8 Thnh a M Sn b b ri v lng un trong dng lch sVng uc Champa.

Trong khong thi gian kh di M Sn hon ton b cc vuaChampa lng qun, th k th X nh du cho s chm dt v l lncui cng nhng ngi n M Sn c xy dng v tn to. Cc nhkhoa hc nghin cu M Sn-Champa cng b nhng iu quacc nin i nhng ngi thp v phong cch ngh thut M Sn.

S lng qun ca vua cha Champa i vi M Sn l do nhng cucchin tranh ko di v lin tc. i vi cc vua cha Champa phaBc, va phi lo dp lon nhng cuc vng dy ca tiu vng qucPanduranga pha Nam va phi lo i ph vi i Vit phng Bc.in hnh nm 14 vua ndravarman V c mt on qun sang dplon nhng cuc vng dy ti Panduranga. Nm 15 vua Trn ThiTng ch thn dn qun chinh pht Champa, v nhng cuc nh phtrn b bin Bc Vit v vng chu th Sng Hng ca qun iChampa. Nm 18 Champa b Mng C tn cng v t quyn cai trca mnh n nm 185.

Nm 187 vua Jaya Simhavarman ln ngi Ch Mn), nh du chomi tnh oan nghit v tht bi trong chnh tr ca Ch Mn vi nh Trnng thi, nm 136 hn nhn ca cng cha Huyn Trn-i Vit vivua Ch Mn-Champa c tin hnh v snh l l hai vng t Chu


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v Chu L Qung Tr v Tha Thin Hu hin nay) c dng choi Vit.

Nm 147 vua L Thnh Tng xua qun nh chim Champa, n nm1471 thnh Vijaya Bn) b tht th hon ton v b san bng. S thtth ca Vijaya nh du cho s suy tn ca nn vn minh n Gio trnvng quc Champa ng ngha vi vic bin gii Champa pha Bc

b thu hp, phi di sang mi Varella v dng ct mc trn ni BiaPh Yn). iu cho thy M Sn b mt hon ton quyn kimsot ca cc vua cha Champa sau ny, v k t cc bia k M Snkhng cn hin din na mi khi cc v vua Champa ln ngi v nhng

ngi n cng khng cn c xy dng hay phc hi qua cc nmthng chin tranh.

3. Tm uan trng, vn v gii php trng tu di tch M Sn

T khi c vinh danh l di sn vn ha th gii, mi nm M Sn n hng triu lt khch tham quan, c bit l khch quc t todoanh thu ng k cho nghnh dch v du lch Qung Nam ni ring vVit Nam ni chung.

Theo Thng tn x Vit Nam (Vietnamplus.vn) trong 6 thng u nm1 khu thnh a M Sn thu ht 811.000 lt khch quc t v587. lt khch ni a, doanh thu 6 thng u nm c t 61 tng, thu nhp x hi t du lch c t gn 1.5 t ng.

Theo Bo Qung Nam trong dp Tt Qy T, M Sn n 11.5lt khch tham quan, doanh thu trong ngy tt hn 1.5 t ng.


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C th thy cng vi Vnh H Long, Ph c Hi An hay C Hu ththnh a M Sn cng l tm im cho khch du lch cc nc ntham quan, nghin cu.

Ngoi tm quan trng trong vn l im nhn thu ht khch dulch, to doanh thu dch v, gp phn pht trin kinh t x hi a

phng th M Sn cn l di tch ngh thut c sc nht ca khu vcng Nam . Cc kin trc n thp M Sn tuy a phn khng cnnguyn vn nhng M Sn vn l c liu tt nht khai ph qutrnhpht trin, thnh vng v mt lch s v ngh thut ca Vngquc Champa c i.

S khai thc v du lch ca Thnh a M Sn lm kit sc nhngngi thp c trc nhng bn chn ca du khch tham quan, vn khaithc phi lun i i vi trng tu v bo tn nhng ngi thp c, liu ht sc cn thit m tt c cc b ngnh lm du lch phi bit v u

bit.

(Khch tham quan Thnh a M Sn)

Hng ngy vi hng trm lt khch tham quan, vi li nhun hngtrm triu ng mi ngy nh th th khng di g thnh a M Sn


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phi ng ca bo tn, trng tu. Vi tnh trng tham quan qu ti vogi cao im s khin n thp b nh hng dn n xung cp nghimtrng, ngoi ra cc h thng phng tin a n khch du lch vo qugn trung tm n thp s gy rung chn n a cht nn mng ca ton

b n thp.

c bit vo thng 1 hng nm, M Sn lun phi gnh chu nhngtrn l qut trn din rng, ton b cc n thp u nm trong thunglng vi bn knh km nn a phn cc n thp u b ngp ng t nathn n nguyn phn n thp gy nn lm r cc mch lin kt giacc vin gch, kt cu gch thp b mm, d v vn do b ngm nc lu

ngy dn n cc ngi thp c th b sp bt c lc no.

Do vy cc vn cn t ra l phi tng khong cch thi gian thamquan M Sn trnh qu ti gy nh hng n a cht nn mng caton b khu thnh a, cn khoanh vng trng rng phng h nhm

bo v mi trng xung quanh, chng xi mn, st l t, ti to cnhquan khu di tch, ng thi ngn chn dng nc l trn vo khu thnha vo ma ma.

u thng 11-1 mt d n trng tu, bo tn di tch M Sn ctrin khai do Vin Kho c hc n tin hnh vi kinh ph trng tu 3triu USD, hy vng vi kinh ph ln, s h tr ca k thut tin tincng vi kinh nghim ca cc Kin trc s, cc chuyn gia ca n gip , M Sn s c cu nguy khi nguy c bin thnh ph tch.


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Ti liu tham kho

Ch thch :Tn gi ca ngi n c ghp bng tn hiu ca vua v

hiu ca thn Shiva, svara l tn hiu ca thn Shiva c dng phbin Champa v cc nc nh hng n gio

Bhadresvara = Bhadravarman + Isvara ; Sambhubhadresvara =Sambhuvarman + Isvara

[1] Tham kho nternet

[] PGS.TS.Ng Vn Doanh -Thnh a M Sn

[3] PGS.TS.Ng Vn Doanh -Thnh a M Sn

[4] GS.TS P.B Lafont-Vng quc Champa a d dn c & Lch s

1. PGS.TS.Ng Vn Doanh -Thnh a M Sn, NXB Tr 6

2. NNC Trn K Phng-M Sn trong lch s ngh thut Chm,NXB Nng 18

3. J.C.Sharma-Thp Chm Vit Nam NXB Khoa hc-X hi, H Ni1992


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4. GS.TS P.B Lafont-Vng quc Champa a d dn c & Lch s-OC n hnh 1 bn in t

5. Mt s web-blog trn nternet.


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La ChimJa Intan

La l mt trong nm loi cy lng thc chnh bp, la m, khoai mv khoai ty) trn th gii v rt quan trng i vi c dn cc nc sdng go nu cm n hng ngy. Theo cc nh nng hc, trn th giihin nay, la c thun ha qua hai loi la c ngun gc t la Chu Oryza sativa) v la chu Phi Oryza glaberrima) bao gm khong 1loi cy la hoang di.T tin ca chi la Oryza l mt loi cy hoang di trn siu lc aGondwana cch y t nht khong 13 triu nm v pht tn rng khp

cc chu lc trong qu trnh tri dt lc a.Loi a nin sng ni m ly su khng bao gi cn, v ging hngnin sng m ly cn khng b ngp ng trong ma kh. c tnhchung ca loi la hoang ny l ht la rt hu min dormancy), vcy c quang-k-tnh mnh, ch pht hoa khi gp ma c ngy ngn.Mt c tnh chung khc l ht rt d rng shattering) khi ht sp hayva chn, ch cn lay ng nh l rt xung bn non, trn gi ch cn htxanh. vic thun ha ging hoang di thnh la canh tc c thc hin

mt cch c lp ti nhiu trung tm c dn ri rc Nam vng Nam Chu.

bi ny, chng ta ch cp n cy la Chu l chi la Oryzasativa. T tin la chu Oryza sativa l mt loi la hoang ph binOryza rufipogon c ngun gc ti khu vc xung quanh vng ng Nam. Hin nay y l ging la c gieo trng chnh lm cy lng thctrn khp th gii.Hn 1. nm trc, c dn ni y trng loi la nc v n

c xem nh l qu hng ca loi cy lng thc ny v ni y c mi iu kin v thi tit v kh hu pht trin ging la ny. cng l ni xut hin nn vn minh la nc v cn c th xem lmt trong nhng trung tm nng nghip u tin trn th gii.Champa l mt vng quc thuc vng ng Nam , cng c nhiuvng m ly ca cc con sng ra bin ng, cng vi kh hu v


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thi tit ph hp cho cc cy la hoang di pht trin. C dn ni y thun ha c ging la ngn ngy m ngy nay ngi Vit ng

bng Bc b hin nay cn canh tc v gi l la Chim v v ma nyc gi l ma la Chim.

Chng ta bit ng bng Bc b sng Hng c v la c truyn chnhl v la ma v v la chim. y chng ta ch ni n v la Chimm Chim y theo t nguyn l vit tt t t Chim Thnh. VChim ng bng Bc b ch xut hin khi c ging la xut x t tChim Thnh quen chu kh hu kh hn ca min Trung b, c ara Bc gieo cy vo ma t ma v ng xun) rt thch hp m trongdn gian cn lu truyn thnh ng Chim Nam ma Bc l vy.V la Chim xun thng c gieo trng vo ma kh tc l vo cui

thng 1 hoc u thng 11 Dng Lch), u v gia v thng gprt, cui v nng v bt u c ma ro v thu hoch vo cui thng 5.

Nu gieo trng vo cui thng 11 s thu hoch vo u thng 6 nm sau.Do ging la Chim c khnng chu rt, t phn ng hoc khng c

phn ng vi quang chu k v chim k lm ng rt cn cc yu tdng cht thin nhin, trong c cht c tocc ging la sm v tng i c Vit Nam c thi gian trc t20003 nm khng thy cghi li trong s sch, nn khng bit

c cn tn ti Vit Nam hay khng? Tuy nhin, c mt t s ging lac di ngn nm c ghi chp cn tn ti cho ti by gi. Ngoi ratheo sch Di vt ch, La Giao Ch mi nm trng hai ln v ma hv ma ng. Nhiu s sch Tu trong th k v cng ghi chpnh th.

Qua cc t liu su tm c c v m t ca cc nh khoa hc v laChim Thnh nh sau :

***Ging la Chim Champa rice), c canh tc t trc th k th1 trn phn lnh th Chim Thnh tc Min Trung hin nay), c chuk rt ngn, t gieo n gt 1-1 ngy, khng quang cm photo-insensitive) v t nhit cm less thermosensitive), li rt khng hndrought tolerant) nn c th lm -3 v la mt nm. La Chim tChampa c a vo Vit Nam t th k 1 nn ng bng sng


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Hng c ging la ny t lu i v c v la Chim canh tc trong vng Xun trn rung Chim.

***Trong sch Vn i Loi Ng pht hnh nm 1773) ca L Qun 176 1784) cn cho bit vo thi ny, Vit Nam c loi la,la canh v la na. La Canh l la n thng thng, cn la na lnp. V rung th c loi, rung ma thu gi l rung ma, rung mah gi l rung Chim h in). Nh vy, la Canh trng trong rungChim l ging lasm, khng hay t quang cm.

***V cc ging la ngn ngy c thi gian sinh trng t 6 n 7ngy th ng L Qu n chp nh sau: La Thin Minh ch c 63ngy l c th thu hoch; la Tin T loi ht nh ch trng 6 ngy,

phn ln l ging ca nc Chim Thnh. Thi Bnh c ging laTin ch trng trong 6 ngy gi l La L Kim; la Xch HngTin, Bt Nguyt Tin u l cc ging ngn ngy. La Tuyt L ng,la Lng Qung Tr) cng l la 6 ngy. Ging la c chu k t gieon gt ngn k lc, ch c 4 ngy, l ging la Cu Tha Thin mngy nay vn cn tn ti m ph ln nht Vit Nam.

***Theo i Nam Nht Thng Ch la Cu c thn ngn, bng nh,go rt , a rung cao, t lc cy n lc chn ch 4 ngy, cm rn,phi chng y l tin thn la Bareng ca ngi Chm m trc nm175 vn cn c gieo trng ph bin.Vng quc Champa cng l mt trong nhng nc thuc vng ng

Nam c nn vn minh la nc lu i. S d c dn Champa thundng c ging langn ngy ny, chc chn l h phi tri quanhng nm hn hn, bo lt v mt ma ln li n nhng vng mly thu lm nhng ht la hoang di c sn. T nhng ln thu lm ycng vi kinh nghim trong vic gieo trng la v nhn thy cc c tnhsinh trng ca la hoang di, h ci thin v thun ha c loi

ging la ngn ngy bo m cuc sng v s thiu ht v lng thctrong nm. Cc c tnh ca cy la m cc nh nng hc hin nay cho

bit nh sau :- Khng quang cm. Ging la c truyn chu nh hng mnh ca nhtquang k, ch pht ng ra hoa khi gp ma c ngy ngn. V vy, gingla c truyn nh cc ging la ma, v la hoang ch tng ng vo


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thng 10 - 1 Dng lch l thng c ngy ngn), du gieo sm thng 4hay 5 DL) hay mun 7- DL), v nh vy ch canh tc 1 v mi nmm thi.-Ngc li, cc ging ci thin khng b nh hng bi nht quang k,

la tng ng khi ti tui trng thnh, trung bnh khong 3 50ngy sau khi gieo, v vy chu k t gieo n gt ch di t ngy n14 ngy, du trng bt c thng no trong nm, v nh vy c th canhtc hay 3 v lanm.Chng nhng la Chim Thnh c gieo trng i Vit t lu mcn c du nhp sang Trung Quc c chm hn qua cc s liu Vit

Nam ca L Qu n cng nh s liu Trung Quc.***Theo L Qu n, c nhiu loi la t Chim Thnh c mang

vo Trung Quc nh la T c lng, la T chn sm la Tin), laTin t la 6 ngy, la chn tr hn gi l la 8 ngy, la 1 ngy).

***La Chim Thnh, theo s Trung Quc, c nh Tng mang pdng vo u th k X, bt u t tnh Phc Kin, mang n TritGiang cy trng sau nhng v mt ma do hn hn v tng thmthu hoch. La Chim Thnh tng trng v chn rt nhanh nn c thtrng c hai v la trong nm. Nng sut v th rt cao. n thi nhMinh th cc tnh pha Nam sng Dng T t Trit Giang, Phc Kin

n Hi Nam u dng la Chim Thnh.Vua Tng Chn Tng 8-1) mang la Chim vo Trung Quc,sau ny c p dng khp ni Nam Trung quc, ngi Trungquc gi loi la ny l la Tin, la do tri ban.

***Vo th k th X v X, c ging la o cn gi l la Tin hay laChim. L Qu n th k XV) vit: cn la Ci H bch th min i Chn Tng 8-1) nh Tng mi sai s sang Chim thnhly 3 vn hc la o em v phn phi cho cc o cc tnh) nn mi

c ging la y. La Chim c nhiu loi ging: La Tin t hay cngi l Hng lin c ht thc to, lng , tru cng . Go ht nh,trng, cy thng 4 gt thng 6 gi ging la cy 6 ngy. Go chnmun hn gi l la cy 8 ngy. Li c ging mun hn na gi lla cy 1 ngy.


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Trong khong thi gian gn 15 nm 183-175) Vng quc Champab xa tn trn bn th gii, ngi Chm vn cn lu gi mt nnnng nghip u vit so vi min Bc nh ci cy c Thr, Boh Pali vProk) vi tru c th cy xi vi nhiu loi t min Bc ch 1 tru),

gieo s v ko r thot nc min Bc gieo m ri cy) tit kimc nhiu cng sc m c dn Vit min Trung t min Bc di c vo

Nam lp nghip hc hi lm theo. Ngoi k thut nng nghip, ngiChm vn lu gi c cc ging la; gieo trng ng bng PhanRang cho v ma gm c Ka Dung rt c chung trong vic lm

bn, bnh ph), Ya Prak, Co Trok v ngn ngy l Ba Trng khngr ngun gc), Bareng. Cn cc ging la ngi Chm gieo trng ng bng Bnh Thun nh padhai N, Ki, Ki Ban, Galen .

Vng quc Champa nm trn di t hp min Trung ven bin ng,c kh hu v thi tit khc nghit, t km mu m v thng xuyn bhn hn vo ma kh t thng 4 DL n thng 8 DL do gi Lo t Ty

Nam tt vo v l lt vo thng n thng 1 hoc u thng 11DL docc cn bo hay p thp nhit i hnh thnh t bin ng p vo. Mcd khng c thin nhin u i nhng ngi dn Champa vn cn ctrong lao ng, chu kh chu thng xy dng mt t nc giu p,c nn vn minh rc r qua cc cng trnh kin trc n thp, c vn hach vitsm nht vng ng Nam bia V Cnh), i hi qun hngmnh trong vng bin ng Nam ng thi cng gp phn vo vicnng cao sn lng lng thc th gii vi mt ging la ngn ngy gil La Chim gii quyt s thiu n thi k y.

T Vit Namla Chim lan sang Trung Quc to nn mt cuc cchmng ln lao trong lng thc, c th so snh y l cuc cch mngxanh green revolution) u tin trc cuc cch mng xanh sau ny t nc n , thi b Ghandi vo th k XX. Cuc cch mng snxut nng nghip a n s tng trng nhanh chng v dn s,kinh t vi s bnh trng v xut hin ca cc trung tm th mi Trung Quc. i Vit v Trung Quc ln mnh cng mt phn do s

pht trin nng nghip qua la Chim.


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Nhng vn th Chm miJathraoh Champa

Pag sh mleng

Aia kakuer ndem tanrak aia harei pachangAdei kamei dara pachang maong di mblang tanran

Aia kakuer pag jangaih o li-anTangin pati patih adei apan dom hala harek mada

Aia kakuer njaoh di kalik lamn dara

M-in mphiap aia kakuer pathah tangin aoPag sh mleng daoh dany sa drei crao

Aia harei tagok rao ligik taginum salih bhongMbaok adei baoh din aia kakuer laik ndong

Ra lakei cadu gleng tathuik bhong anit ranem kamei daraSh mleng phun hapak bhong hala

Mleng abih kamei dara di harek mada aia kakuer.


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F_g^ _x@H ml$a`% kkR Q# t\q%K a`% hr] FS/ad] km] dr% FS/ m" d} O/ t\nNa`% kkR F_g^ j=zH o% l{iNtz{N pt} pt{H ad] apN _d hl% hrK md%a`% kkR _W


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Adei kamei di hamu padai thraohJathraoh Champa

Tangi padai ra-mbung huw huwDeng di ar hamu adei mbaok mda jang ra-mbungGleng maong padai thraoh ra-mbungAdei cheh chai tung tian auen tabuen

Prn yava ngap urak hu krungBuic harek tem danih ngap harung ralo gruk dom war

Padai thraoh ni Po biyarAdei glaih glar harei bilan urak Po pacraok

Deng di ta-mbok sa-ai chang mbaokAia harei nyk tapor kok per tam thruh

Lingik sa bar mbong truhSa-mboh sagleng adei khim di ar hamu padai thraoh.


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ad] km] d} hm% F=d _\E


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Ra deng maong bimong yao

Bimong yao deng angaok mbuen

Jua linguei dom thun patuei aiek maong.Ni ank likei ra deng mata maongBimong tayah tayac gilaong luk ralo

Ank maong mboh rup bimong siam oUrak ni bimong drei Po yang hu thraong?

Athak apuei bimong paraongBhap bini drei anaong msuh kalin.

Ra deng maong bimong yau haluekMaradhak khameng blek pakreng ngar lok ni.Ra deng maong bimong hu ralo ilamu

Mey duah mgru sunit ginreh dom su-nauNi ra deng maong bimong yao

Ia mata tasuak ia harei mbluak sa bar.Taginum par pagan

Paceng yaom mboh hasit nan tanrak ia harei.


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r% d$ _m" b{_mU _y

Documents

Vijaya Số 9 - Hội Bảo Tồn Văn Hóa Champa USA